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Singha S, Koop G, Rahman MM, Ceciliani F, Addis MF, Howlader MMR, Hossain MK, Piccinini R, Locatelli C, Persson Y, Bronzo V. Pathogen group-specific risk factors for intramammary infection in water buffalo. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299929. [PMID: 38573969 PMCID: PMC10994383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of intramammary infection (IMI) associated bacteria and to identify risk factors for pathogen group-specific IMI in water buffalo in Bangladesh. A California Mastitis Test (CMT) and bacteriological cultures were performed on 1,374 quarter milk samples collected from 763 water buffalo from 244 buffalo farms in nine districts in Bangladesh. Quarter, buffalo, and farm-related data were obtained through questionnaires and visual observations. A total of 618 quarter samples were found to be culture positive. Non-aureus staphylococci were the predominant IMI-associated bacterial species, and Staphylococcus (S.) chromogenes, S. hyicus, and S. epidermidis were the most common bacteria found. The proportion of non-aureus staphylococci or Mammaliicoccus sciuri (NASM), S. aureus, and other bacterial species identified in the buffalo quarter samples varied between buffalo farms. Therefore, different management practices, buffalo breeding factors, and nutrition were considered and further analyzed when estimating the IMI odds ratio (OR). The odds of IMI by any pathogen (OR: 1.8) or by NASM (OR: 2.2) was high in buffalo herds with poor milking hygiene. Poor cleanliness of the hind quarters had a high odds of IMI caused by any pathogen (OR: 2.0) or NASM (OR: 1.9). Twice daily milking (OR: 3.1) and farms with buffalo purchased from another herd (OR: 2.0) were associated with IMI by any pathogen. Asymmetrical udders were associated with IMI-caused by any bacteria (OR: 1.7). A poor body condition score showed higher odds of IMI by any pathogen (OR: 1.4) or by NASM (OR: 1.7). This study shows that the prevalence of IMI in water buffalo was high and varied between farms. In accordance with the literature, our data highlight that IMI can be partly controlled through better farm management, primarily by improving hygiene, milking management, breeding, and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvo Singha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Gerrit Koop
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Sustainable Ruminant Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Md. Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Md. Matiar Rahman Howlader
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Kawser Hossain
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Clara Locatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Ylva Persson
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish Veterinary Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
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Zia S, Peng S, Bashir A, Kausar T, Khan SR, Muneer A, Nawaz A, Alnajjar LI, Saeed M, Alshammari N, Aqib AI, Li K. Resistance Modulation of Individual and Polymicrobial Culture of S. aureus and E. coli through Nanoparticle-Coupled Antibiotics. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2988. [PMID: 38001988 PMCID: PMC10669891 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial mastitis is now becoming very common in dairy animals, resulting in exaggerated resistance to multiple antibiotics. The current study was executed to find drug responses in individual and mixed Culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from milk samples, as well as to evaluate the antibacterial potential of tungsten oxide nanoparticles. These isolates (alone and in mixed culture) were further processed for their responses to antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. On the other hand, tungsten oxide WO3 (W) nanoparticles coupled with antibiotics (ampicillin, A, and oxytetracycline, O) were prepared through the chemical method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-visible techniques. The preparations consisting of nanoparticles alone (W) and coupled with ampicillin (WA) and oxytetracycline (WO) were tested against individual and mixed Culture through the well diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The findings of the current study showed the highest resistance in E. coli was against penicillin (60%) and ampicillin (50%), while amikacin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and oxytetracycline were the most effective antibiotics. S. aureus showed the highest resistance against penicillin (50%), oxytetracycline (40%), and ciprofloxacin (40%), while, except for ampicillin, the sensitive strains of S. aureus were in the range of 40-60% against the rest of antibiotics. The highest zones of inhibition (ZOI) against mixed Culture were shown by imipenem and ampicillin, whereas the highest percentage decrease in ZOI was noted in cases of ciprofloxacin (-240%) and gentamicin (-119.4%) in comparison to individual Culture of S. aureus and E. coli. It was noteworthy that the increase in ZOI was not more than 38% against mixed Culture as compared to the individual Culture. On the other hand, there was a significant reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nanoparticle-coupled antibiotics compared to nanoparticles alone for individual and mixed-culture bacteria, while MICs in the case of mixed Culture remained consistently high throughout the trial. This study therefore concluded that diverse drug resistance was present in both individual and mixed-culture bacteria, whereas the application of tungsten oxide nanoparticle-coupled antibiotics proved to be an effective candidate in reversing the drug resistance in bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Zia
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (S.Z.); (S.P.)
- Department of Zoology, The Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur 61300, Pakistan;
| | - Song Peng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (S.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Arslan Bashir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan (S.R.K.)
| | - Tasleem Kausar
- Department of Zoology, The Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur 61300, Pakistan;
| | - Shanza Rauf Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan (S.R.K.)
| | - Afshan Muneer
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Attia Nawaz
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Lina I. Alnajjar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail 34464, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Nawaf Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail 34464, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Amjad Islam Aqib
- Department of Medicine, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Kun Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (S.Z.); (S.P.)
