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Tavvabi-Kashani N, Hasanpour M, Baradaran Rahimi V, Vahdati-Mashhadian N, Askari VR. Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, toxicity, and recent advances in Eugenol's potential benefits against natural and chemical noxious agents: A mechanistic review. Toxicon 2024; 238:107607. [PMID: 38191032 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The active biological phytochemicals, crucial compounds employed in creating hundreds of medications, are derived from valuable and medicinally significant plants. These phytochemicals offer excellent protection from various illnesses, including inflammatory disorders and chronic conditions caused by oxidative stress. A phenolic monoterpenoid known as eugenol (EUG), it is typically found in the essential oils of many plant species from the Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Lamiaceae, and Lauraceae families. One of the main ingredients of clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum (L.), Myrtaceae), it has several applications in industry, including flavoring food, pharmaceutics, dentistry, agriculture, and cosmeceuticals. Due to its excellent potential for avoiding many chronic illnesses, it has lately attracted attention. EUG has been classified as a nonmutant, generally acknowledged as a safe (GRAS) chemical by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to the existing research, EUG possesses notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and apoptosis-promoting properties, which have lately gained attention for its ability to control chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial malfunction and dramatically impact human wellness. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the scientific evidence from the most significant research studies that have been published regarding the protective role and detoxifying effects of EUG against a wide range of toxins, including biological and chemical toxins, as well as different drugs and pesticides that produce a variety of toxicities, throughout view of the possible advantages of EUG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Tavvabi-Kashani
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maede Hasanpour
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naser Vahdati-Mashhadian
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Lundin KK, Qadeer YK, Wang Z, Virani S, Leischik R, Lavie CJ, Strauss M, Krittanawong C. Contaminant Metals and Cardiovascular Health. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:450. [PMID: 37998508 PMCID: PMC10671885 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research has begun to link exposure to environmental contaminants, such as heavy metals, with a variety of negative health outcomes. In this paper, we sought to review the current research describing the impact of certain common contaminant metals on cardiovascular (CV) health. We reviewed ten metals: lead, barium, nickel, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, selenium, zinc, and copper. After a literature review, we briefly summarized the routes of environmental exposure, pathophysiological mechanisms, CV health impacts, and exposure prevention and/or mitigation strategies for each metal. The resulting article discloses a broad spectrum of pathological significance, from relatively benign substances with little to no described effects on CV health, such as chromium and selenium, to substances with a wide-ranging and relatively severe spectrum of CV pathologies, such as arsenic, cadmium, and lead. It is our hope that this article will provide clinicians with a practical overview of the impact of these common environmental contaminants on CV health as well as highlight areas that require further investigation to better understand how these metals impact the incidence and progression of CV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kristian Lundin
- Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.K.L.); (Y.K.Q.)
| | - Yusuf Kamran Qadeer
- Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.K.L.); (Y.K.Q.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Salim Virani
- Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.K.L.); (Y.K.Q.)
- The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
- Section of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roman Leischik
- Department of Cardiology, Sector Preventive Medicine, Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, 58095 Hagen, Germany
| | - Carl J. Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
| | - Markus Strauss
- Department of Cardiology, Sector Preventive Medicine, Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, 58095 Hagen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology I- Coronary and Periphal Vascular Disease, Heart Failure Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Cardiol, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Chayakrit Krittanawong
- Cardiology Division, NYU Langone Health and NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Melatonin improves arsenic-induced hypertension through the inactivation of the Sirt1/autophagy pathway in rat. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113135. [PMID: 35598369 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As), a metalloid chemical element, is classified as heavy metal. Previous studies proposed that As induces vascular toxicity by inducing autophagy, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. It has been shown that melatonin (Mel) can decrease oxidative stress and apoptosis, and modulate autophagy in different pathological situations. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the Mel effect on As-induced vascular toxicity through apoptosis and autophagy regulation. Forty male rats were treated with As (15 mg/kg; oral gavage) and Mel (10 and 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally; i.p.) for 28 days. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) changes, oxidative stress markers, the aorta histopathological injuries, contractile and relaxant responses, the level of apoptosis (Bnip3 and caspase-3) and autophagy (Sirt1, Beclin-1 and LC3 II/I ratio) proteins were determined in rats aorta. The As exposure significantly increased SBP and enhanced MDA level while reduced GSH content. The exposure to As caused substantial histological damage in aorta tissue and changed vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation responses to KCl, PE, and Ach in isolated rat aorta. The levels of HO-1 and Nrf-2, apoptosis markers, Sirt1, and autophagy proteins also enhanced in As group. Interestingly, Mel could reduce changes in oxidative stress, blood pressure, apoptosis, and autophagy induced by As. On the other hand, Mel led to more increased the levels of Nrf-2 and HO-1 proteins compared with the As group. In conclusion, our findings showed that Mel could have a protective effect against As-induced vascular toxicity by inhibiting apoptosis and the Sirt1/autophagy pathway.
