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Bao M, Li H, Zhang Y, Li J. PM2.5 associates with blood pressure: a Mendelian randomization analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38647234 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2339536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and blood pressure (BP) is a controversial issue. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and identified 58 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with PM2.5 as instrument variables. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was used as the primary analysis approach. MR-Egger, weighted median, simple model, and weighted model methods were selected for quality control. We found a significant negative causal association of higher genetically predicted PM2.5 levels with lower systolic BP (SBP), while no causal relationship was identified between PM2.5 and diastolic BP (DBP). For each 1 standard deviation increase in genetically predicted PM2.5 levels, the beta value (95% CI) of SBP was -0.14 (-0.25, -0.03) for IVW (p=0.02), and -0.13 (-0.22, -0.04) for weighted median (p=0.005). Increased PM2.5 concentrations can lead to decreased SBP levels. Our findings provided novel insights into the controversial topic on the causal relationship between PM2.5 and BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haotong Li
- National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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2
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Lind L, Araujo JA, Barchowsky A, Belcher S, Berridge BR, Chiamvimonvat N, Chiu WA, Cogliano VJ, Elmore S, Farraj AK, Gomes AV, McHale CM, Meyer-Tamaki KB, Posnack NG, Vargas HM, Yang X, Zeise L, Zhou C, Smith MT. Key Characteristics of Cardiovascular Toxicants. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:95001. [PMID: 34558968 PMCID: PMC8462506 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of chemical agents having properties that confer potential hazard called key characteristics (KCs) was first developed to identify carcinogenic hazards. Identification of KCs of cardiovascular (CV) toxicants could facilitate the systematic assessment of CV hazards and understanding of assay and data gaps associated with current approaches. OBJECTIVES We sought to develop a consensus-based synthesis of scientific evidence on the KCs of chemical and nonchemical agents known to cause CV toxicity along with methods to measure them. METHODS An expert working group was convened to discuss mechanisms associated with CV toxicity. RESULTS The group identified 12 KCs of CV toxicants, defined as exogenous agents that adversely interfere with function of the CV system. The KCs were organized into those primarily affecting cardiac tissue (numbers 1-4 below), the vascular system (5-7), or both (8-12), as follows: 1) impairs regulation of cardiac excitability, 2) impairs cardiac contractility and relaxation, 3) induces cardiomyocyte injury and death, 4) induces proliferation of valve stroma, 5) impacts endothelial and vascular function, 6) alters hemostasis, 7) causes dyslipidemia, 8) impairs mitochondrial function, 9) modifies autonomic nervous system activity, 10) induces oxidative stress, 11) causes inflammation, and 12) alters hormone signaling. DISCUSSION These 12 KCs can be used to help identify pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants as CV toxicants, as well as to better understand the mechanistic underpinnings of their toxicity. For example, evidence exists that fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] air pollution, arsenic, anthracycline drugs, and other exogenous chemicals possess one or more of the described KCs. In conclusion, the KCs could be used to identify potential CV toxicants and to define a set of test methods to evaluate CV toxicity in a more comprehensive and standardized manner than current approaches. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9321.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, University of Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jesus A. Araujo
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian R. Berridge
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Vincent J. Cogliano
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Sarah Elmore
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Aimen K. Farraj
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aldrin V. Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cliona M. McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Children’s National Heart Institute and the Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hugo M. Vargas
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Office of Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Cai L, Yang J, Cosky E, Xin R, Geng X, Ding Y. Enhanced Cerebral Microbleeds by Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Neurol Res 2021; 44:196-205. [PMID: 34461819 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1968705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are associated with a high risk for stroke . The present study determined whether long-term exposure to PM2.5 results in progressive worsening of CMBs and induction of systemic inflammation and microvascular oxidative stress. METHODS Sixteen male Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and eight Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were exposed to either filtered air or PM2.5 for 12 months. To detect CMBs, rats were imaged using a 7-T MRI. To determine systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS), NADPH activity and its subunits p22/47/67phox & gp91phox were measured. RESULTS During the exposure period, the mean daily concentration of PM2.5 was 59.2 ± 1.0 μg/m3. PM2.5 exposure significantly increased the incidence of CMBs compared to the PM2.5 (-) group (37.5% vs 12.5% incidence rate, p < 0.001). Animals exposed to PM2.5 also had significantly increased systolic blood pressures (SBPs) at 3 months (173 ± 5 vs 157 ± 5 mmHg, p < 0.05), 6 months (218 ± 6 vs 193 ± 7 mmHg, p < 0.01), 9 months (222 ± 6 vs 203 ± 8 mmHg, p < 0.05), and 12 months (231 ± 4 vs 207 ± 5 mmHg, p = 0.01). Additionally, there were significant elevations in IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α in the exposed group. Furthermore, PM2.5 significantly increased NOX activity and protein levels of gp91phox and p22/47/67phox. CONCLUSION In the SHR model, long-term exposure to PM2.5 worsened CMBs, increased SBPs, induced systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Therefore, PM2.5 is potentially a controllable risk factor that promotes CMBs in certain patients, such as those with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Cai
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jianjie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Cosky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ruiqiang Xin
- Department of Medical Imaging, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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4
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Guo P, He Z, Jalaludin B, Knibbs LD, Leskinen A, Roponen M, Komppula M, Jalava P, Hu L, Chen G, Zeng X, Yang B, Dong G. Short-Term Effects of Particle Size and Constituents on Blood Pressure in Healthy Young Adults in Guangzhou, China. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019063. [PMID: 33942624 PMCID: PMC8200702 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Although several studies have focused on the associations between particle size and constituents and blood pressure, results have been inconsistent. Methods and Results We conducted a panel study, between December 2017 and January 2018, in 88 healthy university students in Guangzhou, China. Weekly systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were measured for each participant for 5 consecutive weeks, resulting in a total of 440 visits. Mass concentrations of particles with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), ≤1.0 µm (PM1.0), ≤0.5 µm (PM0.5), ≤0.2 µm (PM0.2), and number concentrations of airborne particulates of diameter ≤0.1 μm were measured. Linear mixed-effect models were used to estimate the associations between blood pressure and particles and PM2.5 constituents 0 to 48 hours before blood pressure measurement. PM of all the fractions in the 0.2- to 2.5-μm range were positively associated with systolic blood pressure in the first 24 hours, with the percent changes of effect estimates ranging from 3.5% to 8.8% for an interquartile range increment of PM. PM0.2 was also positively associated with diastolic blood pressure, with an increase of 5.9% (95% CI, 1.0%-11.0%) for an interquartile range increment (5.8 μg/m3) at lag 0 to 24 hours. For PM2.5 constituents, we found positive associations between chloride and diastolic blood pressure (1.7% [95% CI, 0.1%-3.3%]), and negative associations between vanadium and diastolic blood pressure (-1.6% [95% CI, -3.0% to -0.1%]). Conclusions Both particle size and constituent exposure are significantly associated with blood pressure in the first 24 hours following exposure in healthy Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng‐Yue Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk AssessmentDepartment of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhi‐Zhou He
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk AssessmentDepartment of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bin Jalaludin
- Centre for Air Quality and Health Research and EvaluationGlebeAustralia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medial ResearchUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Luke D. Knibbs
- School of Public HealthThe University of QueenslandHerstonQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteKuopioFinland
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Marjut Roponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | | | - Pasi Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Li‐Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk AssessmentDepartment of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Gongbo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk AssessmentDepartment of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Wen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk AssessmentDepartment of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bo‐Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk AssessmentDepartment of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guang‐Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk AssessmentDepartment of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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5
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Rankin GD, Kabéle M, Brown R, Macefield VG, Sandström T, Bosson JA. Acute Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Increases Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Humans. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e018448. [PMID: 33942621 PMCID: PMC8200707 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Diesel exhaust (DE) emissions are a major contributor to ambient air pollution and are strongly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Exposure to traffic‐related particulate matter is linked with acute adverse cardiovascular events; however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. We examined the role of the autonomic nervous system during exposure to DE that has previously only been indirectly investigated. Methods and Results Using microneurography, we measured muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) directly in the peroneal nerve of 16 healthy individuals. MSNA, heart rate, and respiration were recorded while subjects rested breathing filtered air, filtered air with an exposure mask, and standardized diluted DE (300 µg/m3) through the exposure mask. Heart rate variability was assessed from an ECG. DE inhalation rapidly causes an increase in number of MSNA bursts as well as the size of bursts within 10 minutes, peaking by 30 minutes (P<0.001), compared with baseline filtered air with an exposure mask. No significant changes occurred in heart rate variability indices during DE exposure; however, MSNA frequency correlated negatively with total power (r2=0.294, P=0.03) and low frequency (r2=0.258, P=0.045). Heart rate correlated positively with MSNA frequency (r2=0.268, P=0.04) and the change in percentage of larger bursts (burst amplitude, height >50% of the maximum burst) from filtered air with an exposure mask (r2=0.368, P=0.013). Conclusions Our study provides direct evidence for the rapid modulation of the autonomic nervous system after exposure to DE, with an increase in MSNA. The quick increase in sympathetic outflow may explain the strong epidemiological data associating traffic‐related particulate matter to acute adverse cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02892279.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Rankin
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Section of Medicine/Respiratory Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Mikael Kabéle
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Section of Medicine/Respiratory Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Rachael Brown
- School of Medicine Western Sydney University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Vaughan G Macefield
- Human Autonomic Neurophysiology Laboratory School of Medicine Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Vic. Australia.,Department of Physiology School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Section of Medicine/Respiratory Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Jenny A Bosson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Section of Medicine/Respiratory Umeå University Umeå Sweden
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6
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Chen H, Samet JM, Bromberg PA, Tong H. Cardiovascular health impacts of wildfire smoke exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:2. [PMID: 33413506 PMCID: PMC7791832 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, wildland fires have occurred more frequently and with increased intensity in many fire-prone areas. In addition to the direct life and economic losses attributable to wildfires, the emitted smoke is a major contributor to ambient air pollution, leading to significant public health impacts. Wildfire smoke is a complex mixture of particulate matter (PM), gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. PM from wildfire smoke has a high content of elemental carbon and organic carbon, with lesser amounts of metal compounds. Epidemiological studies have consistently found an association between exposure to wildfire smoke (typically monitored as the PM concentration) and increased respiratory morbidity and mortality. However, previous reviews of the health effects of wildfire smoke exposure have not established a conclusive link between wildfire smoke exposure and adverse cardiovascular effects. In this review, we systematically evaluate published epidemiological observations, controlled clinical exposure studies, and toxicological studies focusing on evidence of wildfire smoke exposure and cardiovascular effects, and identify knowledge gaps. Improving exposure assessment and identifying sensitive cardiovascular endpoints will serve to better understand the association between exposure to wildfire smoke and cardiovascular effects and the mechanisms involved. Similarly, filling the knowledge gaps identified in this review will better define adverse cardiovascular health effects of exposure to wildfire smoke, thus informing risk assessments and potentially leading to the development of targeted interventional strategies to mitigate the health impacts of wildfire smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.
