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Amiri M, Furia FF, Bakari M. Skin disorders among children living in orphanage centres in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:29. [PMID: 32377156 PMCID: PMC7191825 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin conditions contribute significantly to the global burden of diseases and are among the leading causes of non-fatal disease burden. Children living in orphanage centres are vulnerable to several conditions including dermatological disorders, and there is limited data on the burden of these conditions among orphans in Tanzania. This study was carried out to determine the pattern of dermatological conditions and contributing factors among orphans in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted among 420 children aged less than 18 years from 12 orphanage centres in Dar es Salaam. Guided interviews using structured questionnaires were carried out to obtain socio-demographic and clinical data from participants. Clinical examination was performed for each participant and whenever indicated skin scrapings and biopsy were obtained. Results Four hundred and twenty participants were recruited out of which 281 (66.9%) were male, mean and median ages of participants were 11 ± 3.7 and 12 years, respectively. Two hundred and twenty-five (53.6%) participants were aged between 6 and12 years. Proportion of children with dermatological manifestations among participants was 57.4%. Two hundred and ninety-six diagnoses were made comprising of 192 (64.9%) infections and 104 (35.1%) non-infectious conditions. Tinea capitis was the commonest infection while acne vulgaris was the most common non-infectious condition. Proportionately more male children were affected as compared to female ones, p = 0.006. Conclusion Skin conditions are common among children living in orphanage centres in Dar es Salaam. Infectious conditions were predominant conditions and male children were more affected than female children. Reducing crowding and improving hygienic practices in these centres will be important in reducing the burden of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwanaidi Amiri
- 1Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Francis F Furia
- 1Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Muhammad Bakari
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Chang AY, Scheel A, Dewyer A, Hovis IW, Sarnacki R, Aliku T, Okello E, Bwanga F, Sable C, Maurer TA, Beaton AZ. Prevalence, Clinical Features and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Group A Streptococcal Skin Infections in School Children in Urban Western and Northern Uganda. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38:1183-1188. [PMID: 31568247 PMCID: PMC10495073 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A Streptococcus (GAS) skin infections can lead to invasive sepsis, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and potentially rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Within a study to identify predisposing factors of RHD in Ugandan schoolchildren, we determined the prevalence of skin infections and assessed the clinical features and antibiotic susceptibility of GAS skin infection. METHODS Cross-sectional study conducted at 3 urban primary schools in Western and Northern Uganda in March 2017. A dermatologist rendered clinical diagnoses and obtained a skin swab specimen from lesions with signs of bacterial infection. Beta-hemolytic colonies underwent Lancefield grouping, species identification by polymerase chain reaction and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. RESULTS From 3265 schoolchildren, we observed 32% with ≥1 fungal, 1.8% with ≥1 bacterial, 0.9% with ≥1 viral, and 0.2% with ≥1 ectoparasitic infection. Of 79, 25 (32%) specimens were GAS-positive, of which one-third demonstrated tetracycline resistance. Of 17 impetigo cases, 13 (76%) were located on the leg/foot and 3 (18%) on the head/neck. Prevalence of GAS skin infection was 0.8% (25 of 3265). In Northern Uganda, where subclinical definite RHD prevalence is 1.1%, GAS skin infection prevalence was 1.2% (4 of 343) and 0.9% (3 of 352). CONCLUSION This study identifies tetracycline-resistant GAS in Ugandan communities, suggests modified skin examination of exposed anatomic locations may be appropriate for population-based GAS skin infection studies, and underscores need for clear case definitions of GAS skin infection. Future studies are needed to evaluate the role of GAS skin infection in development of RHD in Ugandan communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Y. Chang
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, USA
| | - Amy Scheel
- Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alyssa Dewyer
- Children’s National Health System, Division of Cardiology, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Ian W. Hovis
- Children’s National Health System, Division of Cardiology, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Rachel Sarnacki
- Children’s National Health System, Division of Cardiology, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Twalib Aliku
- Uganda Heart Institute, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmy Okello
- Uganda Heart Institute, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Freddie Bwanga
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Craig Sable
