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Carrizzo A, Izzo C, Oliveti M, Alfano A, Virtuoso N, Capunzo M, Di Pietro P, Calabrese M, De Simone E, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Migliarino S, Damato A, Ambrosio M, De Caro F, Vecchione C. The Main Determinants of Diabetes Mellitus Vascular Complications: Endothelial Dysfunction and Platelet Hyperaggregation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102968. [PMID: 30274207 PMCID: PMC6212935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common disease that affects 3–5% of the general population in Italy. In some countries of northern Europe or in North America, it can even affect 6–8% of the population. Of great concern is that the number of cases of diabetes is constantly increasing, probably due to the increase in obesity and the sedentary nature of the population. According to the World Health Organization, in the year 2030 there will be 360 million people with diabetes, compared to 170 million in 2000. This has important repercussions on the lives of patients and their families, and on health systems that offer assistance to patients. In this review, we try to describe in an organized way the pathophysiological continuity between diabetes mellitus, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet hyperaggregation, highlighting the main molecular mechanisms involved and the interconnections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmine Izzo
- Departement of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | - Marco Oliveti
- Departement of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | - Antonia Alfano
- Heart Department, A.O.U. "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", 84131 Salerno, Italy.
| | - Nicola Virtuoso
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, A.O.U. Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mario Capunzo
- Departement of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- Departement of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | | | - Eros De Simone
- Heart Department, A.O.U. "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", 84131 Salerno, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Frati
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Serena Migliarino
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Francesco De Caro
- Departement of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
- Departement of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy.
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Rouhani MH, Rashidi-Pourfard N, Salehi-Abargouei A, Karimi M, Haghighatdoost F. Effects of Egg Consumption on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 37:99-110. [PMID: 29111915 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1366878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely agreed that egg consumption only modestly influences serum lipid concentrations. However, there is no meta-analysis summarizing existing randomized controlled trials. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials to explore the quantitative effect of egg consumption on serum lipid concentrations. DESIGN Online databases including MEDLINE, Proquest and Google Scholar were systematically searched. Studies that were published after 2000 and compared serum lipids concentrations in egg-consumers and non egg-consumers were included. The data were obtained from 28 studies. Weighted mean differences were calculated as the ultimate effect using random effects model. RESULTS Overall, egg consumption increased total cholesterol (TC) by 5.60 mg/dL (95% CI: 3.11, 8.09; P<0.0001), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) by 5.55 mg/dL (95% CI: 3.14, 7.69; P<0.0001) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) by 2.13 mg/dL (95% CI: 1.10, 3.16; P<0.0001) compared with the control group. Heterogeneity found between studies was explained partly by study design and participant response to dietary cholesterol. No effect of increased egg consumption on LDL-C:HDL-C and TC:HDL-C ratios, and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were found. No association was observed between number of eggs consumed per day or study duration and any of the serum lipid markers. CONCLUSION Consumption of egg increases total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C, but not LDL-C:HDL-C, TC:HDL-C and TG compared with low egg control diets. To assess the risk of coronary events, future studies should focus on the postprandial effect of egg consumption and effects on coronary risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Rouhani
- a Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran.,b Department of Community Nutrition , School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | | | - Amin Salehi-Abargouei
- d Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences , Yazd , Iran.,e Department of Nutrition , Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences , Yazd , Iran
| | - Majid Karimi
- c Shahid Motahari Hospital , Fooladshahr , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Fahimeh Haghighatdoost
- a Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran.,b Department of Community Nutrition , School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
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1H-NMR and HPLC–MS/MS-based global/targeted metabolomic evaluation of Hypericum perforatum L. intervention for menopause. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Fuller NR, Caterson ID, Sainsbury A, Denyer G, Fong M, Gerofi J, Baqleh K, Williams KH, Lau NS, Markovic TP. The effect of a high-egg diet on cardiovascular risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes and Egg (DIABEGG) study-a 3-mo randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:705-13. [PMID: 25833969 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.096925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously published research that examined the effects of high egg consumption in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) produced conflicting results leading to recommendations to limit egg intake. However, people with T2D may benefit from egg consumption because eggs are a nutritious and convenient way of improving protein and micronutrient contents of the diet, which have importance for satiety and weight management. OBJECTIVE In this randomized controlled study, we aimed to determine whether a high-egg diet (2 eggs/d for 6 d/wk) compared with a low-egg diet (<2 eggs/wk) affected circulating lipid profiles, in particular high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, in overweight or obese people with prediabetes or T2D. DESIGN A total of 140 participants were randomly assigned to one of the 2 diets as part of a 3-mo weight maintenance study. Participants attended the clinic monthly and were instructed on the specific types of foods and quantities to be consumed. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the change in HDL cholesterol from screening to 3 mo between groups; the mean difference (95% CI) between high- and low-egg groups was +0.02 mmol/L (-0.03, 0.08 mmol/L; P = 0.38). No between-group differences were shown for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, or glycemic control. Both groups were matched for protein intake, but the high-egg group reported less hunger and greater satiety postbreakfast. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intakes significantly increased from baseline in both groups. CONCLUSIONS High egg consumption did not have an adverse effect on the lipid profile of people with T2D in the context of increased MUFA and PUFA consumption. This study suggests that a high-egg diet can be included safely as part of the dietary management of T2D, and it may provide greater satiety. This trial was registered at the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.anzctr.org.au/) as ACTRN12612001266853.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Fuller
- From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM)
| | - Ian D Caterson
- From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM)
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM)
| | - Gareth Denyer
- From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM)
| | - Mackenzie Fong
- From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM)
| | - James Gerofi
- From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM)
| | - Katherine Baqleh
- From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM)
| | - Kathryn H Williams
- From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM)
| | - Namson S Lau
- From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM)
| | - Tania P Markovic
- From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM)
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Cruzat VF, Krause M, Newsholme P. Amino acid supplementation and impact on immune function in the context of exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:61. [PMID: 25530736 PMCID: PMC4272512 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate and chronic bouts of exercise may lead to positive metabolic, molecular, and morphological adaptations, improving health. Although exercise training stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their overall intracellular concentration may not reach damaging levels due to enhancement of antioxidant responses. However, inadequate exercise training (i.e., single bout of high-intensity or excessive exercise) may result in oxidative stress, muscle fatigue and muscle injury. Moreover, during the recovery period, impaired immunity has been reported, for example; excessive-inflammation and compensatory immunosuppression. Nutritional supplements, sometimes referred to as immuno-nutrients, may be required to reduce immunosuppression and excessive inflammation. Herein, we discuss the action and the possible targets of key immuno-nutrients such as L-glutamine, L-arginine, branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and whey protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Fernandes Cruzat
- CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia Australia
| | - Maurício Krause
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Philip Newsholme
- CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia Australia
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Brooks WW, Conrad CH, Robinson KG, Colucci WS, Bing OHL. L-arginine fails to prevent ventricular remodeling and heart failure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:228-34. [PMID: 19057517 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of long-term oral administration of L-arginine, a substrate for nitric oxide (NO) production, on left ventricular (LV) remodeling, myocardial function and the prevention of heart failure (HF) was compared to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril in a rat model of hypertensive HF (aged spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR)). METHODS SHRs and age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were assigned to either no treatment, treatment with L-arginine (7.5 g/l in drinking water) or captopril (1 g/l in drinking water) beginning at 14 months of age, a time when SHRs exhibit stable compensated hypertrophy with no hemodynamic impairment; animals were studied at 23 months of age or at the time of HF. RESULTS In untreated SHR, relative to WKY, there was significant LV hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, and isolated LV muscle performance and response to isoproterenol (ISO) were depressed; and, 7 of 10 SHRs developed HF. Captopril administration to six SHRs attenuated hypertrophy and prevented impaired inotropic responsiveness to ISO, contractile dysfunction, fibrosis, increased passive stiffness, and HF. In contrast, L-arginine administration to SHR increased LV hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis while cardiac performance was depressed; and 7 of 9 SHRs developed HF. In WKY, L-arginine treatment but not captopril resulted in increased LV weight and the contractile response to ISO was blunted. Neither L-arginine nor captopril treatment of WKY changed fibrosis and HF did not occur. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that in contrast to captopril, long-term treatment with L-arginine exacerbates age-related cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and did not prevent contractile dysfunction or the development of HF in aging SHR.
