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Wawrzyniak A, Balawender K. Structural and Metabolic Changes in Bone. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151946. [PMID: 35953935 PMCID: PMC9367262 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bone is an extremely metabolically active tissue that is regenerated and repaired over its lifetime by bone remodeling. Most bone diseases are caused by abnormal restructure processes that undermine bone structure and mechanical strength and trigger clinical symptoms, such as pain, deformity, fracture, and abnormalities of calcium and phosphate homoeostasis. The article examines the main aspects of bone development, anatomy, structure, and the mechanisms of cell and molecular regulation of bone remodeling. Abstract As an essential component of the skeleton, bone tissue provides solid support for the body and protects vital organs. Bone tissue is a reservoir of calcium, phosphate, and other ions that can be released or stored in a controlled manner to provide constant concentration in body fluids. Normally, bone development or osteogenesis occurs through two ossification processes (intra-articular and intra-chondral), but the first produces woven bone, which is quickly replaced by stronger lamellar bone. Contrary to commonly held misconceptions, bone is a relatively dynamic organ that undergoes significant turnover compared to other organs in the body. Bone metabolism is a dynamic process that involves simultaneous bone formation and resorption, controlled by numerous factors. Bone metabolism comprises the key actions. Skeletal mass, structure, and quality are accrued and maintained throughout life, and the anabolic and catabolic actions are mostly balanced due to the tight regulation of the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This activity is also provided by circulating hormones and cytokines. Bone tissue remodeling processes are regulated by various biologically active substances secreted by bone tissue cells, namely RANK, RANKL, MMP-1, MMP-9, or type 1 collagen. Bone-derived factors (BDF) influence bone function and metabolism, and pathophysiological conditions lead to bone dysfunction. This work aims to analyze and evaluate the current literature on various local and systemic factors or immune system interactions that can affect bone metabolism and its impairments.
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Arfat Y, Rani A, Jingping W, Hocart CH. Calcium homeostasis during hibernation and in mechanical environments disrupting calcium homeostasis. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ma X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Dong M, Yang W, Xue F. Ovarian cancer presenting with hypercalcemia: two cases with similar manifestations but different mechanisms. Cancer Biol Med 2018; 15:182-187. [PMID: 29951343 PMCID: PMC5994552 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2018.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercalcemia presenting in ovarian cancer is uncommon in the clinic. Here, two cases of ovarian epithelial carcinoma that presented with severe hypercalcemia were reported, with a review of the literature. The laboratory findings and stepwise clinical investigations of these two cases differed, indicating distinct underlying causes of hypercalcemia. In case one, the serum levels and immunostaining for parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) verified humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM). In case two, the high level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the scintigraphy scan showing parathyroid gland adenoma confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism-induced hypercalcemia. Both patients received optimal cytoreductive operation and adjuvant chemotherapy but showed different outcomes respectively. This article focused on differential diagnosis of ovarian cancer-associated hypercalcemia, by stepwise imaging and laboratory investigation, and the appropriate therapy should be considered based on the different etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegong Ma
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xuhong Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Mengting Dong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Fengxia Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Corrado A, Sanpaolo ER, Di Bello S, Cantatore FP. Osteoblast as a target of anti-osteoporotic treatment. Postgrad Med 2017; 129:858-865. [PMID: 28770650 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2017.1362312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts are mesenchymal cells that play a key role in maintaining bone homeostasis; they are responsible for the production of extracellular matrix proteins, regulation of matrix mineralization, control of bone remodeling and regulate osteoclast differentiation. Osteoblasts have an essential role in the pathogenesis of many bone diseases, particularly osteoporosis. For many decades, the main current available treatments for osteoporosis have been represented by anti-resorptive drugs, such as bisphosphonates, which act mainly by inhibiting osteoclasts maturation, proliferation and activity; nevertheless, in recent years much attention has been paid on anabolic aspects of osteoporosis treatment. Many experimental evidences support the hypothesis of direct effects of the classical anti-resorptive drugs also on osteoblasts, and recent progress in understanding bone physiology have led to the development of new pharmacological agents such as anti-sclerostin antibodies and teriparatide which directly target osteoblasts, inducing anabolic effects and promoting bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addolorata Corrado
