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Balakirev AE, Abramov AV, Phuong BX, Rozhnov VV. Natural Diversity and Phylogeny of Asian Red-Cheeked Squirrels (Rodentia, Sciuridae, Dremomys) in Eastern Indochina. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Based on new molecular data for mitochondrial (Cyt b) and nuclear (IRBP, RAG1) genes, as well as an extensive analysis of morphological material, we accessed actual species taxonomy and relationships among Asian red-cheeked squirrels Dremomys distributed in eastern Indochina and southern China. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that Asian red-cheeked squirrels, which are currently attributed to D. rufigenis, are not homogenic but instead consisted of two independent species-level clades—northern and south-central. The latter clade was additionally subdivided into two highly divergent clades based on Cyt b gene phylogeny. In spite of multidimensional statistics approach applied (PCA) only minor cranial differences were found between populations of study what lay a basis to treat it as cryptic species. Based on our findings, red-cheeked squirrels inhabit northern Vietnam and southern China, which are usually attributed to D. rufigenis, should be treated as distinct genetic species D. ornatus Thomas, 1914. In ones turn, based on its peculiar external morphology we can attribute the specimens from southern and central Vietnam to D. rufigenis proper and treat them as D. rufigenisfuscus Bonhote, 1907 and D. r. laomache Bonhote, 1921, respectively.
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Endo H, Nguyen TS, Nguyen DD, Sasaki M, Kimura J, Oshida T, Yago M, Ly NT, Nguyen TT, Motokawa M. Zoogeographical barriers causing discontinuous osteometrical variations in the northern treeshrew skulls. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1534-1544. [PMID: 34380913 PMCID: PMC8569870 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological variation of the skull was examined in the northern treeshrew
(Tupaia belangeri) from various localities across Southeast Asia.
Through a multivariate analysis, the treeshrews from South Vietnam exhibited distinct
morphological characteristics compared to other populations from Thailand and Laos, and
Malaysia. The plots of the specimens of North Vietnam are not randomly mixed with Thailand
plots segregation in the scatteregrams of canonical discriminant analysis. Since the
skulls of the population from North Vietnam were morphologically similar to those form
central Laos and northern and northeastern Thailand, the zoogeographical barrier effect of
Mekong River was not clearly confirmed. The population of the Kanchanaburi in western
Thailand is clearly smaller in size compared to the other populations. The southern border
of the distribution of this species is determined by the Isthmus of Kra or Kangar-Pattani
Line. In the northern treeshrew, which is distributed from southern China to Bangladesh
and southern Thailand, we have detected osteometrical geographical variation driven by
geography. These results indicate that the skull morphology in the Tupaia
glis-belangeri complex distinctively differs in South Vietnam, western
Thailand, and southern Thailand. The zoogeographical barrier and factor separating these
districts are expected to clarify in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Endo
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
| | - Truong Son Nguyen
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology.,Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Dinh Duy Nguyen
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Motoki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Junpei Kimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University
| | - Tatsuo Oshida
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Masaya Yago
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ngoc Tu Ly
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Thi Tham Nguyen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University.,Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University
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Hawkins MTR, Helgen KM, Maldonado JE, Rockwood LL, Tsuchiya MTN, Leonard JA. Phylogeny, biogeography and systematic revision of plain long-nosed squirrels (genus Dremomys, Nannosciurinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 94:752-764. [PMID: 26524259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The plain long-nosed squirrels, genus Dremomys, are high elevation species in East and Southeast Asia. Here we present a complete molecular phylogeny for the genus based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Concatenated mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees were constructed to determine the tree topology, and date the tree. All speciation events within the plain-long nosed squirrels (genus Dremomys) were ancient (dated to the Pliocene or Miocene), and averaged older than many speciation events in the related Sunda squirrels, genus Sundasciurus. Within the plain long-nosed squirrels, the most recent interspecific split occurred 2.9 million years ago, older than some splits within Sunda squirrels, which dated to the Pleistocene. Our results demonstrate that the plain long-nosed squirrels are not monophyletic. The single species with a distinct distribution, the Bornean mountain ground squirrel (Dremomys everetti), which is endemic to the high mountains of Borneo, is nested within the Sunda squirrels with high support. This species diverged from its sister taxa in the Sunda squirrels 6.62 million years ago, and other plain long-nosed squirrels over 11 million years ago. Our analyses of morphological traits in these related genera support the re-classification of the Bornean mountain ground squirrel, Dremomys everetti, to the genus Sundasciurus, which changes its name to Sundasciurus everetti. Past inclusion in the plain long-nosed squirrels (Dremomys) reflects convergent evolution between these high elevation species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T R Hawkins
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, National Zoological Park, Washington DC 20008, USA; Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, Sevilla 41092, Spain; George Mason University, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 20030, USA.
