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Kheam S, Gallinger J, Ninkovic V. Communication between undamaged plants can elicit changes in volatile emissions from neighbouring plants, thereby altering their susceptibility to aphids. Plant Cell Environ 2024; 47:1543-1555. [PMID: 38254306 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Plant volatiles play an important role in intra- and interspecific plant communication, inducing direct and indirect defenses against insect pests. However, it remains unknown whether volatile interactions between undamaged cultivars alter host plant volatile emissions and their perception by insect pests. Here, we tested the effects of exposure of a spring barley, Hordeum vulgare L., cultivar, Salome, to volatiles from other cultivars: Fairytale and Anakin. We found that exposing Salome to Fairytale induced a significantly higher emission of trans-β-ocimene and two unidentified compounds compared when exposed to Anakin. Aphids were repelled at a higher concentration of trans-β-ocimene. Salome exposure to Fairytale had significant repulsive effects on aphid olfactory preference, yet not when Salome was exposed to Anakin. We demonstrate that volatile interactions between specific undamaged plants can induce changes in volatile emission by receiver plants enhancing certain compounds, which can disrupt aphid olfactory preferences. Our results highlight the significant roles of volatiles in plant-plant interactions, affecting plant-insect interactions in suppressing insect pests. This has important implications for crop protection and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokha Kheam
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jannicke Gallinger
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Velemir Ninkovic
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Zhang ZL, Wang XJ, Lu JB, Lu HB, Ye ZX, Xu ZT, Zhang C, Chen JP, Li JM, Zhang CX, Huang HJ. Cross-kingdom RNA interference mediated by insect salivary microRNAs may suppress plant immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318783121. [PMID: 38588412 PMCID: PMC11032475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318783121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Communication between insects and plants relies on the exchange of bioactive molecules that traverse the species interface. Although proteinic effectors have been extensively studied, our knowledge of other molecules involved in this process remains limited. In this study, we investigate the role of salivary microRNAs (miRNAs) from the rice planthopper Nilaparvata lugens in suppressing plant immunity. A total of three miRNAs were confirmed to be secreted into host plants during insect feeding. Notably, the sequence-conserved miR-7-5P is specifically expressed in the salivary glands of N. lugens and is secreted into saliva, distinguishing it significantly from homologues found in other insects. Silencing miR-7-5P negatively affects N. lugens feeding on rice plants, but not on artificial diets. The impaired feeding performance of miR-7-5P-silenced insects can be rescued by transgenic plants overexpressing miR-7-5P. Through target prediction and experimental testing, we demonstrate that miR-7-5P targets multiple plant genes, including the immune-associated bZIP transcription factor 43 (OsbZIP43). Infestation of rice plants by miR-7-5P-silenced insects leads to the increased expression of OsbZIP43, while the presence of miR-7-5P counteracts this upregulation effect. Furthermore, overexpressing OsbZIP43 confers plant resistance against insects which can be subverted by miR-7-5P. Our findings suggest a mechanism by which herbivorous insects have evolved salivary miRNAs to suppress plant immunity, expanding our understanding of cross-kingdom RNA interference between interacting organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Jia-Bao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Hai-Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Zhuang-Xin Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Zhong-Tian Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
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3
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Justus EJ, Long EY. Evaluating the impact of cultivar selection on carrot weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) damage and foliar insect pest assemblages in carrot. J Econ Entomol 2023; 116:2085-2094. [PMID: 37903057 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of specialty crop cultivars with resistance against insect pests is limited, and this may serve as a barrier to implementing host-plant resistance as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Carrot (Daucus carota L.) (Apiaels: Apiaceae)is a valuable specialty crop with a diversity of insect pests and cultivars that differ in physical and chemical qualities that influence insect pest preferences. To investigate the role of cultivar as a tool to reduce insect pest damage, we evaluated 7 carrot cultivars in replicated laboratory and field trials in IN and OH, USA in 2021. During June and July, we documented oviposition and feeding damage by the carrot weevil (Listronotus oregonenesis LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and used faunistic analysis to measure the abundance and diversity of foliar insect assemblages on each cultivar. We found no significant differences in oviposition and root damage across cultivars in the field, with mean cumulative egg scars ranging from 1.83 ± 1.40 in "Red Core Chantenay" to 5.17 ± 2.62 in "Cosmic Purple". However, there was a positive correlation between the cumulative number of egg scars and number of trichomes on petioles. Similarly, no-choice laboratory bioassays revealed no significant differences in mean cumulative egg scars, ranging from 5.00 ± 1.15 in "Red Core Chantenay" to 10.63 ± 1.02 in "Danvers 126". Predominant insect pests differed across cultivars, but Cicadellidae was common across all cultivars. Interestingly, only 1 beneficial insect family, Pteromalidae, was predominant across cultivars. This research highlights the impact of cultivar selection on the diversity and damage potential of insect pests in carrot production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Justus
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Elizabeth Y Long
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Salat-Moltó A, Caballero-López B, Pérez-Hidalgo N, Michelena JM, Ferrer Suay M, Guerrieri E, Blanco-Moreno JM. Not All Field Margins Are Equally Useful: Effects of the Vegetation Structure of Margins on Cereal Aphids and Their Natural Enemies. Insects 2023; 14:156. [PMID: 36835725 PMCID: PMC9961275 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Differences in the semi-natural vegetation of field margins will affect the biological control services derived from the presence of these semi-natural habitats adjacent to fields. Of the plant functional traits that are most relevant for insects, plant life forms reflect different aspects of plant structure and functioning that can help predict the value of marginal vegetation for arthropods in agricultural systems. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the vegetation structure of field margins on cereal aphids and on some of their natural enemies (parasitoids, hoverflies and ladybugs) in terms of plant life forms. We characterized margin vegetation using the relative cover of each life form and sampled insects in crops along transects parallel to field margins. Our results show that in the studied areas, the abundance of natural enemies was greater near margins dominated by annual plants than in margins dominated by perennial plants. On the other hand, the abundances of aphids and parasitism rates were higher near margins dominated by perennial woody plants than near margins dominated by perennial herbaceous plants. By promoting specific life forms in existing margins, farmers can enhance the conservation biological control and relieve aphid pressure on their crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Salat-Moltó
- Agroecology Group, Botany and Mycology Unit, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Caballero-López
