1
|
Mukherjee S, Kumar M. Cycling of black carbon and black nitrogen in the hydro-geosphere: Insights on the paradigm, pathway, and processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:144711. [PMID: 33508667 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The provenance, preponderance, mobilization/export potential, and environmental health effects of charred residues have been reviewed and discussed in the context of decoupling of biogeochemical DOC (and DON) cycling. The present review suggests that high anthropogenic inputs and enrichment of marine sediments by bulk terrigenous DOC (δ13C ~ -20‰ to -25‰) lead to high DOC/DON ratios (≥10), which correlate with seasonal hydrology and diagenetic events. The stability of refractory residues like pyrrole for black nitrogen (BN) and aromatic hydrocarbons for (BC) under pedogenic and diagenetic processes needs to be addressed, considering time lags between production and resuspension events. A variation in absolute values of δ15N (2.0 to 7.0‰) in organically sequestered marine sediments indicates complex sources of various nitrogen-enriched organic carbon (OC) and dynamic erosion processes. These natural events are signified by an OC/DBN ratio of 13.3 ± 3.5, often explained by variations in precursor organic materials. Complex biogeochemical evolution at forest and agricultural ecosystem levels, coupled with anthropogenic influences, renders δ15N values between -10 and 10‰, which are lower than in marine ecosystems (6-10‰). This article focuses on the interrelationship between DBC and DBN, their global features relative to transport and movement to aquatic bodies, and current methodologies that specifically explore aquatic and terrestrial cycling of DBC/DBN. The review also takes into account critical research gaps and highlights the challenges and opportunities for research on BC and BN dynamics in the environment. The quantitative contribution of BC and BN in the DOC of the hydrosphere and the corresponding pathway of DBC may be studied further to have more insight into the distribution of dissolved matter in the global ocean system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mukherjee
- School of Agriculture, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India; Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382-355, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382-355, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lei Y, Shen Z, He K, Li L, Qin Y, Zeng Y, Li J, Xu H, Ma Y, Zhang T, Yang L, Zhang N, Cao J. The formation and evolution of parent and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during a severe winter haze-fog event over Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9165-9172. [PMID: 33128714 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 3- or 4-h high time-resolved PM2.5 was observed during a severe winter haze-fog event (1 to 6 January 2017) to investigate the formation and evolution of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) in Xi'an, a typical city in northwestern China. Three episodes (episode I, episode II, and rainy day (EI, EII, and RD)) have been identified during this haze-fog event. Nine water-soluble ions, 8 carbonaceous fractions, 18 pPAHs, and 3 OPAHs in PM2.5 were measured. pPAHs showed two peaks at around 12:00 local standard time (LST) and 24:00 LST and two troughs at around 2:00 LST and 18:00 LST during EI. However, the OPAHs presented highest at around 18:00 LST and lowest at around 2:00 LST. During EII, pPAHs and OPAHs displayed similar diurnal variations with the highest values at noon but lowest values at around 2:00-5:00 LST. In addition, no obvious diurnal variations of pPAHs and OPAHs were observed during RD were absent during RD. Diurnal variations of pPAH ring distributions demonstrated coal combustion, and vehicle emissions contributed to pPAHs for three episodes, which is further confirmed by diagnostic ratio results. High oxygenation (Ro) rates were found during the sampling time, which favored OPAH formation. The study herein indicates that OPAH formation through complex atmospheric reactions provides us new insights into the severe haze-fog events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Kun He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yiming Qin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yongjing Ma
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marcotte S, Castilla C, Morin C, Merlet-Machour N, Carrasco-Cabrera L, Medaerts F, Lavanant H, Afonso C. Particulate inorganic salts and trace element emissions of a domestic boiler fed with five commercial brands of wood pellets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:18221-18231. [PMID: 32173780 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pellet stoves arouse a real interest from consumers because they are perceived as a renewable and carbon neutral energy. However, wood combustion can contribute significantly to air pollution, in particular through the emission of particulate matter (PM). In this article, five brands of wood pellets were burnt under optimal combustion conditions and trace element and inorganic salt emission factors (EFs) in PM were determined. Results show that a significant proportion of metals such as lead, zinc, cadmium, and copper initially present in pellets were emitted into the air during combustion with 20 ± 6%, 31 ± 12%, and 19 ± 6% of the initial content respectively for Zn, Pb, and Cd. The median emission factors for Pb, Cu, Cd, As, Zn, and Ni were respectively 188, 86, 9.3, 8.7, 2177, and 3.5 μg kg-1. The inorganic fraction of the PM emissions was dominated by K+, SO42-, and Cl- with respective EFs of 33, 28.7, and 11.2 mg kg-1. Even taking into account a consumption of 40.1 million tons by 2030 in the EU, the resulting pollution in terms of heavy metal emissions remains minimal in comparison with global emissions in the EU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Marcotte
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, UMR 6014 CNRS COBRA, 1 rue Tesnière Bât. IRCOF - 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, Rouen, France.
