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Bartaula-Brevik S, Leitch C, Hernandez-Valladares M, Aasebø E, Berven FS, Selheim F, Brenner AK, Rye KP, Hagen M, Reikvam H, McCormack E, Bruserud Ø, Tvedt THA. Vacuolar ATPase Is a Possible Therapeutic Target in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Focus on Patient Heterogeneity and Treatment Toxicity. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5546. [PMID: 37685612 PMCID: PMC10488188 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) is regarded as a possible target in cancer treatment. It is expressed in primary acute myeloid leukemia cells (AML), but the expression varies between patients and is highest for patients with a favorable prognosis after intensive chemotherapy. We therefore investigated the functional effects of two V-ATPase inhibitors (bafilomycin A1, concanamycin A) for primary AML cells derived from 80 consecutive patients. The V-ATPase inhibitors showed dose-dependent antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects that varied considerably between patients. A proteomic comparison of primary AML cells showing weak versus strong antiproliferative effects of V-ATPase inhibition showed a differential expression of proteins involved in intracellular transport/cytoskeleton functions, and an equivalent phosphoproteomic comparison showed a differential expression of proteins that regulate RNA processing/function together with increased activity of casein kinase 2. Patients with secondary AML, i.e., a heterogeneous subset with generally adverse prognosis and previous cytotoxic therapy, myeloproliferative neoplasia or myelodysplastic syndrome, were characterized by a strong antiproliferative effect of V-ATPase inhibition and also by a specific mRNA expression profile of V-ATPase interactome proteins. Furthermore, the V-ATPase inhibition altered the constitutive extracellular release of several soluble mediators (e.g., chemokines, interleukins, proteases, protease inhibitors), and increased mediator levels in the presence of AML-supporting bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was then observed, especially for patients with secondary AML. Finally, animal studies suggested that the V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin had limited toxicity, even when combined with cytarabine. To conclude, V-ATPase inhibition has antileukemic effects in AML, but this effect varies between patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Bartaula-Brevik
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (S.B.-B.); (M.H.-V.); (E.A.); (A.K.B.); (K.P.R.); (M.H.); (H.R.); (T.H.A.T.)
| | - Calum Leitch
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, 5015 Bergen, Norway; (C.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Maria Hernandez-Valladares
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (S.B.-B.); (M.H.-V.); (E.A.); (A.K.B.); (K.P.R.); (M.H.); (H.R.); (T.H.A.T.)
- The Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (F.S.B.); (F.S.)
- The Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Elise Aasebø
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (S.B.-B.); (M.H.-V.); (E.A.); (A.K.B.); (K.P.R.); (M.H.); (H.R.); (T.H.A.T.)
- The Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (F.S.B.); (F.S.)
- The Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode S. Berven
- The Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (F.S.B.); (F.S.)
- The Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode Selheim
- The Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (F.S.B.); (F.S.)
- The Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Annette K. Brenner
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (S.B.-B.); (M.H.-V.); (E.A.); (A.K.B.); (K.P.R.); (M.H.); (H.R.); (T.H.A.T.)
| | - Kristin Paulsen Rye
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (S.B.-B.); (M.H.-V.); (E.A.); (A.K.B.); (K.P.R.); (M.H.); (H.R.); (T.H.A.T.)
| | - Marie Hagen
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (S.B.-B.); (M.H.-V.); (E.A.); (A.K.B.); (K.P.R.); (M.H.); (H.R.); (T.H.A.T.)
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (S.B.-B.); (M.H.-V.); (E.A.); (A.K.B.); (K.P.R.); (M.H.); (H.R.); (T.H.A.T.)
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Emmet McCormack
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, 5015 Bergen, Norway; (C.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (S.B.-B.); (M.H.-V.); (E.A.); (A.K.B.); (K.P.R.); (M.H.); (H.R.); (T.H.A.T.)
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tor Henrik Anderson Tvedt
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (S.B.-B.); (M.H.-V.); (E.A.); (A.K.B.); (K.P.R.); (M.H.); (H.R.); (T.H.A.T.)