- Department of Arthropods, Natural Sciences Museum of Barcelona, Castell Dels Tres Dragons, Av. Picasso, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolás Pérez-Hidalgo
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, C. Catedrático José Beltrán, University of Valencia CSIC, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Michelena
- Department of Entomology and Pest Control, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Ferrer Suay
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Campus de Burjassot-Paterna, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio Guerrieri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, 10135 Turin, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - José M. Blanco-Moreno
- Agroecology Group, Botany and Mycology Unit, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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dos Santos MVC, Nascimento PT, Simeone ML, Lima PF, Simeão RM, Auad A, Oliveira I, Mendes S. Performance of Fall Armyworm Preimaginal Development on Cultivars of Tropical Grass Forages. Insects 2022; 13:1139. [PMID: 36555049 PMCID: PMC9784468 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest species capable of feeding on almost all forage and grain crops, although the food quality for the larvae likely varies among plant species and cultivars. The cultivation of grass forage species with grains has increasingly been adopted in Brazil, within both no-tillage and crop-livestock integration systems. In this study, we evaluated the performance of S. frugiperda larvae on 14 forage cultivars of Brachiaria, Panicum, and Cynodon, which are widely used in integrated cropping systems in Brazil. The biological performance of S. frugiperda varied among the cultivars. The larval survival rates were lower on Panicum maximum 'Massai' and P. maximum 'Tamani' cultivars. The insects had the highest performance indexes on Brachiaria brizantha 'Paiaguás', B. brizantha 'Marandu', and B. brizantha 'Xaraés' cultivars, followed by Brachiaria ruziziensis, previously proposed as a standard grass forage for comparisons with other species. On P. maximum, the insect had the lowest performance indexes, with values equal to zero when feeding on the P. maximum 'Massai' and 'Tamani' cultivars. These results will help make management decisions when cultivating grass forage plants in crop production systems in which S. frugiperda infestation is of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V. C. dos Santos
- Campus de Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Rodovia MG-424, Km 47, Bairro Indústrias, Caixa Postal 56, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Maria L. Simeone
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rodovia MG 424, Km 45, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrick F. Lima
- Campus de Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Rodovia MG-424, Km 47, Bairro Indústrias, Caixa Postal 56, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosangela M. Simeão
- Embrapa Gado de Corte, Av. Rádio Maia, 850, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil
| | - Alexander Auad
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Av. Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil
| | - Ivênio Oliveira
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rodovia MG 424, Km 45, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone Mendes
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rodovia MG 424, Km 45, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil
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6
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Gao H, Zou J, Lin X, Zhang H, Yu N, Liu Z. Nilaparvata lugens salivary protein NlG14 triggers defense response in plants. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:7477-7487. [PMID: 36056768 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a serious insect pest on rice. It uses its stylet to collect sap by penetrating the phloem and at the same time it delivers saliva into the host plant, which can trigger a reaction. The molecular mechanisms by which BPH salivary proteins result in plant responses are poorly understood. In this study, we screened transcriptomic data from different BPH tissues and found a protein specific to the salivary gland, NlG14, that could induce cell death in plants. We determined that NlG14 is uniquely found in the insect family Delphacidae. Detailed examination of N. lugens showed that NlG14 was mainly localized in the A-follicle of the principal gland of the salivary gland, and that it was secreted into rice plants during feeding. Knockdown of NlG14 resulted in significant nymph mortality when BPH was fed on either rice plants or on an artificial diet. Further analysis showed that NlG14 triggered accumulation of reactive oxygen species, cell death, callose deposition, and activation of jasmonic acid signaling pathways in plants. Transient expression of NlG14 in Nicotiana benthamiana decreased insect feeding and suppressed plant pathogen infection. Thus, NlG14, an essential salivary protein of N. lugens, acted as a potential herbivore-associated molecular pattern to enhance plant resistance to both insects and plant pathogens by inducing multiple plant defense responses. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of insect-plant interactions and offer a potential target for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Gao
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianzheng Zou
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xumin Lin
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Yu
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
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Xiong Y, Jiang C, Amir MB, Dong Y, Xie L, Liao Y, He W, Lu Z, Chen W. Antibody-Based Methods Reveal the Protein Expression Properties of Glucosinolate Sulfatase 1 and 2 in Plutella xylostella. J Insect Sci 2022; 22:5. [PMID: 36449010 PMCID: PMC9710514 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolates (GLs) and myrosinase defensive systems in cruciferous plants were circumvented by Plutella xylostella using glucosinolate sulfatases (PxGSSs) during pest-plant interaction. Despite identifying three duplicated GSS-encoding genes in P. xylostella, limited information regarding their spatiotemporal and induced expression is available. Here, we investigated the tissue- and stage-specific expression and induction in response to GLs of PxGSS1 and PxGSS2 (PxGSS1/2) at the protein level, which shares a high degree of similarity in protein sequences. Western blotting (WB) analysis showed that PxGSS1/2 exhibited a higher protein level in mature larvae, their guts, and gut content. A significantly high protein and transcript levels of PxGSS1/2 were also detected in the salivary glands using WB and qRT-PCR. The immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) results confirmed that PxGSS1/2 is widely expressed in the larval body. The IHC was more appropriate than IF when autofluorescence interference was present in collected samples. Furthermore, the content of PxGSS1/2 did not change significantly under treatments of GL mixture from Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Col-0, or commercial ally (sinigrin), 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl, 3-(methylsulfinyl)propyl, and indol-3-ylmethyl GLs indicating that the major GLs from leaves of A. thaliana Col-0 failed to induce the expression of proteins for both PxGSS1 and PxGSS2. Our study systemically characterized the expression properties of PxGSS1/2 at the protein level, which improves our understanding of PxGSS1/2-center adaptation in P. xylostella during long-term insect-plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammad Bilal Amir
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yuhong Dong
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Lianjie Xie
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Greenhouse Vegetable, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Weiyi He
- Corresponding author, e-mail: (W.H.), (Z.L.), (W.C.)
| | - Zhanjun Lu
- Corresponding author, e-mail: (W.H.), (Z.L.), (W.C.)
| | - Wei Chen
- Corresponding author, e-mail: (W.H.), (Z.L.), (W.C.)