| | - Clément Castilla
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, UMR 6014 CNRS COBRA, 1 rue Tesnière Bât. IRCOF - 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, Rouen, France
| | - Christophe Morin
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, UMR 6014 CNRS COBRA, 1 rue Tesnière Bât. IRCOF - 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, Rouen, France
| | - Nadine Merlet-Machour
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, UMR 6014 CNRS COBRA, 1 rue Tesnière Bât. IRCOF - 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, Rouen, France.
| | - Luis Carrasco-Cabrera
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, UMR 6014 CNRS COBRA, 1 rue Tesnière Bât. IRCOF - 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, Rouen, France
| | - Florence Medaerts
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, UMR 6014 CNRS COBRA, 1 rue Tesnière Bât. IRCOF - 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, Rouen, France
| | - Hélène Lavanant
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, UMR 6014 CNRS COBRA, 1 rue Tesnière Bât. IRCOF - 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, Rouen, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA de Rouen, UMR 6014 CNRS COBRA, 1 rue Tesnière Bât. IRCOF - 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bai X, Liu Y, Wang S, Liu C, Liu F, Su G, Peng X, Yuan C, Jiang Y, Yan B. Ultrafine particle libraries for exploring mechanisms of PM 2.5-induced toxicity in human cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:380-387. [PMID: 29635186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution worldwide, especially in China and India, has caused serious health issues. Because PM2.5 particles consist of solid particles of diverse properties with payloads of inorganic, organic and biological pollutants, it is still not known what the major toxic components are and how these components induce toxicities. To explore this complex issue, we apply reductionism principle and an ultrafine particle library approach in this work. From investigation of 63 diversely functionalized ultrafine particles (FUPs) with adsorbed key pollutants, our findings indicate that 1) only certain pollutants in the payloads of PM2.5 are responsible for causing cellular oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and cytotoxicity while the particle carriers are much less toxic; 2) pollutant-induced cellular oxidative stress and oxidative stress-triggered apoptosis are identified as one of the dominant mechanisms for PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity; 3) each specific toxic component on PM2.5 (such as As, Pb, Cr or BaP) mainly affects its specific target organ(s) and, adding together, these pollutants may cause synergistic or just additive effects. Our findings demonstrate that reductionism concept and model PM2.5 particle library approach are very effective in our endeavor to search for a better understanding of PM2.5-induced health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shenqing Wang
- Schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Gaoxing Su
- Schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaowu Peng
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chungang Yuan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Yiguo Jiang
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bierkandt FS, Leibrock L, Wagener S, Laux P, Luch A. The impact of nanomaterial characteristics on inhalation toxicity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:321-346. [PMID: 30090585 PMCID: PMC6060709 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, nanotechnology has evolved into a success story, apparent from a steadily increasing number of scientific publications as well as a large number of applications based on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Its widespread uses suggest a high relevance for consumers, workers and the environment, hence justifying intensive investigations into ENM-related adverse effects as a prerequisite for nano-specific regulations. In particular, the inhalation of airborne ENMs, being assumed to represent the most hazardous type of human exposure to these kinds of particles, needs to be scrutinized. Due to an increased awareness of possible health effects, which have already been seen in the case of ultrafine particles (UFPs), research and regulatory measures have set in to identify and address toxic implications following their almost ubiquitous occurrence. Although ENM properties differ from those of the respective bulk materials, the available assessment protocols are often designed for the latter. Despite the large benefit ensuing from the application of nanotechnology, many issues related to ENM behavior and adverse effects are not fully understood or should be examined anew. The traditional hypothesis that ENMs exhibit different or additional hazards due to their "nano" size has been challenged in recent years and ENM categorization according to their properties and toxicity mechanisms has been proposed instead. This review summarizes the toxicological effects of inhaled ENMs identified to date, elucidating the modes of action which provoke different mechanisms in the respiratory tract and their resulting effects. By linking particular mechanisms and adverse effects to ENM properties, grouping of ENMs based on toxicity-related properties is supposed to facilitate toxicological risk assessment. As intensive studies are still required to identify these "ENM classes", the need for alternatives to animal studies is evident and advances in cell-based test systems for pulmonary research are presented here. We hope to encourage the ongoing discussion about ENM risks and to advocate the further development and practice of suitable testing and grouping methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Bierkandt