| | - James M Samet
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Philip A Bromberg
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Haiyan Tong
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
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7
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Alexeeff SE, Liao NS, Liu X, Van Den Eeden SK, Sidney S. Long-Term PM 2.5 Exposure and Risks of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke Events: Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 10:e016890. [PMID: 33381983 PMCID: PMC7955467 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) has known effects on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, no study has quantified and compared the risks of incident myocardial infarction, incident stroke, ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality, and cerebrovascular mortality in relation to long‐term PM2.5 exposure. Methods and Results We sought to quantitatively summarize studies of long‐term PM2.5 exposure and risk of IHD and stroke events by conducting a review and meta‐analysis of studies published by December 31, 2019. The main outcomes were myocardial infarction, stroke, IHD mortality, and cerebrovascular mortality. Random effects meta‐analyses were used to estimate the combined risk of each outcome among studies. We reviewed 69 studies and included 42 studies in the meta‐analyses. In meta‐analyses, we found that a 10‐µg/m3 increase in long‐term PM2.5 exposure was associated with an increased risk of 23% for IHD mortality (95% CI, 15%–31%), 24% for cerebrovascular mortality (95% CI, 13%–36%), 13% for incident stroke (95% CI, 11%–15%), and 8% for incident myocardial infarction (95% CI, −1% to 18%). There were an insufficient number of studies of recurrent stroke and recurrent myocardial infarction to conduct meta‐analyses. Conclusions Long‐term PM2.5 exposure is associated with increased risks of IHD mortality, cerebrovascular mortality, and incident stroke. The relationship with incident myocardial infarction is suggestive of increased risk but not conclusive. More research is needed to understand the relationship with recurrent events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xi Liu
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research Oakland CA
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8
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Kratschmer Reflex During Transnasal Endoscopic Pituitary Surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2020; 34:e76-e77. [PMID: 33323710 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Zhao M, Hoek G, Strak M, Grobbee DE, Graham I, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Vaartjes I. A Global Analysis of Associations between Fine Particle Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Feasibility Study on Data Linkage. Glob Heart 2020; 15:53. [PMID: 32923347 PMCID: PMC7427684 DOI: 10.5334/gh.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This paper presents a feasibility study of data linkage between global air pollution data and clinical medical data to assess the associations of PM2.5 with cardiovascular risk factors. Methods Cardiovascular risk factor data were obtained from the SUrvey of Risk Factors (SURF) for coronary heart disease (CHD) patients from 10 countries in Europe, Asia, and the Middle-East. Annual average PM2.5 concentrations were estimated using recent global WHO PM2.5 maps combining satellite and surface monitoring data for the location of the 71 participating centers. Associations of PM2.5 with risk factors were assessed by mixed-effect generalized estimation equation models adjusted by sex, age, exercise, body mass index, and smoking. In the final model there was further adjustment for country. Results Linkage between cardiovascular risk factor data and PM2.5 via the postal address of participating hospitals was shown to be feasible, however with several limitations noted.Eight thousand three hundred and ninety two patients (30% women) were included. Globally, an increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 was significantly associated with decreased BP and increased glucose. After controlling for country, an increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 was associated with decreased BP and increased LDL (SBP: -0.45 mmHg [95% CI: -0.85, -0.06]; DBP: -0.47 mmHg [-0.73, -0.20]; LDL: 0.04 mmol/L [0.01, 0.08]). The association with glucose attenuated (0.08 mmol/L [-0.23, 0.16]). Conclusion It is feasible to link PM2.5 and cardiovascular risk factors but it is still challenging to interpret these observed associations due to unavailability of potential confounders. After country adjustment, PM2.5 was associated with small increases in LDL and small decreases in BP. Highlights - There are limited studies on the association between air pollution and cardiovascular risk factors for patients with established coronary heart disease in low- and middle-income countries;- Data linkage is an efficient and cost-effective method to maximize the use of existing data to investigate more health related research questions;- It is feasible to determine global associations of air pollution and cardiovascular risk factors by data linkage but it is still challenging in terms of interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NL
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NL
| | - Maciej Strak
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NL
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NL
- Global Geo and Health Data Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NL
| | | | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NL
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, ZA
| | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NL
- Global Geo and Health Data Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NL
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10
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Transcriptional Profiling of Individual Airway Projecting Vagal Sensory Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:949-963. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Shanks J, Xia Z, Lisco SJ, Rozanski GJ, Schultz HD, Zucker IH, Wang HJ. Sympatho-excitatory response to pulmonary chemosensitive spinal afferent activation in anesthetized, vagotomized rats. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13742. [PMID: 29906340 PMCID: PMC6003656 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory innervation of the lung is well known to be innervated by nerve fibers of both vagal and sympathetic origin. Although the vagal afferent innervation of the lung has been well characterized, less is known about physiological effects mediated by spinal sympathetic afferent fibers. We hypothesized that activation of sympathetic spinal afferent nerve fibers of the lung would result in an excitatory pressor reflex, similar to that previously characterized in the heart. In this study, we evaluated changes in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and hemodynamics in response to activation of TRPV1‐sensitive pulmonary spinal sensory fibers by agonist application to the visceral pleura of the lung and by administration into the primary bronchus in anesthetized, bilaterally vagotomized, adult Sprague‐Dawley rats. Application of bradykinin (BK) to the visceral pleura of the lung produced an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and RSNA. This response was significantly greater when BK was applied to the ventral surface of the left lung compared to the dorsal surface. Conversely, topical application of capsaicin (Cap) onto the visceral pleura of the lung, produced a biphasic reflex change in MAP, coupled with increases in HR and RSNA which was very similar to the hemodynamic response to epicardial application of Cap. This reflex was also evoked in animals with intact pulmonary vagal innervation and when BK was applied to the distal airways of the lung via the left primary bronchus. In order to further confirm the origin of this reflex, epidural application of a selective afferent neurotoxin (resiniferatoxin, RTX) was used to chronically ablate thoracic TRPV1‐expressing afferent soma at the level of T1–T4 dorsal root ganglia pleura. This treatment abolished all sympatho‐excitatory responses to both cardiac and pulmonary application of BK and Cap in vagotomized rats 9–10 weeks post‐RTX. These data suggest the presence of an excitatory pulmonary chemosensitive sympathetic afferent reflex. This finding may have important clinical implications in pulmonary conditions inducing sensory nerve activation such as pulmonary inflammation and inhalation of chemical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Shanks
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Zhiqiu Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Steven J Lisco
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - George J Rozanski
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Harold D Schultz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Irving H Zucker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Han-Jun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Snow SJ, Henriquez AR, Costa DL, Kodavanti UP. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Air Pollution Health Effects: Emerging Insights. Toxicol Sci 2019; 164:9-20. [PMID: 29846720 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollutant exposures are linked to cardiopulmonary diseases, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, neurobehavioral conditions, and reproductive abnormalities. Significant effort is invested in understanding how pollutants encountered by the lung might induce effects in distant organs. The role of circulating mediators has been predicted; however, their origin and identity have not been confirmed. New evidence has emerged which implicates the role of neuroendocrine sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axes in mediating a wide array of systemic and pulmonary effects. Our recent studies using ozone exposure as a prototypical air pollutant demonstrate that increases in circulating adrenal-derived stress hormones (epinephrine and cortisol/corticosterone) contribute to lung injury/inflammation and metabolic effects in the liver, pancreas, adipose, and muscle tissues. When stress hormones are depleted by adrenalectomy in rats, most ozone effects including lung injury/inflammation are diminished. Animals treated with antagonists for adrenergic and glucocorticoid receptors show inhibition of the pulmonary and systemic effects of ozone, whereas treatment with agonists restore and exacerbate the ozone-induced injury/inflammation phenotype, implying the role of neuroendocrine activation. The neuroendocrine system is critical for normal homeostasis and allostatic activation; however, chronic exposure to stressors may lead to increases in allostatic load. The emerging mechanisms by which circulating mediators are released and are responsible for producing multiorgan effects of air pollutants insists upon a paradigm shift in the field of air pollution and health. Moreover, since these neuroendocrine responses are linked to both chemical and nonchemical stressors, the interactive influence of air pollutants, lifestyle, and environmental factors requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Snow
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Andres R Henriquez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Daniel L Costa
- Emeritus, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
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The Acute Effects of Age and Particulate Matter Exposure on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Mice. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019; 18:507-519. [PMID: 29774517 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-018-9461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with increased cardiac morbidity and mortality with the elderly considered to be the most susceptible. The purpose of this study was to determine if exposure to PM would cause a greater impact on heart regulation in older DBA/2 (D2) male mice as determined by changes in heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). D2 mice at the ages of 4, 12, and 19 months were instilled with 100 µg of PM or saline by aspiration. Before and after the aspiration, 3-min echocardiogram (ECG) samples for HR and HRV were recorded at 15-min intervals for 3 h along with corresponding measurements of homeostasis, such as temperature, metabolism, and ventilation. PM exposure resulted in an increase in HRV, declines in HR, and altered measures of homeostasis for a subset of the 12-mo mice. The PM aspiration did not affect cardiac or homeostasis parameters in the 4- or 19-mo mice. Our results suggest that a select group of middle-age mice are more susceptible to alterations in their heart rhythm after PM exposure and highlight that there are acute age-related differences in heart rhythm following PM exposure.