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de Bastos Pazini J, Dionei Grützmacher A, Júnior Seidel E, Costa Padilha A, Felisberto da Silva F, Bernardi D, Orrin Way M, da Silva Martins JF. Field Assessment of Oryzophagus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Preference and Performance on Selected Rice Cultivars. J Econ Entomol 2022; 115:671-681. [PMID: 35137138 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance is a key strategy for the management of Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), an important pest in South American rice paddies. The present study investigated the resistance of rice cultivars in terms of feeding and oviposition preference, growth, development, and biological performance of O. oryzae under natural conditions of field infestation during two consecutive rice seasons. There were no effects of the six cultivars on the feeding and oviposition preferences of O. oryzae as evaluated 5, 8, and 11 d After Flooding (DAF) of the plots, indicating the absence of antixenosis. Cultivars did not differ in terms of egg viability and larval density of first instars on the roots at 15 DAF. Significant differences were found 25 and 35 DAF when larval density per sample was high on 'BRS Pampa CL' (up to 24.5), intermediate on 'BRS Querência' and 'BRS Ligeirinho' (up to 16.1), and low on 'BRS Atalanta', 'BRS Firmeza', and 'Dawn' (up to 8.8). The cultivars 'BRS Atalanta', 'BRS Firmeza', and 'Dawn' caused malnutrition and inhibition of larval growth. These effects, typical of antibiosis, resulted in delayed pupation and emergence of adults; in addition, emerged females had body weight decreased strongly. The cultivars BRS Pampa CL, BRS Querência, and BRS Ligeirinho are susceptible, resulting in high larval populations and more suitable development of O. oryzae; antibiosis, as indicated for 'BRS Atalanta', 'BRS Firmeza', and 'Dawn', probably is the key mechanism of rice resistance to O. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano de Bastos Pazini
- Federal University of Pelotas, Department of Plant Protection, Eliseu Maciel Avenue, 96010-900, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Anderson Dionei Grützmacher
- Federal University of Pelotas, Department of Plant Protection, Eliseu Maciel Avenue, 96010-900, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Enio Júnior Seidel
- Federal University of Santa Maria, Department of Statistic, Roraima Avenue, 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Costa Padilha
- Federal University of Pelotas, Department of Plant Protection, Eliseu Maciel Avenue, 96010-900, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Felisberto da Silva
- Federal University of Pampa, São Gabriel Campus, 1847 Antonio Trilha Avenue, 97300-000, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Bernardi
- Federal University of Pelotas, Department of Plant Protection, Eliseu Maciel Avenue, 96010-900, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Orrin Way
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 1509 Aggie Drive , 77713, Beaumont, TX, United States
| | - José Francisco da Silva Martins
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Temperate Agriculture, BR 392, Km 79, 96010-971, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
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Wang Z, Huang J, Nie L, Hu Y, Zhang N, Guo Q, Guo J, Du B, Zhu L, He G, Chen R. Molecular and functional analysis of a brown planthopper resistance protein with two nucleotide-binding site domains. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:2657-2671. [PMID: 33345280 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, BPH) resistance gene BPH9 encodes an unusual coiled-coil (CC) nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein with two nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domains. To understand how this CC-NBS-NBS-LRR (CNNL) protein regulates defense signaling and BPH resistance, we dissected each domain's functions. The CC domain of BPH9 self-associated and was sufficient to induce cell death. The region of 97-115 residues in the CC domain is crucial for self-association and activation. NBS2, which contains a complete set of NBS function motifs and inhibits CC domain activation, rather than NBS1, acts as a molecular switch to regulate the activity of BPH9. We demonstrated that the CC domain, the NBS domain, and the LRR domain of BPH9 associate with each other and themselves in planta. Further domain swapping experiments revealed that the CC domains of BPH9 and susceptible alleles were similarly competent to induce resistance and the hypersensitive response, while the LRR domain of BPH9 confers resistance specificity to BPH. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing the activity of CNNL proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingyun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Panthi BR, Renkema JM, Lahiri S, Liburd OE. The Short-Range Movement of Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Rate of Spread of Feeding Injury Among Strawberry Plants. Environ Entomol 2021; 50:12-18. [PMID: 33274377 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood infest strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne, Rosaceae) fields from nearby crop fields and surrounding vegetation and cause injury to plants by feeding on young leaf tissues. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the short-range movement of S. dorsalis to assess the risk of an early S. dorsalis population to spread to adjacent plants. In a greenhouse, 25 potted strawberry plants were arranged in two concentric rows around a central plant, where plants in inner rows were 20 cm, and those in the outer rows were 40 cm from the central plant. In the field, 20 strawberry plants were arranged in two beds (90 cm apart), ten in each bed, and five plants in each row, with plants 30 cm apart. White sticky cards were placed at 60-120 cm from the central plant. Fifty S. dorsalis adults were released on a centrally located plant, and the numbers of S. dorsalis adults and larvae and feeding injury were recorded for 9-17 d on adjacent plants and sticky cards. Results showed that significantly more S. dorsalis adults and larvae remained on the initially infested plant compared to adjacent plants, although few adults were found up to 120 cm on sticky cards. The rate of spread of feeding injury was low with slight bronzing injury (<10% injury) on adjacent plants by 14-17 d. Since most S. dorsalis remained on initially infested plants for at least 2 wk, it is feasible to delay management actions and 'rescue' plants around a plant with minor injury symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu R Panthi
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Justin M Renkema
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL
| | - Sriyanka Lahiri
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL
| | - Oscar E Liburd
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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11
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Uyi O, Keller JA, Johnson A, Long D, Walsh B, Hoover K. Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Can Complete Development and Reproduce Without Access to the Preferred Host, Ailanthus altissima. Environ Entomol 2020; 49:1185-1190. [PMID: 32725170 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite its broad host range, the spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (White), is known to have a marked preference for Ailanthus altissima. However, whether this polyphagous phloem feeder can complete its life cycle in the absence of A. altissima is unknown. We examined the performance of L. delicatula with and without access to A. altissima by tracking development, survival, host tree species association, and oviposition in large enclosures planted with Salix babylonica and Acer saccharinum along with either A. altissima or Betula nigra. We monitored enclosures from late May 2019 through June 2020. Lycorma delicatula survival was slightly higher in enclosures with A. altissima and 50% of individuals in A. altissima enclosures reached the adult stage ~6.5 d earlier than in enclosures without A. altissima. In the presence of A. altissima, nymphs were most frequently observed on this host while adults were found at similar frequencies on A. altissima and A. saccharinum. In the absence of A. altissima, nymphs were most frequently associated with S. babylonica and A. saccharinum, while adults were most often found on A. saccharinum. Females laid a total of 46 and 6 egg masses in enclosures with and without A. altissima, respectively, before freezing temperatures killed the remaining adults. The proportion of eggs that hatched per egg mass did not differ between treatments. Although L. delicatula can complete development and reproduce on other host species without access to A. altissima, fitness was reduced. These findings have implications for management that relies exclusively on treatment of A. altissima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osariyekemwen Uyi
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Joseph A Keller
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Anne Johnson
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - David Long
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Brian Walsh
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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12