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Lars Leibrock
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Sandra Wagener
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hašková S. Holistic Assessment and Ethical Disputation on a New Trend in Solid Biofuels. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2017; 23:509-519. [PMID: 27168332 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-016-9790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new trend in the production technology of solid biof uels has appeared. There is a wide consensus that most solid biofuels will be produced according to the new production methods within a few years. Numerous samples were manufactured from agro-residues according to conventional methods as well as new methods. Robust analyses that reviewed the hygienic, environmental, financial and ethical aspects were performed. The hygienic and environmental aspect was assessed by robust chemical and technical analyses. The financial aspect was assessed by energy cost breakdown. The ethical point of view was built on the above stated findings, the survey questionnaire and critical discussion with the literature. It is concluded that the new production methods are significantly favourable from both the hygienic and environmental points of view. Financial indicators do not allow the expressing of any preference. Regarding the ethical aspect, it is concluded that the new methods are beneficial in terms of environmental responsibility. However, it showed that most of the customers that took part in the survey are price oriented and therefore they tend to prefer the cheaper-conventional alternative. In the long term it can be assumed that expansion of the new technology and competition among manufacturers will reduce the costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Hašková
- The Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Landrigan PJ, Wright RO, Cordero JF, Eaton DL, Goldstein BD, Hennig B, Maier RM, Ozonoff DM, Smith MT, Tukey RH. The NIEHS Superfund Research Program: 25 Years of Translational Research for Public Health. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:909-18. [PMID: 25978799 PMCID: PMC4590764 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Superfund Research Program (SRP) is an academically based, multidisciplinary, translational research program that for 25 years has sought scientific solutions to health and environmental problems associated with hazardous waste sites. SRP is coordinated by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). It supports multi-project grants, undergraduate and postdoctoral training programs, individual research grants, and Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Technology Transfer Research (STTR) grants. RESULTS SRP has had many successes: discovery of arsenic's toxicity to the developing human central nervous system; documentation of benzene toxicity to hematologic progenitor cells in human bone marrow; development of novel analytic techniques such as the luciferase expression assay and laser fragmentation fluorescence spectroscopy; demonstration that PCBs can cause developmental neurotoxicity at low levels and alter the genomic characteristics of sentinel animals; elucidation of the neurodevelopmental toxicity of organophosphate insecticides; documentation of links between antimicrobial agents and alterations in hormone response; discovery of biological mechanisms through which environmental chemicals may contribute to obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer; tracking the health and environmental effects of the attacks on the World Trade Center and Hurricane Katrina; and development of novel biological and engineering techniques to facilitate more efficient and lower-cost remediation of hazardous waste sites. CONCLUSION SRP must continue to address the legacy of hazardous waste in the United States, respond to new issues caused by rapid advances in technology, and train the next generation of leaders in environmental health science while recognizing that most of the world's worst toxic hot spots are now located in low- and middle-income countries.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang W, Tong Y, Wang H, Chen L, Ou L, Wang X, Liu G, Zhu Y. Emission of metals from pelletized and uncompressed biomass fuels combustion in rural household stoves in China. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5611. [PMID: 25002204 PMCID: PMC4085603 DOI: 10.1038/srep05611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Effort of reducing CO₂ emissions in developing countries may require an increasing utilization of biomass fuels. Biomass pellets seem well-suited for residential biomass markets. However, there is limited quantitative information on pollutant emissions from biomass pellets burning, especially those measured in real applications. In this study, biomass pellets and raw biomass fuels were burned in a pellet burner and a conventional stove respectively, in rural households, and metal emissions were determined. Results showed that the emission factors (EFs) ranged 3.20-5.57 (Pb), 5.20-7.58 (Cu), 0.11-0.23 (Cd), 12.67-39.00 (As), 0.59-1.31 mg/kg (Ni) for pellets, and 0.73-1.34 (Pb), 0.92-4.48 (Cu), 0.08-0.14 (Cd), 7.29-13.22 (As), 0.28-0.62 (Ni) mg/kg for raw biomass. For unit energy delivered to cooking vessels, the EFs ranged 0.42-0.77 (Pb), 0.79-1.16 (Cu), 0.01-0.03 (Cd), 1.93-5.09 (As), 0.08-0.19 mg/MJ (Ni) for pellets, and 0.30-0.56 (Pb), 0.41-1.86 (Cu), 0.04-0.06 (Cd), 3.25-5.49 (As), 0.12-0.26 (Ni) mg/MJ for raw biomass. This study found that moisture, volatile matter and modified combustion efficiency were the important factors affecting metal emissions. Comparisons of the mass-based and task-based EFs found that biomass pellets produced higher metal emissions than the same amount of raw biomass. However, metal emissions from pellets were not higher in terms of unit energy delivered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yindong Tong