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Rose'Meyer RB, Harrison GJ, Fenning A, Jenner TL, Brown L. Chronic dietary L-arginine down-regulates adenosine receptor and nitric oxide synthase expression in rat heart. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 102:459-65. [PMID: 18312494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
L-Arginine increases myocardial nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide mediates many of the cardiovascular actions of adenosine and modulates adenosine metabolism. In this study, we examined the effect of chronic L-arginine (5%) intake on cardiac nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and adenosine receptor expression and cardiac function in rat Langendorff-isolated perfused hearts. Our results show that 4-week chronic l-arginine ingestion increases the weight of rat hearts by 17.6% (P < 0.05). L-Arginine treatment decreased the expression of all the cardiac adenosine receptors, with reductions in adenosine A(1) (20-fold), A(2A) (7.7-fold), A(2B) (76-fold) and A(3) (25.6-fold) mRNA (P < 0.05). NOS expression was variably affected with no change in the expression of NOS(1) and 4.2-fold down-regulation of NOS(3) expression with chronic L-arginine treatment (P < 0.05). NOS(2) was expressed in control tissues; however, in L-arginine-treated hearts the amount of NOS(2) mRNA was reduced to non-detectable levels. Following chronic L-arginine treatment, an increase in coronary perfusion pressure was observed (P < 0.05). Purine efflux was used as an indicator of metabolic efficiency. L-Arginine did not alter catecholamine-induced purine efflux (P > 0.05); however, noradrenaline-mediated increases in contractility and myocardial oxygen consumption were reduced. Vasodilator responses to 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) were reduced in hearts from l-arginine-treated rats and the NOS inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (3 microM) did not inhibit responses to NECA. In conclusion, 4-week dietary supplementation of L-arginine reduced the expression of cardiac adenosine receptors and NOSs with a subsequent decrease in noradrenaline-stimulated cardiac function and adenosine receptor-mediated coronary vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselyn B Rose'Meyer
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the influence of acute and chronic administration of L-arginine on metabolism at rest and during exercise. RECENT FINDINGS There has been substantial examination of the effect of infusion and ingestion of L-arginine at rest. It has been clearly demonstrated that L-arginine administration improves endothelial function in various disease states. In addition, L-arginine infusion at rest increases plasma insulin, growth hormone, glucagon, catecholamines and prolactin. Such hormonal changes affect metabolism. There has, however, been very little examination of the effect of increases in L-arginine availability during exercise. This is important to study as there is preliminary evidence that L-arginine infusion, probably via increases in nitric oxide (NO), alters skeletal-muscle metabolism during exercise. There is a need for further research, especially to understand the mechanisms of how L-arginine affects exercise metabolism and also to determine whether the hormonal responses that occur in response to L-arginine at rest are also present to some extent during exercise. SUMMARY This line of research may have important therapeutic implications as there are indications that L-arginine augments the effects of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and capillary growth in muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K McConell
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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McConell GK, Huynh NN, Lee-Young RS, Canny BJ, Wadley GD. L-Arginine infusion increases glucose clearance during prolonged exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E60-E66. [PMID: 16105862 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00263.