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Cavallera V, Lancaster G, Gladstone M, Black MM, McCray G, Nizar A, Ahmed S, Dutta A, Anago RKE, Brentani A, Jiang F, Schönbeck Y, McCoy DC, Kariger P, Weber AM, Raikes A, Waldman M, van Buuren S, Kaur R, Pérez Maillard M, Nisar MI, Khanam R, Sazawal S, Zongo A, Pacifico Mercadante M, Zhang Y, Roy AD, Hepworth K, Fink G, Rubio-Codina M, Tofail F, Eekhout I, Seiden J, Norton R, Baqui AH, Khalfan Ali J, Zhao J, Holzinger A, Detmar S, Kembou SN, Begum F, Mohammed Ali S, Jehan F, Dua T, Janus M. Protocol for validation of the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) for children under 3 years of age in seven countries. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e062562. [PMID: 36693690 PMCID: PMC9884878 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children's early development is affected by caregiving experiences, with lifelong health and well-being implications. Governments and civil societies need population-based measures to monitor children's early development and ensure that children receive the care needed to thrive. To this end, the WHO developed the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) to measure children's early development up to 3 years of age. The GSED includes three measures for population and programmatic level measurement: (1) short form (SF) (caregiver report), (2) long form (LF) (direct administration) and (3) psychosocial form (PF) (caregiver report). The primary aim of this protocol is to validate the GSED SF and LF. Secondary aims are to create preliminary reference scores for the GSED SF and LF, validate an adaptive testing algorithm and assess the feasibility and preliminary validity of the GSED PF. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will conduct the validation in seven countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, Côte d'Ivoire, Pakistan, The Netherlands, People's Republic of China, United Republic of Tanzania), varying in geography, language, culture and income through a 1-year prospective design, combining cross-sectional and longitudinal methods with 1248 children per site, stratified by age and sex. The GSED generates an innovative common metric (Developmental Score: D-score) using the Rasch model and a Development for Age Z-score (DAZ). We will evaluate six psychometric properties of the GSED SF and LF: concurrent validity, predictive validity at 6 months, convergent and discriminant validity, and test-retest and inter-rater reliability. We will evaluate measurement invariance by comparing differential item functioning and differential test functioning across sites. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has received ethical approval from the WHO (protocol GSED validation 004583 20.04.2020) and approval in each site. Study results will be disseminated through webinars and publications from WHO, international organisations, academic journals and conference proceedings. REGISTRATION DETAILS Open Science Framework https://osf.io/ on 19 November 2021 (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/KX5T7; identifier: osf-registrations-kx5t7-v1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Cavallera
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Melissa Gladstone
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Institute of Life COurse and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Maureen M Black
- International Education, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ambreen Nizar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | - Arup Dutta
- Center for Public Health Kinetics, CPHK Global, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | | | - Alexandra Brentani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fan Jiang
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yvonne Schönbeck
- Department of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dana C McCoy
- Education Policy and Program Evaluation, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia Kariger
- Center for Effective Global Action, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ann M Weber
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Abbie Raikes
- Health Promotion, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Marcus Waldman
- Health Promotion, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Stef van Buuren
- Department of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raghbir Kaur
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Pérez Maillard
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Imran Nisar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Rasheda Khanam
- International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sunil Sazawal
- Center for Public Health Kinetics, CPHK Global, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Arsène Zongo
- IPA Côte d'Ivoire, Innovations for Poverty Action, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Yunting Zhang
- Child Health Advocacy Institute, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Katelyn Hepworth
- Health Promotion, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Günther Fink
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marta Rubio-Codina
- Social Protection and Health Division, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Fahmida Tofail
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Iris Eekhout
- Department of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Seiden
- Education Policy and Program Evaluation, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Norton
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdullah H Baqui
- International Center for Maternal and Newborn Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Behavioural Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shangai, People's Republic of China
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- IPA Francophone West Africa, Innovations for Poverty Action, Abidjan, Côte d\'Ivoire
| | - Symone Detmar
- Department of Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Farzana Begum
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Said Mohammed Ali
- Institution Head, Public Health Laboratory, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Tarun Dua
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Use, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Janus
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Zrubka Z, Vékás P, Németh P, Dobos Á, Hajdu O, Kovács L, Gulácsi L, Hibbard J, Péntek M. Validation of the PAM-13 instrument in the Hungarian general population 40 years old and above. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2022; 23:1341-1355. [PMID: 35102464 PMCID: PMC9550701 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-022-01434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient activation comprises the skills, knowledge and motivation necessary for patients' effective contribution to their care. We adapted and validated the 13-item Patient Activation Measure (PAM-13) in the ≥ 40 years old Hungarian general population. METHODS A cross-sectional web survey was conducted among 900 respondents selected from an online panel via quota sampling. After 10 days, the survey was repeated on 100 respondents. The distribution, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, factor structure, convergent, discriminant and known-groups validity of PAM-13 were assessed according to the COSMIN guidelines. RESULTS The sample comprised 779 respondents. Mean (± SD) age was 60.4 ± 10.6 years, 54% were female and 67% had chronic illness. Mean (± SD) PAM-13 score was 60.6 ± 10.0. We found good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha: 0.77), moderate test-retest reliability (ICC: 0.62; n = 75), a single-factor structure and good content validity: PAM-13 showed moderate correlation with the eHealth Literacy Scale (r = 0.40), and no correlation with age (r = 0.02), education (r = 0.04) or income (ρ = 0.04). Higher PAM-13 scores were associated with fewer lifestyle risks (p < 0.001), more frequent health information seeking (p < 0.001), participation in patient education (p = 0.018) and various online health-related behaviours. When controlling for health literacy, sociodemographic factors and health status, the association of higher PAM-13 scores with overall fewer lifestyle risks, normal body mass index, physical activity and adequate diet remained significant. Similar properties were observed in the subgroup of participants with chronic morbidity, but not in the age group 65+. CONCLUSION PAM-13 demonstrated good validity in the general population. Its properties in clinical populations and the elderly as well as responsiveness to interventions warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsombor Zrubka
- University Research and Innovation Center, Óbuda University, Bécsi út 96/b, Budapest, 1034, Hungary.
- Corvinus Institute for Advanced Studies, Corvinus University of Budapest, Fővám tér 8, Budapest, 1093, Hungary.
| | - Péter Vékás
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Modelling, Corvinus University of Budapest, Fővám tér 8, Budapest, 1093, Hungary
| | - Péter Németh
- Doctoral School of Economics, Business and Informatics, Corvinus University of Budapest, Fővám tér 8, Budapest, 1093, Hungary
| | - Ágota Dobos
- Centre for Foreign Language Education and Research, Corvinus University of Budapest, Fővám tér 8, Budapest, 1093, Hungary
| | - Ottó Hajdu
- Institute of Business Economics, Eötvös Loránd University, Rákóczi út 7, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - Levente Kovács
- University Research and Innovation Center, Óbuda University, Bécsi út 96/b, Budapest, 1034, Hungary
| | - László Gulácsi
- University Research and Innovation Center, Óbuda University, Bécsi út 96/b, Budapest, 1034, Hungary
- Corvinus Institute for Advanced Studies, Corvinus University of Budapest, Fővám tér 8, Budapest, 1093, Hungary
| | - Judith Hibbard
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Oregon, 1209 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1209, USA
| | - Márta Péntek
- University Research and Innovation Center, Óbuda University, Bécsi út 96/b, Budapest, 1034, Hungary
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