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Long Chen
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Langbo Ou
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guohua Liu
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Commodore AA, Zhang J(J, Chang Y, Hartinger SM, Lanata CF, Mäusezahl D, Gil AI, Hall DB, Aguilar-Villalobos M, Vena JE, Wang JS, Naeher LP. Concentrations of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and 8-isoprostane in women exposed to woodsmoke in a cookstove intervention study in San Marcos, Peru. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 60:112-22. [PMID: 24041735 PMCID: PMC3863787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nearly half of the world's population is exposed to household air pollution (HAP) due to long hours spent in close proximity to unvented cooking fires. The effect of woodsmoke exposure on oxidative stress was examined by investigating the association between woodsmoke exposure and biomarkers of DNA oxidation (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]) and lipid peroxidation (8-isoprostane) among control and intervention stove users. HAP exposure assessment was conducted within the framework of a community-randomized controlled trial of 51 communities in San Marcos Province, Cajamarca Region, Peru. The first morning urine voids after 48h HAP exposure assessment from a subset of 45 control and 39 intervention stove users were analyzed for 8-OHdG and 8-isoprostane. General linear models and correlation analyses were performed. Urinary oxidative stress biomarkers ranged from 11.2 to 2270.0μg/g creatinine (median: 132.6μg/g creatinine) for 8-OHdG and from 0.1 to 4.5μg/g creatinine (median: 0.8μg/g creatinine) for 8-isoprostane among all study subjects (n=84). After controlling for the effects of traffic in the community and eating food exposed to fire among all subjects, cooking time was weakly, but positively associated with urinary 8-OHdG (r=0.29, p=0.01, n=80). Subjects' real-time personal CO exposures were negatively associated with 8-OHdG, particularly the maximum 30-second CO exposure during the sampling period (r=-0.32, p=0.001, n=73). 48h time integrated personal PM2.5 was negatively, but marginally associated with urinary 8-isoprostane (r=-0.21, p=0.09, n=69) after controlling for the effect of distance of homes to the road. Urinary 8-isoprostane levels reported in the available literature are comparable to results found in the current study. However there were relatively high levels of urinary 8-OHdG compared to data in the available literature for 8-OHdG excretion. Results suggest a sustained systemic oxidative stress among these Peruvian women chronically exposed to wood smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adwoa A. Commodore
- Environmental Health Science Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia Athens, GA USA
| | - Junfeng (Jim) Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Yan Chang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Stella M. Hartinger
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Daniel Mäusezahl
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana I. Gil
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel B. Hall
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | | | - John E. Vena
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia Athens, GA USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Environmental Health Science Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia Athens, GA USA
| | - Luke P. Naeher
- Environmental Health Science Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia Athens, GA USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pedata P, Bergamasco N, D’Anna A, Minutolo P, Servillo L, Sannolo N, Balestrieri ML. Apoptotic and proinflammatory effect of combustion-generated organic nanoparticles in endothelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 219:307-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
11
|
