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Yang J, He G, Chen S, Pan Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Lyu J. Incidence and risk factors for suicide death in male patients with genital-system cancer in the United States. Eur J Surg Oncol 2019; 45:1969-1976. [PMID: 30914288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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2
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López F, Williams MD, Cardesa A, Hunt JL, Strojan P, Rinaldo A, Nixon IJ, Rodrigo JP, Saba NF, Mendenhall WM, Quer M, Suárez C, Ferlito A. How phenotype guides management of non-conventional squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274:2709-2726. [PMID: 28364287 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-017-4533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the majority of laryngeal malignancies are the conventional squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), a wide variety of malignant epithelial tumors can affect the larynx. Current treatment guidelines are designed to guide clinicians in management of conventional laryngeal SCC. Less is known about the biological behavior and responsiveness to therapy and overall outcomes of other malignant epithelial lesions. Because a spectrum of disease biology is represented by these rare phenotypes, an understanding of the basic biology can help direct management to optimize clinical outcome in this group of patients. This review provides a critical analysis of literature relating to the diagnosis, management, and outcome of patients with non-conventional squamous malignant epithelial neoplasms of the larynx. Particular attention is paid to features which are at variance with the conventional SCC and how these impact on management of these rare tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando López
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011, Oviedo (Asturias), Spain. .,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias and CIBERONC, ISCIII, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Michelle D Williams
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio Cardesa
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer L Hunt
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Primož Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Iain J Nixon
- Departments of Surgery and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011, Oviedo (Asturias), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias and CIBERONC, ISCIII, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Miquel Quer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Suárez
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias and CIBERONC, ISCIII, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alfio Ferlito
- International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy
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Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours: What is New in the 2017 WHO Blue Book for Tumours of the Hypopharynx, Larynx, Trachea and Parapharyngeal Space. Head Neck Pathol 2017; 11:23-32. [PMID: 28247231 PMCID: PMC5340729 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-017-0788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chapter 3 "Tumours of the hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, and parapharyngeal space" of the World Health Organization (WHO) Blue Book 2017 "Classification of Head and Neck Tumours" shows a shortened list of entities, especially due to reducing the number of benign and malignant soft tissue tumours, malignant melanoma and some others, which are transferred to more frequently affected regions of the head and neck. The basic concept of the new edition is to assimilate all advances concerning the discussed tumours in a shorter framework, appropriate for daily work. The main emphasis is on the most frequent lesions and tumors originating from the covering squamous epithelium. Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal conventional squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), its variants and precursor lesions, occupy a major part of the chapter. New data on etiopathogenesis, with the focus on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, are discussed in relation to the entities of the squamous epithelium. Although only a small fraction of these lesions are HPV-related, further studies are required for evaluation of the potential prognostic and therapeutic benefit of mRNA HPV determination. In contrast to earlier data, laryngeal and hypopharyngeal verrucous SCC, spindle cell SCC and basaloid SCC are not anymore considered as HPV-related tumours. New data on the pathogenesis of spindle cell SCC exhibiting divergent differentiation by epithelial-mesenchymal transition, are also briefly discussed. The most important innovation is brought by the section on precursor lesions, in which a unified two-tier classification, consisting of low- and high-grade dysplasia, is introduced. The proposed two-tier system can also be transformed into a three-tier classification for treatment purposes, with a distinction between carcinoma in situ and high-grade dysplasia. The reviewed morphological criteria of the proposed system are based on the amended Ljubljana classification. The section on laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) represents a considerable improvement in terminology and classification. NEC are divided into well-, moderate- and poorly-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. The latter is additionally divided into small cell NEC and large cell NEC (LCNEC). It is of extreme importance that LCNEC, which was associated in the WHO 2005 edition with atypical carcinoid/moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma, grade II, has now been transferred into the group of poorly differentiated NEC, grade III, displaying a specific morphology and poorer prognosis.