- Children’s National Health System, Division of Cardiology, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Toby A. Maurer
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Andrea Z. Beaton
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
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Chikoi R, Nyawale HA, Mghanga FP. Magnitude and Associated Risk Factors of Superficial Skin Fungal Infection Among Primary School Children in Southern Tanzania. Cureus 2018; 10:e2993. [PMID: 30245947 PMCID: PMC6143372 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Superficial skin fungal infections are among the neglected communicable diseases in many developing countries. Schoolchildren are among the most affected groups in Southern Tanzania. The main objective of this study was to determine the magnitude and associated risk factors of superficial skin fungal infections among primary schoolchildren in Southern Tanzania. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive community-based study was conducted in October 2017 in a public primary school in Songea Municipal, Southern Tanzania. A sample of 500 pupils was interviewed and a physical examination performed to assess for the presence of clinically suspected skin fungal infections. Data were analyzed by SPSS v21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US). RESULTS A total of 500 pupils (52.40% males) with a mean age of 9.92±1.13 years were recruited. The point-prevalence of skin fungal infections was 35.20%. Tinea capitis was the leading suspected skin fungal disease found in 73 (80.22%) pupils. Age between 10 and 12 years and sharing of a bed with more than three people were significantly associated with the development of superficial skin fungal infections (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the magnitude of superficial skin fungal infections among schoolgoing children in this study area is moderately high. We recommend the provision of health education programs for preventing and controlling diseases in schoolchildren, with the aim to reduce long-term morbidity and the socioeconomic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Chikoi
- Department of Community Medicine, Archbishop James University College, Songea, TZA
| | - Helmut A Nyawale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Archbishop James University College, Songea, TZA
| | - Fabian P Mghanga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Archbishop James University College, Songea, TZA
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Faini D, Maokola W, Furrer H, Hatz C, Battegay M, Tanner M, Denning DW, Letang E. Burden of serious fungal infections in Tanzania. Mycoses 2016; 58 Suppl 5:70-9. [PMID: 26449510 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of fungal infections in Tanzania remains unknown. We assessed the annual burden in the general population and among populations at risk. Data were extracted from 2012 reports of the Tanzanian AIDS program, WHO, reports, Tanzanian census, and from a comprehensive PubMed search. We used modelling and HIV data to estimate the burdens of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), cryptococcal meningitis (CM) and candidiasis. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and tuberculosis data were used to estimate the burden of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). Burdens of candidaemia and Candida peritonitis were derived from critical care and/or cancer patients' data. In 2012, Tanzania's population was 43.6 million (mainland) with 1,500,000 people reported to be HIV-infected. Estimated burden of fungal infections was: 4412 CM, 9600 PCP, 81,051 and 88,509 oral and oesophageal candidiasis cases respectively. There were 10,437 estimated post-tuberculosis CPA cases, whereas candidaemia and Candida peritonitis cases were 2181 and 327 respectively. No reliable data exist on blastomycosis, mucormycosis or fungal keratitis. Over 3% of Tanzanians suffer from serious fungal infections annually, mostly related to HIV. Cryptococcosis and PCP are major causes of mycoses-related deaths. National surveillance of fungal infections is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Faini
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Hansjakob Furrer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hatz
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David W Denning
- The National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, The University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Emilio Letang
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,ISGLOBAL, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Heidrich D, Daboit TC, Stopiglia CDO, Magagnin CM, Vetoratto G, Amaro TG, Scroferneker ML. SIXTEEN YEARS OF PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR IN METROPOLITAN AREA OF PORTO ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:277-80. [PMID: 26422149 PMCID: PMC4616910 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pityriasis versicolor is the most common of the diseases caused by Malassezia yeasts. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of pityriasis versicolor and its etiological aspects in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A retrospective cross-sectional study with data from patients of a reference hospital from 1996 to 2011 was performed. Collected data included: date, age, gender, ethnicity, anatomical region of lesion and the direct mycological examination results. Among the positive results in the direct mycological examination, 5.8% (2,239) were positive for pityriasis versicolor. The angular coefficient (B) was -0.3%/year, showing a decrease over the years. The disease was more prevalent in men (7.1% of men versus 5.1% of women that underwent the direct mycological examination); younger age (median 31 years old); "pardo" and black people (3.7% more than expected in the sample); trunk (73.44% of the affected anatomic sites). Lesions in rare sites (groin, genitals, legs, feet and hands) were also observed in this study. In conclusion, due to the decrease in the prevalence of pityriasis versicolor, long-term epidemiological studies in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil, are needed to continue the monitoring of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Heidrich
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
| | | | | | | | - Gerson Vetoratto
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, BR
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Bowen AC, Mahé A, Hay RJ, Andrews RM, Steer AC, Tong SYC, Carapetis JR. The Global Epidemiology of Impetigo: A Systematic Review of the Population Prevalence of Impetigo and Pyoderma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136789. [PMID: 26317533 PMCID: PMC4552802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of the global childhood population prevalence of impetigo and the broader condition pyoderma. Methods PubMed was systematically searched for impetigo or pyoderma studies published between January 1 1970 and September 30 2014. Two independent reviewers extracted data from each relevant article on the prevalence of impetigo. Findings Sixty-six articles relating to 89 studies met our inclusion criteria. Based on population surveillance, 82 studies included data on 145,028 children assessed for pyoderma or impetigo. Median childhood prevalence was 12·3% (IQR 4·2–19·4%). Fifty-eight (65%) studies were from low or low-middle income countries, where median childhood prevalences were 8·4% (IQR 4·2–16·1%) and 14·5% (IQR 8·3–20·9%), respectively. However, the highest burden was seen in underprivileged children from marginalised communities of high-income countries; median prevalence 19·4%, (IQR 3·9–43·3%). Conclusion Based on data from studies published since 2000 from low and low-middle income countries, we estimate the global population of children suffering from impetigo at any one time to be in excess of 162 million, predominantly in tropical, resource-poor contexts. Impetigo is an under-recognised disease and in conjunction with scabies, comprises a major childhood dermatological condition with potential lifelong consequences if untreated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha C. Bowen
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Antoine Mahé
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Pasteur, Colmar, France
| | - Roderick J. Hay
- International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom
- Skin Infection Clinic, Kings College Hospital NHS Trust, Denmark Hill, United Kingdom
| | - Ross M. Andrews
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew C. Steer
- Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Child Health Research, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Y. C. Tong
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Jonathan R. Carapetis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Rodoplu G, Saracli M, Gümral R, Taner Yildiran S. Distribution of Malassezia species in patients with pityriasis versicolor in Turkey. J Mycol Med 2014; 24:117-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is one of the most common infectious skin diseases, as well as the most common dermatosis associated with pigmentation alterations of the skin. PV is prevalent in 1% of the population living in temperate climate zones and more common during the summer. In tropical areas, PV is found in up to 50% of all patients consulting a dermatologist. Of the known Malassezia species, M. globosa is currently felt to play a key role in the pathogenesis of PV, as it is most commonly found in PV lesions. In addition, its round-shaped cells may contribute to the characteristic histology of the disease ("spaghetti and meatballs"). However, the clinical appearance of PV including hyper- and hypopigmentation, fluorescence of the lesions, as well as a lack of inflammation despite high fungal load cannot fully be explained by the presence of M. globosa, which is also found on healthy skin. In M. furfur a tryptophan-dependent metabolic pathway generates a number of indole pigments, which may be associated with the clinical appearance of PV. In the model organism Ustilago maydis it was shown that the formation of the indole compounds occurs spontaneously after initial conversion of tryptophan into indole pyruvate controlled by the key enzyme aminotransferase Tam 1. We review the present knowledge of PV and highlight the potential role of Tam1 in explaining the poorly understood aspects of the disease. Promising therapeutic results using the application of Tam1 inhibitors to treat PV support the enzyme's important role in the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Mayser
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie - Standort Gießen, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Gaffkystr. 14, 35385, Gießen, Deutschland.