In vitro cytotoxicity and morphological assessment of smoke from polymer combustion in human lung derived cells (A549). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 215:320-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Hosgood HD, Vermeulen R, Wei H, Reiss B, Coble J, Wei F, Jun X, Wu G, Rothman N, Lan Q. Combustion-derived nanoparticle exposure and household solid fuel use in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2012; 22:571-81. [PMID: 22639822 PMCID: PMC4231791 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.684147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNPs) have not been readably measurable until recently. We conducted a pilot study to determine CDNP levels during solid fuel burning. The aggregate surface area of CDNP (μm(2)/cm(3)) was monitored continuously in 15 Chinese homes using varying fuel types (i.e. bituminous coal, anthracite coal, wood) and stove types (i.e. portable stoves, stoves with chimneys, firepits). Information on fuel burning activities was collected and PM(2.5) levels were measured. Substantial exposure differences were observed during solid fuel burning (mean: 228.1 μm(2)/cm(3)) compared to times without combustion (mean: 14.0 μm(2)/cm(3)). The observed levels during burning were reduced by about four-fold in homes with a chimney (mean: 92.1 μm(2)/cm(3); n = 9), and effects were present for all fuel types. Each home's CDNP measurement was only moderately correlated with the respective PM(2.5) measurements (r (2) = 0.43; p = 0.11). Our results indicate that household coal and wood burning contributes to indoor nanoparticle levels, which are not fully reflected in PM(2.5) measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Dean Hosgood
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Puccio MA, Miller JH. Detection of Trace Hydrocarbons in Flames Using Direct Sampling Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Multilinear Regression Analysis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5160-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1003823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Puccio
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - J. Houston Miller
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Walsh M, Cormier S, Varner K, Dellinger B. By-products of the Thermal Treatment of Hazardous Waste: Formation and Health Effects. EM (PITTSBURGH, PA.) 2010:26-30. [PMID: 22684359 PMCID: PMC3368582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Destruction of toxic chemicals by thermal treatment can be a highly effective method for remediation of sites contaminated with hazardous substances. Of the 977 Superfund source control treatment projects in the United States from 1982 to 2005, 16% used incineration or other thermal treatments (the proportion is similar for 126 projects in the period 2002-2005).(1) However, as with other technologies, if thermal treatments are not matched correctly with the site or are improperly operated, harmful by-products can form, requiring further treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Walsh
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Stephania Cormier
- Department of Pharmacology, both at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Kurt Varner
- Department of Pharmacology, both at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Barry Dellinger
- Superfund Research Center at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA. New Orleans
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
TRUONG HIEU, LOMNICKI SLAWO, DELLINGER BARRY. Potential for misidentification of environmentally persistent free radicals as molecular pollutants in particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:1933-9. [PMID: 20155937 PMCID: PMC4315178 DOI: 10.1021/es902648t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have been shown to form on the surfaces of various types of transition metal-containing particulate matter (PM), and it has been demonstrated they are capable of initiating adverse health impacts. Following sonification and solvent extraction for chemical analysis, they are partially converted to molecular species. Alcoholic solvents extracted the EPFRs with near 100% efficiency, while nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents exhibited <20% efficiency and dichloromethane exhibited 20-55% efficiency. The extracted radicals reacted in solution to form multiple molecular reaction products including catechol, hydroquinone, phenol, chlorinated phenols, dibenzo-p-dioxin, and dibenzofuran. This suggests that EPFRs in environmental samples are indistinguishable from molecular pollutants and are subject to misidentification as molecular adsorbates when traditional extraction and chemical analysis methods are employed. On the basis of these findings, the origin of the toxicity of particulate matter contaminated with toxic organic compounds should be considered for re-evaluation to include the possibility that EPFRs may be a significant contributor, and the impact of some molecular pollutants may have been overestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - BARRY DELLINGER
- Corresponding author phone: 225 578-6759; fax: 225 578-0276;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Balakrishna S, Lomnicki S, McAvey KM, Cole RB, Dellinger B, Cormier SA. Environmentally persistent free radicals amplify ultrafine particle mediated cellular oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2009; 6:11. [PMID: 19374750 PMCID: PMC2676242 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combustion generated particulate matter is deposited in the respiratory tract and pose a hazard to the lungs through their potential to cause oxidative stress and inflammation. We have previously shown that combustion of fuels and chlorinated hydrocarbons produce semiquinone-type radicals that are stabilized on particle surfaces (i.e. environmentally persistent free radicals; EPFRs). Because the composition and properties of actual combustion-generated particles are complex, heterogeneous in origin, and vary from day-to-day, we have chosen to use surrogate particle systems. In particular, we have chosen to use the radical of 2-monochlorophenol (MCP230) as the EPFR because we have previously