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Matsunaga C, Kanazawa N, Takatsuka Y, Fujii T, Ohta S, Ômura H. Polyhydroxy Acids as Fabaceous Plant Components Induce Oviposition of the Common Grass Yellow Butterfly, Eurema Mandarina. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:67-76. [PMID: 36484901 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The common grass yellow butterfly, Eurema mandarina is a Fabaceae-feeding species, the females of which readily oviposit on Albizia julibrissin and Lespedeza cuneata in mainland Japan. We previously demonstrated that the methanolic leaf extracts of these plants, and their highly polar aqueous fractions strongly elicit female oviposition. Furthermore, the three subfractions obtained by ion-exchange chromatographic separation of the aqueous fraction have been found to be less effective alone, but synergistically stimulate female oviposition when combined. This indicates that female butterflies respond to multiple compounds with different acidity. We have previously identified d-pinitol from the neutral/amphoteric subfractions and glycine betaine from the basic subfractions as oviposition stimulants of E. mandarina. The present study aimed to identify active compounds in the remaining acidic subfractions of A. julibrissin and L. cuneata leaf extracts. GC-MS analyses of trimethylsilyl-derivatized samples revealed the presence of six compounds in the acidic subfractions. In bioassays using these authentic chemicals, erythronic acid (EA) and threonic acid (TA) were moderately active in eliciting oviposition responses in E. mandarina, with their d-isomers showing slightly higher activity than their l-isomers. Female responsiveness differed between d-EA and l-TA, the major isomers of these compounds in plants, with the response to d-EA reaching a plateau at concentrations above 0.005% and that to l-TA peaking at a concentration of 0.01%. The natural concentrations of d-EA and l-TA in fresh A. julibrissin and L. cuneata leaves were sufficient to stimulate oviposition. Furthermore, mixing 0.001% d-EA or 0.001% l-TA, to which females are mostly unresponsive, with 0.1% d-pinitol resulted in a synergistic enhancement of the oviposition response. These findings demonstrate that E. mandarina females utilize both polyhydroxy acids, EA and TA, as chemical cues for oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Matsunaga
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 739- 8528, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanazawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 739- 8528, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuta Takatsuka
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 739- 8528, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, 573-0101, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Ohta
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 739- 8528, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ômura
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 739- 8528, Higashihiroshima, Japan.
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Katte T, Shimoda S, Kobayashi T, Wada-Katsumata A, Nishida R, Ohshima I, Ono H. Oviposition stimulants underlying different preferences between host races in the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops transecta (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:14498. [PMID: 36008434 PMCID: PMC9411557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of plant chemistry in the host specialization of phytophagous insects has been emphasized. However, only a few chemicals associated with host shifting have been characterized. Herein, we focus on the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops transecta (Gracillariidae) consisting of ancestral Juglans (Juglandaceae)- and derived Lyonia (Ericaceae)-associated host races. The females of the Lyonia race laid eggs on a cover glass treated with an L. ovalifolia leaf extract; the extract was fractionated using silica gel and ODS column chromatography to isolate the oviposition stimulants. From a separated fraction, two analogous Lyonia-specific triterpenoid glycosides were characterized as oviposition stimulants. Furthermore, we observed probable contact chemosensilla on the distal portion of the female antennae. Lyonia race females laid their eggs on the non-host Juglans after the leaves were treated with a Lyonia-specific oviposition stimulant, although they do not lay eggs on Juglans. These results suggest that Lyonia race females do not lay eggs on Juglans leaves because the leaves do not contain specific oviposition stimulant(s). Otherwise, the activity of the oviposition stimulants overcomes oviposition deterrents contained in Juglans leaves. This paper describes the roles of plant chemicals in the different preferences between host races associated with distantly related plant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Katte
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shota Shimoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayako Wada-Katsumata
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7613, USA
| | - Ritsuo Nishida
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Issei Ohshima
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
