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Fu W, Xiao Y, Zeng F, Chen X, Zhu Y, Tian Z, Liang Y, Li R, Liu M. Effect of early whole lung lavage at different time-points for promoting the removal of depleted uranium from the lung. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:968-976. [PMID: 34085887 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1928783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the effect of whole lung lavage (WLL) at different time-points early after exposure of the respiratory system to insoluble radioactive particles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty adult beagles were randomized into a control group and the 3-h, 8-h, 24-h, and 48-h lavage groups (n = 8). A canine model of acute lung injury was established by spraying a depleted uranium (DU) suspension using a superfine fiber bronchoscope, at a dose of 20 mg/kg. The lavage groups were subjected to WLL at 3 h, 8 h, 24 h, and 48 h post-DU exposure, while the control group received no treatment after exposure. Measurement of U in serum was performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; measurements in the lavage fluid and left lung tissue were performed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The color of the lavage fluid was analyzed using colorimetry, and shadow changes in the lung were observed using chest computed tomography (CT). RESULTS The lavage groups showed similarly increasing trends for serum U levels from DU exposure to 3 and 7 days after exposure; however, these values were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < .01). The U content in the lavage fluid was significantly higher in the 3-h group than in the 8-h, 24-h, and 48-h groups (p < .01), while that in the 8-h group was markedly higher than those in the 24-h and 48-h groups (p < .05). The average clearance rate of DU in the lungs varied in the range of 0.63‒7.06%. The U content in the left lung tissue of each lavage group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < .01), while the content in the 8-h, 24-h, and 48-h groups was significantly higher than that in the 3-h group (p < .05). The colorimetric score of the lavage fluid in the 3-h group was significantly lower than those in the 8-h, 24-h, and 48-h groups (p < .05). Chest CT showed different degrees of consolidation and ground glass shadow changes in all groups. The score of the left lung shadow volume in the 3-h group was significantly lower than in the control, 8-h, 24-h, and 48-h groups (p < .01), while the score in the 8-h group was significantly higher than those in the 48-h and control groups (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS The best effect of WLL after exposure of the respiratory system to insoluble radioactive particles was achieved at 3 h, followed by 8 h; there was no difference in the effectiveness of lung lavage at 24 h and 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Fu
- Emergency Department, The Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Emergency Department, The Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zeng
- Emergency Department, The Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Emergency Department, The Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Emergency Department, The Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhu Tian
- Emergency Department, The Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Emergency Department, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Emergency Department, The Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Kreyling WG, Holzwarth U, Schleh C, Hirn S, Wenk A, Schäffler M, Haberl N, Semmler-Behnke M, Gibson N. Quantitative biokinetics over a 28 day period of freshly generated, pristine, 20 nm titanium dioxide nanoparticle aerosols in healthy adult rats after a single two-hour inhalation exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:29. [PMID: 31288843 PMCID: PMC6617842 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Industrially produced quantities of TiO2 nanoparticles are steadily rising, leading to an increasing risk of inhalation exposure for both professionals and consumers. Particle inhalation can result in inflammatory and allergic responses, and there are concerns about other negative health effects from either acute or chronic low-dose exposure. Results To study the fate of inhaled TiO2-NP, adult rats were exposed to 2-h intra-tracheal inhalations of 48V-radiolabeled, 20 nm TiO2-NP aerosols (deposited NP-mass 1.4 ± 0.5 μg). At five time points (1 h, 4 h, 24 h, 7d, 28d) post-exposure, a complete balance of the [48V]TiO2-NP fate was quantified in organs, tissues, carcass, lavage and body fluids, including excretions. After fast mucociliary airway clearance (fractional range 0.16–0.31), long-term macrophage-mediated clearance (LT-MC) from the alveolar region