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Rahaman MS, Rahman MM, Mise N, Sikder MT, Ichihara G, Uddin MK, Kurasaki M, Ichihara S. Environmental arsenic exposure and its contribution to human diseases, toxicity mechanism and management. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117940. [PMID: 34426183 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-recognized environmental contaminant that occurs naturally through geogenic processes in the aquifer. More than 200 million people around the world are potentially exposed to the elevated level of arsenic mostly from Asia and Latin America. Many adverse health effects including skin diseases (i.e., arsenicosis, hyperkeratosis, pigmentation changes), carcinogenesis, and neurological diseases have been reported due to arsenic exposure. In addition, arsenic has recently been shown to contribute to the onset of non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced diabetes are pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and death, impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance and reduced cellular glucose transport. Whereas, the most proposed mechanisms of arsenic-induced hypertension are oxidative stress, disruption of nitric oxide signaling, altered vascular response to neurotransmitters and impaired vascular muscle calcium (Ca2+) signaling, damage of renal, and interference with the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, the contributions of arsenic exposure to non-communicable diseases are complex and multifaceted, and little information is available about the molecular mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced non-communicable diseases and also no suitable therapeutic target identified yet. Therefore, in the future, more basic research is necessary to identify the appropriate therapeutic target for the treatment and management of arsenic-induced non-communicable diseases. Several reports demonstrated that a daily balanced diet with proper nutrient supplements (vitamins, micronutrients, natural antioxidants) has shown effective to reduce the damages caused by arsenic exposure. Arsenic detoxication through natural compounds or nutraceuticals is considered a cost-effective treatment/management and researchers should focus on these alternative options. This review paper explores the scenarios of arsenic contamination in groundwater with an emphasis on public health concerns. It also demonstrated arsenic sources, biogeochemistry, toxicity mechanisms with therapeutic targets, arsenic exposure-related human diseases, and onsets of cardiovascular diseases as well as feasible management options for arsenic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shiblur Rahaman
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan; Department of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Nathan Mise
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Md Tajuddin Sikder
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Gaku Ichihara
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Md Khabir Uddin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Masaaki Kurasaki
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
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Martínez-Castillo M, García-Montalvo EA, Arellano-Mendoza MG, Sánchez-Peña LDC, Soria Jasso LE, Izquierdo-Vega JA, Valenzuela OL, Hernández-Zavala A. Arsenic exposure and non-carcinogenic health effects. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S826-S850. [PMID: 34610256 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211045955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure is a serious health problem that affects more than 140 million individuals worldwide, mainly, through contaminated drinking water. Acute iAs poisoning produces several symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and severe diarrhea, whereas prolonged iAs exposure increased the risk of several malignant disorders such as lung, urinary tract, and skin tumors. Another sensitive endpoint less described of chronic iAs exposure are the non-malignant health effects in hepatic, endocrine, renal, neurological, hematological, immune, and cardiovascular systems. The present review outlines epidemiology evidence and possible molecular mechanisms associated with iAs-toxicity in several non-carcinogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macario Martínez-Castillo
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, 27740Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Mónica G Arellano-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, 27740Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luz Del C Sánchez-Peña
- Departamento de Toxicología, 540716Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Luis E Soria Jasso
- Centro de Investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, 103794Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, México
| | - Jeannett A Izquierdo-Vega
- Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, 103794Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, México
| | - Olga L Valenzuela
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, 428055Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, México
| | - Araceli Hernández-Zavala
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, 27740Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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Xu L, Polya DA. Exploratory study of the association in the United Kingdom between hypertension and inorganic arsenic (iAs) intake from rice and rice products. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2505-2538. [PMID: 32347515 PMCID: PMC8275557 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension risks arising from chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) are well documented. Consumption of rice is a major iAs exposure route for over 3 billion people; however, there is a lack of epidemiological evidence demonstrating an association of hypertension risks with iAs intake from rice, especially in areas where there is little exposure from drinking water but a growing demand for rice intake. To address this, we conducted an individual-level cross-sectional analysis to quantify the extent to which daily iAs intake from rice and rice products (E-iAsing,rice) modifies the association between hypertension risks and previously well-established risk factors. The analysis was based on secondary dietary, socio-demographic and health status data of 598 participants recorded in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2014-2016. E-iAsing,rice and five blood pressure endpoints were derived with potential associations explored through generalized linear models. According to the results, a negative but not significant relationship was found between hypertension risks and E-iAsing,rice after adjusting for major risk factors, notably age, gender, diabetes and obesity, with relatively higher risks being observed for male, middle-aged, overweight, alcohol consumer or Asian or Asian British, Black or Black British and mixed ethnic groups. Though inconclusive and mainly limited by potential incomplete adjustment for major confounders and intrinsic disadvantages of a cross-sectional design, this study was the first quantifying the individual level dose-response relationship between E-iAsing,rice and hypertension risks and is consistent with previous studies on the limited associations of hypertension with low-level arsenic exposure from drinking water. Larger scale cohort studies are indicated to quantify the association but in any event it is likely to be weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqian Xu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David A Polya