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Dawadi P, Odari R, Poudel RC, Pokhrel LR, Bhatt LR. Isolation of Lactococcus garvieae NEP21 from raw cow (Bos indicus) milk in Nepal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160641. [PMID: 36470377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is an emerging zoonotic pathogen impacting both humans and animals. Infection of this bacterium is known to cause mastitis in cattle, and endocarditis, osteomyelitis, liver abscess, and gastrointestinal problems are reported in immunocompromised and elderly people that regularly consume or handle raw meat, milk, dairy products, and seafood. This study aimed at investigating and detecting lactic acid bacteria in raw cow (Bos indicus) milk samples from a smallholder farm in Nepal. Based on the plate culture, biochemical tests, and molecular sequencing of 16 s ribosomal RNA coding nuclear DNA region followed by phenotypic and genotypic analyses, L. garvieae NEP21 was detected and identified for the first time in Nepal in raw cow milk samples. This finding suggests the prevalence of L. garvieae NEP21 in raw cow milk and recommends further research and surveillance for understanding the extent of its presence in Nepal and globally for informed management of its infection in cattle and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabin Dawadi
- Biological Resource Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ranjeeta Odari
- Molecular Biotechnology Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ram Chandra Poudel
- Molecular Biotechnology Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Lok R Pokhrel
- Department of Public Health, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Lok Ranjan Bhatt
- Biological Resource Unit, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.
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Changes in the lipidome of water buffalo milk during intramammary infection by non-aureus Staphylococci. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9665. [PMID: 35690599 PMCID: PMC9188581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the lipidome of water buffalo milk with intramammary infection (IMI) by non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), also defined as coagulase-negative staphylococci, using an untargeted lipidomic approach. Non-aureus Staphylococci are the most frequently isolated pathogens from dairy water buffalo milk during mastitis. A total of 17 milk samples from quarters affected by NAS-IMI were collected, and the lipidome was determined by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results were compared with the lipidome determined on samples collected from 16 healthy quarters. The study identified 1934 different lipids, which were classified into 15 classes. The abundance of 72 lipids changed in NAS-IMI milk compared to healthy quarters. Significant changes occurred primarily in the class of free fatty acids. The results of this study provided first-time insight into the lipidome of dairy water buffalo milk. Moreover, the present findings provide evidence that NAS-IMI induces changes in water buffalo milk's lipidome.
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Staphylococcal Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Animals of Chitwan, Nepal. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical mastitis (SCM), the asymptomatic inflammation of breast tissue, is the most common form of mastitis in livestock. SCM prevalence and risk factors in dairy animals in Western Chitwan, Bagmati Province, Nepal, were the primary objectives of this study. Out of 243 dairy animals, 104 representing 42.8% were positive for SCM in the California mastitis test (CMT) in the study area. At the quarter level, out of 972 active quarters tested for SCM, 188 (19.3%) were positive to CMT test. The prevalence of Staphylococcal SCM was 39.92% (97/243) and 18.21% (177/972) at animal level and quarter level, respectively. Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CNS) (46.33%) was the most prevalent Staphylococcus to cause SCM at quarter level. While at animal level, SCM due to occurrence of both S. aureus and CNS (36.08%) in an individual was more common. High susceptibility towards Amikacin, Ceftriaxone and Gentamicin was seen against both isolates. Low resistance against Amikacin and Ceftriaxone was seen against both isolates. Ciprofloxacin (41.2% vs 27.4%) and Gentamicin (37.8% vs 23.2%) were more resistance towards CNS whereas Enrofloxacin (41.1% vs 25.2%) and Tetracycline (36.8% vs 15.1%) were more resistant towards S. aureus. Older aged, multiparous and late lactating animals had the highest prevalence of staphylococcal SCM i.e., 58.1%, 56% and 52.6%, respectively. The study concludes that there is a high prevalence of Staphylococcal SCM in Western Chitwan, Nepal. CNS is the most common mastitis pathogen. Increased antimicrobial resistance to S. aureus and CNS could be the result of the indiscriminate use of antibiotic drugs without an antibiotic susceptibility test (AST). This study emphasizes the importance of ongoing antibiotic surveillance, excellent farm and animal hygiene, and suitable housing and feeding management.
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Shrestha A, Bhattarai RK, Luitel H, Karki S, Basnet HB. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and pattern of antimicrobial resistance in mastitis milk of cattle in Chitwan, Nepal. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:239. [PMID: 34233667 PMCID: PMC8262063 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The threat of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) exists globally and has been listed as a priority pathogen by the World Health Organization. One of the sources of MRSA emergence is livestock and its products, often raised in poor husbandry conditions. There are limited studies in Nepal to understand the prevalence of MRSA in dairy animals and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Chitwan, one of the major milk-producing districts of Nepal, from February 2018 to September 2019 to estimate the prevalence of MRSA in milk samples and its AMR profile. The collected milk samples (n = 460) were screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and positive samples were subjected to microbiological analysis to isolate and identify S. aureus. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to identify the presence of the mecA gene and screen for MRSA. Results In total, 41.5% (191/460) of milk samples were positive in the CMT test. Out of 191 CMT positive milk samples, the biochemical tests showed that the prevalence of S. aureus was 15.2% (29/191). Among the 29 S. aureus isolates, 6.9% (2/29) were identified as MRSA based on the detection of a mecA gene. This indicates that that 1.05% (2/191) of mastitis milk samples had MRSA. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed that 75.9% (22/29) and 48.3% (14/29) S. aureus isolates were found to be sensitive to Cefazolin and Tetracycline respectively (48.3%), whereas 100% of the isolates were resistant to Ampicillin. In total 96.6% (28/29) of S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Conclusions This study revealed a high prevalence of S. aureus-mediated subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in Chitwan, Nepal, with a small proportion of it being MRSA carrying a mecA gene. This S. aureus, CoNS, and MRSA contaminated milk poses a public health risk due to the presence of a phenotype that is resistant to very commonly used antibiotics. It is suggested that dairy herds be screened for subclinical mastitis and treatments for the animals be based on antibiotic susceptibility tests to reduce the prevalence of AMR. Furthermore, future studies should focus on the Staphylococcus spp. to explore the antibiotic resistance genes in addition to the mecA gene to ensure public health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02942-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Shrestha
- Department of livestock product and production management, Directorate of Agricultural Research, Lumle, Nepal
| | - Rebanta Kumar Bhattarai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Nepal
| | - Himal Luitel
- Center for Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Nepal
| | - Surendra Karki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Hom Bahadur Basnet
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Nepal.
