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Zhou P, Wu S, Huang D, Wang K, Su X, Yang R, Shao C, Wu J. Oral exposure to DEHP may stimulate prostatic hyperplasia associated with upregulation of COX-2 and L-PGDS expressions in male adult rats. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 112:160-170. [PMID: 35905844 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a typical environmental endocrine disruptor (EED), can disrupt estrogen and androgen secretion and metabolism process, thus inducing dysfunctional reproduction such as impaired gonadal development and spermatogenesis disorder. Prostaglandin synthases (PGS) catalyze various prostaglandins biosynthesis, involved in inflammatory cascade and tumorigenesis. Yet, little is known about how PGS may impact prostatic hyperplasia development and progression. This study concentrates predominantly on the potential prostatic toxicity of DEHP exposure and the mediating role of PGS. In vivo study, adult male rats were administered via oral gavage 30 μg/kg/d, 90 μg/kg/d, 270 μg/kg/d, 810 μg/kg/d DEHP or vehicle for four weeks. The results elucidated that low-dose DEHP may cause the proliferation of the prostate with an increased PCNA/TUNEL ratio. Given the importance of estrogens and androgens in prostatic hyperplasia, our first objective was to evaluate the levels of sex hormones. DEHP improved the ratio of estradiol (E2)/testosterone (T) in a dose-dependent manner and upregulated estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and androgen receptor (AR) expressions. Prostaglandin synthases, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), were significantly upregulated in the ventral prostate. COX-2 and L-PGDS might mediate the tendency of prostatic hyperplasia induced by low-dose DEHP through estradiol/androgen regulation and imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis in vivo. These findings provide the first evidence that prostaglandin synthases contribute to the tendency toward benign prostatic hyperplasia induced by DEHP. Further investigations will have to be performed to facilitate an improved understanding of the role of prostaglandin synthases in DEHP-induced prostatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School ️of Pharmacy, Fudan University, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wu
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School ️of Pharmacy, Fudan University, China
| | - Dongyan Huang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School ️of Pharmacy, Fudan University, China
| | - Kaiyue Wang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School ️of Pharmacy, Fudan University, China
| | - Xin Su
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School ️of Pharmacy, Fudan University, China
| | - Rongfu Yang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School ️of Pharmacy, Fudan University, China
| | - Congcong Shao
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School ️of Pharmacy, Fudan University, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School ️of Pharmacy, Fudan University, China.
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Woicke J, Al-Haddawi MM, Bienvenu JG, Caverly Rae JM, Chanut FJ, Colman K, Cullen JM, Davis W, Fukuda R, Huisinga M, Walker UJ, Kai K, Kovi RC, Macri NP, Marxfeld HA, Nikula KJ, Pardo ID, Rosol TJ, Sharma AK, Singh BP, Tamura K, Thibodeau MS, Vezzali E, Vidal JD, Meseck EK. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Dog. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:5-109. [PMID: 33393871 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320968181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions) Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the societies of toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying lesions observed in most tissues and organs from the dog used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions, lesions induced by exposure to test materials, and relevant infectious and parasitic lesions. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Karyn Colman
- Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John M Cullen
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Ryo Fukuda
- Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Kiyonori Kai
- Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, Medical Safety Research Laboratories, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ramesh C Kovi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories (EPL), Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,National Toxicology Program (NTP), US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas J Rosol
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Kazutoshi Tamura
- Pathology Department, BoZo Research Center Inc, Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Emily K Meseck
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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3
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Schrank M, Romagnoli S. Prostatic Neoplasia in the Intact and Castrated Dog: How Dangerous is Castration? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E85. [PMID: 31948021 PMCID: PMC7022700 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elective gonadectomy in the dog is a topic of interest for clinicians, pet-owners, and society. Although canine prostatic neoplasia (CPN) has a low incidence (0.35%), reports of an increased risk for castrated dogs attract attention and cause concern in pet-owners. Our aim is to provide professionals and non-professionals with a detailed description of this possible side effect of gonadectomy in the dog. The mean age at diagnosis of CPN ranges from 8.5 to 11.2 years. Medium to large size breeds are more frequently affected. Symptoms and findings of non-invasive examinations are not pathognomonic, therefore, cytological or histological examinations are needed for diagnosis. Overall, the incidence of metastasis reaches up to 80%, yet lung metastasis reportedly has no negative impact on median survival time (MST). It has been reported that castrated males have a significantly higher MST than intact males. Differences in inclusion criteria for studied populations make a comparison of studies difficult. Citation of odds ratios without consideration of the context of the reference may result in premature conclusions. We conclude that elective gonadectomy of adult male dogs under six years of age cannot be excluded from the veterinary practice due to concern of causing CPN until clear and strong evidence is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Schrank