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition has been shown in humans to attenuate exercise-induced increases in muscle glucose uptake. We examined the effect of infusing the NO precursor L-arginine (L-Arg) on glucose kinetics during exercise in humans. Nine endurance-trained males cycled for 120 min at 72+/-1% Vo(2 peak) followed immediately by a 15-min "all-out" cycling performance bout. A [6,6-(2)H]glucose tracer was infused throughout exercise, and either saline alone (Control, CON) or saline containing L-Arg HCL (L-Arg, 30 g at 0.5 g/min) was confused in a double-blind, randomized order during the last 60 min of exercise. L-Arg augmented the increases in glucose rate of appearance, glucose rate of disappearance, and glucose clearance rate (L-Arg: 16.1+/-1.8 ml.min(-1).kg(-1); CON: 11.9+/- 0.7 ml.min(-1).kg(-1) at 120 min, P<0.05) during exercise, with a net effect of reducing plasma glucose concentration during exercise. L-Arg infusion had no significant effect on plasma insulin concentration but attenuated the increase in nonesterified fatty acid and glycerol concentrations during exercise. L-Arg infusion had no effect on cycling exercise performance. In conclusion, L-Arg infusion during exercise significantly increases skeletal muscle glucose clearance in humans. Because plasma insulin concentration was unaffected by L-Arg infusion, greater NO production may have been responsible for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K McConell
- Deptartment of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Williams M. Dietary supplements and sports performance: amino acids. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2005; 2:63-7. [PMID: 18500957 PMCID: PMC2129148 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-2-2-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the third in a series of six articles to discuss the major classes of dietary supplements (vitamins; minerals; amino acids; herbs or botanicals; metabolites, constituents/extracts, or combinations). The major focus is on efficacy of such dietary supplements to enhance exercise or sport performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Williams
- Exercise Science, Sport, Physical Education, and Recreation, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.
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Herman AG, Moncada S. Therapeutic potential of nitric oxide donors in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:1945-55. [PMID: 15911567 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-known risk factors for atherosclerosis include hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. These conditions are associated with endothelial dysfunction, which itself is associated with reduced endothelial generation of nitric oxide (NO). This is an overview of the implications of NO generation in atherosclerosis and of the potential therapeutic benefit of drugs which donate NO, such as organic nitrates, nicorandil, and sydnonimines, or those which increase the availability of endogenous NO, such as statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, L-arginine, and tetrahydrobiopterin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold G Herman
- Division of Pharmacology, University of Antwerpen, Campus Drie Eiken, Wilrijk, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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Komorowska-Timek E, Timek TA, Brevetti LS, Szuba A, Stuehlinger M, Hardesty RA, Buncke HJ. Oral Administration of L-Arginine Decreases Necrosis of the Epigastric Skin Flap in the Rat. Ann Plast Surg 2004; 53:73-8. [PMID: 15211204 DOI: 10.1097/01.sap.0000106582.91877.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the effect of prolonged oral arginine administration on tissue necrosis and perfusion in the rat skin flap. METHODS Twenty-five Sprague-Dawley rats had an 8 x 8 - cm epigastric skin flap elevated and were divided in 2 groups, l-Arginine and Control, which respectively received oral 6% l-arginine solution or water for 8 days postoperatively. On postoperative day 8, area of flap necrosis was measured, and the animals were perfused systemically with 15-microm colored fluorescent microspheres before (blue) and after (yellow-green) ligation of the flap pedicle. RESULTS l-Arginine reduced total flap necrosis (6.53 +/- 3.76 cm versus 11.91 +/- 4.12 cm; P < 0.01). After pedicle ligation, total flap perfusion remained unchanged in Control but diminished in the l-Arginine group (Control: 0.47 +/- 0.23 and 0.42 +/- 0.06; P = nonsignificant versus l-Arginine: 0.58 +/- 0.29 and 0.27 +/- 0.19; P < 0.01). Serum levels of l-arginine were higher in the l-arginine-treated animals (504 +/- 154 versus 152 +/- 34 micromol/l; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Postoperative oral administration of l-arginine decreased flap necrosis in the rat epigastric skin flap. Flap perfusion following oral l-arginine was more dependent on the main vascular pedicle.
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