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Hazari MS, Stratford KM, Krantz T, King C, Krug J, Farraj AK, Gilmour I. Comparative Cardiopulmonary Effects of Particulate Matter- And Ozone-Enhanced Smog Atmospheres in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3071-3080. [PMID: 29388764 PMCID: PMC6089361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the cardiac effects of particulate matter (PM)- (SA-PM) and ozone(O3)-enhanced (SA-O3) smog atmospheres in mice. Based on our previous findings of filtered diesel exhaust we hypothesized that SA-O3 would cause greater cardiac dysfunction than SA-PM. Radiotelemetered mice were exposed to either SA-PM, SA-O3, or filtered air (FA) for 4 h. Heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram were recorded continuously before, during and after exposure. Both SA-PM and SA-O3 increased heart rate variability (HRV) but only SA-PM increased HR. Normalization of responses to total hydrocarbons, gas-only hydrocarbons and PM concentration were performed to assess the relative contribution of each phase given the compositional variability. Normalization to PM concentration revealed that SA-O3 was more potent in increasing HRV, arrhythmogenesis, and causing ventilatory changes. However, there were no differences when the responses were normalized to total or gas-phase only hydrocarbons. Thus, this study demonstrates that a single exposure to smog causes cardiac effects in mice. Although the responses of SA-PM and SA-O3 are similar, the latter is more potent in causing electrical disturbances and breathing changes potentially due to the effects of irritant gases, which should therefore be accounted for more rigorously in health assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi S. Hazari
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Kimberly M. Stratford
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Todd Krantz
- Inhalation Toxicology Facilities Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Charly King
- Inhalation Toxicology Facilities Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Jonathan Krug
- Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Aimen K. Farraj
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Ian Gilmour
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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Stratford K, Haykal-Coates N, Thompson L, Krantz QT, King C, Krug J, Gilmour MI, Farraj A, Hazari M. Early-Life Persistent Vitamin D Deficiency Alters Cardiopulmonary Responses to Particulate Matter-Enhanced Atmospheric Smog in Adult Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3054-3061. [PMID: 29382191 PMCID: PMC8006180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Early life nutritional deficiencies can lead to increased cardiovascular susceptibility to environmental exposures. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of early life persistent vitamin D deficiency (VDD) on the cardiopulmonary response to a particulate matter-enhanced photochemical smog. Mice were fed a VDD or normal diet (ND) after weaning. At 17 weeks of age, mice were implanted with radiotelemeters to monitor electrocardiogram, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV). Ventilatory function was measured throughout the diet before and after smog exposure using whole-body plethysmography. VDD mice had lower HR, increased HRV, and decreased tidal volume compared with ND. Regardless of diet, HR decreased during air exposure; this response was blunted by smog in ND mice and to a lesser degree in VDD. When compared with ND, VDD increased HRV during air exposure and more so with smog. However, smog only increased cardiac arrhythmias in ND mice. This study demonstrates that VDD alters the cardiopulmonary response to smog, highlighting the possible influence of nutritional factors in determining responses to air pollution. The mechanism of how VDD induces these effects is currently unknown, but modifiable factors should be considered when performing risk assessment of complex air pollution atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Stratford
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Najwa Haykal-Coates
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Leslie Thompson
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Q. Todd Krantz
- Inhalation Toxicology Facilities Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Charly King
- Inhalation Toxicology Facilities Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Jonathan Krug
- Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - M. Ian Gilmour
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Aimen Farraj
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Mehdi Hazari
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
- Corresponding author: Mehdi S. Hazari, Environmental Public Health Division, USEPA, 109 Alexander Drive, B105; Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; (Phone: 919-541-4588; Fax: 919-541-0034; )
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Lanzinger S, Schneider A, Breitner S, Stafoggia M, Erzen I, Dostal M, Pastorkova A, Bastian S, Cyrys J, Zscheppang A, Kolodnitska T, Peters A. Ultrafine and Fine Particles and Hospital Admissions in Central Europe. Results from the UFIREG Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 194:1233-1241. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201510-2042oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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TRPA1 mediates changes in heart rate variability and cardiac mechanical function in mice exposed to acrolein. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 324:51-60. [PMID: 27746315 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution is linked with adverse cardiovascular effects. While previous research focused primarily on particulate matter-induced responses, gaseous air pollutants also contribute to cause short-term cardiovascular effects. Mechanisms underlying such effects have not been adequately described, however the immediate nature of the response suggests involvement of irritant neural activation and downstream autonomic dysfunction. Thus, this study examines the role of TRPA1, an irritant sensory receptor found in the airways, in the cardiac response of mice to acrolein and ozone. Conscious unrestrained wild-type C57BL/6 (WT) and TRPA1 knockout (KO) mice implanted with radiotelemeters were exposed once to 3ppm acrolein, 0.3ppm ozone, or filtered air. Heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded continuously before, during and after exposure. Analysis of ECG morphology, incidence of arrhythmia and heart rate variability (HRV) were performed. Cardiac mechanical function was assessed using a Langendorff perfusion preparation 24h post-exposure. Acrolein exposure increased HRV independent of HR, as well as incidence of arrhythmia. Acrolein also increased left ventricular developed pressure in WT mice at 24h post-exposure. Ozone did not produce any changes in cardiac function. Neither gas produced ECG effects, changes in HRV, arrhythmogenesis, or mechanical function in KO mice. These data demonstrate that a single exposure to acrolein causes cardiac dysfunction through TRPA1 activation and autonomic imbalance characterized by a shift toward parasympathetic modulation. Furthermore, it is clear from the lack of ozone effects that although gaseous irritants are capable of eliciting immediate cardiac changes, gas concentration and properties play important roles.
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Tracking Restoration of Park and Urban Street Settings in Coronary Artery Disease Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13060550. [PMID: 27258294 PMCID: PMC4924007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The physiological effects of natural and urban environments on the cardiovascular system of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients are not fully understood. This controlled field study examines the effects of restorative walking in a park vs. in an urban street environment on CAD patients’ stress parameters and cardiac function. Methods: Twenty stable CAD patients were randomly allocated to 7 days controlled walking in a city park or in an urban street environment group. The relationship between different environmental exposures and health effects was analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and exact Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The mean reduction in cortisol levels and negative effects after the walk on the first day was greater in the city park than in the urban street exposed group, while a reduction in negative effects in the urban group were greater after seven days. The reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the park group was evident on the seventh day before the walk (−4 mm Hg, p = 0.031) and 60 min after the walk (−6.00 mm Hg, p = 0.002). The cortisol slope was negatively associated with the DBP changes (r = −0.514, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Physical activity in a green environment with noise and air pollution levels lower than in an urban environment has a greater positive effect on CAD patients’ stress level and hemodynamic parameters. Mitigating green environmental influences may allow urban residents to maintain health and reduce disability.
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Effect of exposure to PM2.5 on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2016; 32:2130-40; discussion 2141. [PMID: 25250520 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive studies have confirmed that particulate matter air pollution could trigger myocardial infarction, heart failure and reduce heart rate variability; however, its effect on blood pressure (BP) remains controversial. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association and its magnitude between exposure to PM2.5 and BP. METHODS The databases of PubMed, Ovid Medline and Embase between 1948 and 15 November 2013 were searched to identify the studies exploring the association between particulate matters (diameter <2.5 μm) (PM2.5) and BP. Selection was performed by screening abstracts and titles and then reviewing the full text of potentially eligible studies. We extracted descriptive and quantitative information from each study and used a random-effects model to calculate BP change and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for each increment of 10 μg/m in PM2.5. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the source of heterogeneity and the impact of possible confounding factors. RESULTS Of 1028 identified articles, after screening and reviewing in detail, 22 studies were included in our meta-analysis. The overall analysis suggested that BP was positively related to PM2.5 exposure with an elevation of 1.393 mmHg, 95% CI (0.874-1.912) and 0.895 mmHg, 95% CI (0.49-1.299) per 10 μg/m increase for SBP and DBP, respectively. Long-term exposure showed the strongest associations with BP. And for short-term effect, the largest magnitude was seen at the lag of the previous 5 days average prior to BP measurement. Subgroup analyses yielded consistent results with the overall analyses. Meta-regression of SBP did not identify any significant potential causes of heterogeneity. For DBP, study design, the method of BP monitoring, publication year, study design, study period and sample size were significant modifiers of the relationship between DBP and PM2.5. CONCLUSION Exposure to PM2.5 had a statistically significant impact on BP and the magnitude of this effect may have substantially clinical implication.