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Krishnamoorthy P, Goudar AL, Suresh KP, Roy P. Global and countrywide prevalence of subclinical and clinical mastitis in dairy cattle and buffaloes by systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:561-586. [PMID: 33892366 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) prevalence for various countries in the World were calculated by using online and offline databases. The SCM and CM prevalence studies reported during 1967-2019 were collected, reviewed, and a meta-analysis was done in R-Software. A total of 222 and 150 studies from the World and 103 and 37 studies from India on SCM and CM, respectively were included. The pooled prevalence of SCM and CM were 42% [Confidence Interval (CI) 38-45%, Prediction Interval (PI) 10-83%] and 15% [CI 12-19%, PI 1-81%] in the World respectively, 45% [CI 40-49%, PI 11-84%] and 18% [CI 14-23%, PI 3-60%] in India respectively. Continent-wise analysis indicated a higher prevalence of SCM in North America and CM in Europe and among the countries, a higher SCM prevalence in Uganda and CM in the United Kingdom was observed. Further, species-wise indicated a higher SCM and CM prevalence in buffaloes of the World than the cattle. Based on method-wise, SCM and CM prevalence were high in somatic cell count and clinical examination, respectively in the World. The SCM prevalence was higher than CM and indicated the importance of SCM in dairy cattle. This might result in low milk productivity in dairying and may set off losses to dairy farmers. Hence, there is an urgent need to reduce the SCM and CM prevalence by implementing scientific dairy management, good feeding practices, and timely therapeutic interventions for increasing the benefits from dairying to the farmers in the World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramanandham Krishnamoorthy
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India.
| | - Akshata Lokanath Goudar
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
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De Vries A, Kaylegian KE, Dahl GE. MILK Symposium review: Improving the productivity, quality, and safety of milk in Rwanda and Nepal. J Dairy Sci 2021; 103:9758-9773. [PMID: 33076187 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy production plays an important role in the lives of many people in Rwanda and Nepal. The aim of the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems (LSIL; Gainesville, FL) is to introduce new location-appropriate technologies and to improve management practices, skills, knowledge, capacity, and access to inputs across livestock value chains in developing countries such as Rwanda and Nepal. To assist LSIL, our first aim was to describe gaps in the management of cows and in milk processing that constrain milk quality and quantity in Rwanda and Nepal. Our second aim was to describe training-of-trainers workshops in both countries as an initial response to the findings from the first objective. We conducted literature reviews and did rapid needs assessments in both countries. The literature reviews revealed similar aspects of the challenges of smallholder crop-livestock mixed farming systems in both countries. Many farms are struggling with feed quality, reproduction, and health of dairy cows. Milk production per cow and quality is often low. Fresh milk is collected by milk collection and cooling centers. Hygiene and milk processing capability and shelf life of products can be improved. Local rapid needs assessments were conducted in 2016 (Rwanda) and 2017 (Nepal) through visits to farms, milk collection and chilling centers, and processing plants, and through discussions with local dairy officials. The assessments supplemented and completed our understanding of stakeholders' needs in management and processing of milk. Limiting factors to improving the productivity, quality, and safety of milk in Rwanda and Nepal were a combination of sometimes limited knowledge in areas such as feeding, mastitis control, and hygiene, and a lack of access to resources such as quality feeds, transportation, and cooling that hindered implementation of existing knowledge. Training-of-trainers workshops in milk processing and hygiene were developed and given in Rwanda and Nepal based on the rapid needs assessments, and these were well received. We concluded that Rwanda and Nepal both have smallholder dairy farms that often face similar challenges such as lack of quality feeds, needs for basic dairy management education, low cattle productivity, and undesirable milk quality. Training-of-trainers programs to address these basic issues may be successful. Continued improvements in the dairy value chain depend on available resources for education.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Vries
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
| | - K E Kaylegian
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - G E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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Sah K, Karki P, Shrestha RD, Sigdel A, Adesogan AT, Dahl GE. MILK Symposium review: Improving control of mastitis in dairy animals in Nepal. J Dairy Sci 2021; 103:9740-9747. [PMID: 33076185 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy animals are an important source of income, food, and nutritional security, and improvements in the productivity of dairy animals substantially improve the wellbeing of smallholder dairy farmers. As in other developing countries, dairy animals are key for rural livelihoods in Nepal but often suffer from mastitis-a production disease causing economic losses to farmers, challenges to the dairy processing industry, and possible health hazards to consumers. Studies show that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Africa and Asia typically exceeds 50%, threatening animal wellbeing, farmers, dairy processors, and consumers. We conducted a study in Nepal to develop a technology training package to control mastitis in dairy animals. Following identification of knowledge gaps, a technology package consisting of (1) developing good husbandry practices, implementing mastitis detection and control technologies; and (2) training technicians and farmers was implemented. A strategy was subsequently established to provide feedback to farmers in dairy cooperatives on the subclinical mastitis status of their cows. The package was applied in the mid-western region of Nepal. Six months after implementation, we observed a reduction in subclinical mastitis prevalence: from 55% (baseline) to 28% (endline; n = 432) in dairy cows and from 78% to 18% (n = 216) in buffalo. These positive study outcomes strongly suggest that the mastitis technology training package should be scaled across smallholder farmers within and beyond Nepal to control mastitis in dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Sah
- Heifer International Nepal, Hattiban, Lalitpur 6043, Nepal.