| | - Kristofer M Helgen
- Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Jesus E Maldonado
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, National Zoological Park, Washington DC 20008, USA; Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Larry L Rockwood
- George Mason University, Department of Biology, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 20030, USA
| | - Mirian T N Tsuchiya
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, National Zoological Park, Washington DC 20008, USA; Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA; George Mason University, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 20030, USA
| | - Jennifer A Leonard
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, Sevilla 41092, Spain
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Nguyen ST, Motokawa M, Oshida T, Endo H. A morphological analysis of the skull size and shape of Kerivoulinae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Vietnam. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:187-98. [PMID: 26346743 PMCID: PMC4785106 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Southeast Asia is a region of high biodiversity, containing species of plants and animals that are yet to be
discovered. In this region, bats of the subfamily Kerivoulinae are widespread and diverse with six species
recorded in Vietnam. However, the taxonomy of the Kerivoulinae in Asia is complicated. In our study, we used
diagnostic characters and multivariate analysis to determine morphological differences between the genera
Kerivoula and Phoniscus. We showed that the two genera are distinguishable
by the size of second upper incisors, the shape of skull, nasal sinus, canines, second upper and lower
premolars. In addition, the two genera can be osteometrically separated by measurements of the braincase
height, interorbital width and shape of anterior palatal emargination. Our data clearly revealed the
morphological variations in the skull shape of Kerivoula hardwickii in Vietnam. This suggests
a possible separation into three morphotypes, representing cryptic species supported by statistical
differences with wide variation in skull shape, size and teeth. These results demonstrated Kerivoula
hardwickii can be separated three subspecies, and the result will serve as the basis for the future
assessment and classification of this group in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Truong Nguyen
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Koyabu DB, Oshida T, Dang NX, Can DN, Kimura J, Sasaki M, Motokawa M, Son NT, Hayashida A, Shintaku Y, Endo H. Craniodental mechanics and the feeding ecology of two sympatric callosciurine squirrels in Vietnam. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li S, Yu F, Yang S, Wang Y, Jiang X, McGuire PM, Feng Q, Yang J. Molecular phylogeny of five species ofDremomys(Rodentia: Sciuridae), inferred from cytochromebgene sequences. ZOOL SCR 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Endo H, Hayashida A, Fukuta K. Multivariate analyses of the skull size and shape in the five geographical populations of the lesser false vampire. MAMMAL STUDY 2007. [DOI: 10.3106/1348-6160(2007)32[23:maotss]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hayashida A, Endo H, Sasaki M, Oshida T, Kimura J, Waengsothorn S, Kitamura N, Yamada J. Geographical Variation in Skull Morphology of Gray-Bellied Squirrel Callosciurus caniceps. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:149-57. [PMID: 17339759 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographical variation of the gray-bellied squirrel (Callosciurus caniceps) was examined using osteometry of skull in Southeast Asia. From the principal component analysis (PCA), the plots of the northern localities from Nan to Kanchanaburi and those of the southern localities from Narathiwat to Kuala Lumpur in male were completely separated. In female, the plots of the locality from Uttradit to Kanchanaburi and those of the locality from Pattani to Negri Sembilan were completely separated. We called these northern localities and southern localities which are distinguished by the PCA as N group and S group. The size and shape of the skulls of these squirrels indicated the differences between N group and S group from t-test and U-test. These results may be influenced by the two transitions of the phytogeography around the southernmost locality in N group and the northernmost locality in S group in the peninsular Thailand and Malay Peninsula. Localities which are located between N and S groups were called the Middle (M) group. From the PCA among N, S groups and each locality of M group, the plots of localities such as Prachuap Khiri Khan, Chumphon, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat and Trang in both sexes of M group could not be separated from those of N and S groups. We suggest that the sympatric distribution of N and S groups and the hybrid of N and S populations may be seen in these localities of M group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hayashida
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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Endo H, Tsuchiya K. A new species of Ryukyu spiny rat, Tokudaia (Muridae: Rodentia), from Tokunoshima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. MAMMAL STUDY 2006. [DOI: 10.3106/1348-6160(2006)31[47:ansors]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Endo H, Fukuta K, Kimura J, Sasaki M, Hayashi Y, Oshida T. Phylogenetic relationships among populations of the mouse deer in the Southeast Asian Region from the nucleotide sequence of cytochrome b gene. MAMMAL STUDY 2004. [DOI: 10.3106/mammalstudy.29.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Endo H, Kimura J, Oshida T, Stafford BJ, Rerkamnuaychoke W, Nishida T, Sasaki M, Hayashida A, Hayashi Y. Geographical Variation of Skull Size and Shape in Various Populations in the Black Giant Squirrel. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:1213-8. [PMID: 15528851 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We osteometrically examined the skulls of the black giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) from three mainland populations (M. Malayan Peninsula, V. South Vietnam, and B. Burma, India and North Thailand) and from two island populations (T. Tioman, and S. Sumatra Islands). The skull in the Malayan peninsula population was significantly smaller than that of the two other mainland populations. It is consistent with Bergmann's rule as shown in the gray-bellied squirrel. The two island populations did not show obvious differences in comparison with the Malayan population in many measurements. In the proportion analysis eliminating the size factor, the differences among populations were not easily confirmed and we concluded that the osteological characters peculiar to each population could not be shown in this species. The first and second principal component scores of M, S, and T populations were intermingled, whereas the V and B populations of V and B were not separated in the chart. We pointed out that the morphological differences were demonstrated between northern and southern groups of the Isthmus of Kra in the mainland populations, and that the two island populations did not show the island-isolation effect in comparison with the M population. The adaptational variation related to feeding and locomotion could not be confirmed among populations of the black giant squirrel as shown in the proportion analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Endo
- Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan
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