1
|
Mendy A, Wilkerson J, Salo PM, Weir CH, Feinstein L, Zeldin DC, Thorne PS. Synergistic Association of House Endotoxin Exposure and Ambient Air Pollution with Asthma Outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 200:712-720. [PMID: 30965018 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201809-1733oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: House endotoxin and ambient air pollution are risk factors for asthma; however, the effects of their coexposure on asthma are not well characterized.Objectives: To examine potential synergistic associations of coexposure to house dust endotoxin and ambient air pollutants with asthma outcomes.Methods: We analyzed data of 6,488 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. Dust from bedding and bedroom floor was analyzed for endotoxin content. The Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ) and Downscaler Model data were used to determine annual average particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposures at participants' residential locations. The associations of the coexposures with asthma outcomes were assessed and tested for synergistic interaction.Measurements and Main Results: In adjusted analysis, PM2.5 (CMAQ) (odds ratio [OR], 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.18), O3 (Downscaler Model) (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.13), and log10 NO2 (CMAQ) (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.33-7.45) were positively associated with emergency room visits for asthma in the past 12 months. Coexposure to elevated concentrations of house dust endotoxin and PM2.5 (CMAQ) was synergistically associated with the outcome, increasing the odds by fivefold (OR, 5.01; 95% CI, 2.54-9.87). A synergistic association was also found for coexposure to higher concentrations of endotoxin and NO2 in children (OR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.65-7.18).Conclusions: Coexposure to elevated concentrations of residential endotoxin and ambient PM2.5 in all participants and NO2 in children is synergistically associated with increased emergency room visits for asthma. Therefore, decreasing exposure to both endotoxin and air pollution may help reduce asthma morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelico Mendy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Pӓivi M Salo
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Charles H Weir
- Office of Emergency Management, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wagner JG, Birmingham NP, Jackson-Humbles D, Jiang Q, Harkema JR, Peden DB. Supplementation with γ-tocopherol attenuates endotoxin-induced airway neutrophil and mucous cell responses in rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68:101-9. [PMID: 24333275 PMCID: PMC3961823 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil-mediated tissue injury is a shared pathogenesis of both chronic pulmonary diseases and acute responses to pathogens, allergens, and airborne pollutants. Interventions to minimize toxic effects of neutrophil-derived oxidants and proteases are usually limited to corticosteroids, which can have adverse side effects. We used a rodent model of endotoxin-induced lung injury to test the hypothesis that the dietary supplement γ-tocopherol (γT), a natural form of vitamin E with antioxidant and novel anti-inflammatory properties, will protect from adverse nasal and pulmonary inflammatory responses induced by endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS). Male Fisher F344 rats were intranasally (i.n.) instilled with LPS for 2 consecutive days. Beginning 2 days before i.n. LPS, the rats were gavaged daily with 30mg/kg γT. Twenty-four hours after the last i.n. LPS, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected, and pulmonary and nasal tissues were analyzed for gene expression and morphometric analyses of neutrophils and intraepithelial mucosubstances (IM). LPS caused increased BALF total cells (70% increase), neutrophils (300%), protein (35%), PGE2 (500%), and secreted mucins (75%). Robust increases in neutrophils and IM were detected in conducting airways. Pulmonary expression of MUC5AC, MIP-2, CINC-1, and MCP-1 was elevated three- to eightfold by LPS. Treatment with γT inhibited LPS-induced increases in BALF total cells, neutrophils, protein, PGE2, and secreted mucins, as well as IM and tissue neutrophil influx. Furthermore γT induced the expression of the regulatory cytokines IL-10 and IFN-γ while decreasing MUC5AC, MIP-2, CINC-1, and MCP-1. These data demonstrate novel therapeutic effects of the dietary vitamin E γT promoting anti-inflammatory pathways to protect from neutrophil-mediated lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James G Wagner
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Neil P Birmingham
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Daven Jackson-Humbles
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jack R Harkema
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - David B Peden