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Cantoni O, Zito E, Fiorani M, Guidarelli A. Arsenite impinges on endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria crosstalk to elicit mitochondrial ROS formation and downstream toxicity. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:132-138. [PMID: 34089843 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Arsenite is an important carcinogen and toxic compound, causing various deleterious effects through multiple mechanisms. In this review, we focused on mitochondrial ROS (mitoROS) and discussed on the mechanisms mediating their formation. The metalloid promotes direct effects in mitochondria, resulting in superoxide formation only under conditions of increased mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]m). In this perspective, the time of exposure and concentration requirements for arsenite were largely conditioned by other effects of the metalloid in specific sites of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Arsenite induced a slow and limited mobilization of Ca2+ from IP3R via a saturable mechanism, failing to increase the [Ca2+]m. This effect was however associated with the triggering of an intraluminal crosstalk between the IP3R and the ryanodine receptor (RyR), causing a large and concentration dependent release of Ca2+ from RyR and a parallel increase in [Ca2+]m. Thus, the Ca2+-dependent mitoO2-. formation appears to be conditioned by the spatial/functional organization of the ER/mitochondria network and RyR expression. We also speculate on the possibility that the ER stress response might regulate the above effects on the intraluminal crosstalk between the IP3R and the RyR via oxidation of critical thiols mediated by the H2O2 locally released by oxidoreductin 1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Cantoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Ester Zito
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Fiorani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Guidarelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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Souza ACF, de Paiva Coimbra JL, Ervilha LOG, Bastos DSS, Cossolin JFS, Santos EC, de Oliveira LL, Machado-Neves M. Arsenic induces dose-dependent structural and ultrastructural pathological remodeling in the heart of Wistar rats. Life Sci 2020; 257:118132. [PMID: 32710949 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Arsenic, an environmental contaminant, represents a public health problem worldwide. Studies have shown its association with molecular mechanisms related to cardiomyocytes redox balance. However, the microstructure and ultrastructure of cardiac tissue, as well as the activity of its antioxidant defenses front of disturbances in the mineral bioavailability induced by arsenic are still scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate if arsenic exposure might induce structural and ultrastructural damages in cardiac tissue, including pathological remodeling of the parenchyma and stroma. Moreover, its impact on micromineral distribution and antioxidant enzymes activity in heart tissue was also evaluated. MAIN METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups that received 0, 1 and 10 mg/L sodium arsenite in drinking water for eight weeks. The hearts were collected and subjected to structural and ultrastructural analysis, mineral microanalysis and antioxidant enzymes quantification. Functional markers of cardiac damages were evaluated using serum samples. KEY FINDINGS Arsenic exposure induced dose-dependent structural and ultrastructural remodeling of cardiac tissue, with parenchyma loss, increase of stroma components, collagen deposition, and pathological damages such as inflammation, sarcomere disorganization, mitochondria degeneration and myofilament dissociation. Moreover, this metalloid was bioaccumulated in the tissue affecting its micromineral content, which resulted in antioxidant imbalance and increased levels of oxidative stress and cardiac markers. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our findings indicate that the heart is a potential target to arsenic toxicity, and long-term exposure to this metalloid must be avoided, once it might induce several cardiac tissue pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eliziária Cardoso Santos
- Medicine School, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Animal Biology, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is among the first-line chemotherapeutic drugs used in oncological practice. It has shown substantial efficacy in treating patients with relapsed or refractory acute promyelocytic leukaemia. The clinical use of ATO is hampered due to cardiotoxicity and hence many patients are precluded from receiving this highly effective treatment. An alternative to this would be to use any drug that can ameliorate the cardiotoxic effects and allow exploiting the full therapeutic potential of ATO, with considerable impact on cancer therapy. Generation of reactive oxygen species is involved in a wide range of human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular, pulmonary and neurological disorders. Hence, agents with the ability to protect against these reactive species may be therapeutically useful. The present review focuses on the beneficial as well as harmful effects of arsenic and ATO, the mechanisms underlying ATO toxicity and the possible ways that can be adopted to circumvent ATO-induced toxicity.
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Guidarelli A, Fiorani M, Cantoni O. Low Concentrations of Arsenite Target the Intraluminal Inositol 1, 4, 5-Trisphosphate Receptor/Ryanodine Receptor Crosstalk to Significantly Elevate Intracellular Ca 2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:184-193. [PMID: 30068729 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.250480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenite is an established human carcinogen that induces cytotoxic and genotoxic effects through poorly defined mechanisms involving the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and deregulated Ca2+ homeostasis. We used variants of the U937 cell line to address the central issue of the mechanism whereby arsenite affects Ca2+ homeostasis. We found that 6-hour exposure to the metalloid (2.5 μM), although not associated with an immediate or delayed toxicity, causes a significant increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) through a mechanism characterized by the following components: 1) it was not affected by ROS produced under the same conditions; 2) a small amount of Ca2+ was mobilized from the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), and this response was not augmented by greater concentrations of the metalloid; 3) large amounts of Ca2+ were instead dose dependently mobilized from the ryanodine receptor (RyR) in response to IP3R stimulation; 4) the cells maintained an intact responsiveness to agonist-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization from both channels; 5) arsenite, even at 5-10 µM, failed to directly mobilize Ca2+ from the RyR; and 6) arsenite failed to enhance Ca2+ release from the RyR under conditions in which the [Ca2+]i was increased by either RyR agonists or ionophore-stimulated Ca2+ uptake. We therefore conclude that arsenite elevates the [Ca2+]i by directly targeting the IP3R and its intraluminal crosstalk with the RyR. This mechanism likely mediates mitochondrial superoxide formation, downstream damage on various biomolecules (including genomic DNA), and mitochondrial dysfunction/apoptosis eventually occurring after longer incubation to, or exposure to greater concentrations of, arsenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Guidarelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Mara Fiorani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Orazio Cantoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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da Cunha Martins A, Carneiro MFH, Grotto D, Adeyemi JA, Barbosa F. Arsenic, cadmium, and mercury-induced hypertension: mechanisms and epidemiological findings. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2018; 21:61-82. [PMID: 29446707 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2018.1432025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) are toxic elements widely distributed in the environment. Exposure to these elements was attributed to produce several acute and chronic illnesses including hypertension. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the most frequently proposed mechanisms underlying hypertension associated with As, Cd, and Hg exposure including: oxidative stress, impaired nitric oxide (NO) signaling, modified vascular response to neurotransmitters and disturbed vascular muscle Ca2+ signaling, renal damage, and interference with the renin-angiotensin system. Due to the complexity of the vascular system, a combination rather than a singular mechanism needs to be considered. In addition, epidemiological findings showing the relationship between various biomarkers of metal exposure and hypertension are described. Given the complex etiology of hypertension, further epidemiological studies evaluating the roles of confounding factors such as age, gender, and life style are still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airton da Cunha Martins