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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Anwar MM, Albanese C, Hamdy NM, Sultan AS. Rise of the natural red pigment 'prodigiosin' as an immunomodulator in cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:419. [PMID: 36577970 PMCID: PMC9798661 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multifaceted drug resistance mechanisms (e.g., tumour microenvironment [TME], tumour heterogeneity, and immune evasion). Natural products are interesting repository of bioactive molecules, especially those with anticancer activities. Prodigiosin, a red pigment produced by Serratia marcescens, possesses inherent anticancer characteristics, showing interesting antitumour activities in different cancers (e.g., breast, gastric) with low or without harmful effects on normal cells. The present review discusses the potential role of prodigiosin in modulating and reprogramming the metabolism of the various immune cells in the TME, such as T and B lymphocytes, tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), natural killer (NK) cells, and tumour-associated dendritic cells (TADCs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) which in turn might introduce as an immunomodulator in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Moustapha Anwar
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Chris Albanese
- grid.516085.f0000 0004 0606 3221Oncology and Radiology Departments, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, D.C. USA
| | - Nadia M. Hamdy
- Department of Biochemistry, Ain Shams Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Sultan
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Cuevas A, Saavedra N, Salazar LA, Cavalcante MF, Silva JC, Abdalla DSP. Prodigiosin Modulates the Immune Response and Could Promote a Stable Atherosclerotic Lession in C57bl/6 Ldlr-/- Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176417. [PMID: 32899258 PMCID: PMC7504388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, whose progression and stability are modulated, among other factors, by an innate and adaptive immune response. Prodiginines are bacterial secondary metabolites with antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities; however, their effect on the progression or vulnerability of atheromatous plaque has not been evaluated. This study assessed the therapeutic potential of prodigiosin and undecylprodigiosin on inflammatory marker expression and atherosclerosis. An in vitro and in vivo study was carried out. Migration, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake and angiogenesis assays were performed on cell types involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. In addition, male LDL receptor null (Ldlr-/-) C57BL/6J mice were treated with prodigiosin or undecylprodigiosin for 28 days. Morphometric analysis of atherosclerotic plaques, gene expression of atherogenic factors in the aortic sinus and serum cytokine quantification were performed. The treatments applied had slight effects on the in vitro tests performed, highlighting the inhibitory effect on the migration of SMCs (smooth muscle cells). On the other hand, although no significant difference in atherosclerotic plaque progression was observed, gene expression of IL-4 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2) was downregulated. In addition, 50 µg/Kg/day of both treatments was sufficient to inhibit circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in serum. These results suggested that prodigiosin and undecylprodigiosin modulated inflammatory markers and could have an impact in reducing atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cuevas
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Manuel Montt 112, Temuco CP 4781176, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Laboratorio—CeMLab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Manuel Montt 112, Temuco CP 4781176, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-45-2744333
| | - Nicolás Saavedra
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Laboratorio—CeMLab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Manuel Montt 112, Temuco CP 4781176, Chile;
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco CP 4811230, Chile;
| | - Luis A. Salazar
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco CP 4811230, Chile;
| | - Marcela F. Cavalcante
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (M.F.C.); (J.C.S.); (D.S.P.A.)
| | - Jacqueline C. Silva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (M.F.C.); (J.C.S.); (D.S.P.A.)
| | - Dulcineia S. P. Abdalla
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (M.F.C.); (J.C.S.); (D.S.P.A.)
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Togashi K, Kataoka T, Nagai K. Concanamycin A, a vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase inhibitor, induces cell death in activated CD8(+) CTL. Cytotechnology 2012; 25:127-35. [PMID: 22358885 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007995212658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Concanamycin A (CMA) and concanamycin B (CMB) are specific inhibitors of vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase). In our previous studies, intraperitoneal injection of CMB was shown to suppress the increase in CD8(+) CTL population, but not to affect CD4(+) and B220(+) populations, in mice immunized with allogeneic tumors. To clarify the molecular basis of the selective decrease in the CD8(+) CTL population by CMB, we have performed a series of in vitro experiments with use of CMA. Cell viability of the CD8(+) population prepared from the immunized mice was preferentially decreased by CMA treatment. Moreover, in the CD8(+) CTL clone, CMA induced a marked DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation characteristic of apoptosis. Anti-CD3 or phorbol ester accelerated the CMA-induced reduction in cell viability of the CD8(+) CTL clone, but not CD4(+) T cell clones. However, this rapid cell death was not accompanied by DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation. Perforin and granzyme B were unlikely to be involved in such cell death. Thus, our data suggest that V-ATPase activity is essential for survival of CD8(+) CTL especially when activated.