- Center for Frontier Natural History, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Hajime Ono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Lu S, Yang J, Dai X, Xie F, He J, Dong Z, Mao J, Liu G, Chang Z, Zhao R, Wan W, Zhang R, Li Y, Wang W, Li X. Chromosomal-level reference genome of Chinese peacock butterfly (Papilio bianor) based on third-generation DNA sequencing and Hi-C analysis. Gigascience 2019; 8:giz128. [PMID: 31682256 PMCID: PMC6827417 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papilio bianor Cramer, 1777 (commonly known as the Chinese peacock butterfly) (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) is a widely distributed swallowtail butterfly with a wide number of geographic populations ranging from the southeast of Russia to China, Japan, India, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Thailand. Its wing color consists of both pigmentary colored scales (black, reddish) and structural colored scales (iridescent blue or green dust). A high-quality reference genome of P. bianor is an important foundation for investigating iridescent color evolution, phylogeography, and the evolution of swallowtail butterflies. FINDINGS We obtained a chromosome-level de novo genome assembly of the highly heterozygous P. bianor using long Pacific Biosciences sequencing reads and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture technology. The final assembly is 421.52 Mb on 30 chromosomes (29 autosomes and 1 Z sex chromosome) with 13.12 Mb scaffold N50. In total, 15,375 protein-coding genes and 233.09 Mb of repetitive sequences were identified. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that P. bianor separated from a common ancestor of swallowtails ∼23.69-36.04 million years ago. Demographic history suggested that the population expansion of this species from the last interglacial period to the last glacial maximum possibly resulted from its decreased natural enemies and its adaptation to climate change during the glacial period. CONCLUSIONS We present a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome of P. bianor using long-read single-molecule sequencing and Hi-C-based chromatin interaction maps. Our results lay the foundation for exploring the genetic basis of special biological features of P. bianor and also provide a useful data source for comparative genomics and phylogenomics among butterflies and moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Lu
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, No.1 Dongxiang Road, Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710129, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.32 Jiaochang Raod, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, No.1 Dongxiang Road, Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710129, China
| | - Xuelei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road,Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Feiang Xie
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Lincheng Changzhi Island, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Jinwu He
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, No.1 Dongxiang Road, Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710129, China
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.32 Jiaochang Raod, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Junlai Mao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, No.1 Haida South Road, Lincheng Changzhi Island, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China
| | - Guichun Liu
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, No.1 Dongxiang Road, Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710129, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.32 Jiaochang Raod, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Zhou Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.32 Jiaochang Raod, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Ruoping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.32 Jiaochang Raod, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Wenting Wan
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, No.1 Dongxiang Road, Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710129, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, No.1 Dongxiang Road, Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710129, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Nextomics Biosciences Institute, No.666 Gaoxin Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, No.1 Dongxiang Road, Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710129, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.32 Jiaochang Raod, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.32 Jiaochang Raod, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.32 Jiaochang Raod, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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Nishida R. Chemical ecology of insect-plant interactions: ecological significance of plant secondary metabolites. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 78:1-13. [PMID: 25036477 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.877836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites as chemical barriers against herbivores. Many phytophagous insects are highly adapted to these allelochemicals and use such unique substances as the specific host-finding cues, defensive substances of their own, and even as sex pheromones or their precursors by selectively sensing, incorporating, and/or processing these phytochemicals. Insects also serve as pollinators often effectively guided by specific floral fragrances. This review demonstrates the ecological significance of such plant secondary metabolites in the highly diverse interactions between insects and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuo Nishida