is 2.6-fold higher after 28d (integral fraction 0.40 ± 0.04) than translocation across the air-blood-barrier (integral fraction 0.15 ± 0.01). A high NP fraction remains in the alveoli (0.44 ± 0.05 after 28d), half of these on the alveolar epithelium and half in interstitial spaces. There is clearance from both retention sites at fractional rates (0.02–0.03 d− 1) by LT-MC. Prior to LT-MC, [48V]TiO2-NP are re-entrained to the epithelium as reported earlier for 20 nm inhaled gold-NP (AuNP) and iridium-NP (IrNP). Conclusion Comparing the 28-day biokinetics patterns of three different inhaled NP materials TiO2-NP, AuNP and IrNP, the long-term kinetics of interstitial relocation and subsequent re-entrainment onto the lung-epithelium is similar for AuNP and Ir-NP but slower than for TiO2-NP. We discuss mechanisms and pathways of NP relocation and re-entrainment versus translocation. Additionally, after 28 days the integral translocated fractions of TiO2-NP and IrNP across the air-blood-barrier (ABB) are similar and become 0.15 while the translocated AuNP fraction is only 0.04. While NP dissolution proved negligible, translocated TiO2-NP and IrNP are predominantly excreted in urine (~ 0.1) while the urinary AuNP excretion amounts to a fraction of only 0.01. Urinary AuNP excretion is below 0.0001 during the first week but rises tenfold thereafter suggesting delayed disagglomeration. Of note, all three NP dissolve minimally, since no ionic radio-label release was detectable. These biokinetics data of inhaled, same-sized NP suggest significant time-dependent differences of the ABB translocation and subsequent fate in the organism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-019-0303-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang G Kreyling
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Uwe Holzwarth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Carsten Schleh
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Current address: Abteilung Gesundheit, Berufsgenossenschaft Holz und Metall, Am Knie 8, D-81241, München, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hirn
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Wenk
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Current address: Dept. Infrastructure, Safety, Occupational Protection, Helmholtz Center München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schäffler
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Haberl
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Semmler-Behnke
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Neil Gibson
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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Riediker M, Zink D, Kreyling W, Oberdörster G, Elder A, Graham U, Lynch I, Duschl A, Ichihara G, Ichihara S, Kobayashi T, Hisanaga N, Umezawa M, Cheng TJ, Handy R, Gulumian M, Tinkle S, Cassee F. Particle toxicology and health - where are we? Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:19. [PMID: 31014371 PMCID: PMC6480662 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Particles and fibres affect human health as a function of their properties such as chemical composition, size and shape but also depending on complex interactions in an organism that occur at various levels between particle uptake and target organ responses. While particulate pollution is one of the leading contributors to the global burden of disease, particles are also increasingly used for medical purposes. Over the past decades we have gained considerable experience in how particle properties and particle-bio interactions are linked to human health. This insight is useful for improved risk management in the case of unwanted health effects but also for developing novel medical therapies. The concepts that help us better understand particles’ and fibres’ risks include the fate of particles in the body; exposure, dosimetry and dose-metrics and the 5 Bs: bioavailability, biopersistence, bioprocessing, biomodification and bioclearance of (nano)particles. This includes the role of the biomolecule corona, immunity and systemic responses, non-specific effects in the lungs and other body parts, particle effects and the developing body, and the link from the natural environment to human health. The importance of these different concepts for the human health risk depends not only on the properties of the particles and fibres, but is also strongly influenced by production, use and disposal scenarios. Conclusions Lessons learned from the past can prove helpful for the future of the field, notably for understanding novel particles and fibres and for defining appropriate risk management and governance approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Riediker
- Swiss Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (SCOEH), Binzhofstrasse 87, CH-8404, Winterthur, Switzerland.