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Lee MS, Eum KD, Rodrigues EG, Magari SR, Fang SC, Modest GA, Christiani DC. Effects of Personal Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter on Acute Change in Nocturnal Heart Rate Variability in Subjects Without Overt Heart Disease. Am J Cardiol 2016; 117:151-6. [PMID: 26552502 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The immediate effect within minutes to hours of personal exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on cardiac autonomic function is limited, particularly at night. Our study aimed to assess the lagged association between personal exposure to PM2.5 and nocturnal heart rate variability. Repeated measures panel study among 21 community adults recruited from a local health clinic during the period of March 1, 2004, to August 31, 2004, in Boston, Massachusetts, in the United States. Ambulatory electrocardiogram and continuous monitoring of personal exposure to PM2.5 and were measured for up to 2 consecutive days. We calculated 5-minute time-specific average PM2.5 exposure for each participant. Mixed-effects models were fit for 5-minute SD of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) and 5-minute heart rate in relation to 5-minute PM2.5 exposure lagged in 5-minute intervals up to 4 hours. We found an 8.4% decrease in nocturnal SDNN (95% confidence interval [CI] -11.3% to -5.5%) and a 1.9% increase in nighttime heart rate (95% CI 1.1% to 2.7%) for an interquartile range increase in PM2.5 (13.6 μg/m(3)), after adjusting for confounders. Significant decreases in nocturnal SDNN associated with PM2.5 exposure occurred within 2.5 hours. The largest decrease in nocturnal SDNN of -12.8% (95% CI -16.4 to -9.1%) that was associated with PM2.5 exposure was found with a lag of 25 minutes. Rapid changes in nocturnal heart rate variability associated with personal PM2.5 exposure occurred within the previous 2.5 hours, with the largest effects at 25 minutes, suggesting immediate cardiac autonomic effects of fine particulate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ki-Do Eum
- Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ema G Rodrigues
- Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shannon R Magari
- Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Colden Corporation, New York, New York
| | - Shona C Fang
- Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; New England Research Institutes, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts
| | - Geoffrey A Modest
- Upham's Corner Health Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Perry BG, Pritchard HJ, Barnes MJ. Cerebrovascular, cardiovascular and strength responses to acute ammonia inhalation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:583-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
The body responds to environmental stressors by triggering autonomic reflexes in the pulmonary receptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors to maintain homeostasis. Numerous studies have shown that exposure to various gases and airborne particles can alter the functional outcome of these reflexes, particularly with respect to the cardiovascular system. Modulation of autonomic neural input to the heart and vasculature following direct activation of sensory nerves in the respiratory system, elicitation of oxidative stress and inflammation, or through other mechanisms is one of the primary ways that exposure to air pollution affects normal cardiovascular function. Any homeostatic process that utilizes the autonomic nervous system to regulate organ function might be affected. Thus, air pollution and other inhaled environmental irritants have the potential to alter both local airway function and baro- and chemoreflex responses, which modulate autonomic control of blood pressure and detect concentrations of key gases in the body. While each of these reflex pathways causes distinct responses, the systems are heavily integrated and communicate through overlapping regions of the brainstem to cause global effects. This short review summarizes the function of major pulmonary sensory receptors, baroreceptors, and carotid body chemoreceptors and discusses the impacts of air pollution exposure on these systems.
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Stapleton PA, Abukabda AB, Hardy SL, Nurkiewicz TR. Xenobiotic pulmonary exposure and systemic cardiovascular response via neurological links. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1609-20. [PMID: 26386111 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00546.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular response to xenobiotic particle exposure has been increasingly studied over the last two decades, producing an extraordinary scope and depth of research findings. With the flourishing of nanotechnology, the term "xenobiotic particles" has expanded to encompass not only air pollution particulate matter (PM) but also anthropogenic particles, such as engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Historically, the majority of research in these fields has focused on pulmonary exposure and the adverse physiological effects associated with a host inflammatory response or direct particle-tissue interactions. Because these hypotheses can neither account entirely for the deleterious cardiovascular effects of xenobiotic particle exposure nor their time course, the case for substantial neurological involvement is apparent. Indeed, considerable evidence suggests that not only is neural involvement a significant contributor but also a reality that needs to be investigated more thoroughly when assessing xenobiotic particle toxicities. Therefore, the scope of this review is several-fold. First, we provide a brief overview of the major anatomical components of the central and peripheral nervous systems, giving consideration to the potential biologic targets affected by inhaled particles. Second, the autonomic arcs and mechanisms that may be involved are reviewed. Third, the cardiovascular outcomes following neurological responses are discussed. Lastly, unique problems, future risks, and hurdles associated with xenobiotic particle exposure are discussed. A better understanding of these neural issues may facilitate research that in conjunction with existing research, will ultimately prevent the untoward cardiovascular outcomes associated with PM exposures and/or identify safe ENMs for the advancement of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe A Stapleton
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alaeddin B Abukabda
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Steven L Hardy
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
| | - Timothy R Nurkiewicz
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Carll AP, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Hazari MS, Ledbetter AD, Richards JH, Cascio WE, Costa DL, Farraj AK. Cardiomyopathy confers susceptibility to particulate matter-induced oxidative stress, vagal dominance, arrhythmia and pulmonary inflammation in heart failure-prone rats. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:100-12. [PMID: 25600220 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.995387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is tied to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially among those with prior cardiac injury. The mechanisms and pathophysiological events precipitating these outcomes remain poorly understood but may involve inflammation, oxidative stress, arrhythmia and autonomic nervous system imbalance. Cardiomyopathy results from cardiac injury, is the leading cause of heart failure, and can be induced in heart failure-prone rats through sub-chronic infusion of isoproterenol (ISO). To test whether cardiomyopathy confers susceptibility to inhaled PM2.5 and can elucidate potential mechanisms, we investigated the cardiophysiologic, ventilatory, inflammatory and oxidative effects of a single nose-only inhalation of a metal-rich PM2.5 (580 µg/m(3), 4 h) in ISO-pretreated (35 days × 1.0 mg/kg/day sc) rats. During the 5 days post-treatment, ISO-treated rats had decreased HR and BP and increased pre-ejection period (PEP, an inverse correlate of contractility) relative to saline-treated rats. Before inhalation exposure, ISO-pretreated rats had increased PR and ventricular repolarization time (QT) and heterogeneity (Tp-Te). Relative to clean air, PM2.5 further prolonged PR-interval and decreased systolic BP during inhalation exposure; increased tidal volume, expiratory time, heart rate variability (HRV) parameters of parasympathetic tone and atrioventricular block arrhythmias over the hours post-exposure; increased pulmonary neutrophils, macrophages and total antioxidant status one day post-exposure; and decreased pulmonary glutathione peroxidase 8 weeks after exposure, with all effects occurring exclusively in ISO-pretreated rats but not saline-pretreated rats. Ultimately, our findings indicate that cardiomyopathy confers susceptibility to the oxidative, inflammatory, ventilatory, autonomic and arrhythmogenic effects of acute PM2.5 inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Carll
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
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Zhao A, Chen R, Wang C, Zhao Z, Yang C, Lu J, Chen X, Kan H. Associations between size-fractionated particulate air pollution and blood pressure in a panel of type II diabetes mellitus patients. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 80:19-25. [PMID: 25836740 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is known regarding how the size distribution of particulate matter (PM) air pollution influences its effect on blood pressure (BP), especially among patients with diabetes. The objective of this study was to explore the short-term associations between size-fractionated PM and BP among diabetes patients. We scheduled 6 repeated BP examinations every 2 weeks from 13 April 2013 to 30 June 2013 in a panel of 35 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients recruited from an urban community in Shanghai, China. We measured real-time PM concentrations in the size range of 0.25 to 10 μm. We used linear mixed-effect models to examine the short-term association of size-fractionated PM and BP after controlling for individual characteristics, mean temperature, relative humidity, day of the week, years with diabetes and use of antihypertensive medication. The association with systolic BP and pulse pressure strengthened with decreasing diameter. The size fractions with the strongest associations were 0.25 to 0.40 μm for number concentrations and ≤ 2.5 μm for mass concentrations. Furthermore, these effects occurred immediately even after 0-2h and lasted for up to 48 h following exposure. An interquartile range increase in 24-h average number concentrations of PM0.25-0.40 was associated with increases of 3.61 mmHg in systolic BP and 2.96 mmHg in pulse pressure. Females, patients younger than 65 years of age and patients without antihypertensive treatment were more susceptible to these effects. Our results revealed important size and temporal patterns of PM in elevating BP among diabetes patients in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changyuan Yang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxiong Lu
- Tianping Community Health Service Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Tianping Community Health Service Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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The Effect of Park and Urban Environments on Coronary Artery Disease Patients: A Randomized Trial. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:403012. [PMID: 26161399 PMCID: PMC4486308 DOI: 10.1155/2015/403012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To test the hypothesis that walking in a park has a greater positive effect on coronary artery disease (CAD) patients' hemodynamic parameters than walking in an urban environment. Methods. Twenty stable CAD patients were randomized into two groups: 30-minute walk on 7 consecutive days in either a city park or busy urban street. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was employed to study short-term (30 min) and cumulative changes (following 7 consecutive days of exposure) in resting hemodynamic parameters in different environments. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in the baseline and peak exercise systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), exercise duration, or HR recovery in urban versus park exposure groups. Seven days of walking slightly improved all hemodynamic parameters in both groups. Compared to baseline, the city park group exhibited statistically significantly greater reductions in HR and DBP and increases in exercise duration and HR recovery. The SBP and DBP changes in the urban exposed group were lower than in the park exposed group. Conclusions. Walking in a park had a greater positive effect on CAD patients' cardiac function than walking in an urban environment, suggesting that rehabilitation through walking in green environments after coronary events should be encouraged.