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Hogewoning A, Amoah A, Bavinck JNB, Boakye D, Yazdanbakhsh M, Adegnika A, De Smedt S, Fonteyne Y, Willemze R, Lavrijsen A. Skin diseases among schoolchildren in Ghana, Gabon, and Rwanda. Int J Dermatol 2013; 52:589-600. [PMID: 23557028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skin diseases, especially skin infections, among schoolchildren in Africa can be a major health problem. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalences of skin diseases among children in rural and urban schools in three different African countries and to study the influence of socioeconomic level. METHODS Cross-sectional, population-based studies were performed in Ghana, Gabon, and Rwanda. Point prevalences of skin diseases were estimated on the basis of physical examination by at least one dermatologist. RESULTS A total of 4839 schoolchildren were seen. The overall prevalence of schoolchildren with any skin disease was high and amounted to 34.6% and 42.0% in two Ghanaian studies, 45.8% in Gabon, and 26.7% in Rwanda. In children with skin diseases, skin infections represented the greatest proportion of disease, accounting for 14.7% and 17.6% of skin disease in the Ghanaian studies, and 27.7% and 22.7% in Gabon and Rwanda, respectively. Diseases with the highest prevalence were tinea capitis and bacterial skin infections, especially in rural areas and in schools serving children living at lower socioeconomic levels. CONCLUSIONS The prevalences of skin diseases among African schoolchildren were high. Skin infections such as tinea capitis and pyoderma predominated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Hogewoning
- Department of Dermatology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
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Epidemiological spectrum of common dermatological conditions of patients attending dermatological consultations in Al-Majmaah Region (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Msyamboza KP, Mawaya LR, Kubwalo HW, Ng’oma D, Liabunya M, Manjolo S, Msiska PP, Somba WW. Burden of leprosy in Malawi: community camp-based cross-sectional study. BMC INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 2012; 12:12. [PMID: 22867526 PMCID: PMC3492035 DOI: 10.1186/1472-698x-12-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Although leprosy was eliminated globally in 2000, the disease continues to be the significant cause of peripheral neuropathy, disability and disfigurement in some developing countries. However, recent population-based prevalence data are lacking to inform evidence-based renewed commitment for the final push for leprosy elimination at national and sub-national levels. METHODS Community camp-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in four selected districts. World Health Organisation guidelines and tools for leprosy elimination monitoring were used to evaluate the Malawi National Leprosy Programme. RESULTS A total of 6,338 people (60% females, 35% children aged less than 15 years) were examined for leprosy and other skin diseases. Prevalence of skin diseases was 18%, the commonest being fungal (9%), eczema/dermatitis (3%) and leprosy (1%). Of the fungal skin conditions, pityriasis versicolor and Tinea capatis were the commonest (22% and 21% respectively) then Tinea corporis (9%), Tinea cruris (6%) and Tinea pedis (2%). A total of 66 leprosy cases were detected out of 6,338 people screened giving a prevalence of 104.1 per 10,000 population (range by district 67.1 to 194.1). Of the leprosy cases, 37 were new, 6 were defaulters and 23 were on treatment, 30 were females and 9 were children aged less than 15 years old. Of the 37 new leprosy cases, 9 (24.3%) were children, 25 (67.6%) had 1-5 leprosy lesions and 8 (21.6%) had grade 2 disability. The most frequent location of leprosy lesions was the head and neck (24.1%), arms (24.1%), chest (17.2%), legs (13.8%), back (13.8%) and abdomen (7.0%). Between 2006 and 2011, trends of leprosy prevalence and detection increased, prevalence/detection ratios were over 1 and cure rates by cohort analysis of 2009 multibacillary and 2010 paucibacillary cases were 33% and 63% respectively far below the expected 80% although the national prevalence remained at less than 1 case per 10,000 population. CONCLUSION Leprosy was still an important public health problem in Malawi. Improving knowledge and skills of health workers, registration and recording of data, contact tracing, decentralisation and integration of treatment to health centres and introduction of leprosy awareness days and community-based surveillance could help to improve early detection, treatment, case holding and prevention of disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelias P Msyamboza