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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Hou LX, Ying S, Yang XW, Yu Z, Li HM, Qin XM. The complete mitochondrial genome of Papilio bianor (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), and its phylogenetic position within Papilionidae. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2014; 27:102-3. [PMID: 24438296 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.873923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Papilio bianor was determined in the present paper. The complete mtDNA from P. bianor was 15,358 base pairs in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The P. bianor genes were in the same order and orientation as the completely sequenced mitogenomes of other lepidopteran species. To determine the phylogentic position of P. bianor with related species within Papilionidae, the Bayesian phylogenetic tree was reconstructed with the concatenated nucleotide dataset of the 13 protein-coding genes. The phylogenetic trees confirmed that P. bianor and four species of Papilionidae clustered into a clade, and shared a close relationship with Papilio maraho. Meanwhile, the molecular phylogenetic trees also confirmed that Papilionidae is a monophyletic group, and Pieridae is closely related with Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Hou
- a Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology , College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University , Guilin , Guangxi , PR China
| | - She Ying
- a Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology , College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University , Guilin , Guangxi , PR China
| | - Xiao-Wen Yang
- a Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology , College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University , Guilin , Guangxi , PR China
| | - Zhang Yu
- a Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology , College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University , Guilin , Guangxi , PR China
| | - Hui-Min Li
- a Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology , College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University , Guilin , Guangxi , PR China
| | - Xin-Min Qin
- a Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology , College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University , Guilin , Guangxi , PR China
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Gustatory sensing mechanism coding for multiple oviposition stimulants in the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus. J Neurosci 2013; 33:914-24. [PMID: 23325231 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1405-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus, selectively uses a limited number of plants in the Rutaceae family. The butterfly detects oviposition stimulants in leaves through foreleg chemosensilla and requires a specific combination of multiple oviposition stimulants to lay eggs on the leaf of its host plants. In this study, we sought to elucidate the mechanism underlying the regulation of oviposition behavior by multiple oviposition stimulants. We classified chemosensilla on the tarsomere of the foreleg into three types (L1, L2, and S) according to their size and response to oviposition stimulants and general tastants. The L1 was more abundant in females than in males and responded preferentially to oviposition stimulants. Both L2 and S were common to both sexes and responded to general tastants. We found that five oviposition stimulants (synephrine, stachydrine, 5-hydroxy-Nω-methyltryptamine, narirutin, and chiro-inositol) elicited spikes from three specific gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) within L1 sensilla. These three GRNs responded to a mixture of the five stimulants at concentrations equivalent to those found in the whole-leaf extract of citrus, and the mixture induced oviposition at levels comparable to whole-leaf extract. We propose that oviposition is triggered by the firing of three specific GRNs in L1 sensilla that encode the chemical signatures of multiple oviposition stimulants.
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Fadamiro H, Chen L, Akotsen-Mensah C, Setzer WN. Antennal electrophysiological responses of the giant swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes, to the essential oils of Zanthoxylum clava-herculis and related plants. CHEMOECOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-009-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kim SS, Kim JY, Lee NH, Hyun CG. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Jeju medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2008; 54:101-6. [PMID: 18497484 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.54.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis are pus-forming bacteria that trigger inflammation in acne. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of Jeju medicinal plants against these etiologic agents of acne vulgaris. Ethanol extracts of Jeju plants were tested for antimicrobial activities by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The results from the disc diffusion assays revealed that four medicinal plants, Mollugo pentaphylla, Angelica anomala, Matteuccia orientalis, and Orixa japonica inhibited the growth of both pathogens. Among these, A. anomala had strong inhibitory effects. Its MIC values were 15.6 microg/ml and 125 microg/ml against P. acnes and S. epidermidis, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of the four extracts were determined by colorimetric MTT assays using two animal cell lines: human dermal fibroblasts and HaCaT cells. Although the M. orientalis root extract had moderate cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells at 200 microg/ml, most extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity at 200 microg/ml in both cell lines. In addition, the extracts reduced the P. acnes-induced secretion of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in THP-1 cells, an indication of their anti-inflammatory effects. Based on these results, we suggest that M. pentaphylla, A. anomala, M. orientalis, and O. japonica are attractive acne-mitigating candidates for topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Suk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Cheju National University