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Depto. de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto-SP , Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Hornos Carneiro
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Depto. de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto-SP , Brazil
| | - Denise Grotto
- b Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia , Universidade de Sorocaba , Sorocaba-SP , Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Depto. de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto-SP , Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Depto. de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto-SP , Brazil
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Rabbani U, Mahar G, Siddique A, Fatmi Z. Risk assessment for arsenic-contaminated groundwater along River Indus in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:179-190. [PMID: 27012545 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study determined the risk zone and estimated the population at risk of adverse health effects for arsenic exposure along the bank of River Indus in Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 216 randomly selected villages of one of the districts along River Indus. Wells of ten households from each village were selected to measure arsenic levels. The location of wells was identified using global positioning system device, and spatial variations of the groundwater contamination were assessed using geographical information system tools. Using layers of contaminated drinking water wells according to arsenic levels and population with major landmarks, a risk zone and estimated population at risk were determined, which were exposed to arsenic level ≥10 µg/L. Drinking wells with arsenic levels of ≥10 µg/L were concentrated within 18 km near the river bank. Based on these estimates, a total of 13 million people were exposed to ≥10 µg/L arsenic concentration along the course of River Indus traversing through 27 districts in Pakistan. This information would help the researchers in designing health effect studies on arsenic and policy makers in allocating resources for designing focused interventions for arsenic mitigation in Pakistan. The study methods have implication on similar populations which are affected along rivers due to arsenic contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unaib Rabbani
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Gohar Mahar
- Unit for Ain Zubaida Rehabilitation and Groundwater Research, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Geography, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Siddique
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hammad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zafar Fatmi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Khuman MW, Harikumar SK, Sadam A, Kesavan M, Susanth VS, Parida S, Singh KP, Sarkar SN. Candesartan ameliorates arsenic-induced hypertensive vascular remodeling by regularizing angiotensin II and TGF-beta signaling in rats. Toxicology 2016; 374:29-41. [PMID: 27889505 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure can cause several cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis and microvascular disease. Earlier, we reported that arsenic-mediated enhancement of angiotensin II (AngII) signaling can impair vascular physiology. Here, we investigated whether the AT1 receptor (AT1R) blocker candesartan can ameliorate the arsenic-induced hypertensive vascular remodeling in rats and whether the amelioration could relate to attenuation in vascular AngII and TGF-β signaling. Rats were exposed to sodium arsenite (50ppm) through drinking water for 90 consecutive days. Candesartan (1mg/kg bw, orally) was administered once daily during the last 30days of arsenic exposure. Non-invasive blood pressure was recorded weekly in conscious rats, while AngII-induced change in mean arterial pressure in anaesthetized rats was measured by invasive method on the 91st day. On this day, blood was collected from other animals for measuring AngII level. Western blot of AT1, AT2 and TβRII receptors; ELISA of PTK, RasGAP, ERK-1/2, TGF-β and CTGF; immunohistochemistry of phosphorylated Smad3, Smad4 and collagen III, hydroxyproline/total collagen estimation, collagen deposition by Masson's trichrome staining and histomorphometry were carried out in thoracic aorta. Arsenic increased non-invasive systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure. Further, AngII caused concentration-dependent incremental change in mean arterial pressure in the arsenic-exposed rats. Arsenic upregulated AT1 and TβRII receptor proteins; elevated the levels of PTK, ERK-1/2, TGF-β and CTGF, decreased RasGAP level and augmented the immunoreactivities of Smad3, Smad4 and collagen III. Arsenic also increased hydroxyproline/total collagen level, proliferation of collagen fibres and thickness of aortic wall and collagenous adventitia. Candesartan normalized blood pressure, regularized receptor expressions, MAP kinase and TGF-β signaling, restored collagen deposition and regressed aortic thickness. Our results demonstrate that candesartan can ameliorate the arsenic-mediated systemic hypertension and vascular remodeling in rats by regularizing the signaling pathways of AngII and TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maibam Wanta Khuman
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sankaran Kutty Harikumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abdul Sadam
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manickam Kesavan
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vattaparambil Sukumaran Susanth
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subhashree Parida
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Souvendra Nath Sarkar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Eugenol and carvone as relaxants of arsenic and mercury hypercontracted rat trachea. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 32:1935-1941. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233715598266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic and mercury is known to cause respiratory problems in both humans and animals. In this study, we elicit and compare maximum contraction caused by As(III) and Hg(II) when the pollutants are fully equilibrated with contractile machinery in resting mode. Hypercontraction of 27% and 69% was obtained following exposure of tracheal rings to 25 µM As(III) and 6 nM Hg(II) for 40 min, respectively. Co-incubation of tracheal rings with pollutants and verapamil, sodium nitroprusside or apocynin indicates that major contributors to As(III) and Hg(II) caused hypercontraction are reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevation and nitric oxide (NO) depletion. Changes in calcium influx have minor contribution in As(III) and Hg(II) caused increased contraction of tracheal tissues. Eugenol and carvone caused relaxation of 38% and 45% in pollutant unexposed rings, 56% and 49% in As(III)-exposed tracheal rings, and 54% and 47% in Hg(II)-exposed tracheal rings. Pathway delineation studies indicate that the major effect of eugenol originates from quenching of ROS whereas that of carvone originates from the blockage of extracellular calcium influx. Both molecules also show a minor stimulatory effect on NO generation. In line with their suggested mode of relaxation, eugenol is found to better ameliorate both As(III)- and Hg(II)-caused hypercontraction. Carvone, though a better relaxant than eugenol, comes out as poor ameliorator of both As(III)- and Hg(II)-caused hypercontraction, as the pathway on which it acts is not elevated following exposure to these pollutants.