| | - Daniele Zink
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wolfgang Kreyling
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alison Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Biosciences, Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Handy
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Mary Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Haematology and Molecular Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sally Tinkle
- Science and Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Flemming Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Studies (IRAS), Utrrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Kreyling WG, Möller W, Holzwarth U, Hirn S, Wenk A, Schleh C, Schäffler M, Haberl N, Gibson N, Schittny JC. Age-Dependent Rat Lung Deposition Patterns of Inhaled 20 Nanometer Gold Nanoparticles and their Quantitative Biokinetics in Adult Rats. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7771-7790. [PMID: 30085651 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of gold nanoparticles leads to a possible increase of exposure by inhalation. Therefore, we have studied the deposition patterns of inhaled 20 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNP) in 7-90 day old rats and their biokinetics in 60 day old ones. Wistar-Kyoto rats inhaled intratracheally 20 nm 195Au-radiolabeled AuNP by negative pressure ventilation over 2 h. Immediately afterward lungs were excised, inflated and microwave dried. AuNP deposition was analyzed by single-photon emission computed tomography, computed-tomography and autoradiography. Completely balanced, quantitative biodistributions in major organs and all body tissues and total excretion were analyzed from 1 h to 28 d after inhalation. Intratracheal inhalation caused AuNP deposition predominately in the caudal lungs, independent of age. About 30% AuNP were deposited on airway epithelia and rapidly cleared by mucociliary clearance. About 80% of AuNP deposited in alveoli was relocated from the epithelium into the interstitium within 24 h and was inaccessible to broncho-alveolar lavage. During interstitial long-term retention, re-entrainment within macrophages back onto the lung epithelium and to the larynx and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) dominated AuNP clearance (rate 0.03 d-1) In contrast, AuNP-translocation across the air-blood barrier was much smaller leading to persistent retention in secondary organs and tissues in the ranking order liver > soft issue > spleen > kidneys > skeleton > blood > uterus > heart > brain. The age-independent, inhomogeneous AuNP deposition was probably caused by the negative pressure ventilation. Long-term AuNP clearance was dominated by macrophage-mediated transport from the interstitium to the larynx and GIT. Translocation across the rat air-blood barrier appeared to be similar to that of humans for similar sized AuNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang G Kreyling
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1 , D-85764 Neuherberg/Munich , Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology , Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1 , D-85764 Neuherberg/Munich , Germany
| | - Winfried Möller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1 , D-85764 Neuherberg/Munich , Germany
| | - Uwe Holzwarth
- Directorate for Health, Consumers and Reference Materials , Joint Research Centre, European Commission , Via E. Fermi 2749 , I-21027 Ispra , Varese , Italy
| | - Stephanie Hirn
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1 , D-85764 Neuherberg/Munich , Germany
| | - Alexander Wenk
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1 , D-85764 Neuherberg/Munich , Germany
| | - Carsten Schleh
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1 , D-85764 Neuherberg/Munich , Germany
| | - Martin Schäffler
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1 , D-85764 Neuherberg/Munich , Germany
| | - Nadine Haberl
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1 , D-85764 Neuherberg/Munich , Germany
| | - Neil Gibson
- Directorate for Health, Consumers and Reference Materials , Joint Research Centre, European Commission , Via E. Fermi 2749 , I-21027 Ispra , Varese , Italy
| | - Johannes C Schittny
- Institute of Anatomy , University of Bern , Baltzerstrasse 2 , CH-3012 Berne , Switzerland
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Charco Roca LM, Sánchez Lopez ML, Pazos Crespo JJ, Martinez Villar C, Moreno de la Rosa L, Garcia-de Enterria Ramos I. Asphyxia by Burial. Arch Bronconeumol 2018; 55:221-222. [PMID: 30049558 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Maria Charco Roca
- Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España.