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Anion Binding and Transport by Prodigiosin and Its Analogs. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2010_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pérez-Tomás R, Montaner B, Llagostera E, Soto-Cerrato V. The prodigiosins, proapoptotic drugs with anticancer properties. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1447-52. [PMID: 14555220 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The family of natural red pigments, called prodigiosins (PGs), characterised by a common pyrrolylpyrromethene skeleton, are produced by various bacteria. Some members have immunosuppressive properties and apoptotic effects in vitro and they have also displayed antitumour activity in vivo. Understanding the mechanism of action of PGs is essential for drug development and will require the identification and characterisation of their still unidentified cell target. Four possible mechanisms of action have been suggested for these molecules: (i) PGs as pH modulators; (ii) PGs as cell cycle inhibitors; (iii) PGs as DNA cleavage agents; (iv) PGs as mitogen-activated protein kinase regulators. Here, we review the pharmacological activity of PG and related compounds, including novel synthetic PG derivatives with lower toxicity and discuss the mechanisms of action and the molecular targets of those molecules. The results reported in this review suggest that PGs are a new class of anticancer drugs, which hold out considerable promise for the Pharmacological Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pérez-Tomás
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular i Anatomia Patològica, Universitat de Barcelona. Feixa Llarga s/n. E-08907 L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain.
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Tanigaki K, Sato T, Tanaka Y, Ochi T, Nishikawa A, Nagai K, Kawashima H, Ohkuma S. BE-18591 as a new H(+)/Cl(-) symport ionophore that inhibits immunoproliferation and gastritis. FEBS Lett 2002; 524:37-42. [PMID: 12135738 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In our previous papers [e.g. Sato et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 21455-21462], we have shown that prodigiosins can uncouple various H(+)-ATPases through their H(+)/Cl(-) symport activity. BE-18591 is an enamine of 4-methoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole-5-carboxyaldehyde (tambjamine group antibiotics) which resembles the prodigiosins. We found that BE-18591 was a new group of antibiotics that uncouples various H(+)-ATPases: it inhibited proton pump activities with IC(50)s of about 1-2 nM (about 20 pmol/mg protein) for submitochondrial particles as well as gastric vesicles and of 230 nM (about 230 pmol/mg protein) for lysosomes, but it had little effect on their ATP hydrolyses (up to 10 microM), a property of H(+)/Cl(-) symport activity. At low concentrations (<1 microM), BE-18591 inhibited immunoproliferation, the IC(50) of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse splenocytes was 38 nM, that of Concanavalin A-stimulated cells was 230 nM. Gastritis of rabbits was also inhibited. At higher concentrations (>1 microM), BE-18591 induced neurite outgrowth (15% induction in 48 h at 4 microM), inhibited bone resorption (approximately 35% in 48 h at 10 microM) and caused cell death (approximately 30% in 48 h at 4 microM) but with little apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Tanigaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Fürstner A, Grabowski J, Lehmann CW, Kataoka T, Nagai K. Synthesis and biological evaluation of nonylprodigiosin and macrocyclic prodigiosin analogues. Chembiochem 2001; 2:60-8. [PMID: 11828428 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7633(20010105)2:1<60::aid-cbic60>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nonylprodigiosin (4) and various of its analogues have been prepared by Suzuki cross-coupling reactions of a well accessible pyrrolyl triflate with (hetero)aryl boronic acid derivatives bearing alkenyl side chains. The resulting alkenes or dienes were subjected to metathesis dimerization or ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reactions, respectively, by using a ruthenium indenylidene complex as the catalyst. The biological activity of the products thus obtained was tested in two different assays monitoring i) the proliferation of murine spleen cells induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and concanavalin A (Con A), and ii) the vacuolar acidification of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Compounds 4 and 21 suppressed Con A-induced T-cell proliferation much more potently than LPS-induced B-cell proliferation. Furthermore, compounds 4 and 26 markedly inhibited vacuolar acidification, although other compounds exhibited no or only marginal effects. Thus, the immunosuppressive activity of prodigiosins toward T-cell proliferation seems to be mediated through cellular targets distinct from vacuolar acidification, and the prodigiosin analogues might be powerful tools to dissect these biological responses. The X-ray crystal structure of the macrocyclic product 25 has been determined, showing that the replacement of one pyrrole ring of the parent compound 4 by a phenyl group does not alter the overall electronic features of the remaining heterocyclic ring system of these alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany.