- World Health Organisation, Malawi Country Office, Lilongwe, Malawi
- World Health Organisation, Malawi Country Office, ADL House, 2nd Floor, City Centre, P.O. Box 30390, Lilongwe, 3, Malawi
| | | | - Hudson W Kubwalo
- World Health Organisation, Malawi Country Office, Lilongwe, Malawi
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Kayman T, Sarıgüzel F, Koç A, Tekinşen F. Etiological agents of superficial mycoses in Kayseri, Turkey. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 27:842-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rao C, Rao R. A cross-sectional study of dermatological problems among differently-abled children. Indian J Dermatol 2012; 57:35-7. [PMID: 22470206 PMCID: PMC3312654 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.92674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Differently-abled children may be particularly susceptible to skin disorders either as a direct consequence of their disability or due of lack awareness regarding personal and environmental hygiene. Aim: To study the prevalence of skin problems in differently-abled children. Materials and Methods: A total of 122 differently-abled children in two special schools were examined for this study. Details regarding the disabilities were obtained from the school records. Results: More than half (53.2%) of the children had skin problems. Infections and infestations, acne, and dermatitis were the common dermatoses encountered in the present study. Conclusion: Periodic skin examination is of vital importance for all people with disabilities to reach a proper diagnosis and to offer treatment. Health education for teachers and parents on maintenance of sound personal hygiene and a clean environment is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chythra Rao
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Mgonda YM, Chale PNF. The burden of co-existing dermatological disorders and their tendency of being overlooked among patients admitted to Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2011; 11:8. [PMID: 21492436 PMCID: PMC3087675 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-11-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin diseases are underestimated and overlooked by most clinicians despite being common in clinical practice. Many patients are hospitalized with co-existing dermatological conditions which may not be detected and managed by the attending physicians. The objective of this study was to determine the burden of co-existing and overlooked dermatological disorders among patients admitted to medical wards of Muhimbili National hospital in Dar es Salaam. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGS A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Muhimbili National hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. METHODS Patients were consecutively recruited from the medical wards. Detailed interview to obtain clinico-demographic characteristics was followed by a complete physical examination. Dermatological diagnoses were made mainly clinically. Appropriate confirmatory laboratory investigations were performed where necessary. Data was analyzed using the 'Statistical Package for Social Sciences' (SPSS) program version 10.0. A p-value of < 0.5 was statistically significant. RESULTS Three hundred and ninety patients admitted to medical wards were enrolled into the study of whom, 221(56.7%) were females. The mean age was 36.7 ± 17.9 (range 7-84 years). Overall, 232/390 patients (59.5%) had co-existing dermatological disorders with 49% (191/390) having one, 9% (36/390) two and 5 patients (1%) three. A wide range of co-existing skin diseases was encountered, the most diverse being non-infectious conditions which together accounted for 36.4% (142/390) while infectious dermatoses accounted for 31.5% (123/390). The leading infectious skin diseases were superficial fungal infections accounting for 18%. Pruritic papular eruption of HIV/AIDS (PPE) and seborrheic eczema were the most common non-infectious conditions, each accounting for 4.3%. Of the 232/390 patients with dermatological disorders, 191/232 (82.3%) and 154/232 (66.3%) had been overlooked by their referring and admitting doctors respectively. CONCLUSION Dermatological disorders are common among patients admitted to medical wards and many are not detected by their referring or admitting physicians. Basic dermatological education should be emphasized to improve knowledge and awareness among clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassin M Mgonda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Pauline NF Chale