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Pace C, Banerjee TD, Welch B, Khalili R, Dagda RK, Angermann J. Monomethylarsonous acid, but not inorganic arsenic, is a mitochondria-specific toxicant in vascular smooth muscle cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 35:188-201. [PMID: 27327130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure has been implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer, yet the role mitochondrial dysfunction plays in the cellular mechanisms of pathology is largely unknown. To investigate arsenic-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), we exposed rat aortic smooth muscle cells (A7r5) to inorganic arsenic (iAs(III)) and its metabolite monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) and compared their effects on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that MMA(III) is significantly more toxic to mitochondria than iAs(III). Exposure of VSMCs to MMA(III), but not iAs(III), significantly decreased basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates and concomitantly increased compensatory extracellular acidification rates, a proxy for glycolysis. Treatment with MMA(III) significantly increased hydrogen peroxide and superoxide levels compared to iAs(III). Exposure to MMA(III) resulted in significant decreases in mitochondrial ATP, aberrant perinuclear clustering of mitochondria, and decreased mitochondrial content. Mechanistically, we observed that mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide contribute to mitochondrial toxicity, as treatment of cells with MnTBAP (a mitochondrial superoxide dismutase mimetic) and catalase significantly reduced mitochondrial respiration deficits and cell death induced by both arsenic compounds. Overall, our data demonstrates that MMA(III) is a mitochondria-specific toxicant that elevates mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial sources of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pace
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Tania Das Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Barrett Welch
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Roxana Khalili
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Ruben K Dagda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Jeff Angermann
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Park JM, Lee JH, Na CS, Lee D, Lee JY, Satoh M, Lee MY. Heartwood extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes and its active constituent fisetin attenuate vasoconstriction through calcium-dependent mechanism in rat aorta. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:493-500. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1107464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) exert cardiovascular protective activity by promoting blood circulation, but its active ingredients and underlying mechanism have yet to be identified. This study investigated the vascular effects of RVS, focusing on vasoconstriction and smooth muscle Ca2+ signaling. RVS heartwood extract attenuated contraction of aortic rings induced by the vasoconstrictors serotonin and phenylephrine, and inhibited the Ca2+ signaling evoked by serotonin in vascular smooth muscle cells. Subsequent activity-guided fractionation identified fisetin as an active constituent exerting a Ca2+ inhibitory effect. Fisetin could inhibit major Ca2+ mobilization pathways including extracellular Ca2+ influx mediated by the L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, Ca2+ release from the intracellular store and store-operated Ca2+ entry. In accordance with Ca2+ inhibitory effect, fisetin attenuated vasoconstriction by serotonin and phenylephrine. These results suggest that the anticontractile effect, which is presumably mediated by inhibition of Ca2+ signaling, may contribute to the improvement of blood circulation by RVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Soo Na
- Lifetree Biotechnology Institute, Lifetree Biotech Co. Ltd., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Satoh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Bhowmik AK, Alamdar A, Katsoyiannis I, Shen H, Ali N, Ali SM, Bokhari H, Schäfer RB, Eqani SAMAS. Mapping human health risks from exposure to trace metal contamination of drinking water sources in Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:306-16. [PMID: 26312405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of contaminated drinking water is one of the major causes of mortality and many severe diseases in developing countries. The principal drinking water sources in Pakistan, i.e. ground and surface water, are subject to geogenic and anthropogenic trace metal contamination. However, water quality monitoring activities have been limited to a few administrative areas and a nationwide human health risk assessment from trace metal exposure is lacking. Using geographically weighted regression (GWR) and eight relevant spatial predictors, we calculated nationwide human health risk maps by predicting the concentration of 10 trace metals in the drinking water sources of Pakistan and comparing them to guideline values. GWR incorporated local variations of trace metal concentrations into prediction models and hence mitigated effects of large distances between sampled districts due to data scarcity. Predicted concentrations mostly exhibited high accuracy and low uncertainty, and were in good agreement with observed concentrations. Concentrations for Central Pakistan were predicted with higher accuracy than for the North and South. A maximum 150-200 fold exceedance of guideline values was observed for predicted cadmium concentrations in ground water and arsenic concentrations in surface water. In more than 53% (4 and 100% for the lower and upper boundaries of 95% confidence interval (CI)) of the total area of Pakistan, the drinking water was predicted to be at risk of contamination from arsenic, chromium, iron, nickel and lead. The area with elevated risks is inhabited by more than 74 million (8 and 172 million for the lower and upper boundaries of 95% CI) people. Although these predictions require further validation by field monitoring, the results can inform disease mitigation and water resources management regarding potential hot spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avit Kumar Bhowmik
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Ambreen Alamdar
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Ioannis Katsoyiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Technology, Box 116, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Nadeem Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, FBAS, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Maria Ali
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ralf B Schäfer
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Abdul KSM, Jayasinghe SS, Chandana EPS, Jayasumana C, De Silva PMCS. Arsenic and human health effects: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:828-46. [PMID: 26476885 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is ubiquitous in nature and humans being exposed to arsenic via atmospheric air, ground water and food sources are certain. Major sources of arsenic contamination could be either through geological or via anthropogenic activities. In physiological individuals, organ system is described as group of organs that transact collectively and associate with other systems for conventional body functions. Arsenic has been associated with persuading a variety of complications in body organ systems: integumentary, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, reproductive system and development. In this review, we outline the effects of arsenic on the human body with a main focus on assorted organ systems with respective disease conditions. Additionally, underlying mechanisms of disease development in each organ system due to arsenic have also been explored. Strikingly, arsenic has been able to induce epigenetic changes (in utero) and genetic mutations (a leading cause of cancer) in the body. Occurrence of various arsenic induced health effects involving emerging areas such as epigenetics and cancer along with their respective mechanisms are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Channa Jayasumana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rajarata University, Anuradhapura 50008, Sri Lanka
| | - P Mangala C S De Silva
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara 81000, Sri Lanka
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Kundu S, Shabir H, Basir SF, Khan LA. Inhibition of As(III) and Hg(II) caused aortic hypercontraction by eugenol, linalool and carvone. J Smooth Muscle Res 2015; 50:93-102. [PMID: 25891766 PMCID: PMC5137271 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.50.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic exposure to arsenic and mercury is known to produce vasoconstriction.