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sahu S, Roy B, Moitra S. Assessment of the lung function status of the goldsmiths working in an unorganized sector of India. Lung India 2013; 30:33-7. [PMID: 23661914 PMCID: PMC3644831 DOI: 10.4103/0970-2113.106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Exposure to various types of fumes and gases are very common in Jewelery industries. No Report is available regarding the effects of those fumes and gases on the respiratory functions of the goldsmiths. Due to lack of proper monitoring of the workplace environments in these unorganized sectors, workers get very much affected by the occupational exposures to those irritants. Aims: The present study aimed to investigate whether the occupational exposures to fumes and gases might alter the lung functions of the goldsmiths. Materials and Methods: A total of 118 goldsmiths and 66 unexposed control subjects were taken randomly for the study. The goldsmiths were further classified in 3 groups according to duration (year) of exposures in the work environment, ETA1 (less than 5 years), ETA2 (more than 5 years but less than 10 years), and ETA3 (more than 10 years). Peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory flow rates of different intervals (FEF25%, FEF50%, FEF75%, FEF25-75%) were measured using computerized Spirometer (Maestros Mediline, India). The statistical analyses were carried out using Minitab software version 3. Results: Lung functions of the goldsmiths significantly (P < 0.01) decreased from that of the control group. Inter-group comparison also showed the deteriorations of lung functions was associated with exposure time, and more exposed workers had significantly less (P < 0.01) efficiencies of lung functions. Conclusions: Workplace fumes and gases were responsible for deterioration of the lung function status of the goldsmiths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhashis Sahu
- Ergonomics and Occupational Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guibas GV, Makris M, Spandou E, Priftis KN. Exposure of immunologically naive laboratory rodents to antigen via the airways. Where does tolerance stop and sensitization begin? Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:1552-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Makris
- Allergy Unit; 2nd Department of dermatology and Venereology; Medical School; “Attikon” General University Hospital; Athens; Greece
| | - E. Spandou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology; Medical School; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - K. N. Priftis
- 3rd Department of Pediatrics; Medical School; “Attikon” General University Hospital; Athens; Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fanucchi MV, Bracher A, Doran SF, Squadrito GL, Fernandez S, Postlethwait EM, Bowen L, Matalon S. Post-exposure antioxidant treatment in rats decreases airway hyperplasia and hyperreactivity due to chlorine inhalation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:599-606. [PMID: 22162906 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0196oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the safety and efficacy of combined intravenous and aerosolized antioxidant administration to attenuate chlorine gas-induced airway alterations when administered after exposure. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to air or 400 parts per million (ppm) chlorine (a concentration likely to be encountered in the vicinity of industrial accidents) in environmental chambers for 30 minutes, and returned to room air, and they then received a single intravenous injection of ascorbic acid and deferoxamine or saline. At 1 hour and 15 hours after chlorine exposure, the rats were treated with aerosolized ascorbate and deferoxamine or vehicle. Lung antioxidant profiles, plasma ascorbate concentrations, airway morphology, and airway reactivity were evaluated at 24 hours and 7 days after chlorine exposure. At 24 hours after exposure, chlorine-exposed rats had significantly lower pulmonary ascorbate and reduced glutathione concentrations. Treatment with antioxidants restored depleted ascorbate in lungs and plasma. At 7 days after exposure, in chlorine-exposed, vehicle-treated rats, the thickness of the proximal airways was 60% greater than in control rats, with twice the amount of mucosubstances. Airway resistance in response to methacholine challenge was also significantly elevated. Combined treatment with intravenous and aerosolized antioxidants restored airway morphology, the amount of airway mucosubstances, and airway reactivity to control levels by 7 days after chlorine exposure. Our results demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that severe injury to major airways in rats exposed to chlorine, as characterized by epithelial hyperplasia, mucus accumulation, and airway hyperreactivity, can be reversed in a safe and efficacious manner by the post-exposure administration of ascorbate and deferoxamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle V Fanucchi
- Department of Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carey SA, Ballinger CA, Plopper CG, McDonald RJ, Bartolucci AA, Postlethwait EM, Harkema JR. Persistent rhinitis and epithelial remodeling induced by cyclic ozone exposure in the nasal airways of infant monkeys. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L242-54. [PMID: 21131400 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00177.