shown that it forms a EPFR on Cu(II)O surfaces and catalyzes formation of PCDD/F. To understand the physicochemical properties responsible for the adverse pulmonary effects of combustion by-products, we have exposed human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) to MCP230 or the CuO/silica substrate. Our general hypothesis was that the EPFR-containing particle would have greater toxicity than the substrate species. RESULTS Exposure of BEAS-2B cells to our combustion generated particle systems significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and decreased cellular antioxidants resulting in cell death. Resveratrol treatment reversed the decline in cellular glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels for both types of combustion-generated particle systems. CONCLUSION The enhanced cytotoxicity upon exposure to MCP230 correlated with its ability to generate more cellular oxidative stress and concurrently reduce the antioxidant defenses of the epithelial cells (i.e. reduced GSH, SOD activity, and GPx). The EPFRs in MCP230 also seem to be of greater biological concern due to their ability to induce lipid peroxidation. These results are consistent with the oxidizing nature of the CuO/silica ultrafine particles and the reducing nature and prolonged environmental and biological lifetimes of the EPFRs in MCP230.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrilatha Balakrishna
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Slawo Lomnicki
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kevin M McAvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Richard B Cole
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Barry Dellinger
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nowack B, Bucheli TD. Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:5-22. [PMID: 17658673 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of engineered nanoparticles (NP) in industrial and household applications will very likely lead to the release of such materials into the environment. Assessing the risks of these NP in the environment requires an understanding of their mobility, reactivity, ecotoxicity and persistency. This review presents an overview of the classes of NP relevant to the environment and summarizes their formation, emission, occurrence and fate in the environment. The engineered NP are thereby compared to natural products such as soot and organic colloids. To date only few quantitative analytical techniques for measuring NP in natural systems are available, which results in a serious lack of information about their occurrence in the environment. Results from ecotoxicological studies show that certain NP have effects on organisms under environmental conditions, though mostly at elevated concentrations. The next step towards an assessment of the risks of NP in the environment should therefore be to estimate the exposure to the different NP. It is also important to notice that most NP in technical applications are functionalized and therefore studies using pristine NP may not be relevant for assessing the behavior of the NP actually used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nowack
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa - Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Borm PJA, Robbins D, Haubold S, Kuhlbusch T, Fissan H, Donaldson K, Schins R, Stone V, Kreyling W, Lademann J, Krutmann J, Warheit D, Oberdorster E. The potential risks of nanomaterials: a review carried out for ECETOC. Part Fibre Toxicol 2006; 3:11. [PMID: 16907977 PMCID: PMC1584248 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few years, research on toxicologically relevant properties of engineered nanoparticles has increased tremendously. A number of international research projects and additional activities are ongoing in the EU and the US, nourishing the expectation that more relevant technical and toxicological data will be published. Their widespread use allows for potential exposure to engineered nanoparticles during the whole lifecycle of a variety of products. When looking at possible exposure routes for manufactured Nanoparticles, inhalation, dermal and oral exposure are the most obvious, depending on the type of product in which Nanoparticles are used. This review shows that (1) Nanoparticles can deposit in the respiratory tract after inhalation. For a number of nanoparticles, oxidative stress-related inflammatory reactions have been observed. Tumour-related effects have only been observed in rats, and might be related to overload conditions. There are also a few reports that indicate uptake of nanoparticles in the brain via the olfactory epithelium. Nanoparticle translocation into the systemic circulation may occur after inhalation but conflicting evidence is present on the extent of translocation. These findings urge the need for additional studies to further elucidate these findings and to characterize the physiological impact. (2) There is currently little evidence from skin penetration studies that dermal applications of metal oxide nanoparticles used in sunscreens lead to systemic exposure. However, the question has been raised whether the usual testing with healthy, intact skin will be sufficient. (3) Uptake of nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract after oral uptake is a known phenomenon, of which use is intentionally made in the design of food and pharmacological components. Finally, this review indicates that only few specific nanoparticles have been investigated in a limited number