| | - Prerana Karki
- Heifer International Nepal, Hattiban, Lalitpur 6043, Nepal
| | - Rima D Shrestha
- Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Anil Sigdel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | | | - Geoffrey E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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Ghimire TR, Regmi GR, Huettmann F. When Micro Drives the Macro: A Fresh Look at Disease and its Massive Contributions in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya. HINDU KUSH-HIMALAYA WATERSHEDS DOWNHILL: LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION PERSPECTIVES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7197387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36275-1_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases have a high impact on the human and animal health because they are the underlying causes of disability, death, and long-term illness. For many regions those details are not, or just poorly known. Here we present on the morbidity and mortality in faunal diversities including domestic and wild species caused by various viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal diseases prevalent in Nepal and relevant for the wider Hindu Kush Himalaya. In addition, we provide details how antibiotic resistivity, vectors, and zoonosis have resulted on a landscape-scale in the huge public and veterinary health problem has been dealt with in the context of Nepal and the wider region.
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Patel R, Kunjadia P, Koringa P, Joshi C, Kunjadiya A. Microbiological profiles in clinical and subclinical cases of mastitis in milking Jafarabadi buffalo. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:94-99. [PMID: 31176264 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the important diseases affecting the dairy industry across the globe. Identification of bacterial pathogens associated with mastitis becomes essential in order to understand the etiology of disease which in turn will help to new strategies to control it. Microbial diversity analysis using pyrosequencing is widely studied for mastitis pathogens in dairy cows. However it is unexplored in case of buffalo. In the present study 16SrDNA gene pyrosequencing was used to characterize microbiota associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis in 28 Jafarabadi buffalo. The obtained sequencing data were analyzed by Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) and statistical analysis was done using Paleontological Statistics (PAST). Pyrosequencing produced 47.3 million base pairs reads. Phylogenetic profiles using ribosomal database revealed differences in abundance of Staphylococcus (25.95%, 10.09% and 0.03%), Enterococcus (10.80%, 8.72% and 0.36%), Escherichia (8.88%, 0.38% and 0.00%), Streptococcus (3.97%, 0.42% and 0.00%), Lactococcus (3.73%, 23.96% and 0.01%), and Ralstonia (0.54%, 12.72% and 0.00%), genera in clinical, subclinical and healthy samples, respectively. Different microbial profiles in clinical and subclinical mastitis in buffalo suggest the composition of bacteria in the milk is more diverse and complex hence single therapeutic regimes cannot be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Patel
- Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, New V. V. Nagar, 388121, Gujarat, India
| | - Prashant Kunjadia
- R & D Unit, Sat Kaival Hospital Pvt Ltd, Lambhvel, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Prakash Koringa
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and A. H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and A. H., Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Anju Kunjadiya
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Science and Technology (CISST), Sardar Patel University, V. V. Nagar, Anand, Gujarat, India.
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Bhutia PS, Bansal BK, Gupta DK, Singh RS, Uppal SK. Bacterial isolation of milk samples submitted from clinical mastitis buffaloes during 2007 to 2016. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1551-1557. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01846-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Silva IFD, Guimarães AL, Amorim VS, Silva TMGD, Peixoto RDM, Nunes XP, Silva TMS, Costa MMD. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS FROM Commiphora leptophloeos (MART.) J. B. GILLETT AGAINST Staphylococcus SPP. ISOLATED FROM CASES OF MASTITIS IN RUMINANTS. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v20e-57228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Considering the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants as alternatives to antibiotic therapy, the research aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Commiphora leptophloeos against isolates of Staphylococcus spp. from the milk of ruminants with subclinical mastitis. For this, the crude ethanolic extract from the bark and leaves of Commiphora leptophloeos was prepared, with these being chemically characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS and by MALDI-TOF. The extracts were then evaluated as to their antimicrobial effects against 60 isolates of Staphylococcus spp. through the broth microdilution technique to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration. In addition, the extracts were evaluated as to their ability to interfere with biofilm formation and with the already established biofilm. Although all tested extracts showed antimicrobial action, lower MBC values were recorded for the bark extract in the concentration 781.2 µg/mL (25/60). The extracts of the bark and leaves were able to interfere with the initial stages of biofilm formation, but there was no interference of the extract on the established biofilm. There was a high sensitivity of Staphylococcus spp. isolates from subclinical mastitis cases in ruminants when subjected to the extracts from bark and leaves of Commiphora leptophloeos, as well as regarding the ability of extracts to interfere in biofilm formation, indicating their potential in the use for ruminant mastitis therapy.