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Morishita M, Bard RL, Wang L, Das R, Dvonch JT, Spino C, Mukherjee B, Sun Q, Harkema JR, Rajagopalan S, Brook RD. The characteristics of coarse particulate matter air pollution associated with alterations in blood pressure and heart rate during controlled exposures. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:153-9. [PMID: 25227729 PMCID: PMC4462122 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although fine particulate matter (PM) air pollution <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, the potential health effects of coarse PM (2.5-10 μm in aerodynamic diameter; PM10-2.5) remain less clearly understood. We aimed to elucidate the components within coarse PM most likely responsible for mediating these hemodynamic alterations. Thirty-two healthy adults (25.9 ± 6.6 years) were exposed to concentrated ambient coarse PM (CAP) (76.2 ± 51.5 μg/m(3)) and filtered air (FA) for 2 h in a rural location in a randomized double-blind crossover study. The particle constituents (24 individual elements, organic and elemental carbon) were analyzed from filter samples and associated with the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) changes occurring throughout CAP and FA exposures in mixed model analyses. Total coarse PM mass along with most of the measured elements were positively associated with similar degrees of elevations in both systolic BP and HR. Conversely, total PM mass was unrelated, whereas only two elements (Cu and Mo) were positively associated with and Zn was inversely related to diastolic BP changes during exposures. Inhalation of coarse PM from a rural location rapidly elevates systolic BP and HR in a concentration-responsive manner, whereas the particulate composition does not appear to be an important determinant of these responses. Conversely, exposure to certain PM elements may be necessary to trigger a concomitant increase in diastolic BP. These findings suggest that particulate mass may be an adequate metric of exposure to predict some, but not all, hemodynamic alterations induced by coarse PM mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Morishita
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert L. Bard
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ritabrata Das
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J. Timothy Dvonch
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Catherine Spino
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Davis Heart Lung Research Institute, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jack R. Harkema
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Robert D. Brook
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, King C, Krantz QT, Gilmour MI, Farraj AK. The effects of B0, B20, and B100 soy biodiesel exhaust on aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:557-63. [PMID: 26514783 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1054967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diesel exhaust (DE) has been shown to increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Although biodiesel has been proposed as a "safer" alternative to diesel, it is still uncertain whether it actually poses less threat. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that exposure to pure or 20% soy biodiesel exhaust (BDE) would cause less sensitivity to aconitine-induced arrhythmia than DE in rats. METHODS Spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats implanted with radiotelemeters were exposed once or for 5 d (4 h) to either 50 mg/m(3) (low), 150 mg/m(3) (medium), or 500 mg/m(3) (high) of DE (B0), 20% (B20) or 100% (B100) soy biodiesel exhaust. Arrhythmogenesis was assessed 24 h later by continuous infusion of aconitine, an arrhythmogenic drug, while heart rate (HR), and electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored. RESULTS Rats exposed once or for 5 d to low, medium, or high B0 developed arrhythmia at significantly lower doses of aconitine than controls, whereas rats exposed to B20 were only consistently sensitive after 5 d of the high concentration. B100 caused mild arrhythmia sensitivity at the low concentration, only after 5 d of exposure at the medium concentration and after either a single or 5 d at the high concentration. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that exposure to B20 causes less sensitivity to arrhythmia than B0 and B100. This diminished effect may be due to lower irritant components such as acrolein and nitrogen oxides. Thus, in terms of cardiac health, B20 may be a safer option than both of the pure forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi S Hazari
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Najwa Haykal-Coates
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Darrell W Winsett
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Charly King
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Aimen K Farraj
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Zholos AV. TRP Channels in Respiratory Pathophysiology: the Role of Oxidative, Chemical Irritant and Temperature Stimuli. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:279-91. [PMID: 26411771 PMCID: PMC4598440 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150331223118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is rapidly growing evidence indicating multiple and important roles of Ca(2+)- permeable cation TRP channels in the airways, both under normal and disease conditions. The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge of TRP channels in sensing oxidative, chemical irritant and temperature stimuli by discussing expression and function of several TRP channels in relevant cell types within the respiratory tract, ranging from sensory neurons to airway smooth muscle and epithelial cells. Several of these channels, such as TRPM2, TRPM8, TRPA1 and TRPV1, are discussed in much detail to show that they perform diverse, and often overlapping or contributory, roles in airway hyperreactivity, inflammation, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory disorders. These include TRPM2 involvement in the disruption of the bronchial epithelial tight junctions during oxidative stress, important roles of TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels in airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, chronic cough, and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscles, as well as TRPM8 role in COPD and mucus hypersecretion. Thus, there is increasing evidence that TRP channels not only function as an integral part of the important endogenous protective mechanisms of the respiratory tract capable of detecting and ensuring proper physiological responses to various oxidative, chemical irritant and temperature stimuli, but that altered expression, activation and regulation of these channels may also contribute to the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Zholos
- Department of Biophysics, Educational and Scientific Centre "Institute of Biology", Taras Shevchenko Kiev National University, 2 Academician Glushkov Avenue, Kiev 03022, Ukraine.
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Farraj AK, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Gilmour MI, King C, Krantz QT, Richards J, Hazari MS. Comparative electrocardiographic, autonomic and systemic inflammatory responses to soy biodiesel and petroleum diesel emissions in rats. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:564-75. [PMID: 26514784 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1057884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Biodiesel fuel represents an alternative to high particulate matter (PM)-emitting petroleum-based diesel fuels, yet uncertainty remains regarding potential biodiesel combustion emission health impacts. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare cardiovascular responses to pure and blended biodiesel fuel emissions relative to petroleum diesel exhaust (DE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Spontaneously hypertensive rats were exposed for 4 h per day for four days via whole body inhalation to combustion emissions (based on PM concentrations 50, 150 or 500 μg/m(3) or filtered air) from pure (B100) or blended (B20) soy biodiesel, or to pure petroleum DE (B0). Electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate variability (HRV, an index of autonomic balance) were monitored before, during and after exposure while pulmonary and systemic inflammation were assessed one day after the final exposure. ECG and HRV data and inflammatory data were statistically analyzed using a linear mixed model for repeated measures and an analysis of variance, respectively. RESULTS B100 and B0, but not B20, increased HRV during all exposure days at the highest concentration indicating increased parasympathetic tone. Electrocardiographic data were mixed. B100 and B0, but not B20, caused significant changes in one or more of the following: serum C-reactive protein, total protein, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and fibrinogen. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Although responses to emissions from all fuels were mixed and relatively mild, some findings point to a reduced cardiovascular impact of blended biodiesel fuel emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Farraj
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - N Haykal-Coates
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - D W Winsett
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M I Gilmour
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - C King
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Q T Krantz
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - J Richards
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M S Hazari
- a Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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The impact of tobacco smoke exposure on wheezing and overweight in 4-6-year-old children. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:240757. [PMID: 25110663 PMCID: PMC4109218 DOI: 10.1155/2014/240757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To investigate the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy, second-hand tobacco smoke (STS) exposure, education level, and preschool children's wheezing and overweight. Methods. This cohort study used data of the KANC cohort—1,489 4–6-year-old children from Kaunas city, Lithuania. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to study the influence of prenatal and postnatal STS exposure on the prevalence of wheezing and overweight, controlling for potential confounders. Results. Children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy had a slightly increased prevalence of wheezing and overweight. Postnatal exposure to STS was associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of wheezing and overweight in children born to mothers with lower education levels (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.04–4.35 and 3.57; 95% CI 1.76–7.21, accordingly). Conclusions. The present study findings suggest that both maternal smoking during pregnancy and STS increase the risk of childhood wheezing and overweight, whereas lower maternal education might have a synergetic effect. Targeted interventions must to take this into account and address household smoking.