of test systems and extrapolation of this data to other materials is not possible. Air pollution studies have generated indirect evidence for the role of combustion derived nanoparticles (CDNP) in driving adverse health effects in susceptible groups. Experimental studies with some bulk nanoparticles (carbon black, titanium dioxide, iron oxides) that have been used for decades suggest various adverse effects. However, engineered nanomaterials with new chemical and physical properties are being produced constantly and the toxicity of these is unknown. Therefore, despite the existing database on nanoparticles, no blanket statements about human toxicity can be given at this time. In addition, limited ecotoxicological data for nanomaterials precludes a systematic assessment of the impact of Nanoparticles on ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul JA Borm
- Centre of Expertise in Life Sciences, Zuyd University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Ken Donaldson
- ELEGI, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Roel Schins
- IUF at the University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vicki Stone
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Wolfgang Kreyling
- GSF-Research Centre for Environment & Health, Institute of Inhalation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF at the University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Eva Oberdorster
- Department of Biology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cormier SA, Lomnicki S, Backes W, Dellinger B. Origin and health impacts of emissions of toxic by-products and fine particles from combustion and thermal treatment of hazardous wastes and materials. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:810-7. [PMID: 16759977 PMCID: PMC1480527 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature, controlled incineration and thermal treatment of contaminated soils, sediments, and wastes at Superfund sites are often preferred methods of remediation of contaminated sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 and related legislation. Although these methods may be executed safely, formation of toxic combustion or reaction by-products is still a cause of concern. Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ; chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) , including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans ; and toxic metals (e.g., chromium VI) have historically been the focus of combustion and health effects research. However, fine particulate matter (PM) and ultrafine PM, which have been documented to be related to cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, and cancer, have more recently become the focus of research. Fine PM and ultrafine PM are effective delivery agents for PAHs, CHCs, and toxic metals. In addition, it has recently been realized that brominated hydrocarbons (including brominated/chlorinated dioxins) , redox-active metals, and redox-active persistent free radicals are also associated with PM emissions from combustion and thermal processes. In this article, we discuss the origin of each of these classes of pollutants, the nature of their association with combustion-generated PM, and the mechanisms of their known and potential health impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Koelmans AA, Jonker MTO, Cornelissen G, Bucheli TD, Van Noort PCM, Gustafsson O. Black carbon: the reverse of its dark side. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 63:365-77. [PMID: 16226291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The emission of black carbon is known to cause major environmental problems. Black carbon particles contribute to global warming, carry carcinogenic compounds and cause serious health risks. Here, we show another side of the coin. We review evidence that black carbon may strongly reduce the risk posed by organic contaminants in sediments and soils. Extremely efficient sorption to black carbon pulls highly toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, polybrominated diphenylethers and pesticides into sediments and soils. This increased sorption is general, but strongest for planar (most toxic) compounds at environmentally relevant, low aqueous concentrations. Black carbon generally comprises about 9% of total organic carbon in aquatic sediments (median value of 300 sediments), and then may reduce uptake in organisms by up to two orders of magnitude. This implies that current environmental risk assessment systems for these contaminants may be unnecessarily safe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Koelmans
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, AEW, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8080, Ritsemabosweg 32a, 6700 DD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Donaldson K, Tran L, Jimenez LA, Duffin R, Newby DE, Mills N, MacNee W, Stone V. Combustion-derived nanoparticles: a review of their toxicology following inhalation exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005; 2:10. [PMID: 16242040 PMCID: PMC1280930 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers the molecular toxicology of combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNP) following inhalation exposure. CDNP originate from a number of sources and in this review we consider diesel soot, welding fume, carbon black and coal fly ash. A substantial literature demonstrates that these pose a hazard to the lungs through their potential to cause oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer; they