There is, however, no clarity concerning the pathways leading to this increased
contraction. In this study we elicit and compare maximum contractility of rat aortas under
resting conditions in the presence of arsenic and mercury, and delineate pathways
mediating this effect. Phenylephrine (PE) induced hypercontraction of 37% and 32% were
obtained when isolated aortic segments were exposed to 25 µM As(III) and 6 nM Hg(II),
respectively. Isometric contraction measurements in presence of apocynin, verapamil and
sodium nitroprusside indicates that the major causes of increased contraction are reactive
oxygen species (ROS) and depletion of nitric oxide (NO). Calcium influx plays a minor role
in arsenic and mercury caused hypercontraction. In unexposed aorta, eugenol causes
relaxation by inhibiting ROS and elevating NO, linalool by blocking voltage dependent
calcium channel (VDCC) and elevating NO, and carvone by blocking calcium influx through
VDDC. Since the arsenic and mercury hypercontraction is mediated by increased ROS and
depleted NO, we hypothesize that molecules which neutralize ROS or elevate NO will be
better ameliorators. In line with this argument, we found eugenol to be the best
ameliorator of arsenic and mercury hypercontraction followed by linalool and carvone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Kundu
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Palacios J, Nwokocha CR, Cifuentes F. Arsenic exposure decreases rhythmic contractions of vascular tone through sodium transporters and K + channels. World J Pharmacol 2014; 3:18-23. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v3.i2.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic-contaminated drinking water is a public health problem in countries such as Taiwan, Bangladesh, United States, Mexico, Argentina, and Chile. The chronic ingestion of arsenic-contaminated drinking water increases the risk for ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and prevalence of hypertension. Although toxic arsenic effects are controversial, there is evidence that a high concentration of arsenic may induce hypertension through increase in vascular tone and resistance. Vascular tone is regulated by the rhythmic contractions of the blood vessels, generated by calcium oscillations in the cytosol of vascular smooth muscle cells. To regulate the cytosolic calcium oscillations, the membrane oscillator model involves the participation of Ca2+ channels, calcium-activated K+ channels, Na+/Ca2+ exchange, plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase, and the Na+/K+-ATPase. However, little is known about the role of K+ uptake by sodium transporters [Na+/K+-ATPase or Na+-K+-2Cl- (NKCC1)] on the rhythmic contractions. Vascular rhythmic contractions, or vasomotion are a local mechanism to regulate vascular resistance and blood flow. Since vascular rhythmic contractions of blood vessels are involved in modulating the vascular resistance, the blood flow, and the systemic pressure, we suggest a model explaining the participation of the sodium pump and NKCC1 co-transporter in low dose arsenic exposure effects on vasomotion and vascular dysfunction.
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Stea F, Bianchi F, Cori L, Sicari R. Cardiovascular effects of arsenic: clinical and epidemiological findings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:244-51. [PMID: 24019140 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several population studies relate exposure to high levels of arsenic with an increased incidence of ischemic heart disease and cardiovascular mortality. An association has been shown between exposure to high levels of arsenic and cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and vascular damage such as subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. The mechanisms underlying these phenomena are currently being studied and appear to indicate an alteration of vascular function. However, the effects of low levels of exposure to arsenic and their potential detrimental cardiovascular effect are less explored. The article provides an overview of the pathophysiologic mechanisms linking low-level arsenic exposure to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease and its complications, and some potential preventive strategies to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Stea
- CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Martín-Pardillos A, Sosa C, Sorribas V. Arsenic Increases Pi-Mediated Vascular Calcification and Induces Premature Senescence in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:641-53. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Arsenic is an environmental pollutant and its contamination in the drinking water is considered as a serious worldwide environmental health threat. The chronic arsenic exposure is a cause of immense health distress as it accounts for the increased risk of various disorders such as cardiovascular abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. In addition, the exposure to arsenic has been suggested to affect the liver function and to induce hepatotoxicity. Moreover, few studies demonstrated the induction of carcinogenicity especially cancer of the skin, bladder, and lungs after the chronic exposure to arsenic. The present review addresses diverse mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of arsenic-induced toxicity and end-organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Pal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar - 143 005
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Lim KM, Shin YS, Kang S, Noh JY, Kim K, Chung SM, Yun YP, Chung JH. Potentiation of vasoconstriction and pressor response by low concentration of monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)). Toxicol Lett 2011; 205:250-6. [PMID: 21708234 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A close link between arsenic exposure and hypertension has been well-established through many epidemiological reports, yet the mechanism underlying it remains unclear. Here we report that nanomolar concentrations of monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), a toxic trivalent methylated arsenic metabolite, can potentiate agonist-induced vasoconstriction and pressor responses. In freshly isolated rat aortic ring, exposure to nanomolar MMA(III) (100-500 nM) potentiated phenylephrine (PE)-induced vasoconstriction while at higher concentrations (≥2.5 μM), suppression of vasoconstriction and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle were observed. Potentiation of agonist-induced vasoconstriction was also observed with other contractile agonists and it was retained in endothelium-denuded aortic rings, suggesting that these events are agonist-independent and smooth muscle cell dependent. Interestingly, exposure to MMA(III) resulted in increased myosin light chain phosphorylation while PE-induced Ca2+ influx was not affected, reflecting that Ca2+ sensitization is involved. In line with this, MMA(III) enhanced agonist-induced activation of small GTPase RhoA, a key contributor to Ca2+ sensitization. Of note, treatment of MMA(III) to rats induced significantly higher pressor responses in vivo, demonstrating that this event can occur in vivo indeed. We believe that RhoA-mediated Ca2+ sensitization and the resultant potentiation of vasoconstriction by MMA(III) may shed light on arsenic-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Min Lim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Nafees AA, Kazi A, Fatmi Z, Irfan M, Ali A, Kayama F. Lung function decrement with arsenic exposure to drinking groundwater along River Indus: a comparative cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2011; 33:203-16. [PMID: 20632073 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-010-9333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the association between chronic arsenic exposure through drinking groundwater and decrement in lung function, particularly among individuals who do not have signs of arsenic lesions, among an adult population. This was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted during the months of January to March 2009. One hundred participants ≥15 years of age in each group, i.e. exposed (≥100 μg/l) and unexposed (≤10 μg/l) to arsenic, determined by testing drinking water samples (using portable kits), were compared for effects on lung function using spirometry. A structured and validated questionnaire was administered. Examination for arsenic skin lesions was also done. There was a decline in the mean adjusted FEV1 of 154.3 ml (95% CI: -324.7, 16.0; p = 0.076), in mean adjusted FVC of 221.9 ml (95% CI: -419.5, -24.3; p = 0.028), and in FEV1/FVC ratio of 2.0 (95% CI: -25.3, 29.4; p = 0.884) among participants who were exposed to arsenic compared to those unexposed. A separate model comprising a total of 160 participants, 60 exposed to arsenic concentrations ≥250 μg/l and 100 unexposed at arsenic concentrations of ≤10 μg/l, showed a decrement in mean adjusted FEV1 of 226.4 ml (95% CI: -430.4, -22.4; p = 0.030), in mean adjusted FVC of 354.8 ml (95% CI: -583.6, -126.0; p = 0.003), and in FEV1/FVC ratio of 9.9 (95% CI: -21.8, 41.6; p = 0.539) among participants who were exposed to arsenic in drinking groundwater. This study demonstrated that decrement in lung function is associated with chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking groundwater, occurring independently, and even before any manifestation, of arsenic skin lesions or respiratory symptoms. The study also demonstrated a dose-response effect of arsenic exposure and lung function decrement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaad Ahmed Nafees
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P. O. Box-3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.