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McGovern AE, Mazzone SB. Neural regulation of inflammation in the airways and lungs. Auton Neurosci 2014; 182:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cayonu M, Acar A, Horasanlı E, Altundag A, Salihoglu M. Comparison of totally occlusive nasal pack, internal nasal splint, and transseptal suture technique after septoplasty in terms of immediate respiratory distress related to anesthesia and surgical complications. Acta Otolaryngol 2014; 134:390-4. [PMID: 24512461 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2013.878476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION The patients who underwent septoplasty with bilateral totally occlusive nasal packing had an increased risk of experiencing respiratory distress (RD). OBJECTIVE To compare the immediate RD rates during recovery from anesthesia and surgical complications of totally occlusive nasal pack, internal nasal splint, and transseptal suture technique. METHODS A total of 150 patients were assigned to one of three groups according to the technique utilized following septoplasty: transseptal suturing, internal nasal splint, or Merocel (nasal dressing without airway). To determine RD related to anesthesia in the operating theatre, the criterion was defined as any unanticipated hypoxemia, hypoventilation or upper airway obstruction (stridor or laryngospasm) requiring an active and specific intervention. Postoperative hemorrhage, infection, synechia formation, and septal perforation were evaluated. RESULTS Patients in the Merocel group were 3.6 times more likely to have RD than patients in the transseptal suture and internal nasal splint groups. Also, patients who smoked had an increased risk of RD during the recovery phase of anesthesia after the septoplasty. In addition, all three techniques resulted in similar complication rates after septoplasty, with the exception of minor hemorrhage, which had a significantly higher rate in the transseptal suture group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melih Cayonu
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery, Amasya University Training and Research Hospital , Amasya
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Robertson S, Thomson AL, Carter R, Stott HR, Shaw CA, Hadoke PWF, Newby DE, Miller MR, Gray GA. Pulmonary diesel particulate increases susceptibility to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via activation of sensory TRPV1 and β1 adrenoreceptors. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:12. [PMID: 24568236 PMCID: PMC4016506 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies have now confirmed the link between short-term exposure to elevated levels of air pollution and increased cardiovascular mortality, but the mechanisms are complex and not completely elucidated. The present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that activation of pulmonary sensory receptors and the sympathetic nervous system underlies the influence of pulmonary exposure to diesel exhaust particulate on blood pressure, and on the myocardial response to ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS & RESULTS 6 h after intratracheal instillation of diesel exhaust particulate (0.5 mg), myocardial ischemia and reperfusion was performed in anesthetised rats. Blood pressure, duration of ventricular arrhythmia, arrhythmia-associated death, tissue edema and reperfusion injury were all increased by diesel exhaust particulate exposure. Reperfusion injury was also increased in buffer perfused hearts isolated from rats instilled in vivo, excluding an effect dependent on continuous neurohumoral activation or systemic inflammatory mediators. Myocardial oxidant radical production, tissue apoptosis and necrosis were increased prior to ischemia, in the absence of recruited inflammatory cells. Intratracheal application of an antagonist of the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 (AMG 9810, 30 mg/kg) prevented enhancement of systolic blood pressure and arrhythmia in vivo, as well as basal and reperfusion-induced myocardial injury ex vivo. Systemic β1 adrenoreceptor antagonism with metoprolol (10 mg/kg) also blocked enhancement of myocardial oxidative stress and reperfusion injury. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary diesel exhaust particulate increases blood pressure and has a profound adverse effect on the myocardium, resulting in tissue damage, but also increases vulnerability to ischemia-associated arrhythmia and reperfusion injury. These effects are mediated through activation of pulmonary TRPV1, the sympathetic nervous system and locally generated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gillian A Gray
- BHF/ University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Chotiyanonta JS, Dinovo KM, McCulloch PF. Bilateral sectioning of the anterior ethmoidal nerves does not eliminate the diving response in voluntarily diving rats. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00141. [PMID: 24400143 PMCID: PMC3871456 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The diving response is characterized by bradycardia, apnea, and increased peripheral resistance. This reflex response is initiated by immersing the nose in water. Because the anterior ethmoidal nerve (AEN) innervates the nose, our hypothesis was that intact AENs are essential for initiating the diving response in voluntarily diving rats. Heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure (BPa) were monitored using implanted biotransmitters. Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to voluntarily swim 5 m underwater. During diving, HR decreased from 480 ± 15 to 99 ± 5 bpm and BPa increased from 136 ± 2 to 187 ± 3 mmHg. Experimental rats (N = 9) then received bilateral AEN sectioning, while Sham rats (N = 8) did not. During diving in Experimental rats 7 days after AEN surgery, HR decreased from 478 ± 13 to 76 ± 4 bpm and BPa increased from 134 ± 3 to 186 ± 4 mmHg. Responses were similar in Sham rats. Then, during nasal stimulation with ammonia vapors in urethane-anesthetized Experimental rats, HR decreased from 368 ± 7 to 83 ± 4 bpm, and BPa increased from 126 ± 7 to 175 ± 4 mmHg. Responses were similar in Sham rats. Thus, 1 week after being sectioned the AENs are not essential for initiating a full cardiorespiratory response during both voluntary diving and nasal stimulation. We conclude that other nerve(s) innervating the nose are able to provide an afferent signal sufficient to initiate the diving response, although neuronal plasticity within the medullary dorsal horn may be necessary for this to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karyn M Dinovo
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Paul F McCulloch
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University Downers Grove, Illinois
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Howden R, Cooley I, Van Dodewaard C, Arthur S, Cividanes S, Leamy L, McCann Hartzell K, Gladwell W, Martin J, Scott G, Ray M, Mishina Y. Cardiac responses to 24 hrs hyperoxia in Bmp2 and Bmp4 heterozygous mice. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:509-16. [PMID: 23876042 PMCID: PMC6149216 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.808287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperoxia or clinical oxygen (O2) therapy is known to result in increased oxidative burden. Therefore, understanding susceptibility to hyperoxia exposure is clinically important. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 2 and 4 are involved in cardiac development and may influence responses to hyperoxia. METHODS Bmp2(+/)(-). Bmp4(+/)(-) and wild-type mice were exposed to hyperoxia (100% O2) for 24 hrs. Electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded before and during exposure by radio-telemetry. RESULTS At baseline, a significantly higher low frequency (LF) and total power (TP) heart rate variability (HRV) were found in Bmp2(+/)(-) mice only (p < 0.05). Twenty-four hours hyperoxia-induced strain-independent reductions in heart rate, QTcB and ST-interval and increases in QRS, LF HRV and standard deviation of RR-intervals were observed. In Bmp4(+/)(-) mice only, increased PR-interval (PR-I) (24 hrs), P-wave duration (P-d; 18 and 21-24 hrs), PR-I minus P-d (PR - Pd; 24 hrs) and root of the mean squared differences of successive RR-intervals (24 hrs) were found during hyperoxia (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Elevated baseline LF and TP HRV in Bmp2(+/)(-) mice suggests an altered autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiac function in these mice. However, this was not related to strain specific differences in responses to 24 hrs hyperoxia. During hyperoxia, Bmp4(+/-) mice were the most susceptible in terms of atrioventricular conduction changes and risk of atrial fibrillation, which may have important implications for patients treated with O2 who also harbor Bmp4 mutations. This study demonstrates significant ECG and HRV responses to 24 hrs hyperoxia in mice, which highlights the need to further work on the genetic mechanisms associated with cardiac susceptibility to hyperoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Howden
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte NC 28223, USA.
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Carll AP, Hazari MS, Perez CM, Krantz QT, King CJ, Haykal-Coates N, Cascio WE, Costa DL, Farraj AK. An autonomic link between inhaled diesel exhaust and impaired cardiac performance: insight from treadmill and dobutamine challenges in heart failure-prone rats. Toxicol Sci 2013; 135:425-36. [PMID: 23872579 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disease exacerbation is associated with short-term exposure to vehicular emissions. Diesel exhaust (DE) might impair cardiac performance in part through perturbing efferent sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (ANS) input to the heart. We hypothesized that acute changes in ANS balance mediate decreased cardiac performance upon DE inhalation. Young adult heart failure-prone rats were implanted with radiotelemeters to measure heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP), core body temperature, and pre-ejection period (PEP, a contractility index). Animals pretreated with sympathetic antagonist (atenolol), parasympathetic antagonist (atropine), or saline were exposed to DE (500 µg/m(3) fine particulate matter, 4h) or filtered air and then treadmill exercise challenged. At 1 day postexposure, separate rats were catheterized for left ventricular pressure (LVP), contractility, and lusitropy and assessed for autonomic influence using the sympathoagonist dobutamine and surgical vagotomy. During DE exposure, atenolol inhibited increases in HR, BP, and contractility, but not body temperature, suggesting a role for sympathetic dominance. During treadmill recovery at 4h post-DE exposure, HR and HRV indicated parasympathetic dominance in saline- and atenolol-pretreated groups that atropine inhibited. Conversely, at treadmill recovery 21h post-DE exposure, HRV and PEP indicated sympathetic dominance and subsequently diminished contractility that only atenolol inhibited. LVP at 1 day postexposure indicated that DE impaired contractility and lusitropy while abolishing parasympathetic-regulated cardiac responses to dobutamine. This is the first evidence that air pollutant inhalation both causes time-dependent oscillations between sympathetic and parasympathetic dominance and decreases cardiac performance via aberrant sympathetic dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Carll
- * Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Prohypertensive effect of gestational personal exposure to fine particulate matter. Prospective cohort study in non-smoking and non-obese pregnant women. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2013; 12:216-25. [PMID: 22328329 PMCID: PMC3404286 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-012-9157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) is a recognized risk factor for elevated blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease in adults, and this prospective cohort study was undertaken to evaluate whether gestational exposure to PM2.5 has a prohypertensive effect. We measured personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by personal air monitoring in the second trimester of pregnancy among 431 women, and BP values in the third trimester were obtained from medical records of prenatal care clinics. In the general estimating equation model, the effect of PM2.5 on BP was adjusted for relevant covariates such as maternal age, education, parity, gestational weight gain (GWG), prepregnancy BMI, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and blood lead level. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased in a linear fashion across a dosage of PM2.5 and on average augmented by 6.1 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.6–11.6) with log unit of PM2.5 concentration. Effects of age, maternal education, prepregnancy BMI, blood lead level, and ETS were insignificant. Women with excessive gestational weight gain (>18 kg) had higher mean SBP parameters by 5.5 mmHg (95% CI, 2.7–8.3). In contrast, multiparous women had significantly lower SBP values (coeff. = −4.2 mm Hg; 95% CI, −6.8 to −1.6). Similar analysis performed for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) has demonstrated that PM2.5 also affected DBP parameters (coeff. = 4.1; 95% CI, −0.02 to 8.2), but at the border significance level. DBP values were positively associated with the excessive GWG (coeff. = 2.3; 95% CI, 0.3–4.4) but were inversely related to parity (coeff. = −2.7; 95% CI, −4.6 to −0.73). In the observed cohort, the exposure to fine particulate matter during pregnancy was associated with increased maternal blood pressure.