| | | | - Juan José Pazos Crespo
- Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España
| | - Carlos Martinez Villar
- Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España
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Ren J, Hao Y, Gao R, Zhang Y, Ran Y, Liu J, Dai X, Xiong W, Su Y, Li R. Effect of a novel polyethylene glycol compound on lung lavage in dogs after the inhalation of depleted uranium dust. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:462-471. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1446228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhui Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotian Dai
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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7
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Morfeld P, Bruch J, Levy L, Ngiewih Y, Chaudhuri I, Muranko HJ, Myerson R, McCunney RJ. Translational toxicology in setting occupational exposure limits for dusts and hazard classification - a critical evaluation of a recent approach to translate dust overload findings from rats to humans. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:3. [PMID: 25925672 PMCID: PMC4443602 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analyze the scientific basis and methodology used by the German MAK Commission in their recommendations for exposure limits and carcinogen classification of "granular biopersistent particles without known specific toxicity" (GBS). These recommendations are under review at the European Union level. We examine the scientific assumptions in an attempt to reproduce the results. MAK's human equivalent concentrations (HECs) are based on a particle mass and on a volumetric model in which results from rat inhalation studies are translated to derive occupational exposure limits (OELs) and a carcinogen classification. METHODS We followed the methods as proposed by the MAK Commission and Pauluhn 2011. We also examined key assumptions in the metrics, such as surface area of the human lung, deposition fractions of inhaled dusts, human clearance rates; and risk of lung cancer among workers, presumed to have some potential for lung overload, the physiological condition in rats associated with an increase in lung cancer risk. RESULTS The MAK recommendations on exposure limits for GBS have numerous incorrect assumptions that adversely affect the final results. The procedures to derive the respirable occupational exposure limit (OEL) could not be reproduced, a finding raising considerable scientific uncertainty about the reliability of the recommendations. Moreover, the scientific basis of using the rat model is confounded by the fact that rats and humans show different cellular responses to inhaled particles as demonstrated by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) studies in both species. CONCLUSION Classifying all GBS as carcinogenic to humans based on rat inhalation studies in which lung overload leads to chronic inflammation and cancer is inappropriate. Studies of workers, who have been exposed to relevant levels of dust, have not indicated an increase in lung cancer risk. Using the methods proposed by the MAK, we were unable to reproduce the OEL for GBS recommended by the Commission, but identified substantial errors in the models. Considerable shortcomings in the use of lung surface area, clearance rates, deposition fractions; as well as using the mass and volumetric metrics as opposed to the particle surface area metric limit the scientific reliability of the proposed GBS OEL and carcinogen classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Morfeld
- Institute for Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment of Evonik Industries, AG Rellinghauser Straße 1-11, Essen, 45128, Germany.
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Preventive Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Joachim Bruch
- University Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Essen, Germany.
- IBE GmbH, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Len Levy
- Cranfield University, ᅟ, Cranfield, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Ross Myerson
- Department of Occupational Health, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.
- The George Washington University School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Robert J McCunney
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Kreyling WG, Semmler-Behnke M, Takenaka S, Möller W. Differences in the biokinetics of inhaled nano- versus micrometer-sized particles. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:714-22. [PMID: 22980029 DOI: 10.1021/ar300043r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Researchers need to study the biokinetics of inhaled biopersistent nano- and micrometer-sized particles (NPs and μPs) to assess their toxicity and to develop an understanding of their potential risks. When particles are inhaled, they do not necessarily remain at their sites of deposition in the respiratory tract. Instead they can undergo numerous transport processes within the various tissues of the lungs, including clearance from the lungs. In this context, we would like to understand how the biokinetic studies performed in animals can be extrapolated to humans. Interestingly, the particle retention is much shorter in rodent lungs and declines much faster than it does in human, simian, and canine lungs. The predominant long-term clearance pathway for both NPs and μPs in humans and other animal species is macrophage-mediated particle transport from the peripheral lungs toward ciliated airways and the larynx. However, the transport rate is 10 times higher in rodents than in other species. In addition to particle clearance out of the lung, we also observe particle redistribution from the epithelium toward and within the interstitium and lymph nodes of the lung and particle translocation to blood circulation leading to subsequent accumulation in secondary organs. While μPs have limited access to interstitial