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Atreya K, Pyakurel D, Thagunna KS, Bhatta LD, Uprety Y, Chaudhary RP, Oli BN, Rimal SK. Factors Contributing to the Decline of Traditional Practices in Communities from the Gwallek-Kedar area, Kailash Sacred Landscape, Nepal. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 61:741-755. [PMID: 29488011 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditional knowledge and practices are increasingly recognized in the resource conservation and management practices, however are declining in many parts of the world including Nepal. Studies on the inventory of traditional knowledge are available, albeit limited, and empirical analysis of factors contributing to the decline of traditional knowledge are negligible in Nepal. We thus initiated this study in the Nepal part of the Kailash Sacred Landscape to (i) document traditional knowledge and practices on agriculture, forest-based herbal remedy, and genetic resource conservation; and (ii) identify factors contributing to the decline of traditional practices in the communities. Data was collected during September-December 2015 through key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and households survey. The household survey data was used in binary logistic regression analysis to identify factors contributing to the decline of six key traditional practices. The study documented 56 types of traditional practices. The regressions showed that the age of the respondent, distance to the nearest forest, distance to the nearest motorable road, family members' ill health, and seasonal migration of the household members for jobs significantly influencing to the decline of the particular traditional practices, however, their effects vary within a practice and among the practices. The use of modern medicine, increasing road linkages, decreasing trend of plant resource availability, and agriculture intensification are responsible for the decline of the particular traditional practices. We recommend to recognize their significance in the governing socio-ecological systems and to link the traditional and scientific knowledge systems through policy formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Atreya
- Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB), Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | | | | | - Laxmi Dutt Bhatta
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Yadav Uprety
- Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ram Prasad Chaudhary
- Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bishwa Nath Oli
- Ministry of Population and Environment, Singha Darbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sagar Kumar Rimal
- Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Singha Darbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Amer S, Gálvez FLA, Fukuda Y, Tada C, Jimenez IL, Valle WFM, Nakai Y. Prevalence and etiology of mastitis in dairy cattle in El Oro Province, Ecuador. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:861-868. [PMID: 29643295 PMCID: PMC6021881 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study described the occurrence of clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis in 250
cattle from 5 dairy farms around the cities of Santa Rosa and Machala, El Oro Province,
Ecuador. Clinical mastitis (CM) was determined based on obvious changes in milk (mild),
signs of inflammation in the udder (moderate), and/or generalized clinical symptoms
(severe). Subclinical mastitis (SCM) was assessed using the California mastitis test. CM
and SCM were detected in 30 (12.0%) and 150 (60%) of the 250 tested cattle, respectively.
Prevalence at the udder quarter level was 57.7% (577/1,000), which was higher among
forequarters (369/577; 63.9%) than hindquarters. Of the 577 mastitic milk samples
subjected to microbiological analysis, 35 were excluded due to contamination and 20 tested
negative. Identification of bacterial isolates revealed that 33.3% of the 93 CM samples
contained coliforms, 25.8% coagulase-positive staphylococci, 20.4% coagulase-negative
staphylococci (CNS), 9.7% streptococci, 7.5% Bacillus spp., and 3.2%
Klebsiella spp. Bacterial profiling of the 429 SCM milk samples showed
that 55.4% contained CNS, 22.1% Bacillus spp., 9.3% streptococci, and
6.1% coagulase-positive staphylococci. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility
testing of the obtained isolates indicated that all were susceptible to amoxicillin,
ampicillin, cefotaxime, enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, gentamicin, and
neomycin. No multidrug-resistant strains were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Amer
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Tecnica de Machala (UTMACH), Ecuador.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Fernando Lenin Aguilar Gálvez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Tecnica de Machala (UTMACH), Ecuador
| | - Yasuhiro Fukuda
- Laboratory of Sustainable Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan
| | - Chika Tada
- Laboratory of Sustainable Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan
| | - Ivan Ludeña Jimenez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Tecnica de Machala (UTMACH), Ecuador
| | - Wunster Favian Maza Valle
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Tecnica de Machala (UTMACH), Ecuador
| | - Yutaka Nakai
- Laboratory of Sustainable Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan
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Bhat AM, Soodan JS, Singh R, Dhobi IA, Hussain T, Dar MY, Mir M. Incidence of bovine clinical mastitis in Jammu region and antibiogram of isolated pathogens. Vet World 2017; 10:984-989. [PMID: 28919694 PMCID: PMC5591490 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.984-989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of clinical mastitis in bovines of Jammu region, to identify the infectious organisms responsible for it, and the antimicrobial sensitivity of isolated pathogens. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on cases that were presented to the Medicine Division of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, R.S. Pura, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir. A total of 260 cases of bovines were presented from June 30, 2012, to July 01, 2013, out of which 30 cases were of clinical mastitis. The diagnosis of clinical mastitis was made on the basis of history and clinical examination of affected animals. Results: Animal and quarter-wise incidence of clinical mastitis were found to be 11.5% and 5.76%, respectively. Of the 23 isolates obtained, Staphylococcus aureus (60.87%) was the most frequently isolated organism, followed by coagulase negative Staphylococci (13.04%), Streptococcus uberis (4.35%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (8.69%), and Escherichia coli (13.04%). The antimicrobial sensitivity of isolates revealed maximum sensitivity to enrofloxacin, gentamicin, amoxicillin/sulbactam, ceftriaxone/tazobactam, ceftizoxime, ampicillin/sulbactam and least sensitivity for oxytetracycline and penicillin. Conclusion: Staphylococcus spp. is the major causative agent of clinical mastitis in bovines of Jammu region. The causative agents of the clinical mastitis were most sensitive to enrofloxacin and gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Majid Bhat
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shuhama, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Soodan
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rajiv Singh
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ishfaq Ahmad Dhobi
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tufail Hussain
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shuhama, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohammad Yousuf Dar
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Muheet Mir
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shuhama, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Kumar BS, Ashok V, Kalyani P, Nair GR. Conjugation of ampicillin and enrofloxacin residues with bovine serum albumin and raising of polyclonal antibodies against them. Vet World 2016; 9:410-6. [PMID: 27182138 PMCID: PMC4864484 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.410-416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to test the potency of bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugated ampicillin (AMP) and enrofloxacin (ENR) antigens in eliciting an immune response in rats using indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA). MATERIALS AND METHODS AMP and ENR antibiotics were conjugated with BSA by carbodiimide reaction using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) as a cross-linker. The successful conjugation was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Sprague-Dawley rats were immunized with the conjugates and blood samples were collected serially at 15 days time interval after first immunization plus first booster, second booster, third booster, and the fourth sampling was done 1½ month after the third booster. The antibody titres in the antisera of each antibiotic in all the four immunization cycles (ICs) were determined by an icELISA at various serum dilutions ranging from 1/100 to 1/6400. RESULTS Analysis of antibiotic-BSA conjugates by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and coomassie blue staining revealed high molecular weight bands of 85 kDa and 74 kDa for AMP-BSA and ENR-BSA respectively when compared to 68 kDa band of BSA. Both the antibiotic conjugates elicited a good immune response in rats but comparatively the response was more with AMP-BSA conjugate than ENR-BSA conjugate. Maximum optical density 450 value of 2.577 was recorded for AMP-BSA antisera, and 1.723 was recorded for ENR-BSA antisera at 1/100(th) antiserum dilution in third IC. CONCLUSION AMP and ENR antibiotics proved to be good immunogens when conjugated to BSA by carbodiimide reaction with EDC as crosslinker. The polyclonal antibodies produced can be employed for detecting AMP and ENR residues in milk and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Sampath Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Korutla, Karimnagar, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vasili Ashok