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Children chronically exposed to high levels of ozone (O(3)), the principal oxidant pollutant in photochemical smog, are more vulnerable to respiratory illness and infections. The specific factors underlying this differential susceptibility are unknown but may be related to air pollutant-induced nasal alterations during postnatal development that impair the normal physiological functions (e.g., filtration and mucociliary clearance) serving to protect the more distal airways from inhaled xenobiotics. In adult animal models, chronic ozone exposure is associated with adaptations leading to a decrease in airway injury. The purpose of our study was to determine whether cyclic ozone exposure induces persistent morphological and biochemical effects on the developing nasal airways of infant monkeys early in life. Infant (180-day-old) rhesus macaques were exposed to 5 consecutive days of O(3) [0.5 parts per million (ppm), 8 h/day; "1-cycle"] or filtered air (FA) or 11 biweekly cycles of O(3) (FA days 1-9; 0.5 ppm, 8 h/day on days 10-14; "11-cycle"). The left nasal passage was processed for light microscopy and morphometric analysis. Mucosal samples from the right nasal passage were processed for GSH, GSSG, ascorbate (AH(2)), and uric acid (UA) concentration. Eleven-cycle O(3) induced persistent rhinitis, squamous metaplasia, and epithelial hyperplasia in the anterior nasal airways of infant monkeys, resulting in a 39% increase in the numeric density of epithelial cells. Eleven-cycle O(3) also induced a 65% increase in GSH concentrations at this site. The persistence of epithelial hyperplasia was positively correlated with changes in GSH. These results indicate that early life ozone exposure causes persistent nasal epithelial alterations in infant monkeys and provide a potential mechanism for the increased susceptibility to respiratory illness exhibited by children in polluted environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Carey
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wagner JG, Harkema JR, Jiang Q, Illek B, Ames BN, Peden DB. Gamma-tocopherol attenuates ozone-induced exacerbation of allergic rhinosinusitis in rats. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:481-91. [PMID: 19389874 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309335630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compared to healthy subjects, individuals with allergic airway disease (e.g., asthma, allergic rhinitis) have enhanced inflammatory responses to inhaled ozone. We created a rodent model of ozone-enhanced allergic nasal responses in Brown Norway rats to test the therapeutic effects of the dietary supplement gamma-tocopherol (gammaT). Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rats were intranasally challenged with 0% or 0.5% OVA (in saline) on Days 1 and 2, and then exposed to 0 or 1 ppm ozone (eight hours/day) on Days 4 and 5. Rats were also given 0 or 100 mg/kg gammaT (p.o., in corn oil) on days 2 through 5, beginning twelve hours after the last OVA challenge. On Day 6, nasal tissues were collected for histological evaluation and morphometric analyses of intraepithelial mucosubstances (IM) and eosinophilic inflammation. Nasal septal tissue was microdissected and analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for mucin glycoprotein 5AC (MUC5AC) expression levels. Histological analysis revealed mild to moderate eosinophil influx in the mucosa lining the nasal airways and maxillary sinus of OVA-challenged rats (eosinophilic rhinosinusitis). Ozone exposure of allergic rats further increased eosinophils in the maxillary sinus (400%), nasolacrimal duct (250%), and proximal midseptum (150%). Storage of intraepithelial mucosubstances (IM) was not significantly affected by OVA challenge in filtered air-exposed rats, but it was increased by ozone in the septum (45%) and maxillary sinus (55%) of allergic compared to control rats. Treatment with gammaT attenuated the ozone/ OVA-induced synergistic increases in IM and mucosal eosinophils in both nasal and paranasal airways. gamma-Tocopherol also blocked OVA and ozone-induced MUC5AC gene expression. Together, these data describe a unique model of ozone enhancement of allergic rhinosinusitis and the novel therapeutic efficacy of a common supplement, gammaT, to inhibit ozone exacerbation of allergic airway responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James G Wagner
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mauderly JL, Samet JM. Is there evidence for synergy among air pollutants in causing health effects? ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1-6. [PMID: 19165380 PMCID: PMC2627851 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental air pollutants are inhaled as complex mixtures, but the long dominant focus of monitoring and research on individual pollutants has provided modest insight into pollutant interactions that may be important to health. Trends toward managing multiple pollutants to maximize aggregate health gains place increasing value on knowing whether the effects of combinations of pollutants are greater than the sum of the effects of individual pollutants (synergy). OBJECTIVE We reviewed selected published literature to determine whether synergistic effects of combinations of pollutants on health outcomes have actually been demonstrated. METHODS AND RESULTS We reviewed 36 laboratory studies of combinations of ozone with other pollutants that were reported in the recent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ozone Criteria Document. We examined original reports to determine whether the experimental design tested for synergy and whether synergy was demonstrated. Fourteen studies demonstrated synergism, although synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effects were sometimes observed among different outcomes or at different times after exposure. CONCLUSIONS Synergisms involving O3 have been demonstrated by laboratory studies of humans and animals. We conclude that the plausibility of synergisms among environmental pollutants has been established, although comparisons are limited, and most involved exposure concentrations much higher than typical of environmental pollutants. Epidemiologic research has limited ability to address the issue explicitly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe L Mauderly