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Yang FY, Saqib HSA, Chen JH, Ruan QQ, Vasseur L, He WY, You MS. Differential Profiles of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Associated with Host Shift of Plutella xylostella. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6283. [PMID: 32872681 PMCID: PMC7504026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary and ecological forces are important factors that shape gut microbial profiles in hosts, which can help insects adapt to different environments through modulating their metabolites. However, little is known about how gut microbes and metabolites are altered when lepidopteran pest species switch hosts. In the present study, using 16S-rDNA sequencing and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, we analyzed the gut microbiota and metabolites of three populations of Plutella xylostella: one feeding on radish (PxR) and two feeding on peas (PxP; with PxP-1 and PxP-17 being the first and 17th generations after host shift from radish to peas, respectively). We found that the diversity of gut microbes in PxP-17 was significantly lower than those in PxR and PxP-1, which indicates a distinct change in gut microbiota after host shift. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that the functions of energy metabolism, signal transduction, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism were increased in PxP-17, suggesting their potential roles in host adaptation. Metabolic profiling showed a significant difference in the abundance of gut metabolites between PxR and PxP-17, and significant correlations of gut bacteria with gut metabolites. These findings shed light on the interaction among plants, herbivores, and symbionts, and advance our understanding of host adaptation associated with gut bacteria and metabolic activities in P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (F.-Y.Y.); (H.S.A.S.); (J.-H.C.); (Q.-Q.R.); (L.V.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hafiz Sohaib Ahmed Saqib
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (F.-Y.Y.); (H.S.A.S.); (J.-H.C.); (Q.-Q.R.); (L.V.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jun-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (F.-Y.Y.); (H.S.A.S.); (J.-H.C.); (Q.-Q.R.); (L.V.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qian-Qian Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (F.-Y.Y.); (H.S.A.S.); (J.-H.C.); (Q.-Q.R.); (L.V.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Liette Vasseur
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (F.-Y.Y.); (H.S.A.S.); (J.-H.C.); (Q.-Q.R.); (L.V.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty/School, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Wei-Yi He
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (F.-Y.Y.); (H.S.A.S.); (J.-H.C.); (Q.-Q.R.); (L.V.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Min-Sheng You
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (F.-Y.Y.); (H.S.A.S.); (J.-H.C.); (Q.-Q.R.); (L.V.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
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13
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Singh S, Tyagi C, Rather IA, Sabir JSM, Hassan MI, Singh A, Singh IK. Molecular Modeling of Chemosensory Protein 3 from Spodoptera litura and Its Binding Property with Plant Defensive Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4073. [PMID: 32517283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory perception in insects involves a broad set of chemosensory proteins (CSPs) that identify the bouquet of chemical compounds present in the external environment and regulate specific behaviors. The current study is focused on the Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) chemosensory-related protein, SlitCSP3, a midgut-expressed CSP, which demonstrates differential gene expression upon different diet intake. There is an intriguing possibility that SlitCSP3 can perceive food-derived chemical signals and modulate insect feeding behavior. We predicted the three-dimensional structure of SlitCSP3 and subsequently performed an accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) simulation of the best-modeled structure. SlitCSP3 structure has six α-helices arranged as a prism and a hydrophobic binding pocket predominated by leucine and isoleucine. We analyzed the interaction of selected host plant metabolites with the modeled structure of SlitCSP3. Out of two predicted binding pockets in SlitCSP3, the plant-derived defensive metabolites 2-b-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1, 4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), 6-Methoxy-2–benzoxazolinone (MBOA), and nicotine were found to interact preferably to the hydrophobic site 1, compared to site 2. The current study provides the potential role of CSPs in recognizing food-derived chemical signals, host-plant specialization, and adaptation to the varied ecosystem. Our work opens new perspectives in designing novel pest-management strategies. It can be further used in the development of CSP-based advanced biosensors.
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14
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Martínez M, Cognato AI, Guachambala M, Urdanigo JP, Boivin T. Effects of Climate and Host Age on Flight Activity, Infestation Percentage, and Intensity by Coptoborus ochromactonus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Commercial Balsa Plantations of Ecuador. J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:824-831. [PMID: 31751469 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coptoborus ochromactonus (Smith and Cognato) is one of the most common and important pests of balsa, Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. Ex Lam. Urb.), an economic pillar of the wood industry in Ecuador. Commercial balsa plantations have been expanded from humid to dry climate areas to limit insect damage, but basic knowledge is still lacking on the interaction of C. ochromactonus activity with variation in climate and plantation age. We investigated the effects of climate and host age on the seasonal flight activity of C. ochromactonus and its infestation rate and intensity, as well as the effect of age and individual infestation intensity on balsa dieback. Experiments were conducted in 1-, 2-, and 3-yr-old commercial balsa plantations located in areas of humid or dry climates. Seasonal flight activity (monitored with baited traps) differed between study sites and seasons. Increased flight activity was significantly correlated with higher relative humidity, higher mean temperature, and reduced precipitation during the dry season in the humid site and with increased mean and minimum temperature and increased precipitation during the rainy season in the dry site. Infestation rates by C. ochromactonus significantly increased with plantation age, especially in the humid site. Intensity of individual infestations (measured as number of successful insect entry holes per tree) was significantly influenced by both climate and plantation age, and it was particularly severe on 3-yr-old trees in the dry site. Percentage of foliage loss significantly increased with infestation intensity. Overall, our results can be relevant for devising preventive measures and suitable management strategies for this emerging pest in Ecuadorian wood plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, Avenida Quito, Km 1 1/2 vía a Sto. Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Quevedo, Ecuador
| | - Anthony I Cognato
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | | | - Juan Pablo Urdanigo
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, Avenida Quito, Km 1 1/2 vía a Sto. Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Quevedo, Ecuador
| | - Thomas Boivin
- INRA, UR629, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, Domaine Saint Paul Site Agroparc, 84194 Avignon CS40509 Cedex 9, France
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15
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Abedi Z, Golizadeh A, Soufbaf M, Hassanpour M, Jafari-Nodoushan A, Akhavan HR. Effect of Different Fruit Developmental Stages and Biochemical Metabolites of Pomegranate (Ponicaceae) on Life History Parameters of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:964-973. [PMID: 31904849 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions can be influenced by plant developmental stages. Effects of four different developmental stages of pomegranate fruit (Hazelnut size, Walnut size, Juicy, and Ripe) were investigated on life table parameters, nutritional yield, and energy contents (protein, glycogen, and lipid) of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) under controlled conditions in two pomegranate cultivars, namely Shahvare-Danesefid and Esfahani-Daneghermez as susceptible and resistant cultivars, respectively. Biochemical characteristics of the four developmental stages were determined, and a correlation was made with life-history and nutritional responses of E. ceratoniae. Significant differences were observed in developmental time and adult fecundity of E. ceratoniae across various tested stages in both pomegranate cultivars. The highest value of intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was found in Juicy and lowest in Hazelnut-size stage of Shahvare-Danesefid. The highest rm value was on Walnut-size and Juicy stages, and the lower rate was obtained from the feeding of E. ceratoniae on Ripe and Hazelnut-size stages in Esfahani-Daneghermez. A higher relative growth rate (RGR) was observed in Juicy (in Shahvare-Danesefid) and Walnut-size stages (in Esfahani-Daneghermez) when compared with other developmental stages tested. Life-history parameters of E. ceratoniae were correlated with biochemical qualities of pomegranate stages. Results indicated Juicy (Shahvare-Danesefid) and Walnut-size stages (Esfahani-Daneghermez) were relatively susceptible pomegranate stages, and Hazelnut-size and Ripe stages were unsuitable for feeding of E. ceratoniae in Shahvare-Danesefid and Esfahani-Daneghermez, respectively. Findings of this research could aid in the development of integrated management programs of E. ceratoniae in pomegranate orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abedi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Golizadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Soufbaf
- Department of Plant Protection, Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hassanpour
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | - Hamid-Reza Akhavan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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16