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Korutla, Karimnagar, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - P. Kalyani
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Korutla, Karimnagar, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - G. Remya Nair
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Korutla, Karimnagar, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Preethirani PL, Isloor S, Sundareshan S, Nuthanalakshmi V, Deepthikiran K, Sinha AY, Rathnamma D, Nithin Prabhu K, Sharada R, Mukkur TK, Hegde NR. Isolation, Biochemical and Molecular Identification, and In-Vitro Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Bacteria Isolated from Bubaline Subclinical Mastitis in South India. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142717. [PMID: 26588070 PMCID: PMC4654528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Buffaloes are the second largest source of milk. Mastitis is a major impediment for milk production, but not much information is available about bubaline mastitis, especially subclinical mastitis. The aim of this study was to (a) investigate the application of various tests for the diagnosis of bubaline subclinical mastitis, (b) identify the major bacteria associated with it, and (c) evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of the bacteria. To this end, 190 quarter milk samples were collected from 57 domesticated dairy buffaloes from organized (64 samples) and unorganized (126 samples) sectors. Of these, 48.4%, 40.0%, 45.8%, 61.1%, and 61.6% were positive for subclinical mastitis by somatic cell count, electrical conductivity, California mastitis test, bromothymol blue test, and N-acetyl glucosaminidase test, respectively. As compared to the gold standard of somatic cell count, California mastitis test performed the best. However, a combination of the two methods was found to be the best option. Microbiological evaluation, both by biochemical methods as well as by monoplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction, revealed that coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most predominant (64.8%) bacteria, followed by streptococci (18.1%), Escherichia coli (9.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus (7.3%). Most of the pathogens were resistant to multiple antibiotics, especially to β-lactam antibiotics. We propose that California mastitis test be combined with somatic cell count for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in domestic dairy buffaloes. Further, our results reveal high resistance of the associated bacteria to the β-lactam class of antibiotics, and a possible major role of coagulase-negative staphylococci in causing the disease in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. L. Preethirani
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - S. Sundareshan
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - V. Nuthanalakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - K. Deepthikiran
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - Akhauri Y. Sinha
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, India
| | - D. Rathnamma
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - K. Nithin Prabhu
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - R. Sharada
- Department of Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, India
| | - Trilochan K. Mukkur
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nagendra R. Hegde
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail:
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Bansal BK, Gupta DK, Shafi TA, Sharma S. Comparative antibiogram of coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) associated with subclinical and clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Vet World 2015; 8:421-6. [PMID: 27047108 PMCID: PMC4774854 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.421-426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was planned to determine the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) strains isolated from clinical and subclinical cases of mastitis in dairy cows. Antibiotic sensitivity profile will be helpful to recommend early therapy at the field level prior to availability of CST results. Materials and Methods: The milk samples from cases of clinical mastitis received in Mastitis Laboratory, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana and those of subclinical mastitis collected during routine screening of state dairy farms, were subjected to microbial culture. Identification of CNS organisms was done by standard biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity testing, based on 30 antibiotics belonging to 12 groups, was done on 58 randomly selected CNS isolates (clinical isolates: 41, subclinical isolates: 17). Results: Isolates were highly susceptible to chloramphenicol (98.3%), gentamicin (93.1%), streptomycin (91.4%), linezolid (91.4%), ceftixozime (87.9%), cloxacillin (86.2%), clotrimazole (86.2%), bacitracin (86.2%), enrofloxacin (84.5%) and ceftrioxone + tazobactum (70.7%), while resistance was observed against amoxicillin (77.6%), penicillin (75.9%), ampicillin (74.1%) and cefoperazone (51.7%). Overall, isolates from clinical cases of mastitis had a higher resistance than subclinical isolates. Conclusion: CNS isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, gentamicin and streptomycin, while higher resistance was recorded against routinely used penicillin group.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Bansal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 1410 04, Punjab, India
| | - D K Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 1410 04, Punjab, India
| | - T A Shafi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 1410 04, Punjab, India
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 1410 04, Punjab, India
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21
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Gitau GK, Bundi RM, Vanleeuwen J, Mulei CM. Mastitogenic bacteria isolated from dairy cows in Kenya and their antimicrobial sensitivity. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2014; 85:950. [PMID: 24831695 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v85i1.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited epidemiological knowledge on udder health in Kenyan dairy cattle that would aid in a pro-active approach towards mastitis prevention. The study objectives were: (1) to investigate the prevalence and distribution of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Mukurwe-ini and Nakuru Districts, Kenya, and (2) to determine the antibacterial sensitivity of the organisms causing bovine mastitis in these districts. The study involved field-screening of milk samples from 241 dairy cows on 128 farms by use of the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and, if CMT-positive, followed by bacteriological culture of the major causative agents and their respective antibiotic sensitivity to eight commonly used antibiotics. All participating farms were visited twice during the study period. The results obtained during the first and second visits showed the prevalence of clinical mastitis to be very low: 0.9% and 0.5%, respectively; 56.0% and 65.0% of cows were CMT-positive on at least one quarter and 49.6% and 58.7% of cows were culture-positive, respectively. There was no significant difference in mastitis prevalence between Nakuru and Mukurwe-ini districts (p > 0.10). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 68.0% and 77.0% of samples during the first and second visits, respectively. Other frequently isolated agents included Streptococcus agalactiae, and other Streptococcus spp., S. aureus and S. agalactiae were most sensitive to gentamycin and norfloxacin, and least sensitive to cotrimazole and ampicillin. Knowing the prevalence of mastitogenic organisms and their antibiotic sensitivities could improve treatment efficacy and cow longevity.