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Mündel T, Feng S, Tatkov S, Schneider H. Mechanisms of nasal high flow on ventilation during wakefulness and sleep. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1058-65. [PMID: 23412897 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01308.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal high flow (NHF) has been shown to increase expiratory pressure and reduce respiratory rate but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Ten healthy participants [age, 22 ± 2 yr; body mass index (BMI), 24 ± 2 kg/m(2)] were recruited to determine ventilatory responses to NHF of air at 37°C and fully saturated with water. We conducted a randomized, controlled, cross-over study consisting of four separate ∼60-min visits, each 1 wk apart, to determine the effect of NHF on ventilation during wakefulness (NHF at 0, 15, 30, and 45 liters/min) and sleep (NHF at 0, 15, and 30 liters/min). In addition, a nasal cavity model was used to compare pressure/air-flow relationships of NHF and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) throughout simulated breathing. During wakefulness, NHF led to an increase in tidal volume from 0.7 ± 0.1 liter to 0.8 ± 0.2, 1.0 ± 0.2, and 1.3 ± 0.2 liters, and a reduction in respiratory rate (fR) from 16 ± 2 to 13 ± 3, 10 ± 3, and 8 ± 3 breaths/min (baseline to 15, 30, and 45 liters/min NHF, respectively; P < 0.01). In contrast, during sleep, NHF led to a ∼20% fall in minute ventilation due to a decrease in tidal volume and no change in fR. In the nasal cavity model, NHF increased expiratory but decreased inspiratory resistance depending on both the cannula size and the expiratory flow rate. The mechanisms of action for NHF differ from those of CPAP and are sleep/wake-state dependent. NHF may be utilized to increase tidal breathing during wakefulness and to relieve respiratory loads during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Mündel
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Carll AP, Lust RM, Hazari MS, Perez CM, Krantz QT, King CJ, Winsett DW, Cascio WE, Costa DL, Farraj AK. Diesel exhaust inhalation increases cardiac output, bradyarrhythmias, and parasympathetic tone in aged heart failure-prone rats. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:583-95. [PMID: 23047911 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute air pollutant inhalation is linked to adverse cardiac events and death, and hospitalizations for heart failure. Diesel engine exhaust (DE) is a major air pollutant suspected to exacerbate preexisting cardiac conditions, in part, through autonomic and electrophysiologic disturbance of normal cardiac function. To explore this putative mechanism, we examined cardiophysiologic responses to DE inhalation in a model of aged heart failure-prone rats without signs or symptoms of overt heart failure. We hypothesized that acute DE exposure would alter heart rhythm, cardiac electrophysiology, and ventricular performance and dimensions consistent with autonomic imbalance while increasing biochemical markers of toxicity. Spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats (16 months) were exposed once to whole DE (4h, target PM(2.5) concentration: 500 µg/m(3)) or filtered air. DE increased multiple heart rate variability (HRV) parameters during exposure. In the 4h after exposure, DE increased cardiac output, left ventricular volume (end diastolic and systolic), stroke volume, HRV, and atrioventricular block arrhythmias while increasing electrocardiographic measures of ventricular repolarization (i.e., ST and T amplitudes, ST area, T-peak to T-end duration). DE did not affect heart rate relative to air. Changes in HRV positively correlated with postexposure changes in bradyarrhythmia frequency, repolarization, and echocardiographic parameters. At 24h postexposure, DE-exposed rats had increased serum C-reactive protein and pulmonary eosinophils. This study demonstrates that cardiac effects of DE inhalation are likely to occur through changes in autonomic balance associated with modulation of cardiac electrophysiology and mechanical function and may offer insights into the adverse health effects of traffic-related air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Carll
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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41
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Brook RD, Rajagopalan S. Particulate matter, air pollution, and blood pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:332-50. [PMID: 20409976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A short-term increase in fine particulate matter air pollution (PM(2.5)) concentration increases the risk for myocardial infarctions, strokes, and heart failure exacerbations. An important mechanism likely contributing to these associations is an elevation in arterial blood pressure (BP). Exposure to ambient PM(2.5) even at present-day concentrations can increase BP within a period of a few days while long-term exposure might also promote the development of chronic hypertension. Controlled human and animal experiments have corroborated the veracity of these findings and elucidated plausible biological mechanisms. PM(2.5) deposition within the pulmonary tree is capable of rapidly triggering autonomic nervous system imbalance, thereby increasing BP within minutes of inhalation. In addition, fine particles can instigate a systemic pro-inflammatory response over a more prolonged period of exposure. Higher circulating levels of activated immune cells and inflammatory cytokines could consequently cause vascular endothelial dysfunction leading to an imbalance in vascular homeostatic responses. Indeed, chronic PM(2.5) exposure augments pro-vasoconstrictive pathways while blunting vasodilator capacity. Finally, certain particle constituents (e.g., metals, organic compounds, and ultra-fine particles) might also be capable of reaching the systemic circulation upon inhalation and thereafter directly impair vascular function. At the molecular level, the generation of oxidative stress with the consequent up-regulation of redox sensitive pathways appears to be a common and fundamental mechanism involved in the instigation of these pro-hypertensive responses. Due to the ubiquitous, continuous and often involuntary nature of exposure, PM(2.5) may be an important and under-appreciated worldwide environmental risk factor for increased arterial BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Brook
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Shannahan JH, Kodavanti UP, Brown JM. Manufactured and airborne nanoparticle cardiopulmonary interactions: a review of mechanisms and the possible contribution of mast cells. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:320-39. [PMID: 22486349 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.668229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human inhalation exposures to manufactured nanoparticles (NP) and airborne ultrafine particles (UFP) continues to increase in both occupational and environmental settings. UFP exposures have been associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, while ongoing research supports adverse systemic and cardiovascular health effects after NP exposures. Adverse cardiovascular health effects include alterations in heart rate variability, hypertension, thrombosis, arrhythmias, increased myocardial infarction, and atherosclerosis. Exactly how UFP and NP cause these negative cardiovascular effects is poorly understood, however a variety of mediators and mechanisms have been proposed. UFP and NP, as well as their soluble components, are known to systemically translocate from the lung. Translocated particles could mediate cardiovascular toxicity through direct interactions with the vasculature, blood, and heart. Recent study suggests that sensory nerve stimulation within the lung may also contribute to UFP- and NP-induced acute cardiovascular alterations. Activation of sensory nerves, such as C-fibers, within the lung may result in altered cardiac rhythm and function. Lastly, release of pulmonary-derived mediators into systemic circulation has been proposed to facilitate cardiovascular effects. In general, these proposed pulmonary-derived mediators include proinflammatory cytokines, oxidatively modified macromolecules, vasoactive proteins, and prothrombotic factors. These pulmonary-derived mediators have been postulated to contribute to the subsequent prothrombotic, atherogenic, and inflammatory effects after exposure. This review will evaluate the potential contribution of individual mediators and mechanisms in facilitating cardiopulmonary toxicity following inhalation of UFP and NP. Lastly, we will appraise the literature and propose a hypothesis regarding the possible role of mast cells in contributing to these systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Shannahan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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Jacobs L, Buczynska A, Walgraeve C, Delcloo A, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Van Grieken R, Demeestere K, Dewulf J, Van Langenhove H, De Backer H, Nemery B, Nawrot TS. Acute changes in pulse pressure in relation to constituents of particulate air pollution in elderly persons. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 117:60-7. [PMID: 22717264 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An increased pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) suggests aortic stiffening. The objective of this study was to examine the acute effects of both particulate matter (PM) mass and composition on blood pressure, among elderly persons. We carried out a panel study in persons living in elderly homes in Antwerp, Belgium. We recruited 88 non-smoking persons, 70% women with a mean age of 83 years (standard deviation: 5.2). Blood pressure was measured and a blood sample was collected on two time points, which were chosen so that there was an exposure contrast in ambient PM exposure. The elemental content of the collected indoor and outdoor PM(2.5) (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) mass concentration was measured. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) on outdoor PM(10) (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm) were measured. Each interquartile range increase of 20.8 μg/m³ in 24-h mean outdoor PM(2.5) was associated with an increase in pulse pressure of 4.0 mm Hg (95% confidence interval: 1.8-6.2), in persons taking antihypertensive medication (n=57), but not in persons not using antihypertensive medication (n=31) (p for interaction: 0.02). Vanadium, iron and nickel contents of PM(2.5) were significantly associated with systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, among persons on antihypertensive medication. Similar results were found for indoor concentrations. Of the oxy-PAHs, chrysene-5,6-dione and benzo[a]pyrene-3,6-dione were significantly associated with increases in systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure. In elderly, pulse pressure was positively associated with acute increases in outdoor and indoor air pollution, among persons taking antihypertensive medication. These results might form a mechanistic pathway linking air pollution as a trigger of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Jacobs
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Unit of Lung Toxicology, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Wu CF, Li YR, Kuo IC, Hsu SC, Lin LY, Su TC. Investigating the association of cardiovascular effects with personal exposure to particle components and sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 431:176-182. [PMID: 22683757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies included information on components and sources when exploring the cardiovascular health effects from personal exposure to particulate matters (PM). We previously reported that exposure to PM between 1.0 and 2.5 μm (PM(2.5-1)) was associated with increased cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI, an arterial stiffness index), while exposure to PM smaller than 0.25 μm (PM(0.25)) decreased the heart rate variability (HRV) indices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between PM elements and cardiovascular health effects and identify responsible sources. METHODS In a panel study of seventeen mail carriers, the subjects were followed for 5-6 days while delivering mail outdoors. Personal filter samples of PM(2.5-1) and PM(0.25) were analyzed for their elemental concentrations. The source-specific exposures were further estimated by using absolute principal factor analysis. We analyzed the component- and source-specific health effects on HRV indices and CAVI using mixed models. RESULTS Several elements in PM(2.5-1) (e.g., cadmium and strontium) were associated with the CAVI. Subsequent analyses showed that an interquartile range increase in exposure to PM from regional sources was significantly associated with a 3.28% increase in CAVI (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.47%-5.13%). This significant effect remained (3.35%, CI: 1.62%-5.11%) after controlling for the ozone exposures. For exposures to PM(0.25), manganese, calcium, nickel, and chromium were associated with the CAVI and/or the HRV indices. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that PM(2.5-1) and PM(0.25) components may be associated with different cardiovascular effects. Health risks from exposure to PM from sources other than vehicle exhaust should not be underappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-fu Wu
- Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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Carll AP, Hazari MS, Perez CM, Krantz QT, King CJ, Winsett DW, Costa DL, Farraj AK. Whole and particle-free diesel exhausts differentially affect cardiac electrophysiology, blood pressure, and autonomic balance in heart failure-prone rats. Toxicol Sci 2012; 128:490-9. [PMID: 22543275 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies strongly link short-term exposures to vehicular traffic and particulate matter (PM) air pollution with adverse cardiovascular (CV) events, especially in those with preexisting CV disease. Diesel engine exhaust is a key contributor to urban ambient PM and gaseous pollutants. To determine the role of gaseous and particulate components in diesel exhaust (DE) cardiotoxicity, we examined the effects of a 4-h inhalation of whole DE (wDE) (target PM concentration: 500 µg/m(3)) or particle-free filtered DE (fDE) on CV physiology and a range of markers of cardiopulmonary injury in hypertensive heart failure-prone rats. Arterial blood pressure (BP), electrocardiography, and heart rate variability (HRV), an index of autonomic balance, were monitored. Both fDE and wDE decreased BP and prolonged PR interval during exposure, with more effects from fDE, which additionally increased HRV triangular index and decreased T-wave amplitude. fDE increased QTc interval immediately after exposure, increased atrioventricular (AV) block Mobitz II arrhythmias shortly thereafter, and increased serum high-density lipoprotein 1 day later. wDE increased BP and decreased HRV root mean square of successive differences immediately postexposure. fDE and wDE decreased heart rate during the 4th hour of postexposure. Thus, DE gases slowed AV conduction and ventricular repolarization, decreased BP, increased HRV, and subsequently provoked arrhythmias, collectively suggesting parasympathetic activation; conversely, brief BP and HRV changes after exposure to particle-containing DE indicated a transient sympathetic excitation. Our findings suggest that whole- and particle-free DE differentially alter CV and autonomic physiology and may potentially increase risk through divergent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Carll
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Public Health Division, PO B143-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Jia X, Hao Y, Guo X. Ultrafine carbon black disturbs heart rate variability in mice. Toxicol Lett 2012; 211:274-80. [PMID: 22537739 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous epidemiological and toxicological studies have reported the associations between ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure and changes in heart rate variability (HRV), a marker of cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. However, both the responsible components in PM and their mechanisms affecting HRV remain uncertain. We propose that carbon black (CB), one of the main components in PM, may affect HRV through mechanisms independent of cardio-pulmonary and systemic inflammation and/or injury. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed by intra-tracheal instillation to ultrafine CB (once every two days for three times) at doses of 0, 0.05, 0.15 and 0.6 mg/kg. HRV indices, standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals (SDNN) and the square root of mean of sum of squares of differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals (RMSSD), showed significant decreases in 0.15 and 0.6 mg/kg CB exposed groups. Slight pulmonary inflammation and myocardial injury were only observed in 0.6 mg/kg CB exposed group. We conclude that CB can disturb cardiac ANS function in mice, indicated by the withdrawal of parasympathetic modulation, through mechanisms independent of apparent myocardial and pulmonary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
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Farraj AK, Hazari MS, Winsett DW, Kulukulualani A, Carll AP, Haykal-Coates N, Lamb CM, Lappi E, Terrell D, Cascio WE, Costa DL. Overt and latent cardiac effects of ozone inhalation in rats: evidence for autonomic modulation and increased myocardial vulnerability. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:348-54. [PMID: 22138703 PMCID: PMC3295357 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone (O₃) is a well-documented respiratory oxidant, but increasing epidemiological evidence points to extrapulmonary effects, including positive associations between ambient O₃ concentrations and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE With preliminary reports linking O₃ exposure with changes in heart rate (HR), we investigated the hypothesis that a single inhalation exposure to O₃ will cause concentration-dependent autonomic modulation of cardiac function in rats. METHODS Rats implanted with telemeters to monitor HR and cardiac electrophysiology [electrocardiography (ECG)] were exposed once by whole-body inhalation for 4 hr to 0.2 or 0.8 ppm O₃ or filtered air. A separate cohort was tested for vulnerability to aconitine-induced arrhythmia 24 hr after exposure. RESULTS Exposure to 0.8 ppm O₃ caused bradycardia, PR prolongation, ST depression, and substantial increases in atrial premature beats, sinoatrial block, and atrioventricular block, accompanied by concurrent increases in several HR variability parameters that were suggestive of increased parasympathetic tone. Low-O₃ exposure failed to elicit any overt changes in autonomic tone, heart rhythm, or ECG. However, both 0.2 and 0.8 ppm O₃ increased sensitivity to aconitine-induced arrhythmia formation, suggesting a latent O₃-induced alteration in myocardial excitability. CONCLUSIONS O₃ exposure causes several alterations in cardiac electrophysiology that are likely mediated by modulation of autonomic input to the heart. Moreover, exposure to low O₃ concentrations may cause subclinical effects that manifest only when triggered by a stressor, suggesting that the adverse health effects of ambient levels of air pollutants may be insidious and potentially underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Hazari MS, Haykal-Coates N, Winsett DW, Krantz QT, King C, Costa DL, Farraj AK. TRPA1 and sympathetic activation contribute to increased risk of triggered cardiac arrhythmias in hypertensive rats exposed to diesel exhaust. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:951-7. [PMID: 21377951 PMCID: PMC3223009 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust (DE), which is emitted from on- and off-road sources, is a complex mixture of toxic gaseous and particulate components that leads to triggered adverse cardiovascular effects such as arrhythmias. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that increased risk of triggered arrhythmias 1 day after DE exposure is mediated by airway sensory nerves bearing transient receptor potential (TRP) channels [e.g., transient receptor potential cation channel, member A1 (TRPA1)] that, when activated by noxious chemicals, can cause a centrally mediated autonomic imbalance and heightened risk of arrhythmia. METHODS Spontaneously hypertensive rats implanted with radiotelemeters were whole-body exposed to either 500 μg/m³ (high) or 150 μg/m³ (low) whole DE (wDE) or filtered DE (fDE), or to filtered air (controls), for 4 hr. Arrhythmogenesis was assessed 24 hr later by continuous intravenous infusion of aconitine, an arrhythmogenic drug, while heart rate (HR) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored. RESULTS Rats exposed to wDE or fDE had slightly higher HRs and increased low-frequency:high-frequency ratios (sympathetic modulation) than did controls; ECG showed prolonged ventricular depolarization and shortened repolarization periods. Rats exposed to wDE developed arrhythmia at lower doses of aconitine than did controls; the dose was even lower in rats exposed to fDE. Pretreatment of low wDE-exposed rats with a TRPA1 antagonist or sympathetic blockade prevented the heightened sensitivity to arrhythmia. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a single exposure to DE increases the sensitivity of the heart to triggered arrhythmias. The gaseous components appear to play an important role in the proarrhythmic response, which may be mediated by activation of TRPA1, and subsequent sympathetic modulation. As such, toxic inhalants may partly exhibit their toxicity by lowering the threshold for secondary triggers, complicating assessment of their risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi S Hazari
- Environmental Public Health Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Immediate and short-term consequences of secondhand smoke exposure on the respiratory system. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2011; 17:110-5. [PMID: 21178628 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e328343165d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review critically evaluates the existing biological evidence regarding the immediate and short-term respiratory consequences of secondhand smoke (SHS). RECENT FINDINGS A 1-h exposure to SHS at bar/restaurant levels generates a marked inflammatory reaction and significant decrements on lung function. These deleterious effects of SHS are exacerbated when physical activity follows the SHS exposure, particularly in less fit individuals. The main respiratory effect mechanisms of SHS include a direct induction of growth factors resulting in airway remodelling and alterations in nitric oxide regulation. Pharmacological agents that increase either apical membrane chloride conductance or basolateral membrane potassium conductance may be of therapeutic benefit in patients with diseases related to SHS exposure. Moreover, treatment with statins has shown beneficial effects towards preventing the SHS-induced pulmonary hypertension, vascular remodelling, and endothelial dysfunction. SUMMARY Based on recently discovered evidence, even brief and short-term exposures to SHS generate significant adverse effects on the human respiratory system. Future research directions in this area include the concentrations of tobacco smoke constituents in the alveolar milieu following SHS exposure, individual susceptibility to SHS, as well as pharmacological treatments for reversing the SHS-induced airway remodelling.
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Schneider A, Hampel R, Ibald-Mulli A, Zareba W, Schmidt G, Schneider R, Rückerl R, Couderc JP, Mykins B, Oberdörster G, Wölke G, Pitz M, Wichmann HE, Peters A. Changes in deceleration capacity of heart rate and heart rate variability induced by ambient air pollution in individuals with coronary artery disease. Part Fibre Toxicol 2010; 7:29. [PMID: 20929559 PMCID: PMC2958976 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Exposure to ambient particles has been shown to be responsible for cardiovascular effects, especially in elderly with cardiovascular disease. The study assessed the association between deceleration capacity (DC) as well as heart rate variability (HRV) and ambient particulate matter (PM) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods A prospective study with up to 12 repeated measurements was conducted in Erfurt, Germany, between October 2000 and April 2001 in 56 patients with physician-diagnosed ischemic heart disease, stable angina pectoris or prior myocardial infarction at an age of at least 50 years. Twenty-minute ECG recordings were obtained every two weeks and 24-hour ECG recordings every four weeks. Exposure to PM (size range from 10 nm to 2.5 μm), and elemental (EC) and organic (OC) carbon was measured. Additive mixed models were used to analyze the association between PM and ECG recordings. Results The short-term recordings showed decrements in the high-frequency component of HRV as well as in RMSSD (root-mean-square of successive differences of NN intervals) in association with increments in EC and OC 0-23 hours prior to the recordings. The long-term recordings revealed decreased RMSSD and pNN50 (% of adjacent NN intervals that differed more than 50 ms) in association with EC and OC 24-47 hours prior to the recordings. In addition, highly significant effects were found for DC which decreased in association with PM2.5, EC and OC concurrent with the ECG recordings as well as with a lag of up to 47 hours. Conclusions The analysis showed significant effects of ambient particulate air pollution on DC and HRV parameters reflecting parasympathetic modulation of the heart in patients with CAD. An air pollution-related decrease in parasympathetic tone as well as impaired heart rate deceleration capacity may contribute to an increased risk for cardiac morbidity and sudden cardiac death in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schneider
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany.
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