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Gray HL, Andow DA, Kiritani K. Investigating the Movement Components of Host Preference in a Highly Mobile Insect Herbivore, Nephotettix cincticeps (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Environ Entomol 2020; 49:115-122. [PMID: 31746325 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effective insect management strategies require a firm understanding of the factors determining host preference, particularly in highly mobile insect herbivores. Host preference studies commonly employ average or first position as a proxy for preference. Yet few studies have explored host preference in relation to transitory attraction and leaving rates, yet these are both components of host plant selection. We investigated the transitory dynamics of preference by the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) by conducting experiments on groups of females, males, or mixed-sex leafhoppers, and recording their position over time between low-N and normal-N rice plants. Utilizing a log-linear model and variants of a biostatistical model we used these positional data to extract attraction, leaving and tenure rates to better understand the process of host-plant selection. We found a general preference for normal-N over low-N plants at equilibrium. However, between sexes there was variation in the relative significance of attraction or leaving rates on that preference. Female leafhoppers were more attracted to host plants with higher nitrogen content. Male leafhoppers were less discriminate in their initial attraction to hosts but left low-N hosts at a faster rate. Whereas estimated tenure times on both normal- and low-N plants exceeded transmission times for the leafhopper-transmitted rice dwarf virus, longer tenure on normal-N plants likely increases the likelihood of virus acquisition from these plants. Our findings support previous recommendations that growers can mitigate the risks of leafhopper damage and pathogen transmission by optimizing their application of nitrogenous fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Gray
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN
| | - David A Andow
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN
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17
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Wang Q, Bao W, Zhang Q, Fu X, Yang Y, Lu Y. Host plant use of a polyphagous mirid, Apolygus lucorum: Molecular evidence from migratory individuals. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11518-11528. [PMID: 31641490 PMCID: PMC6802376 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the host plant use of insect herbivores is important for understanding their interactions and coevolution, field evidence of these preferences is limited for generalist species. Molecular diet analysis provides an effective option for gaining such information, but data from field-sampled individuals are often greatly affected by the local composition of their host plants. The polyphagous mirid bug Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) seasonally migrates across the Bohai Sea, and molecular analysis of migrant bugs collected on crop-free islands can be used to estimate the host plant use of A. lucorum across the large area (northern China) from where these individuals come. In this study, the host plant use of A. lucorum adults was determined by identifying plant DNA using a three-locus DNA barcode (rbcL, trnH-psbA, and ITS) in the gut of migrant individuals collected on Beihuang Island. We successfully identified the host plant families of A. lucorum adults, and the results indicated that captured bugs fed on at least 17 plant families. In addition, gut analyses revealed that 35.9% of A. lucorum individuals fed on multiple host plants but that most individuals (64.1%) fed on only one plant species. Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., DNA was found in 35.8% of the A. lucorum bugs examined, which was much higher than the percentage of bugs in which other host plants were found. Our work provides a new understanding of multiple host plant use by A. lucorum under natural conditions, and these findings are available for developing effective management strategies against this polyphagous pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Agriculture and Food ScienceZhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Weifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaowei Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yizhong Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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18
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Glover JP, Brewer MJ, Parajulee MN, Sword GA. Plant Response and Economic Injury Levels for a Boll-Feeding Sucking Bug Complex on Cotton. J Econ Entomol 2019; 112:1227-1236. [PMID: 30759230 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Whole-plant cage field experiments were conducted in 2014, 2015, and 2016 to characterize cotton injury from a species complex of boll-feeding sucking bugs represented by the verde plant bug, Creontiades signatus (Distant) (Hemiptera: Miridae), brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say), and redbanded stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Field-collected adult bugs were used to infest cotton plants previously maintained free of insect injury. Plants caged in groups of four were infested at mid-bloom and late-bloom for 7 d with four insect densities: 0 (control), 0.25 bugs per plant, 1 bug per plant, and 2 bugs per plant. Species and water stress conditions varied across years, allowing selective within-year comparisons. Response to feeding resulted in boll injury in the form of lint deterioration and cotton boll rot at mid- and late-bloom stages, and in water limiting and non-water limiting conditions. Although plant injury was apparent across a wide range of conditions, subsequent yield decline attributed to insect feeding was seen primarily under water limiting conditions when plants were infested at mid-bloom. For these conditions, significant yield-insect density relationships were used to calculate economic injury levels (EILs) for each species. EILs expressed as bugs per plant from lowest to highest were the brown stink bug (0.29-0.31 bugs per plant), redbanded stink bug (0.33), verde plant bug (0.49), and green stink bug (0.50). Given the variability observed among species, species-specific EILs may be used where the injurious species is known and combined for stink bugs (a common EIL of 0.34 bugs per plant) where multiple species occur. Verde plant bug was less damaging and can be considered separately, but its EIL was generally within a range of values for the boll-feeders encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Glover
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Corpus Christi, TX
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Michael J Brewer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Corpus Christi, TX
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Gregory A Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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19
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Avanesyan A, Snook KA, Follett PA, Lamp WO. Short-Term Physiological Response of a Native Hawaiian Plant, Hibiscus arnottianus, to Injury by the Exotic Leafhopper, Sophonia orientalis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Environ Entomol 2019; 48:363-369. [PMID: 30689831 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sophonia orientalis (Matsumura), also known as the two-spotted leafhopper, is a widespread exotic pest of many economically important crop plants and ornamental plants in Hawaii. Sophonia orientalis is highly polyphagous and is a major threat to some of the native endemic plants. Despite the successful establishment in Hawaii, interactions of S. orientalis with its host plants remain poorly understood. Previous studies primarily focused on distribution, parasitism, and oviposition of S. orientalis in Hawaii, whereas plant physiological responses to the leafhopper's injury, and, specifically, gas exchange rates in plants, have not yet been described. In this study, we examined a short-term physiological response of a native Hawaiian plant, Hibiscus arnottianus (A. Gray), to injury by S. orientalis. We also explored whether Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, a native host plant of S. orientalis in Asia, exhibits a similar response. We found that H. arnottianus plants demonstrated a rapid (2-d) physiological response to injury accompanied by 40% reduction in rate of photosynthesis and 42% reduction in rate of transpiration, whereas C. sinensis did not exhibit any reduction in gas exchange rates. We did not record any changes in plant chlorophyll levels after plant injury in either species. Our results suggest that H. arnottianus is responding to the leafhopper feeding with a generalized wound response predicted for novel plant-insect herbivore associations. We discuss potential future directions for studies which might focus on host plant responses to S. orientalis in its native versus introduced range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Avanesyan
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Kirsten A Snook
- U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Hilo, Hawaii
| | - Peter A Follett
- U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Hilo, Hawaii
| | - William O Lamp
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
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20
