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Hanamoto S, Fujimoto Y, Sugiura K, Haga T. Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Livestock in Japan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2025; 6:3. [PMID: 39982255 PMCID: PMC11844002 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2024] [Revised: 01/01/2025] [Accepted: 01/04/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important health issue that is estimated to have caused 130,000 deaths worldwide in 2021. As more instances of cross-species transmission of MRSA have been reported, concerns have been raised regarding the spread of livestock-associated MRSA to humans. The prevalence of MRSA in livestock varies globally. This study systematically reviews the prevalence of MRSA at the farm and animal levels in Japan. Methods: Relevant studies published in English or Japanese between 2000 and 2023 were retrieved from four databases. Pooled prevalences at the farm and animal levels in Japanese farms were calculated using a random-effects model. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were also performed to explore sources of heterogeneity. Results: The 13 studies included in this meta-analysis yielded an MRSA prevalence of 3.54% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-8.30%) at the individual pig level, 13.07% (95% CI 5.42-23.04%) at the pig farm level, 0.0% (95% CI 0.00-0.04%) at the individual cattle level, and 0% (95% CI 0.00-0.44%) at the individual chicken level. A significant increase in MRSA prevalence over time was evident at the individual pig level by both subgroup analysis (p = 0.020) and meta-regression (p = 0.019). Conclusions: Our results indicated that the proportion of pigs that can be a source of MRSA infection in humans has been steadily increasing in Japan. Despite some limitations, our findings strongly imply a need for more attention to pig-to-human MRSA transmission in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayoko Hanamoto
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
| | - Yuri Fujimoto
- Laboratory of OSG Veterinary Science for Global Disease Management, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sugiura
- Laboratory of Environmental Science for Sustainable Development, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
- Laboratory of OSG Veterinary Science for Global Disease Management, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Verkola M, Takala M, Nykäsenoja S, Olkkola S, Kurittu P, Kiljunen S, Tuomala H, Järvinen A, Heikinheimo A. Low-level colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs is maintained by slowly evolving, closely related strains in Finnish pig farms. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:34. [PMID: 36461079 PMCID: PMC9716547 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past two decades, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has become widely prevalent in pig production in Europe. The carriage status of LA-MRSA is known to vary among individual pigs, but bacterial load in pigs has rarely been studied. We assessed the quantity of LA-MRSA in nasal and skin samples of pigs and investigated the genetic diversity of the strains together with sequenced strains from national surveillance and pathology samples from the Finnish Food Authority. On two farms with assumed MRSA-positive status, farm 1 and farm 2, 10 healthy pigs were sampled three times during 2 weeks from the nares and skin (study A). On farm 1, 54 additional pigs were sampled and from confirmed MRSA-positive animals, 10 were randomly selected and transported to a clean, controlled environment for further sampling (study B). From the samples taken on farms 1 and 2 and in the controlled environment, MRSA was isolated both by direct plating and enrichment on selective media. spa types, multilocus sequence types, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types, resistance and virulence genes were determined. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) analysis was performed, including the sequences deriving from the surveillance/pathology samples from the Finnish Food Authority. RESULTS All pigs on farm 1 carried LA-MRSA in the nares at all three time points and five pigs on farm 2 at one time point. Nasal quantity varied between 10 and 103 CFU/swab and quantity on the skin between 10 and 102 CFU/swab. In the controlled environment, MRSA was detected in at least one of the nasal samples from each animal. spa type t034 was predominant. cgMLST showed one cluster with minimum allele differences between 0 and 11. CONCLUSIONS The study shows predominantly low-level carriage (< 103 CFU/swab) of LA-MRSA on farms. In the controlled environment we observed a decline in nasal carriage but constant skin carriage. cgMLST showed that strains of spa type t034 are closely related at the national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Verkola
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ,grid.509946.70000 0004 9290 2959Laboratory and Research Division, Microbiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, P.O. Box 200, 00027 Finnish Food Authority Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Takala
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Nykäsenoja
- grid.509946.70000 0004 9290 2959Laboratory and Research Division, Microbiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, P.O. Box 200, 00027 Finnish Food Authority Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Olkkola
- grid.509946.70000 0004 9290 2959Laboratory and Research Division, Microbiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, P.O. Box 200, 00027 Finnish Food Authority Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Kurittu
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saija Kiljunen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014 University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henni Tuomala
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00014 University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Asko Järvinen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 340, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ,grid.509946.70000 0004 9290 2959Laboratory and Research Division, Microbiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, P.O. Box 200, 00027 Finnish Food Authority Helsinki, Finland