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35122 Padova PD, Italy;
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX; also known as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase) is a key enzyme in the biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of prostaglandins. A large amount of epidemiological and experimental evidence supports a role for COX-2, the inducible form of the enzyme, in human tumorigenesis, notably in colorectal cancer. COX-2 mediates this role through the production of PGE(2) that acts to inhibit apoptosis, promote cell proliferation, stimulate angiogenesis, and decrease immunity. Similarly, COX-2 is believed to be involved in the oncogenesis of some cancers in domestic animals. Here, the author reviews the current knowledge on COX-2 expression and role in cancers of dogs, cats, and horses. Data indicate that COX-2 upregulation is present in many animal cancers, but there is presently not enough information to clearly define the prognostic significance of COX-2 expression. To date, only few reports document an association between COX-2 expression and survival, notably in canine mammary cancers and osteosarcomas. Some evidence suggests that COX inhibitors could be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of certain cancers in domestic animals, the best example being urinary transitional cell carcinomas in dogs. However, determination of the levels of COX-2 in a tumor does not appear to be a good prognostic factor or a good indicator for the response to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy. Clearly, additional research, including the development of in vitro cell systems, is needed to determine if COX-2 expression can be used as a reliable prognostic factor and as a definite therapeutic target in animal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Doré
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
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Ponglowhapan S, Church D, Khalid M. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the canine lower urinary tract with regard to the effects of gonadal status and gender. Theriogenology 2009; 71:1276-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tucker AR, Smith JR. Prostatic squamous metaplasia in a cat with interstitial cell neoplasia in a retained testis. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:905-9. [PMID: 18984794 DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-6-905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An 11-year-old cat with a retained testis was presented with a chronic history of dysuria and bladder atony. Medical therapy failed to alleviate the clinical signs. Contrast radiography demonstrated a diffusely narrowed urethra. During a celiotomy and prepubic urethrostomy, a retained testis, stenosed urethra, and irregularly enlarged prostate were observed. Histopathologic diagnosis was retained testis with a well-differentiated interstitial cell tumor, a poorly differentiated interstitial cell tumor, and marked squamous metaplasia of the prostatic epithelium with suppurative prostatitis. Neoplastic interstitial cells were immunoreactive for Melan A, consistent with reports of Melan A expression in steroid hormone-producing tissue. This is the first report of prostatic squamous metaplasia associated with testicular neoplasia in a felid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Tucker
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Ricke WA, McPherson SJ, Bianco JJ, Cunha GR, Wang Y, Risbridger GP. Prostatic hormonal carcinogenesis is mediated by in situ estrogen production and estrogen receptor alpha signaling. FASEB J 2007; 22:1512-20. [PMID: 18055862 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-9526com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It was recently demonstrated that antiestrogens prevented prostate cancer (PRCA) in men. The source of estradiol (E2) that contributes to carcinogenesis, as well as the selected estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathway, is unknown. To evaluate estrogen's effects in carcinogenesis, we developed a new model of PRCA utilizing testosterone and E2 to stimulate PRCA. To determine whether local in situ production of E2 affected incidence of PRCA, aromatase-knockout (ArKO) mice were evaluated. In contrast to the wild-type mice, ArKO mice had reduced incidences of PRCA, which implicates in situ production of E2 as an important determinant of PRCA. To determine whether E2-mediated responses were due to ER alpha or ER beta signaling, ER alpha-knockout (alphaERKO) or ERbeta-knockout (betaERKO) mice were used. Prostates from betaERKO mice underwent biochemical and histological carcinogenesis similar to wild-type mice, whereas prostates from alphaERKO mice remained free of pathology. These data suggest that effective prevention of carcinogenesis will require antagonism of ER alpha but not ER beta. This mouse model provides a means to examine genetic gain and loss of function and determine the efficacy of therapeutics on prostatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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Tam NNC, Leav I, Ho SM. Sex hormones induce direct epithelial and inflammation-mediated oxidative/nitrosative stress that favors prostatic carcinogenesis in the noble rat. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1334-41. [PMID: 17717140 PMCID: PMC1988882 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress have been implicated in prostate carcinogenesis, but the cause(s) of redox imbalance in the gland remains poorly defined. We and others have reported that administration of testosterone plus 17beta-estradiol to Noble rats for 16 weeks induces dysplasia and stromal inflammation of the lateral prostate (LP) but not the ventral prostate. Here, using laser capture microdissected specimens, we found that the combined hormone regimen increased the expression of mRNA of specific members of NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX-1, NOX-2, and NOX4), nitric-oxide synthase [NOS; inducible NOS and endothelial NOS], and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) in the LP epithelium and/or its adjacent inflammatory stroma. Accompanying these changes was the accumulation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts, and nitrotyrosine, primarily in the LP epithelium, suggesting that NOX, NOS, and COX may mediate hormone-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress in epithelium. We concluded that the oxidative/nitrosative damage resulting from the testosterone-plus-17beta-estradiol treatment is not solely derived from stromal inflammatory lesions but likely also originates from the epithelium per se. In this context, the up-regulation of COX-2 from epithelium represents a potential mechanism by which the hormone-initiated epithelium might induce inflammatory responses. Thus, we link alterations in the hormonal milieu with oxidative/nitrosative/inflammatory damage to the prostate epithelium that promotes carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville N C Tam
- Department of Environmental Health, Kettering Complex, Room 130, 3223 Eden Ave., University of Cincinnati Medical Center, PO Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
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Bryan JN, Keeler MR, Henry CJ, Bryan ME, Hahn AW, Caldwell CW. A population study of neutering status as a risk factor for canine prostate cancer. Prostate 2007; 67:1174-81. [PMID: 17516571 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer has been reported to occur more commonly in neutered than intact male dogs in several case series. This study was undertaken to evaluate risk of prostate cancer in a large population database. The hypothesis was that castration is a risk factor for prostate cancer in male companion dogs. METHODS Data were derived from recorded visits to North American veterinary teaching hospitals. The Veterinary Medical Databases (VMDB) were queried to yield male dogs with urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), prostate adenocarcinoma (ACA), prostate TCC, prostate carcinoma (CA), and prostate tumors. A second query yielded all male dogs over the age of 4 years without a diagnosis of urinary tract cancer. These populations were compared to determine relative risks for developing each disease, singly and collectively, associated with neutering status. Odds ratios were calculated for breed as a risk factor. RESULTS Neutered males had a significantly increased risk for each form of cancer. Neutered males had an odds ratio of 3.56 (3.02-4.21) for urinary bladder TCC, 8.00 (5.60-11.42) for prostate TCC, 2.12 (1.80-2.49) for prostate adenocarcinoma, 3.86 (3.13-4.16) for prostate carcinoma, and 2.84 (2.57-3.14) for all prostate cancers. Relative risks were highly similar when cases were limited to those with a histologically confirmed diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Breed predisposition suggests that genetic factors play a role in the development of prostate cancer. The risk associated with being neutered is highest for TCC, supporting previous work identifying the urothelium and ductular rather than acinar epithelium as the source of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Griffoni C, Spisni E, Strillacci A, Toni M, Bachschmid MM, Tomasi V. Selective inhibition of prostacyclin synthase activity by rofecoxib. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 11:327-38. [PMID: 17488481 PMCID: PMC3822831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitors prompted studies aimed at treating chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer by using this new generation of drugs.Yet, several recent reports pointed out that long-term treatment of patients with COX-2 selective inhibitors (especially rofecoxib) caused severe cardiovascular complicances. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether, in addition to inhibiting COX-2, rofecoxib may also affect prostacyclin (PGI2) level by inhibiting PGI2 forming enzyme (prostacyclin synthase, PGIS). In order to evaluate if selective (celecoxib, rofecoxib) and non-selective (aspirin, naproxen) anti-inflammatory compounds could decrease PGI2 production in endothelial cells by inhibiting PGIS, we analyzed the effect of anti-inflammatory compounds on the enzyme activity by ELISA assay after addition of exogenous substrate, on PGIS protein levels by Western blotting and on its subcellular distribution by confocal microscopy. We also analyzed the effect of rofecoxib on PGIS activity in bovine aortic microsomal fractions enriched in PGIS. This study demonstrates an inhibitory effect of rofecoxib on PGIS activity in human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells and in PGIS-enriched bovine aortic microsomal fractions, which is not observed by using other anti-inflammatory compounds. The inhibitory effect of rofecoxib is associated neither to a decrease of PGIS protein levels nor to an impairment of the enzyme intracellular localization. The results of this study may explain the absence of a clear relationship between COX-2 selectivity and cardiovascular side effects. Moreover, in the light of these results we propose that novel selective COX-2 inhibitors should be tested on PGI2 synthase activity inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Griffoni
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence to Enzo SPISNI Via Selmi, 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Tel: +39 051 209 42 53 Fax: +39 051 209 42 86
| | - Enzo Spisni
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence to Enzo SPISNI Via Selmi, 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Tel: +39 051 209 42 53 Fax: +39 051 209 42 86
| | - Antonio Strillacci
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Toni
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Tomasi
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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