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Abstract
The cytotoxicity of prodigiosin, an antibiotic and potential trypanocide produced by Serratia marcescens, and Benznidazole, a trypanocidal drug, were assayed on V79 fibroblast cell line. Three independent endpoints for cytotoxicity were evaluated; namely, the nucleic acid content (NAC), MTT reduction and neutral red uptake (NRU). IC(50) values of 1-20 microM were obtained for prodigiosin in the NRU, MTT and NAC tests. Prodigiosin had greater trypanocidal activity (IC(50)=5 microM) than Nifurtimox (IC(50)=150 microM) a known trypanocide drug used in Chagas' disease therapy. Benznidazole was less toxic (IC(50)=2000 microM) than prodigiosin (IC(50)=1-20 microM) in V79 cells based on the MTT and NAC assays. Benznidazole stimulated the NRU until 2 mM. Indeed, the cell viability measured with the NRU was higher at all concentrations of benznidazole tested than that measured by MTT reduction and NAC assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- P da Silva Melo
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6110, 13081-970 SP, Campinas, Brazil.
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Lee MH, Kataoka T, Honjo N, Magae J, Nagai K. In vivo rapid reduction of alloantigen-activated CD8+ mature cytotoxic T cells by inhibitors of acidification of intracellular organelles, prodigiosin 25-C and concanamycin B. Immunology 2000; 99:243-8. [PMID: 10692043 PMCID: PMC2327146 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodigiosin (PrG) 25-C and concanamycin B (CMB) are immunosuppressants that specifically inhibit the induction of cytotoxic T cells (CTL) without affecting the function of B cells and helper T cells in vivo. Both compounds inhibit acidification of intracellular organelles and induce destruction of cytotoxic granules and degradation of perforin in vitro. Here we show that a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of PrG 25-C, and of CMB, into mice eliminates cytotoxic activity 7 days after alloantigen stimulation (when mature CTL activity has been detected in control mice), with minimal effect on the alloantigen-specific antibody titre in serum. FK506 did not suppress the cytotoxic activity with this administration schedule. Suppression was accompanied by a decrease in the CD8+ population and in perforin expression of spleen cells induced by alloantigen stimulation. The suppression of CTL activity and decrease in CD8+ cell number was detected as early as 7 hr after the injection of compounds. These results suggest that inhibitors of acidification of intracellular organelles suppress CTL activity in vivo by reducing the number of mature CD8+ CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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Ohkuma S, Sato T, Okamoto M, Matsuya H, Arai K, Kataoka T, Nagai K, Wasserman HH. Prodigiosins uncouple lysosomal vacuolar-type ATPase through promotion of H+/Cl- symport. Biochem J 1998; 334 ( Pt 3):731-41. [PMID: 9729483 PMCID: PMC1219744 DOI: 10.1042/bj3340731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously [Kataoka, Muroi, Ohkuma, Waritani, Magae, Takatsuki, Kondo, Yamasaki and Nagai (1995) FEBS Lett. 359, 53-59] that prodigiosin 25-C (one of the red pigments of the prodigiosin group produced by micro-organisms like Streptomyces and Serratia) uncoupled vacuolar H+-ATPase, inhibited vacuolar acidification and affected glycoprotein processing. In the present study we show that prodigiosin, metacycloprodigiosin and prodigiosin 25-C, all raise intralysosomal pH through inhibition of lysosomal acidification driven by vacuolar-type (V-)ATPase without inhibiting ATP hydrolysis in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 30-120 pmol/mg of protein. The inhibition against lysosomal acidification was quick and reversible, showing kinetics of simple non-competitive (for ATP) inhibition. However, the prodigiosins neither raised the internal pH of isolated lysosomes nor showed ionophoric activity against H+ or K+ at concentrations where they strongly inhibited lysosomal acidification. They required Cl- for their acidification inhibitory activity even when driven in the presence of K+ and valinomycin, suggesting that their target is not anion (chloride) channel(s). In fact, the prodigiosins inhibited acidification of proteoliposomes devoid of anion