spaces in the rodent lungs, NPs rapidly relocate in the epithelium and the underlying interstitium. By contrast, indirect evidence shows that both NPs and μPs are relocated into the epithelium and interstitial spaces of the human, simian, and canine lungs. Only NPs translocate into the circulatory system and subsequently accumulate in the secondary organs and tissues of the body. Translocated NP fractions are rather low, but they depend strongly on the physicochemical properties of the NP and their surface properties. Growing evidence indicates that the binding and conjugation of proteins to NPs play an essential role in translocation across cellular membranes and organ barriers. In summary, particle biokinetics result from a multitude of highly dynamic processes, which depend not only on physicochemical properties of the particles but also on a multitude of cellular and molecular responses and interactions. Given the rather small accumulation in secondary organs after acute inhalation exposures, it appears likely that adverse effects caused by NPs accumulated in secondary organs may only occur after chronic exposure over extended time periods. Therefore adverse health effects in secondary organs such as the cardiovascular system that are associated with chronic exposure of ambient urban air pollution are less likely to result from particle translocation. Instead, chronic particle inhalation could trigger or modulate the autonomous nervous system or the release of soluble mediators into circulation leading to adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang G. Kreyling
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center—Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Focus Network Nanoparticles and Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München−German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Semmler-Behnke
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center—Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Focus Network Nanoparticles and Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München−German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Shinji Takenaka
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center—Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Focus Network Nanoparticles and Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München−German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Winfried Möller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center—Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Focus Network Nanoparticles and Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München−German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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9
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Geiser M. Update on Macrophage Clearance of Inhaled Micro- and Nanoparticles. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2010; 23:207-17. [DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2009.0797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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10
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Appelboam R, Williams MP, Duffy MR. Sand aspiration: a case report and review of the radiological features and management. Anaesthesia 2010; 65:848-54. [PMID: 20569250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of severe sand aspiration in association with near-drowning, which led to respiratory failure secondary to the acute respiratory distress syndrome, necessitating mechanical ventilation, repeated therapeutic bronchoscopic lavage, and a stay in the intensive care unit that exceeded one month.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Appelboam
- Department of Radiology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK.
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11
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Geiser M, Kreyling WG. Deposition and biokinetics of inhaled nanoparticles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2010; 7:2. [PMID: 20205860 PMCID: PMC2826283 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Particle biokinetics is important in hazard identification and characterization of inhaled particles. Such studies intend to convert external to internal exposure or biologically effective dose, and may help to set limits in that way. Here we focus on the biokinetics of inhaled nanometer sized particles in comparison to micrometer sized ones.The presented approach ranges from inhaled particle deposition probability and retention in the respiratory tract to biokinetics and clearance of particles out of the respiratory tract. Particle transport into the blood circulation (translocation), towards secondary target organs and tissues (accumulation), and out of the body (clearance) is considered. The macroscopically assessed amount of particles in the respiratory tract and secondary target organs provides dose estimates for toxicological studies on the level of the whole organism. Complementary, microscopic analyses at the individual particle level provide detailed information about which cells and subcellular components are the target of inhaled particles. These studies contribute to shed light on mechanisms and modes of action eventually leading to adverse health effects by inhaled nanoparticles.We review current methods for macroscopic and microscopic analyses of particle deposition, retention and clearance. Existing macroscopic knowledge on particle biokinetics and microscopic views on particle organ interactions are discussed comparing nanometer and micrometer sized particles. We emphasize the importance for quantitative analyses and the use of particle doses derived from real world exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Geiser
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang G Kreyling
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Focus-Network Nanoparticles and Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