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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Aerts M, Battisti A, Hendriksen R, Larsen J, Nilsson O, Abrahantes JC, Guerra B, Papanikolaou A, Beloeil P. Technical specifications for a baseline survey on the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in pigs. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07620. [PMID: 36267542 PMCID: PMC9579990 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested scientific and technical assistance in the preparation of a EU-wide baseline survey protocol for a European Union (EU) coordinated monitoring programme on the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) in pigs. The objective of the survey is to estimate the MRSA prevalence in batches of fattening pigs at slaughter at both European and national levels, with a 95% level of confidence and a level of precision of 10% considering an expected prevalence of 50%. The survey protocol defines the target population, the sample size for the survey, sample collection requirements, the analytical methods (for isolation, identification, phenotypic susceptibility testing and further genotypic testing of MRSA isolates), the data reporting requirements and the plan of analysis. The samples are to be analysed according to the laboratory protocols available on the European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL-AR) website. Generalised linear models will be used to estimate proportion (with 95% confidence intervals) of batches of slaughter pigs tested positive to MRSA. The necessary data to be reported by the EU Member States to support this baseline survey are presented in three data models. The results of the survey should be reported using the EFSA data collection framework.
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Sasaki Y, Aoki K, Ishii Y, Tamura Y, Asai T. First isolation of ST398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IVd from pig ears in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1211-1215. [PMID: 35811131 PMCID: PMC9523295 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and increasing prevalence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) are a global concern. To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of sequence type 398 (ST398) MRSA in pig ears, 102 pig's ears were collected from 102 animals shipped from 51 farms at an abattoir. Eight ST398 MRSA isolates were isolated from the ears of eight pigs shipped from seven farms. Of the eight ST398 isolates, seven had the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IVd and these were obtained from seven pigs shipped from six farms. Single nucleotide polymorphisms ranging from 13 to 26 were observed in the core-genome regions in the seven SCCmec type IVd isolates. We believe that this is the first report on the isolation of ST398 MRSA SCCmec type IVd in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sasaki
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences.,Department of Applied Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University
| | - Kotaro Aoki
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Toho University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshikazu Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Toho University School of Medicine
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH)
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Guo Y, Ryan U, Feng Y, Xiao L. Association of Common Zoonotic Pathogens With Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:810142. [PMID: 35082774 PMCID: PMC8784678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.810142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal farming has intensified significantly in recent decades, with the emergence of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in industrialized nations. The congregation of susceptible animals in CAFOs can lead to heavy environmental contamination with pathogens, promoting the emergence of hyper-transmissible, and virulent pathogens. As a result, CAFOs have been associated with emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, hepatitis E virus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Streptococcus suis, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Cryptosporidium parvum in farm animals. This has led to increased transmission of zoonotic pathogens in humans and changes in disease patterns in general communities. They are exemplified by the common occurrence of outbreaks of illnesses through direct and indirect contact with farm animals, and wide occurrence of similar serotypes or subtypes in both humans and farm animals in industrialized nations. Therefore, control measures should be developed to slow down the dispersal of zoonotic pathogens associated with CAFOs and prevent the emergence of new pathogens of epidemic and pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the occurrence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in batches of pigs at slaughter and at different stages along the slaughter line. Nasal and ear skin swabs were collected from 105 batches of 10 pigs at six abattoirs. Cultures (pooled or individual) were performed for MRSA using selective media; presumptive MRSA were confirmed by mecA and nuc gene detection and a selection was spa-typed. MRSA was detected in 46 batches. All spa-types detected were those associated with LA-MRSA clonal complex 398. The proportion of positive batches varied among abattoirs (0–100%). Two abattoirs were subsequently further investigated, with samples taken at post-stunning, chiller and either at lairage or post-singe. Results suggested cross-contamination occurred between the lairage and point of post-stunning, but the slaughter processes appeared effective at reducing contamination before carcases entered the chiller. One abattoir provided only negative samples in the initial study and in the subsequent study along the slaughter line (26 batches in total), suggesting differences possibly in the MRSA status of pigs on arrival from supply farms or in its abattoir practices affecting the MRSA status of pigs at the sampling points. This study highlights that in the investigated abattoirs, MRSA was detected in 43.8% of batches of pigs at slaughter using sensitive selective culture methods.
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