also have the potential to redistribute to other organs following pulmonary deposition. These different CDNP show considerable heterogeneity in composition and solubility, meaning that oxidative stress may originate from different components depending on the particle under consideration. Key CDNP-associated properties of large surface area and the presence of metals and organics all have the potential to produce oxidative stress. CDNP may also exert genotoxic effects, depending on their composition. CDNP and their components also have the potential to translocate to the brain and also the blood, and thereby reach other targets such as the cardiovascular system, spleen and liver. CDNP therefore can be seen as a group of particulate toxins unified by a common mechanism of injury and properties of translocation which have the potential to mediate a range of adverse effects in the lungs and other organs and warrant further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Donaldson
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Park North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Luis Albert Jimenez
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David E Newby
- Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK
| | - Nicholas Mills
- Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK
| | - William MacNee
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- Napier University, School of Life Sciences, 10 Colinton Rd, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ferge T, Maguhn J, Hafner K, Mühlberger F, Davidovic M, Warnecke R, Zimmermann R. On-line analysis of gas-phase composition in the combustion chamber and particle emission characteristics during combustion of wood and waste in a small batch reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:1393-1402. [PMID: 15819190 DOI: 10.1021/es049493o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The emission of particulate matter and gaseous compounds during combustion of wood and refuse-derived fuel in a small batch reactor is investigated by laser mass-spectrometric on-line measurement techniques for gas-phase analysis and simultaneous registration of physical aerosol properties (number size distribution). The gas-phase composition is addressed by a laser-based mass spectrometric method, namely, vacuum-UV single-photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (VUV-SPI-TOFMS). Particle-size distributions are measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer. Furthermore, a photoelectric aerosol sensor is applied for detection of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The different phases of wood combustion are distinguishable by both the chemical profiles of gas-phase components (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH) and the particle-size distribution. Furthermore, short disturbances of the combustion process due to air supply shortages are investigated regarding their effect on particle-size distribution and gas-phase composition, respectively. It is shown that the combustion conditions strongly influence the particle-size distribution as well as on the emission of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ferge
- Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Institut für Okologische Chemie, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Renwick LC, Brown D, Clouter A, Donaldson K. Increased inflammation and altered macrophage chemotactic responses caused by two ultrafine particle types. Occup Environ Med 2004; 61:442-7. [PMID: 15090666 PMCID: PMC1740792 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2003.008227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrafine particles have been hypothesised to be an important contributing factor in the toxicity and adverse health effects of particulate air pollution (PM10) and nanoparticles are used increasingly in industrial processes. AIMS To compare the ability of ultrafine and fine particles of titanium dioxide and carbon black to induce inflammation, cause epithelial injury, and affect the alveolar macrophage clearance functions of phagocytosis and chemotaxis in vivo. METHODS Rats were instilled with fine and ultrafine carbon black and titanium dioxide. Inflammation was quantified by bronchoalveolar lavage; the ability of the macrophages to phagoytose indictor fluorescent beads and to migrate towards aC5a were determined. RESULTS Ultrafine particles induced more PMN recruitment, epithelial damage, and cytotoxicity than their fine counterparts, exposed at equal mass. Both ultrafine and fine particles significantly impaired the phagocytic ability of alveolar macrophages. Only ultrafine particle treatment significantly enhanced the sensitivity of alveolar macrophages to chemotact towards C5a. CONCLUSIONS Ultrafine particles of two very different materials induced inflammation and epithelial damage to a greater extent than their fine counterparts. In general, the effect of ultrafine carbon black was greater than ultrafine titanium dioxide, suggesting that there are differences in the likely harmfulness of different types of ultrafine particle. Epithelial injury and toxicity were associated with the development of inflammation after exposure to ultrafines. Increased sensitivity to a C5a chemotactic gradient could make the ultrafine exposed macrophages more likely to be retained in the lungs, so allowing dose to accumulate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Renwick
- School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|