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Dickie R, Tasat DR, Alanis EF, Delfosse V, Tsuda A. Age-dependent changes in porcine alveolar macrophage function during the postnatal period of alveolarization. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:145-51. [PMID: 18775449 PMCID: PMC2614363 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During early postnatal ontogeny in most mammals, the lung is structurally and functionally immature. In some species with relatively altricial lung morphology, there is evidence of a coupling between functional maturity of the pulmonary cellular immune system and alveolar maturation. Herein, we examine changes in alveolar macrophage (AM) number and function occurring during alveolarization in a more precocial species, the pig, to determine if heightened oxidative metabolism and phagocytic ability is similarly delayed until completion of lung morphogenesis. We assessed cell differential in lavage fluid and evaluated two main functional parameters of AM phagocytic response, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and particle internalization. AM functional maturation occurred mainly during the first postnatal week: the proportion of AMs, ROS generation, and phagocytosis all increased significantly. These results suggest maturational improvement of the impaired AM-based pulmonary immune system of the neonate piglet occurs during the postnatal period of rapid alveolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dickie
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Semmler-Behnke M, Takenaka S, Fertsch S, Wenk A, Seitz J, Mayer P, Oberdörster G, Kreyling WG. Efficient elimination of inhaled nanoparticles from the alveolar region: evidence for interstitial uptake and subsequent reentrainment onto airways epithelium. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:728-33. [PMID: 17520060 PMCID: PMC1867986 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is ongoing discussion that inhaled nanoparticles (NPs, < 100 nm) may translocate from epithelial deposition sites of the lungs to systemic circulation. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We studied the disappearance of NPs from the epithelium by sequential lung retention and clearance and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) measurements in healthy adult Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats at various times over 6 months after administration of a single 60- to 100-min intratracheal inhalation of iridium-192 ((192)Ir)-radiolabeled NPs. A complete (192)Ir balance of all organs, tissues, excretion, remaining carcass, and BAL was performed at each time point. RESULTS Directly after inhalation we found free NPs in the BAL; later, NPs were predominantly associated with alveolar macropages (AMs). After 3 weeks, lavageable NP fractions decreased to 0.06 of the actual NP lung burden. This is in stark contrast to the AM-associated fraction of micron-sized particles reported in the literature. These particles remained constant at about 0.8 throughout a 6-month period. Three weeks after inhalation, 80% of the retained Ir NPs was translocated into epithelium and interstitium. CONCLUSION There is a strong size-selective difference in particle immobilization. Furthermore, AM-mediated NP transport to the larynx originates not only from the NP fraction retained on the epithelium but also from NPs being reentrained from the interstitium to the luminal side of epithelium. We conclude that NPs are much less phagocytized by AMs than large particles but are effectively removed from the lung surface into the interstitium. Even from these interstitial sites, they undergo AM-mediated long-term NP clearance to the larynx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Semmler-Behnke
- GSF - National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Inhalation Biology, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
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Wilt JL, Banks DE, Weissman DN, Parker JE, Vallyathan V, Castranova V, Dedhia HV, Stulken E, Ma JK, Ma JY, Cruzzavala J, Shumaker J, Childress CP, Lapp NL. Reduction of lung dust burden in pneumoconiosis by whole-lung lavage. J Occup Environ Med 1996; 38:619-24. [PMID: 8794962 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-199606000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pneumoconioses are characterized as irreversible, progressive respiratory diseases. No effective therapy exists to prevent progression of these diseases. Whole-lung lavage (WLL) might limit the rate of disease progression through the removal of dust, inflammatory cells, and cytokines. We performed WLL on a 54-year-old underground miner employed as a motorman and roof bolter and a 55-year-old driller at a surface coal mine. Both demonstrated normal lung function and chest radiographs showing ILO profusion category 2 nodular interstitial changes. From Subject 1, we recovered 5.24 x 10(8) cells (90% macrophages) from the right lung and 3.45 x 10(8) cells (94% macrophages) from the left lung. WLL removed 1.82 g of mineral dust (non-coal) on the right and 1.64 g on the left. From Subject 2, we recovered 7.49 x 10(8) cells (46% macrophages) from the right and 9.78 x 10(8) cells (69% macrophages) from the left lung. WLL removed 0.40 g of mineral dust on the right and 0.53 g on the left. Proinflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and cellular enzymes were also recovered. In cases of pneumoconiosis, WLL is capable of removing relatively large quantities of dust, cells, and soluble materials from the lungs. Only long-term follow-ups of individuals with progressive dust-induced disease who receive WLL therapy in the context of a clinical trial will provide information regarding the importance of removing mineral dust and inflammatory cells from the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wilt
- Department of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown WVa 26506-9166, USA
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