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Lisabeth LD, Ahn HJ, Chen JJ, Sealy-Jefferson S, Burke JF, Meliker JR. Arsenic in drinking water and stroke hospitalizations in Michigan. Stroke 2010; 41:2499-504. [PMID: 20947858 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.585281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mechanistic and human studies suggest a role for arsenic in ischemic stroke; however, risks from chronic, low-level exposures are uncertain and US studies are lacking. The objective was to investigate the association between low-level arsenic exposure in drinking water and ischemic stroke hospital admissions in Michigan. METHODS Ischemic stroke hospital admissions among those aged ≥ 45 years were identified (1994 to 2006). Population-weighted average arsenic concentrations were estimated for each Michigan county (n = 83) and for zip codes in Genesee County (n=27) where there is greater variation in arsenic concentrations. US Census data provided age- and sex-specific population counts and other county- and zip code-level variables (race, income), which were adjusted for in multilevel negative binomial regression models of arsenic and stroke admissions. Hospital admissions for duodenal ulcer and hernia, not hypothesized to be associated with arsenic, were also evaluated. RESULTS Adjusted county-level analyses suggested a relationship between arsenic and ischemic stroke hospital admissions, although similar associations were observed for duodenal ulcer and hernia. In zip code-level analysis, arsenic was associated with an increased risk of stroke admission (relative risk, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.05 per μg/L increase in arsenic) after adjustment for confounders, and null or negative associations were found between arsenic and nonvascular outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study suggest that exposure to even low levels of arsenic in drinking water may be associated with a higher risk of incident stroke. Given the ecological nature of the analysis, further epidemiological study with individual-level data on arsenic exposure and incident stroke is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda D Lisabeth
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Fatmi Z, Azam I, Ahmed F, Kazi A, Gill AB, Kadir MM, Ahmed M, Ara N, Janjua NZ. Health burden of skin lesions at low arsenic exposure through groundwater in Pakistan. Is river the source? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:575-581. [PMID: 19419713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A significant proportion of groundwater in south Asia is contaminated with arsenic. Pakistan has low levels of arsenic in groundwater compared with China, Bangladesh and India. A representative multi-stage cluster survey conducted among 3874 persons > or = 15 years of age to determine the prevalence of arsenic skin lesions, its relation with arsenic levels and cumulative arsenic dose in drinking water in a rural district (population: 1.82 million) in Pakistan. Spot-urine arsenic levels were compared among individuals with and without arsenic skin lesions. In addition, the relation of age, body mass index, smoking status with arsenic skin lesions was determined. The geographical distribution of the skin lesions and arsenic-contaminated wells in the district were ascertained using global positioning system. The total arsenic, inorganic and organic forms, in water and spot-urine samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The prevalence of skin lesions of arsenic was estimated for complex survey design, using surveyfreq and surveylogistic options of SAS 9.1 software.The prevalence of definitive cases i.e. hyperkeratosis of both palms and soles, was 3.4 per 1000 and suspected cases i.e. any sign of arsenic skin lesions (melanosis and/or keratosis), were 13.0 per 1000 among > or = 15-year-old persons in the district. Cumulative arsenic exposure (dose) was calculated from levels of arsenic in water and duration of use of current drinking water source. Prevalence of skin lesions increases with cumulative arsenic exposure (dose) in drinking water and arsenic levels in urine. Skin lesions were 2.5-fold among individuals with BMI <18.5 kg/m2. Geographically, more arsenic-contaminated wells and skin lesions were alongside Indus River, suggests a strong link between arsenic contamination of groundwater with proximity to river.This is the first reported epidemiological and clinical evidence of arsenic skin lesions due to groundwater in Pakistan. Further investigations and focal mitigation measures for arsenic may be carried out alongside Indus River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Fatmi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Bae ON, Lim EK, Lim KM, Noh JY, Chung SM, Lee MY, Yun YP, Kwon SC, Lee JH, Nah SY, Chung JH. Vascular smooth muscle dysfunction induced by monomethylarsonous acid (MMA III): a contributing factor to arsenic-associated cardiovascular diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 108:300-8. [PMID: 18701095 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
While arsenic in drinking water is known to cause various cardiovascular diseases in human, exact mechanism still remains elusive. Recently, trivalent-methylated arsenicals, the metabolites of inorganic arsenic, were shown to have higher cytotoxic potential than inorganic arsenic. To study the role of these metabolites in arsenic-induced cardiovascular diseases, we investigated the effect of monomethylarsonous acid (MMA III), a major trivalent-methylated arsenical, on vasomotor tone of blood vessels. In isolated rat thoracic aorta and small mesenteric arteries, MMA III irreversibly suppressed normal vasoconstriction induced by three distinct agonists of phenylephrine (PE), serotonin and endothelin-1. Inhibition of vasoconstriction was retained in aortic rings without endothelium, suggesting that MMA III directly impaired the contractile function of vascular smooth muscle. The effect of MMA III was mediated by inhibition of PE-induced Ca2+ increase as found in confocal microscopy and fluorimeter in-lined organ chamber technique. The attenuation of Ca2+ increase was from concomitant inhibition of release from intracellular store and extracellular Ca2+ influx via L-type Ca2+ channel, which was blocked by MMA III as shown in voltage-clamp assay in Xenopus oocytes. MMA III did not affect downstream process of Ca2+, as shown in permeabilized arterial strips. In in vivo rat model, MMA III attenuated PE-induced blood pressure increase indeed, supporting the clinical relevance of these in vitro findings. In conclusion, MMA III-induced smooth muscle dysfunction through disturbance of Ca2+ regulation, which results in impaired vasoconstriction and aberrant blood pressure change. This study will provide a new insight into the role of trivalent-methylated arsenicals in arsenic-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinrim-dong San 56-1, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bae ON, Lim KM, Noh JY, Kim KY, Lim EK, Chung JH. Methylated Organic Metabolites of Arsenic and their Cardiovascular Toxicities. Toxicol Res 2008; 24:161-167. [PMID: 32038790 PMCID: PMC7006311 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2008.24.3.