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Weeraddana CDS, Evenden ML. Canola Nutrition and Variety Affect Oviposition and Offspring Performance in the Generalist Herbivore, Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 2018; 111:1702-1710. [PMID: 29905809 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bertha armyworm Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a generalist herbivore that feeds on several crops in different plant families. Canola Brassica napus L. (Capparales: Brassicaceae) is one of the most favored host plants making the bertha armyworm a significant insect pest in the Canadian Prairie Provinces. The performance of the bertha armyworm on canola may vary with the quality of the canola plant. We tested the impact of plant nutrition and canola variety on oviposition and subsequent larval development of the bertha armyworm. A range of fertilization levels (0.0, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 g/pot) were applied to three different canola varieties: Clearfield 5535 CL, Roundup Ready hybrid 6060RR, and Q2. The total number of eggs laid on plants in a no-choice experiment increased with fertilizer level but a similar number of eggs were laid on plants that received moderate and high fertilizer treatments. Larvae reared on plants that received the moderate fertilizer application yielded heavier pupae than those reared on plants with low and high fertilizer treatments. Most eggs were laid on the Q2 variety when compared to Clearfield 5535 CL and Roundup Ready 6060 RR. Bertha armyworm females preferred to lay eggs on plants that received moderate or high fertilization over plants with the low fertilizer treatment. Plant leaf tissue nutrient content and plant growth were highest in plants that received moderate and high fertilizer treatment. We conclude that bertha armyworm oviposition behavior and larval performance are influenced by fertilizer treatment and canola variety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya L Evenden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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21
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Wolff JO, Lovtsova J, Gorb E, Dai Z, Ji A, Zhao Z, Jiang N, Gorb SN. Strength of silk attachment to Ilex chinensis leaves in the tea bagworm Eumeta minuscula (Lepidoptera, Psychidae). J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2017.0007. [PMID: 28250101 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Silks play an important role in the life of various arthropods. A highly neglected prerequisite to make versatile use of silks is sufficient attachment to substrates. Although there have been some studies on the structure and mechanics of silk anchorages of spiders, for insects only anecdotal reports on attachment-associated spinning behaviour exist. Here, we experimentally studied the silk attachment of the pupae and last instar caterpillars of the tea bagworm Eumeta minuscula (Butler 1881) (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) to the leaves of its host plant Ilex chinensis We found that the bagworms spin attachment discs, which share some structural features with those of spiders, like a plaque consisting of numerous overlaid, looped glue-coated silk fibres and the medially attaching suspension thread. Although the glue, which coats the fibres, cannot spread and adhere very well to the leaf surface, high pull-off forces were measured, yielding a mean safety factor (force divided by the animal weight) of 385.6. Presumably, the bagworms achieve this by removal of the leaf epidermis prior to silk attachment, which exposes the underlying tissue that represents a much better bonding site. This ensures a reliable attachment during the immobile, vulnerable pupal stage. This is the first study on the biomechanics and structure of silk attachments to substrates in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas O Wolff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Julia Lovtsova
- Entomological Museum, All-Russian Center for Plant Quarantine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Zhendong Dai
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, 210016 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihong Ji
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, 210016 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, 210016 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, 210016 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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22
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Brewer MJ, Gordy JW, Kerns DL, Woolley JB, Rooney WL, Bowling RD. Sugarcane Aphid Population Growth, Plant Injury, and Natural Enemies on Selected Grain Sorghum Hybrids in Texas and Louisiana. J Econ Entomol 2017; 110:2109-2118. [PMID: 28962004 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to the 2013 outbreak of sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.), in North America, experiments were conducted at three southern U.S. grain sorghum production locations (Corpus Christi, TX; Winnsboro, LA; Rosenberg, TX). The objectives were to authenticate yield decline on susceptible hybrids (2014 and 2015) and to measure aphid population growth and natural enemy prevalence on susceptible and resistant hybrids with similar genetic background (2014). Yield decline on susceptible hybrids (Tx 2752/Tx430 and DKS53-67) was more substantial when aphid population growth accelerated quickly and peaked above 300 aphids per leaf (50 to nearly 100% yield decline). Location and year variation in maximum aphid density and cumulative aphid-days was high, with doubling time values on the susceptible hybrids ranging between 3.9 and 7.9 d. On resistant Tx2752/Tx2783, leaf injury and yield decline were not seen or less severe than on its paired susceptible Tx2752/Tx430. Aphids declined on Tx2752/Tx2783 after initial colony establishment (Corpus Christi) or took about 60% longer to double in population size when compared with Tx2572/Tx430 (Winnsboro). The predominant natural enemy taxa were aphelinid mummies (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and sryphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae), and they were more prevalent during flowering than prior to flowering. They were generally responsive to changes in aphid density of both susceptible and resistant hybrids, but variability points to need for further study. In future research, full season observations should continue as well as more detailed study of potential compatibility of sorghum resistance and biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Brewer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 10345 State Highway 44, Corpus Christi, TX 78406
| | - John W Gordy
- Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, 1402 Band Road, Suite 100, Rosenberg, TX 77471
| | - David L Kerns
- Department of Entomology, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX 77843,USA, formerly Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Winnsboro, LA
| | - James B Woolley
- Department of Entomology, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX 77843
| | - William L Rooney
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, TAMU 2474, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Robert D Bowling
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 10345 State Highway 44, Corpus Christi, TX 78406
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Foote NE, Davis TS, Crowder DW, Bosque-Pérez NA, Eigenbrode SD. Plant Water Stress Affects Interactions Between an Invasive and a Naturalized Aphid Species on Cereal Crops. Environ Entomol 2017; 46:609-616. [PMID: 28430898 PMCID: PMC5452433 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In cereal cropping systems of the Pacific Northwestern United States (PNW), climate change is projected to increase the frequency of drought during summer months, which could increase water stress for crop plants. Yet, it remains uncertain how interactions between herbivore species are affected by drought stress. Here, interactions between two cereal aphids present in PNW cereal systems, Metopolophium festucae (Theobald) subsp. cerealium (a newly invasive species) and Rhopalosiphum padi L. (a naturalized species), were tested relative to wheat water stress. When aphids were confined in leaf cages on wheat, asymmetrical facilitation occurred; per capita fecundity of R. padi was increased by 46% when M. festucae cerealium was also present, compared to when only R. padi was present. Imposed water stress did not influence this interaction. When aphids were confined on whole wheat plants, asymmetrical competition occurred; cocolonization inhibited M. festucae cerealium population growth but did not affect R. padi population growth. Under conditions of plant water stress, however, the inhibitory effect of R. padi on M. festucae cerealium was not observed. We conclude that beneficial effects of cocolonization on R. padi are due to a localized plant response to M. festucae cerealium feeding, and that cocolonization of plants is likely to suppress M. festucae cerealium populations under ample water conditions, but not when plants are water stressed. This suggests that plant responses to water stress alter the outcome of competition between herbivore species, with implications for the structure of pest communities on wheat during periods of drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Foote
- Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr, Moscow, ID 83844 (; ; )
| | - T S Davis
- Forest & Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, 1472 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526
| | - D W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - N A Bosque-Pérez
- Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr, Moscow, ID 83844 (; ; )
| | - S D Eigenbrode
- Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr, Moscow, ID 83844 (; ; )
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Chuang WP, Rojas LMA, Khalaf LK, Zhang G, Fritz AK, Whitfield AE, Smith CM. Wheat Genotypes With Combined Resistance to Wheat Curl Mite, Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus, Wheat Mosaic Virus, and Triticum Mosaic Virus. J Econ Entomol 2017; 110:711-718. [PMID: 28087646 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella Keifer, (WCM) is a global pest of bread wheat that reduces yields significantly. In addition, WCM carries Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV, family Potyviridae, genus Tritimovirus), the most significant wheat virus in North America; High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV, genus Emaravirus, formerly High plains virus); and Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV, family Potyviridae, genus Poacevirus). Viruses carried by WCM have reduced wheat yields throughout the U.S. Great Plains for >50 yr, with average yield losses of 2-3% and occasional yield losses of 7-10%. Acaricides are ineffective against WCM, and delayed planting of winter wheat is not feasible. Five wheat breeding lines containing Cmc4, a WCM resistance gene from Aegilops tauschii, and Wsm2, a WSMV resistance gene from wheat germplasm CO960293-2 were selected from the breeding process and assessed for phenotypic reaction to WCM feeding, population increase, and the degree of WSMV, HPWMoV, and TriMV infection. Experiments determined that all five lines are resistant to WCM biotype 1 feeding and population increase, and that two breeding lines contain resistance to WSMV, HPWMoV, and TriMV infection as well. These WCM-, WSMV-, HPWMoV-, and TriMV-resistant genotypes can be used improve management of wheat yield losses from WCM-virus complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Po Chuang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lina Maria Aguirre Rojas