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Medeiros E, Freitas M, Pinheiro Júnior J, Saukas T, Krewer C, Santos A, Costa M, Mota R. Bubaline mastitis etiology in Northeast of Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352013000600043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M.M. Costa
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco
| | - R.A. Mota
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco
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23
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Salvador RT, Beltran JMC, Abes NS, Gutierrez CA, Mingala CN. Short communication: Prevalence and risk factors of subclinical mastitis as determined by the California Mastitis Test in water buffaloes (Bubalis bubalis) in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1363-6. [PMID: 22365218 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective analysis using records of lactating Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes subjected to the California Mastitis Test in a herd in Nueva Ecija, Philippines was done to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and to identify risk factors that may influence its occurrence and recurrence. Results showed that SCM prevalence was 42.76%, whereas its recurrence was 75.03%. Age and lactation length influenced the occurrence of SCM. In contrast to the conclusions for dairy cows, younger buffalo cows were more susceptible compared with those at least 6 yr old. Dams younger than 3 yr have a 76% probability, whereas those age 3 yr have an 82% probability of having SCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Salvador
- College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
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Contreras GA, Rodríguez JM. Mastitis: comparative etiology and epidemiology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:339-56. [PMID: 21947764 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is broadly defined as the inflammation of the mammary gland; however, the concept of mastitis is customized to address its social and clinical impact in the case of humans and the health, welfare, and economic consequences for other mammals. There are many microbial, host, and environmental factors that influence the development of mastitis. Some are common to all mammals as well as inherent to each species. Together these factors influence the most prevalent etiological agents for each species and might determine the possibility of interspecies transmission with its consequences to public health. The present review will summarize and compare reports on mastitis etiology and its epidemiology in humans and food animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, D202 VMC, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Oliveira AAF, Pinheiro JW, Mota RA, Cunha MLRS, Lopes CAM, Rocha NS. Phenotype characterization of Staphylococcus species strains isolated from buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) milk. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:1208-11. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711428946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to isolate and identify phenotypes of Staphylococcus spp. strains derived from buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) milk. A total of 548 milk samples from 137 buffalo were cultured in Columbia agar enriched with 5% defibrinated sheep blood. Determination of the capacity of Staphylococcus aureus to produce enterotoxins A–D and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) was achieved by reverse passive latex agglutination (RPLA). Antimicrobial sensitivity of S. aureus strains was evaluated using the disk diffusion technique, and β-lactamase detection was achieved using the chromogenic test with paper discs impregnated with nitrocefin. From all the mammary quarters examined, 36 (10.8%) were positive for Staphylococcus spp., 83.3% were coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS), 11.1% were coagulase-positive staphylococcus (CPS), and 5.6% were of CPS+CNS positive. All isolates of S. aureus produced at least 1 toxin and 5 out of 6 isolates (83.0%) produced β-lactamase. One hundred percent of S. aureus isolates were sensitive to methicillin and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, and resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, and oxacillin. Analysis of the results obtained in the current study highlight the epidemiologic importance of buffalo milk regarding the production of enterotoxins and TSST-1 and the potential risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A. F. Oliveira
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Oliveira, Mota)
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Academic Unit of Garanhuns, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil (Pinheiro Jr)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Cunha, Lopes), São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry (Rocha), São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José W. Pinheiro
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Oliveira, Mota)
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Academic Unit of Garanhuns, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil (Pinheiro Jr)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Cunha, Lopes), São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry (Rocha), São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo A. Mota
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Oliveira, Mota)
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Academic Unit of Garanhuns, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil (Pinheiro Jr)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Cunha, Lopes), São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry (Rocha), São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria L. R. S. Cunha
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Oliveira, Mota)
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Academic Unit of Garanhuns, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil (Pinheiro Jr)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Cunha, Lopes), São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry (Rocha), São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. M. Lopes
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Oliveira, Mota)
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Academic Unit of Garanhuns, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil (Pinheiro Jr)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Cunha, Lopes), São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry (Rocha), São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noeme S. Rocha
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Oliveira, Mota)