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Concise synthesis of enantiopure erythro-saccharinic acid lactone and potassium (2R,3R)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-2-methylbutanoate. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.09.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Inoue TA. Morphology of Foretarsal Ventral Surfaces of Japanese Papilio Butterflies and Relations Between These Morphology, Phylogeny and Hostplant Preferring Hierarchy. Zoolog Sci 2006; 23:169-89. [PMID: 16603810 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.23.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foretarsal ventral surface observation of Japanese Papilio butterflies showed that the shapes of fifth foretarsi and numbers and localization of contact chemosensilla and spines in these areas are closely related to both phylogeny and behavior in these species. My results basically supported the classification that Japanese Papilio divides into five subgenera -- Papilio (P. machaon), Princeps (P. xuthus and P. demoleus), Achillides (P. maackii and P. bianor), Menelaides (P. helenus, P. polytes, P. protenor and P. macilentus) and Iliades (P. memnon). Moreover, female foretarsal morphology also corresponded to the physical features of their preferring host plant leaves. The specificity of female P. machaon, female P. macilentus and female P. maackii seemed to also relate to the geographical diversities of these species and their hostplant, and their co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi A Inoue
- Japanese National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Ono H, Kuwahara Y, Nishida R. Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives in a nonhost rutaceous plant, Orixajaponica, deter both oviposition and larval feeding in a rutaceae-feeding swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus L. J Chem Ecol 2004; 30:287-301. [PMID: 15112725 DOI: 10.1023/b:joec.0000017978.73061.a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A Rutaceae-feeding swallowtail butterfly. Papilio xuthus L., feeds on various rutaceous plants but always rejects Orixa japonica Thunb. (Rutaceae). Females were strongly deterred from laying eggs by a methanolic extract of O. japonica leaves. Larvae also rejected a diet leaf medium impregnated with O. japonica leaf extracts. Several components in the water-soluble fraction of the leaf extract were found to deter both oviposition and feeding responses. Two major deterrent compounds were characterized as 5-[[2-O-(beta-D-apiofuranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid and adisyringoyl aldaric acid. These compounds induced potent deterrence of both oviposition and larval feeding by P. xuthus, which suggests a congruent chemosensory mechanism of allomonal chemicals acting on both female tarsal chemoreceptors and larval maxillary taste receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ono
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Nakayama T, Honda K, Omura H, Hayashi N. Oviposition stimulants for the tropical swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polytes, feeding on a rutaceous plant, Toddalia asiatica. J Chem Ecol 2003; 29:1621-34. [PMID: 12921440 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024274814402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In nature, Papilio polytes utilizes a limited range of rutaceous plants as hosts. We isolated and identified oviposition stimulants for the butterfly from the foliage of its primary host plant Toddalia asiatica. Females readily deposited eggs in response to a methanolic extract of the plant. Partition of the extract with organic solvents revealed that chemicals responsible for eliciting egg-laying resided in a water-soluble fraction. Further bioassay-guided fractionation of the active fraction by column chromatography, preparative TLC, and HPLC led to the isolation of two oviposition stimulants. One was isolated from an amphoteric fraction and identified as trans-4-hydroxy-N-methyl-L-proline [(-)-(2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-1-methyl pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid; HMP]. The other, isolated from an acidic fraction, was identified as 2-C-methyl-D-erythronic acid [(-)-(2R,3R)-2-methyl-2,3,4-trihydroxybutanoic acid; MEA]. HMP alone evoked significant oviposition-stimulatory activity, although this was much lower than that of the original water-soluble fraction. MEA, on the other hand, alone did not elicit positive responses from females. However, HMP, when assayed in combination with MEA, markedly enhanced the female response, and the mixture was as active in stimulating oviposition as were the original water-soluble fraction and the plant foliage. We conclude that HMP is a substance crucial for host recognition by females, while MEA is a synergistic stimulant involved in host recognition and/or preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Nakayama
- Division of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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