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan 66506, KS (; ; )
| | - Luaay Kahtan Khalaf
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan 66506, KS (; ; )
| | - Guorong Zhang
- Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, 1232 240th Ave., Hays 67601, KS, USA
| | - Allan K Fritz
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Rd., Manhattan 66506, KS
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Rd., Manhattan 66506, KS
| | - C Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan 66506, KS (; ; )
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Gonçalves-Souza P, Schlindwein C, Dötterl S, Paiva EAS. Unveiling the osmophores of Philodendron adamantinum (Araceae) as a means to understanding interactions with pollinators. Ann Bot 2017; 119:533-543. [PMID: 28065928 PMCID: PMC5458670 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Araceae species pollinated by nocturnal Cyclocephalini beetles attract their pollinators by inflorescence scents. In Philodendron , despite the intense odour, the osmophores exhibit no definite morphological identity, making them difficult to locate. This may explain why structural studies of the scent-releasing tissue are not available so far. Methods Several approaches were employed for locating and understanding the osmophores of Philodendron adamantinum . A sensory test allowed other analyses to be restricted to fertile and sterile stamens as odour production sites. Stamens were studied under light and electron microscopy. Dynamic headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to collect and analyse scents from different zones of the inflorescence. Key Results The epidermal cells of the distal portion of fertile stamens and staminodes are papillose and, similar to the parenchyma cells of this region, have dense cytoplasm and large nuclei. In these cells, the composition of organelles is compatible with secretory activity, especially the great number of mitochondria and plastids. In this portion, lipid droplets that are consumed concomitantly with the release of odour were observed. Quantitative scent analyses revealed that the scent, with a predominance of dihydro-β-ionone, is mainly emitted by the fertile and sterile staminate zones of the spadix. An amorphous substance in the stomata pores indicates that the components are secreted and volatilized outside of the osmophore under thermogenic heat. Conclusions Despite the difficulty in locating osmophores in the absence of morphological identity and inefficiency of neutral red staining, the osmophores of P. adamantinum have some features expected for these structures. The results indicate a functional link between thermogenesis and volatilization of osmophore secretions to produce olfactory signals for attracting specialized beetle pollinators. These first experimental data about the precise location of osmophores in Philodendron will stimulate studies in related species that will allow future comparison and the establishment of patterns of functional morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Gonçalves-Souza
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil and
| | - Clemens Schlindwein
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil and
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elder Antônio Sousa Paiva
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil and
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26
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Lymbery SJ, Didham RK, Hopper SD, Simmons LW. Mutualists or parasites? Context-dependent influence of symbiotic fly larvae on carnivorous investment in the Albany pitcher plant. R Soc Open Sci 2016; 3:160690. [PMID: 28018659 PMCID: PMC5180157 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carnivorous plants allocate more resources to carnivorous structures under nutrient-limited conditions, and relative investment can also be influenced by animals (infauna) that live in association with these plants and feed on their prey. We investigated these effects within a population of the pitcher plant Cephalotus follicularis containing varying densities of larvae of the fly Badisis ambulans. For plants with a relatively high proportion of adult pitchers, increasing larval density was associated with lower relative leaf allocation to new pitcher buds. For plants with relatively few adult pitchers, however, there was greater relative leaf allocation to pitcher buds with increasing larval density. In a field experiment, there was no significant effect of experimental larval presence or absence on the change in carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio of plants. Although the direction of the correlation between B. ambulans larvae and relative investment in carnivorous and non-carnivorous structures depends on the relative number of mature structures, whether the larvae enhance or reduce nutrient stress under different conditions remains unclear. The change in C/N was, however, less variable for pitchers that contained larvae, suggesting a stabilizing effect. Eighteen of 52 experimental pitchers were damaged by an unknown species, causing the pitcher fluid to drain. These pitchers were significantly more likely to survive if they contained larvae. These results suggest that the relationship between infauna and host varies with the initial resource status and environmental context of the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Lymbery
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Raphael K. Didham
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Land and Water, Underwood Avenue, Floreat, Western Australia 6014, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Hopper
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, and School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Albany, Western Australia 6330, Australia
| | - Leigh W. Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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De Sibio PR, Rossi MN. Interaction Effect Between Herbivory and Plant Fertilization on Extrafloral Nectar Production and on Seed Traits: An Experimental Study With Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae). J Econ Entomol 2016; 109:1612-1618. [PMID: 27247300 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the release of volatile chemicals by many plants can attract the natural enemies of herbivorous insects. Such indirect interactions are likely when plants produce nectar from their extrafloral nectaries, and particularly when the production of extrafloral nectar (EFN) is induced by herbivory. In the present study, we conducted experiments to test whether foliar herbivory inflicted by Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Noctuidae) increases nectar production by extrafloral nectaries on one of its host plants, Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae). Due to the current economic importance of R. communis, we also investigated whether the following seed traits-water content, dry mass, and essential oil production-are negatively affected by herbivory. Finally, we tested whether or not nectar production and seed traits are influenced by plant fertilization (plant quality). We found that nectar production was increased after herbivory, but it was not affected by the type of fertilization. Seed dry mass was higher in plants that were subjected to full fertilization, without herbivory; plants maintained in low fertilization conditions, however, had higher seed mass when subjected to herbivory. The same inverted pattern was observed for oil production. Therefore, our results suggest that EFN production in R. communis may act as an indirect defense strategy against herbivores, and that there is a trade-off between reproduction and plant growth when low-fertilized plants are subjected to herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R De Sibio
- Department of Botany, IB, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil
| | - M N Rossi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, SP 09941-510, Brazil
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Poot-Pech MA, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Ballina-Gómez HS, Gamboa-Angulo MM, Reyes-Ramírez A. Olfactory Response and Host Plant Feeding of the Central American Locust Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Walker to Common Plants in a Gregarious Zone. Neotrop Entomol 2016; 45:382-388. [PMID: 26957085 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Central American locust (CAL) Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons Walker is one of the most harmful plant pests in the Yucatan Peninsula, where an important gregarious zone is located. The olfactory response and host plant acceptance by the CAL have not been studied in detail thus far. In this work, the olfactory response of the CAL to odor of various plant species was evaluated using an olfactometer test system. In addition, the host plant acceptance was assessed by the consumption of leaf area. Results showed that the CAL was highly attracted to odor of Pisonia aculeata. Evaluation of host plant acceptance showed that the CAL fed on Leucaena glauca and Waltheria americana, but not on P. aculeata or Guazuma ulmifolia. Analysis of leaf thickness, and leaf content of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) showed that the CAL was attracted to plant species with low leaf C content.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Poot-Pech
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Km 16.3, antigua carretera Mérida-Motul, C.P. 97345, Conkal, Yucatán, México
| | - E Ruiz-Sánchez
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Km 16.3, antigua carretera Mérida-Motul, C.P. 97345, Conkal, Yucatán, México.