channels that were reconstituted from lysosomal vacuolar-type (V-)ATPase and Escherichia coli phospholipids. However, they did not inhibit the formation of an inside-positive membrane potential driven by lysosomal V-ATPase. Instead, they caused quick reversal of acidified pH driven by lysosomal V-ATPase and, in acidic buffer, produced quick acidification of lysosomal pH, both only in the presence of Cl-. In addition, they induced swelling of liposomes and erythrocytes in iso-osmotic ammonium salt of chloride but not of gluconate, suggesting the promotion of Cl- entry by prodigiosins. These results suggest that prodigiosins facilitate the symport of H+ with Cl- (or exchange of OH- with Cl-) through lysosomal membranes, resulting in uncoupling of vacuolar H+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohkuma
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan.
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Sato T, Konno H, Tanaka Y, Kataoka T, Nagai K, Wasserman HH, Ohkuma S. Prodigiosins as a new group of H+/Cl- symporters that uncouple proton translocators. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:21455-62. [PMID: 9705273 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.34.21455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported previously (Kataoka, T., Muroi, M., Ohkuma, S., Waritani, T., Magae, J., Takatsuki, A., Kondo, S., Yamasaki, M., and Nagai, K. (1995) FEBS Lett. 359, 53-59) that prodigiosin 25-C uncoupled vacuolar H+-ATPase, inhibited vacuolar acidification, and affected glycoprotein processing. In the present study we show that prodigiosins (prodigiosin, metacycloprodigiosin, and prodigiosin 25-C) inhibit the acidification activity of H+-ATPase chloride dependently, but not membrane potential formation or ATP hydrolysis activity, and suggest that they promote H+/Cl- symport (or OH-/Cl- exchange, in its equivalence) across vesicular membranes. In fact, prodigiosins displayed H+/Cl- symport activity on liposomal membranes. First of all, they decreased the internal pH of liposomes depending on the external chloride, and raised it depending on the internal chloride when external buffer was free from chloride. Second, their effect was electroneutral and not seriously affected by the application of an inside positive membrane potential generated by K+ and valinomycin. Finally, they promoted the uptake of [36Cl] from external buffers with concomitant intraliposomal acidification when external pH was acidic relative to liposome interior. As prodigiosins hardly inhibit the catalytic activity (ATP hydrolysis) unlike well known OH-/Cl- exchangers (for example, tributyltin chloride), they should provide powerful tools for the study of molecular machinery and cellular activities involving transport of protons and/or chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
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Togashi K, Kataoka T, Nagai K. Characterization of a series of vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase inhibitors on CTL-mediated cytotoxicity. Immunol Lett 1997; 55:139-44. [PMID: 9161879 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(97)02698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Four vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibitors, i.e. concanamycin A (CMA), bafilomycin A1 (BMA), destruxin E (DRE) and prodigiosin 25-C (PRG) profoundly blocked the perforin-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by CD8+ CTL clone. Cytoplasmic acidic compartments were not detected under fluorescent microscopy after treatment of the cells with these V-ATPase inhibitors. In the lytic granule fractions, BMA, CMA, DRE and PRG completely abrogated the perforin activity, although these drugs slightly decreased the granzyme A activity. Under the same conditions, BMA and CMA markedly reduced the perforin content, while DRE and PRG had no significant effects as assayed by immunoblotting using anti-perforin antibody. These data suggest that perforin is predominantly inactivated even without proteolysis in DRE- or PRG-treated cells. We propose that acidic pH is essential to maintain not only quantity but also quality of perform in the lytic granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Togashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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