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
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Komba EV, Mgonda YM. The spectrum of dermatological disorders among primary school children in Dar es Salaam. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:765. [PMID: 21162714 PMCID: PMC3009652 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dermatologic disorders are common in many countries but the spectrum varies greatly. Many studies have reported a significant burden of skin diseases in school children. The objective of this study was to determine the current spectrum of dermatological disorders in primary school children in Dar es Salaam city. Methods Primary school children were recruited by multistage sampling. Detailed interview, dermatological examination and appropriate laboratory investigations were performed. Data was analyzed using the 'Statistical Package for Social Sciences' (SPSS) program version 10.0 and EPI6. A p-value of < 0.5 was significant. Results A total of 420 children were recruited (51% males; mean age 11.4 ± 2.8 years; range 6-19 years). The overall point prevalence of any skin disorder was 57.3% and it was 61.9% and 52.6% in males and females respectively (p = 0.05). Infectious dermatoses accounted for 30.4% with superficial fungal infections (dermatophytoses and pityriasis versicolor) being the commonest (20%). Dermatophytoses were diagnosed in 11.4% (48/420); the prevalence in males and females being 12.6% and 10.1% respectively (p = 0.41) and higher (21.8%) in the age-group 6-10 years (p = 0.045). Fungal cultures were positive in 42/48 children (88%). All three dermatophyte genera were isolated. Tinea capitis was the commonest disease among culture-positive dermatophytoses (30/42; 71.4%) with an overall prevalence of 7.1% (30/420) followed by tinea pedis (11/42; 26.1%) whose overall prevalence was 2.6%. Microsporum canis was common in tinea capitis (14/30; 46.7%) followed by Trichophyton violaceum (6/30; 20%). Trichophyton rubrum was common in tinea pedis (5/11; 45.5%). Thirty six children (8.6%) had pityriasis versicolor which was more prevalent (6/27; 22.l2%) in the age group 16-19 years (p = 0.0004). The other common infectious dermatoses were pyodermas (4%) and pediculosis capitis (3.6%). Common non-infectious dermatoses were: acne vulgaris (36.4%), non-specific dermatoses (10.7%), non-specific ulcers (5%) and atopic eczema (2.6%). Rare conditions (prevalence < 1%) included: vitiligo, alopecia areata and intertrigo. The majority of the affected children (67.2%) did not seek any medical assistance. Conclusions Skin disorders are common in primary school children; infectious dermatoses are still rampant and many children do not seek medical assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewaldo V Komba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Koksal F, Er E, Samasti M. Causative agents of superficial mycoses in Istanbul, Turkey: retrospective study. Mycopathologia 2009; 168:117-23. [PMID: 19544086 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the percentage of agents, which can give rise to superficial fungal infections in Istanbul, Turkey. Between 2000 and 2007, the clinical samples collected from 8,200 patients attending the outpatient Dermatology Clinic at Mihrimahsultan Medical Center were examined by direct microscopy and culture. Pathogen fungi were detected in 5,722 of the patients. Of the isolates were 4,218 (74%) dermatophytes, 1,196 (21%) Candida sp., 170 (3%) Malassezia furfur, and 138 (2%) Trichosporon sp. Among the dermatophytes, Trichophyton sp. was the most common isolate followed by Epidermophyton floccosum (243) and Microsporum sp. Among the Candida species, C. albicans (549) was also frequently found. Onychomycosis was the most prevalent type of infection, followed by tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea corporis, and tinea capitis. In conclusion, our study showed that the most common isolated agents from superficial infections were T. rubrum being Candida sp. the second most prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Koksal
- Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Dinkela A, Ferié J, Mbata M, Schmid-Grendelmeier M, Hatz C. Efficacy of triclosan soap against superficial dermatomycoses: a double-blind clinical trial in 224 primary school-children in Kilombero District, Morogoro Region, Tanzania. Int J Dermatol 2007; 46 Suppl 2:23-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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