- National Environmental Respiratory Center, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rodriguez TE, Falkowski NR, Harkema JR, Huffnagle GB. Role of neutrophils in preventing and resolving acute fungal sinusitis. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5663-8. [PMID: 17875637 PMCID: PMC2168334 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01542-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute fungal sinusitis (AFS) is a devastating disease of the paranasal sinuses afflicting immunocompromised individuals. Knowledge about this disease is limited to clinical observations because there are no animal models in which to study the pathogenesis of the infection. Our goal was to develop a murine model of AFS and examine the role of neutrophils in host defense within the nasal cavity. Female C57BL/6 mice were depleted of neutrophils using anti-Gr-1 monoclonal antibody from day -1 to day 5 postinfection to initiate a transient neutropenia within the mice. At day 0, Aspergillus fumigatus conidia were administered intranasally. The untreated Aspergillus-exposed group had significant neutrophil recruitment by day 3, but by day 7 the leukocyte numbers had returned to unexposed levels. There was not a significant influx of mononuclear cells at either time point. In contrast, beginning at day 3 postinfection and continuing through day 7, anti-Gr-1-treated mice had increased cellular recruitment consisting of banded neutrophils at day 3 and mature neutrophils at day 7. Hyphal masses developed only in the anti-Gr-1-treated mice (25 to 36%) but only during the period of treatment. When the treatment was discontinued, hyphal masses could no longer be detected in the nasal cavities of these mice. In contrast, cyclophosphamide treatment did not induce neutropenia, and the nasal cavity remained free of hyphal masses. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of using this model to study AFS and implicate neutrophils in protection of the sinuses against acute Aspergillus infection and in clearance of established hyphal masses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias E Rodriguez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wagner JG, Jiang Q, Harkema JR, Illek B, Patel DD, Ames BN, Peden DB. Ozone enhancement of lower airway allergic inflammation is prevented by gamma-tocopherol. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1176-88. [PMID: 17854713 PMCID: PMC4465777 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ozone is a commonly encountered environmental oxidant which has been linked to asthma exacerbation in epidemiological studies. Ozone induces airway inflammation and enhances response to inhaled allergen. It has been suggested that antioxidant therapy may minimize the adverse effects of ozone in asthma. We have previously shown that the antioxidant gamma-tocopherol (gammaT), an isoform of vitamin E, also has anti-inflammatory effects. We employed a Brown Norway rat model of ozone-enhanced allergic responses to test the therapeutic effects of gammaT on O(3)-induced airway inflammation. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rats were intranasally challenged with 0 or 0.5% OVA on Days 1 and 2, and exposed to 0 or 1 ppm ozone (8 h/day) on Days 4 and 5. Rats were also given 0 or 100 mg/kg gammaT on Days 2 through 5. Pulmonary tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected on Day 6. OVA challenge caused increased total cells (267% increase) and eosinophils (4000%) in BALF that was unaffected by ozone exposure. Morphometric evaluation of lung tissue revealed increases in intraepithelial mucosubstances (IM) (300%) and subepithelial eosinophils (400%) in main axial airways. Ozone exposure of allergic rats enhanced IM increases in proximal axial airways (200%), induced cys-leukotrienes, MCP-1, and IL-6 production in BALF, and upregulated expression of IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA. gammaT treatment had no effect on IM increases by allergen, but blocked enhancement by ozone. gammaT attenuated both OVA- or ozone-stimulated eosinophilic infiltration, and increases of BALF cys-leukotrienes, MCP-1, and IL-6, as well as IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA. These data demonstrate broad anti-inflammatory effects of a gammaT and suggest that it may be an effective therapy of allergic airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James G Wagner
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, 211 Food Safety and Toxicology Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Camargo Pires-Neto R, Júlia Lichtenfels A, Regina Soares S, Macchione M, Hilário Nascimento Saldiva P, Dolhnikoff M. Effects of São Paulo air pollution on the upper airways of mice. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 101:356-61. [PMID: 16460726 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 12/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The nose is the first region of the respiratory tract to come in contact with airborne pollutants. Previous studies have shown that the nasal mucosa can be altered in response to air pollution. In this study, we quantified neutral and acidic mucus in three different levels of the nasal cavity of mice exposed to ambient levels of air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Two groups of 6-day-old male Swiss mice were placed in two exposure chambers. Mice were maintained in the chambers 24 h/day, 7 days/week for 5 months. The first chamber contained an air filter device (clean chamber; n=20), whereas the second one received ambient air pollution (polluted