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, arsenic-toxicity has become the major focus of strenuous assessment and dynamic research from the academy and regulatory agency. To elucidate the cause and the mechanism underlying the serious adverse health effects from chronic ingestion of arsenic-contaminated drinking water, numerous studies have been directed on the investigation of arsenic-toxicity using various in vitro as well as in vivo systems. Neverthless, some questions for arsenic effects remain unexplained, reflecting the contribution of unknown factors to the manifestation of arsenic-toxicity. Interestingly, very recent studies on arsenic metabolites have discovered that trivalent methylated arsenicals show stronger cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials than inorganic arsenic or pentavalent metabolites, arguing that these metabolites could play a key role in arsenic-associated disorders. In this review, recent progress and literatures are summarized on the metabolism of trivalent methylated metabolites and their toxicity on body systems including cardiovascular system in an effort to provide an insight into the future research on arsenic-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Keun-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
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Klei LR, Barchowsky A. Positive signaling interactions between arsenic and ethanol for angiogenic gene induction in human microvascular endothelial cells. Toxicol Sci 2008; 102:319-27. [PMID: 18182400 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic in the drinking water may promote vascular diseases in millions of people worldwide through unresolved mechanisms. In addition, little is known of the effects of coexposures to arsenic and other common vasculature toxicants, such as alcohol. To investigate signaling interactions between arsenic and alcohols, primary human microvascular endothelial (HMVEC) cells were exposed to noncytotoxic concentrations of arsenite (1-5 microM) in the presence or absence of 0.1% ethanol (EtOH). Coexposure, but not exposure to either agent alone, rapidly increased active Fyn tyrosine kinase, tyrosine phosphorylation of a 109-kDa protein and serine phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC)delta. The 109-kDa protein was identified as PYK2, a regulator of vascular integrin signaling and an upstream activator of PKCdelta. Membrane localization of phospholipase Cgamma1 was increased by coexposure within 15 min, but not by either agent alone. In contrast, both agents equally increased membrane localization of Rac1-GTPase. Coexposure, but not exposure to either agent alone, induced transcript levels for the angiogenic genes, vascular endothelial cell growth factor (Vegfa) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1). However, EtOH inhibited arsenic-induced, nuclear factor-kappaB-driven interleukin-8 and collagen-1 expression. Differential effects of selective PKC inhibitors on induced gene expression combined with a lack of interaction for induction of hemeoxygenase-1 further demonstrated that arsenic-responsive signaling pathways differ in sensitivity to EtOH interactions. Finally, coexposure enhanced endothelial tube formation in in vitro angiogenesis assays. These data indicate that complex interactions occur between arsenic and EtOH exposures that functionally affect endothelial signaling for gene induction and remodeling stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R Klei
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
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Bae ON, Lim KM, Noh JY, Chung SM, Kim H, Lee CR, Park JD, Chung JH. Arsenite-enhanced procoagulant activity through phosphatidylserine exposure in platelets. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1760-8. [PMID: 17915961 DOI: 10.1021/tx700159y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have reported the close relationship between arsenic in drinking water and cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet the exact mechanism underlying this relationship remains unclear. We investigated whether arsenic can affect the procoagulant activity of platelets, which are essential in blood clotting, thrombus formation, and progression of CVD. While arsenite alone did not induce procoagulant activity, it significantly enhanced thrombin-induced procoagulant activity of human platelets in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In flow cytometric analysis, arsenite potentiated phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and microparticle (MP) formation, the major mediators of procoagulant activity. Arsenite-enhanced calcium increase and subsequent calpain activation were found to be involved in these effects, as determined by confocal microscopy and gel electrophoresis. Arsenite also inhibited flippase, an enzyme that restores PS to the inner leaflet, suggesting that PS could be retained in outer membranes after exposure. Consistent with these in vitro results, ex vivo studies revealed that PS exposure in platelets was significantly increased after acute or chronic arsenic exposure in rats. Most notably, in a rodent in vivo venous thrombosis model, arsenite indeed led to increased thrombus formation. In conclusion, arsenite-enhanced procoagulant activity in platelets by PS exposure and MP generation ultimately results in accelerated thrombus formation in vivo, suggesting that this enhanced activity is a possible contributing factor in CVD associated with chronic exposure to arsenic through drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Korea
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Park EJ, Park K. Gene Expression Profiles of Cultured Rat Cardiomyocytes (H9C2 Cells) in Response to Arsenic Trioxide at Subcytotoxic Level and Oxidative Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.52.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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