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Academic Unit of Garanhuns, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil (Pinheiro Jr)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Cunha, Lopes), São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry (Rocha), São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bhatt VD, Patel MS, Joshi CG, Kunjadia A. Identification and Antibiogram of Microbes Associated with Bovine Mastitis. Anim Biotechnol 2011; 22:163-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2011.570132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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de Medeiros ES, França CA, Krewer CDC, Peixoto RDM, de Souza Júnior AF, Cavalcante MB, da Costa MM, Mota RA. Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus spp. isolates from cases of mastitis in buffalo in Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:793-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711407882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent buffalo mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. gives rise to economic losses and may be resistant to antimicrobial therapy. The aim of the present study was to determine resistance patterns and the presence of mecA, blaZ, and efflux pump in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from cases of mastitis in Brazilian buffalo herds. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined by the disk diffusion test and detection of the mecA and blaZ genes by polymerase chain reaction. The efflux pump screening test was performed by growing samples in Muller–Hinton agar containing ethidium bromide. The percentages for resistance to the drugs tested were: 71.8% to penicillin, 49.2% to amoxicillin, 65.8% to oxacillin, 62.3% to cefquinome, 44.7% to cephalonium, 45.2% to ciprofloxacin, 32.6% to enrofloxacin, 58.7% to erythromycin, 42.7% to florfenicol, 34.6% to gentamicin, 35.1% to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, 8.5% to tetracycline + neomycin + bacitracin, 43.2% to cephalothin, 38.1% to streptomycin, 58.7% to tetracycline, 31.6% to norfloxacin, 45.2% to ceftriaxone, 43.2% to nitrofurantoin, 57.7% to doxycycline, and 53.7% to cephalexin. Simultaneous resistance to 4 or more antimicrobial drug groups was observed in 112 isolates, using the mecA (11) and blaZ (79) genes, and efflux pump (47). It is concluded that Staphylococcus spp. isolates from cases of mastitis in Brazilian buffalo show varying levels of resistance to antibiotics, and caution should be exercised in choosing therapeutics in order to minimize the risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. de Medeiros
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil (de Medeiros, Mota)
- Colegiado de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brazil (França, Krewer, Peixoto, de Souza Júnior, Cavalcante, da Costa)
| | - Chirles A. França
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil (de Medeiros, Mota)
- Colegiado de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brazil (França, Krewer, Peixoto, de Souza Júnior, Cavalcante, da Costa)
| | - Carina da C. Krewer
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil (de Medeiros, Mota)
- Colegiado de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brazil (França, Krewer, Peixoto, de Souza Júnior, Cavalcante, da Costa)
| | - Renata de M. Peixoto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil (de Medeiros, Mota)
- Colegiado de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brazil (França, Krewer, Peixoto, de Souza Júnior, Cavalcante, da Costa)
| | - Aldo F. de Souza Júnior
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil (de Medeiros, Mota)
- Colegiado de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brazil (França, Krewer, Peixoto, de Souza Júnior, Cavalcante, da Costa)
| | - Marielly B. Cavalcante
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil (de Medeiros, Mota)
- Colegiado de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brazil (França, Krewer, Peixoto, de Souza Júnior, Cavalcante, da Costa)
| | - Mateus M. da Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil (de Medeiros, Mota)
- Colegiado de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brazil (França, Krewer, Peixoto, de Souza Júnior, Cavalcante, da Costa)
| | - Rinaldo A. Mota
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil (de Medeiros, Mota)
- Colegiado de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brazil (França, Krewer, Peixoto, de Souza Júnior, Cavalcante, da Costa)
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BB K, O S, MM K, RD S. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci isolated from Bovine Mastitis. Vet World 2011. [DOI: 10.5455/vetworld.2011.158-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Ng L, Jost C, Robyn M, Dhakal IP, Bett B, Dhakal P, Khadka R. Impact of livestock hygiene education programs on mastitis in smallholder water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Chitwan, Nepal. Prev Vet Med 2010; 96:179-85. [PMID: 20655119 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A project implemented from 2003 to 2005 trained women in Chitwan District, Nepal, in hygienic dairy production using a process of social mobilization. The aim of this research was to assess if the prevalence of mastitis in water buffalo in the households of women who were trained was lower one year after training than in untrained households, if the training influenced knowledge and practices for the prevention or control of mastitis, and if these practices and knowledge were associated with a lower prevalence of mastitis. A total of 202 households from Eastern and Western Chitwan District were included in the study. Of these, 60 households had participated in the project and 142 had not. Milk samples were collected from 129 households (33 project households and 96 non-project households). Clinical mastitis was determined using visual inspection of udders and detection of macroscopic clots and flakes in milk. The California Mastitis Test was used to diagnose sub-clinical mastitis from milk samples, and the IDEXX SNAP test to identify the presence of tetracycline residues. The prevalence of mastitis in trained households (39.4%) was 43.78% of that in untrained households (60.4%), lower but not significantly so (p=0.08, 95% CI 0.17-1.12). Thirteen indicators of knowledge or practice for the control or prevention of mastitis were more likely to occur in trained households, four significantly so (not consuming milk from sick buffalo (p=0.001), using soap to wash hands before milking (p=0.001), discarding milk after antibiotic usage (p=0.01), and choosing appropriate flooring for their livestock (p=0.03)). Trained households that discarded milk from sick buffalo were 2.96 times more likely to have at least one animal with mastitis in the household (p=0.03, 95% CI 1.15-7.65). Trained households that knew to wash buffalos' teats after milking were less likely (OR 0.25) to have mastitis in their herd (p=0.02, 95% CI 0.08-0.80). Of the 138 buffalos tested, only one tested positive for tetracycline residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ng
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01581, USA.
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Awandkar SP, Khode NV, Sardar VM, Mendhe MS. Prevalence and Current Antibiogram Trend of Mastitic Agents in Udgir and its Visinity, Maharashtra State, India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2009.117.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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