chamber; n=20). We measured the concentration of PM(2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and black carbon inside both chambers. The nasal cavity was transversely sectioned at three specific anatomic locations (proximal, medial, and distal levels) and submitted to quantitative analysis of the amounts of neutral and acidic mucosubstances. We observed a 37.85% decrease in NO2, 54.77% decrease in PM(2.5), and 100% decrease in black carbon concentration in the clean chamber compared to the polluted chamber. Significant differences between polluted and clean chambers were observed in the epithelium lining the septum of proximal and medial levels of the nasal mucosa, with an increase in the percentage of acidic mucus in the polluted chamber (P=0.037, proximal level; P=0.023, medial level). We conclude that prolonged exposure to low levels of ambient air pollution from an early age shows evidence of causing secretory changes in the nasal cavity of mice, with increased production of acidic mucosubstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruy Camargo Pires-Neto
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, São Paulo, SP CEP01246-903, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Triche EW, Gent JF, Holford TR, Belanger K, Bracken MB, Beckett WS, Naeher L, McSharry JE, Leaderer BP. Low-level ozone exposure and respiratory symptoms in infants. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:911-6. [PMID: 16759994 PMCID: PMC1480512 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies indicate that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ozone standards may not protect sensitive individuals. In this study we examined respiratory effects of ozone in infants who may be vulnerable, particularly if they are children of asthmatic mothers. DESIGN Women delivering babies at one of five hospitals in southwestern Virginia between 1994 and 1996 were invited to participate in a cohort study; 780 women enrolled. Ambient air quality data (ozone and particulate matter) were collected at a central monitoring site. PARTICIPANTS This analysis is of 691 infants followed for approximately 83 days between 10 June and 31 August 1995 and/or 1996 ; they contributed a total of 52,421 infant-days of follow-up. Mothers were interviewed at enrollment and approximately biweekly to report infants' daily symptoms. Repeated measures logistic regression models were run separately for wheeze, difficulty breathing, and cough. Ozone metrics included 24-hr average, peak 1-hr, and maximum 8-hr average. Analyses were repeated for the 61 infants whose mothers had asthma. RESULTS For every interquartile-range increase in same-day 24-hr average ozone, likelihood of wheeze increased 37% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2-84%]. Among infants of asthmatic mothers, same-day 24-hr average ozone increased likelihood of wheeze 59% (95% CI, 1-154%) and of difficulty breathing 83% (95% CI, 42-136%). Maximum 8-hr ozone and peak 1-hr ozone were associated with difficulty breathing, but not wheeze, in infants of asthmatic mothers. Ozone was not associated with cough. CONCLUSIONS At levels of ozone exposure near or below current U.S. EPA standards, infants are at increased risk of respiratory symptoms, particularly infants whose mothers have physician-diagnosed asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Triche
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8034, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yeates DB, Mauderly JL. Inhaled environmental/occupational irritants and allergens: mechanisms of cardiovascular and systemic responses. Introduction. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2001; 109 Suppl 4:479-481. [PMID: 11544150 PMCID: PMC1240568 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.01109s4479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The articles in this monograph focus on the mechanisms whereby ambient particulate matter (PM) and co-pollutants deposited in the respiratory tract cause cardiovascular and systemic effects, especially in persons with preexisting conditions such as allergic hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary, cardiac, and vascular diseases. During the past few years, it has become clear that inhaled pollutants cause adverse effects outside the respiratory tract and that these effects may in some cases be more important than respiratory effects. Investigators pursuing traditional approaches to understanding mechanisms of air pollution effects need to be brought together with those outside that community who have expertise in pathogenetic mechanisms by which deposited air pollutants might affect nonrespiratory organs. To this end, a workshop was held and papers were developed from a broad range of scientists having specialized expertise in allergic and cardiovascular physiology. The overall goal of this monograph is to benchmark current thinking and enhance progress toward identifying and understanding the mechanisms by which nonrespiratory health effects occur and, by extension, to facilitate the appropriate management of relationships between air quality and health. This monograph contains a compilation of multidisciplinary research that forms a framework for generating and testing plausible new research hypotheses. Not only will this information stimulate the thinking of researchers, but it will also provide an improved foundation for funding agencies and advisory groups to frame research strategies, programs, and priorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Yeates
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|