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Shah AA, Jeffus SK, Stelow EB. Squamous cell carcinoma variants of the upper aerodigestive tract: a comprehensive review with a focus on genetic alterations. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:731-44. [PMID: 24878013 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0070-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract is a heterogenous entity. Although conventional squamous cell carcinomas are easily recognized, the morphologic variants of squamous cell carcinoma can present a diagnostic challenge. Familiarity with these variants is necessary because many are associated with unique risk factors and are characterized by specific molecular alterations (eg, nuclear protein in testis midline carcinomas). Perhaps the most important distinction is in identifying viral-related from nonviral-related carcinomas. The accurate diagnosis of these variants is necessary for prognostic and therapeutic reasons. OBJECTIVES To provide a clinicopathologic overview and summary of the molecular alterations of the common squamous cell carcinoma variants, including verrucous, spindle cell, acantholytic, adenosquamous, basaloid, and papillary squamous cell carcinoma, as well as nuclear protein in testis midline carcinoma, and to discuss the distinguishing features of human papillomavirus- and Epstein-Barr virus-related squamous cell carcinomas. DATA SOURCES Published peer-reviewed literature. CONCLUSIONS Familiarity with squamous cell carcinoma variants is essential for proper diagnosis and to guide appropriate clinical management. Further insight into the molecular alterations underlying those variants may lead to alterations in existing treatment approaches and to evolution of novel treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeesha A Shah
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
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Russell JO, Hoschar AP, Scharpf J. Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a clinicopathologic series. Am J Otolaryngol 2011; 32:557-63. [PMID: 21035908 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Papillary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a rare malignancy that has been associated with human papillomavirus. We present all cases of this disease at a single academic teaching hospital over the last 30 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients with a diagnosis of PSCC. Of 65 patients identified, 52 were included after meeting established diagnostic criteria. Chart reviews were performed for patient demographics, overall survival, and disease-free survival. RESULTS Mean age at diagnosis was 65 years, with a male to female ratio of 2.3:1. The majority of lesions (n = 34, 65.4%) arose in areas commonly affected by benign squamous papillomas, with the laryngopharynx the most commonly affected (n = 19, 36.5%), followed by the oral cavity (n = 18, 34.6%), sinonasal tract (n = 8, 15.4%), and oropharynx (n = 7, 13.5%). Two- and 5-year disease-free survival rate was 68% and 46%, respectively. Overall survival rate was 90% and 72% at 2 and 5 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is a distinct variant of conventional squamous cell carcinoma with a good prognosis despite high locoregional recurrence rates. Histology and subsite localization corroborate existing evidence that human papillomavirus may be involved.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Age Distribution
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biopsy, Needle
- Carcinoma, Papillary/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Cohort Studies
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Incidence
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis
- Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Prognosis
- Rare Diseases
- Retrospective Studies
- Sex Distribution
- Survival Analysis
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Chute DJ, Stelow EB. Cytology of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma variants. Diagn Cytopathol 2010; 38:65-80. [PMID: 19582815 DOI: 10.1002/dc.21134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The most common diagnosis rendered with head and neck fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While most cases of metastatic SCC pose little diagnostic difficulty, the diagnosis of metastatic histologic variants of SCC, often coupled with less common etiologies, can be more problematic. This manuscript reviews the clinicopathologic features of the histologic variants of upper aerodigestive tract SCC (verrucous, papillary, spindle cell, undifferentiated, acantholytic, and basaloid) and uncommon etiologies of head and neck SCC (human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and NUT midline carcinomas). Particular attention is paid to the cytologic features of these lesions. Differential diagnoses and the use of ancillary testing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Chute
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: frequent association with human papillomavirus infection and invasive carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33:1720-4. [PMID: 19745700 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181b6d8e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Papillary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an uncommon variant of SCC in the upper aerodigestive tract. It is most frequently located in the larynx, oropharynx, and sinonasal tract, and is more common in older men. Because of its complex exophytic papillary architecture, histologic assessment of underlying invasion can be challenging. Risk factors and pathogenesis are unclear. We reviewed 31 papillary SCCs of the upper aerodigestive tract seen at our institution over a 17-year period with respect to p16 immunoreactivity and human papillomavirus (HPV) status. Twelve papillary SCCs were associated with invasive SCC in their disease course. In our study, more than two-thirds of papillary SCCs in the upper aerodigestive tract were immunoreactive with antibody to p16 and 68% of those lesions had identifiable high-risk HPV by in situ hybridization. As with other HPV-associated SCCs of the upper aerodigestive tract, the majority of HPV-associated papillary SCCs are oropharyngeal (base of tongue and palatine tonsils), although both sinonasal and laryngeal tumors were also associated with infection (67% and 33% of cases, respectively). Given the better prognosis of HPV-associated SCCs of the upper aerodigestive tract, it may be prudent to report the p16 and HPV status of these tumors when they are encountered.
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Cobo F, Talavera P, Concha A. Review article: relationship of human papillomavirus with papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: a review. Int J Surg Pathol 2008; 16:127-36. [PMID: 18387989 DOI: 10.1177/1066896908314700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to evaluate case reports of papillary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) to assess its relationship with human papillomavirus (HPV). The medical literature was searched for case reports of this condition. A total of 115 cases of PSCC were found that described the condition in sufficient detail. HPV detection was performed in only 22 of the 115 cases of PSCC (19%), and 11 of the 22 cases (50%) are related to this virus. The majority of cases related to HPV are produced by low-risk HPV type 6 followed by high-risk HPV type 16. Today, the association of HPV with PSCCs seems unclear because in the majority of patients tests were not performed for the detection of the HPV. This association should be clearly established to make a correct diagnosis and propose the best therapeutic strategies, such as new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cobo
- Infectious Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology and Tumour and Tissue Bank, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.
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Fonseca AS, Chone CT, Crespo AN, Altemani A. Laryngeal papillary carcinoma with unexpected evolution: case report. SAO PAULO MED J 2006; 124:158-60. [PMID: 17119694 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802006000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT According to the literature, laryngeal papillary carcinoma is rare and has a benign prognosis. CASE REPORT In this report we present a surprising case with nodal metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Computed tomography showed infiltration of the lesion and metastatic lymph nodes. The resected specimen was submitted to histopathological study that confirmed the diagnosis of papillary squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Santana Fonseca
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming 101, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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