| | - H S Ballina-Gómez
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Km 16.3, antigua carretera Mérida-Motul, C.P. 97345, Conkal, Yucatán, México
| | - M M Gamboa-Angulo
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - A Reyes-Ramírez
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Km 16.3, antigua carretera Mérida-Motul, C.P. 97345, Conkal, Yucatán, México
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29
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Rizvi SZM, Raman A. Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)-Botrytis cinerea (Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae)-Vitis vinifera (Vitales: Vitaceae) Interaction: The Role of B. cinerea on the Development of E. postvittana in Synthetic Nutritional Media. J Econ Entomol 2015; 108:1646-1654. [PMID: 26470305 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (light-brown apple moth) is a polyphagous herbivore of economic significance, which also feeds on Vitis vinifera L. The E. postvittana-V. vinifera interacting system also involves the participation of the fungus Botrytis cinerea Persoon ex Fries. We have been exploring the relationship among E. postvittana-V. vinifera-B. cinerea over the past two years. In this article, we report the preference and performance of the larvae of E. postvittana raised solely on a synthetic diet incorporated with the mycelial material of B. cinerea (Diet B). To characterize the effect of fungus on the development of E. postvittana, another synthetic diet was prepared that included the lyophilized leaf material of V. vinifera (Diet C). When raised on Diets B and C, a decrease in the duration of larval development and an increase in the survival and fecundity rate of E. postvittana occurred. Diet B influenced the pupal mass, but a significant increase occurred when the larvae were fed on Diet C. The larval emergence rate was the greatest in E. postvittana raised on Diet B, followed by those on Diet C. The F(2) generation of the larvae reared on Diet B showed similar effects as F(1) on the life-history performance of the larvae. Diet B enhanced the life-history performance of E. postvittana, although the larvae of E. postvittana showed little preference to Diet B. The greater fertility rate of E. postvittana reared on Diet B suggests the importance of sterols as shown in Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and in a few Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), which serve as precursors to different ecdysteroids that regulate many critical processes through embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Z M Rizvi
- Charles Sturt University & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, P O Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - A Raman
- Charles Sturt University & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, P O Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia.
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Abstract
Plants produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites as chemical barriers against herbivores. Many phytophagous insects are highly adapted to these allelochemicals and use such unique substances as the specific host-finding cues, defensive substances of their own, and even as sex pheromones or their precursors by selectively sensing, incorporating, and/or processing these phytochemicals. Insects also serve as pollinators often effectively guided by specific floral fragrances. This review demonstrates the ecological significance of such plant secondary metabolites in the highly diverse interactions between insects and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuo Nishida
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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31
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Prüm B, Seidel R, Bohn HF, Speck T. Impact of cell shape in hierarchically structured plant surfaces on the attachment of male Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2012; 3:57-64. [PMID: 22428097 PMCID: PMC3304315 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant surfaces showing hierarchical structuring are frequently found in plant organs such as leaves, petals, fruits and stems. In our study we focus on the level of cell shape and on the level of superimposed microstructuring, leading to hierarchical surfaces if both levels are present. While it has been shown that epicuticular wax crystals and cuticular folds strongly reduce insect attachment, and that smooth papillate epidermal cells in petals improve the grip of pollinators, the impact of hierarchical surface structuring of plant surfaces possessing convex or papillate cells on insect attachment remains unclear. We performed traction experiments with male Colorado potato beetles on nine different plant surfaces with different structures. The selected plant surfaces showed epidermal cells with either tabular, convex or papillate cell shape, covered either with flat films of wax, epicuticular wax crystals or with cuticular folds. On surfaces possessing either superimposed wax crystals or cuticular folds we found traction forces to be almost one order of magnitude lower than on surfaces covered only with flat films of wax. Independent of superimposed microstructures we found that convex and papillate epidermal cell shapes slightly enhance the attachment ability of the beetles. Thus, in plant surfaces, cell shape and superimposed microstructuring yield contrary effects on the attachment of the Colorado potato beetle, with convex or papillate cells enhancing attachment and both wax crystals or cuticular folds reducing attachment. However, the overall magnitude of traction force mainly depends on the presence or absence of superimposed microstructuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Prüm
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Seidel
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Bionics Competence Network BIOKON e. V., Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Florian Bohn
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Bionics Competence Network BIOKON e. V., Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
- Competence Network Biomimetics, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
Plant surfaces covered with three-dimensional (3D) waxes are known to strongly reduce insect adhesion, leading to slippery surfaces. Besides 3D epicuticular waxes, cuticular folds are a common microstructure found on plant surfaces, which have not been quantitatively investigated with regard to their influence on insect adhesion. We performed traction experiments with Colorado potato beetles on five plant surfaces with cuticular folds of different magnitude. For comparison, we also tested (i) smooth plant surfaces and (ii) plant surfaces possessing 3D epicuticular waxes. Traction forces on surfaces with medium cuticular folds, of about 0.5 µm in both height and thickness and a spacing of 0.5-1.5 µm, were reduced by an average of 88 per cent in comparison to smooth plant surfaces. Traction forces were reduced by the same order of magnitude as on plant surfaces covered with 3D epicuticular waxes. For surface characterization, we performed static contact angle measurements, which proved a strong effect of cuticular folds also on surface wettability. Surfaces possessing cuticular folds of greater magnitude showed higher contact angles up to superhydrophobicity. We hypothesize that cuticular folds reduce insect adhesion mainly due to a critical roughness, reducing the real contact area between the surface and the insect's adhesive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Prüm
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Seidel
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Bionics Competence Network Biokon e.V., Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Florian Bohn
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Bionics Competence Network Biokon e.V., Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
- Competence Network Biomimetics, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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