- a Rheumatology Clinic Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Eliana Rita Sanpaolo
- a Rheumatology Clinic Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Silvana Di Bello
- a Rheumatology Clinic Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Cantatore
- a Rheumatology Clinic Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
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Hsieh CL, Huang SM, Chen LI, Yu CM, Wong CH, Peng RY. Novel Approach of Using Nutraceutic-Directed Caloric Antioxidant Density and Ion-Ratio for Evaluating Fruit's Health Quality. J Food Sci 2016; 81:H2059-68. [PMID: 27467811 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Seven kinds of indigenous fruits and five imported fruits were compared for their "health quality." Methods including the calorific, antioxidant, and ion ratios were carried out. Results indicated the order of content (in mg/100g) was: Ca(2+) , Murcott orange (218.2) > Kiwifruit (200.0) > pineapple (138.5) > Golden kiwi (117.6); Mg(2+) , Pitaya (192.2), banana (88.0), Kiwifruit (63.4), and Golden kiwi (58.4); Zn(2+) , Pitaya (19.53) > pear (10.8) > Kiwifruit (6.09) > Irwin mango (4.58). Cu(2+) , Kiwifruit (0.70) > Red globe grape (0.67) > Golden kiwi (0.65) > Irwin mango (0.42) ≈ Pitaya (0.40). In terms of ion ratio, Pitaya showed Zn(2+) /Cu(2+) (48.8), Mg(2+) /Ca(2+) (6.7) and uniquely possessed selenium 0.002 mg/100 g; for pear, Zn(2+) /Cu(2+) = 37.2, while Kyoho grape, Red globe grape, and Golden kiwi revealed extremely high Fe(2+) /(Co(2+) +Ni(2+) ) ratios. On the other hands, Irwin mango and Pitaya astonishingly contained huge amount of inositol, reaching 3523.2 mg/100 g and 1998.7 mg/100 g, respectively. To evaluate the "health quality" of fruits, an overall ranking method by combining (a) the Function-directed Caloric Antioxidant Density (CAD) and (b) the ion ratio was developed. The finalized ranking of these selected fruits was: Pitaya > cherry > Irwin mango > Murcott orange = pineapple > banana > Golden kiwi > pear > Kiwifruit > Red globe grape > apple > Kyoho grape. Conclusively, this evaluation method is novel, contemporary and scientific, which could more clearly assess the "health quality" of fruits in view of nutritional, calorific, and antioxidant balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- Graduate Inst. of Biotechnology, Changhua Univ. of Education, 1 Jin-De Rd., Changhua, Taiwan, 50007
| | - Shang-Ming Huang
- Graduate Inst. of Biotechnology, Changhua Univ. of Education, 1 Jin-De Rd., Changhua, Taiwan, 50007
| | - Li-I Chen
- Fruit industry section, the Agriculture and Food Agency, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 8 Guanghua Rd., Nantou City, Taiwan, 54044
| | - Chien-Mei Yu
- Graduate Inst. of Biotechnology, Changhua Univ. of Education, 1 Jin-De Rd., Changhua, Taiwan, 50007
| | - Cheng-Hsin Wong
- Crop production division, Agriculture and Food Agency, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 8 Guanghua Rd., Nantou City, Taiwan, 54044
| | - Robert Y Peng
- Research Inst. of Biotechnology, Hungkuang Univ, 34 Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu District, Taichung City, Taiwan, 43302.,Research Inst. of Medicinal Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical Univ, 250 Wu-Xing St, Taipei, Taiwan, 11031
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Martin TJ. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein, Its Regulation of Cartilage and Bone Development, and Role in Treating Bone Diseases. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:831-71. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was discovered as a cancer-derived hormone, it has been revealed as an important paracrine/autocrine regulator in many tissues, where its effects are context dependent. Thus its location and action in the vasculature explained decades-long observations that injection of PTH into animals rapidly lowered blood pressure by producing vasodilatation. Its roles have been specified in development and maturity in cartilage and bone as a crucial regulator of endochondral bone formation and bone remodeling, respectively. Although it shares actions with parathyroid hormone (PTH) through the use of their common receptor, PTHR1, PTHrP has other actions mediated by regions within the molecule beyond the amino-terminal sequence that resembles PTH, including the ability to promote placental transfer of calcium from mother to fetus. A striking feature of the physiology of PTHrP is that it possesses structural features that equip it to be transported in and out of the nucleus, and makes use of a specific nuclear import mechanism to do so. Evidence from mouse genetic experiments shows that PTHrP generated locally in bone is essential for normal bone remodeling. Whereas the main physiological function of PTH is the hormonal regulation of calcium metabolism, locally generated PTHrP is the important physiological mediator of bone remodeling postnatally. Thus the use of intermittent injection of PTH as an anabolic therapy for bone appears to be a pharmacological application of the physiological function of PTHrP. There is much current interest in the possibility of developing PTHrP analogs that might enhance the therapeutic anabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. John Martin
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Esbrit P, Herrera S, Portal-Núñez S, Nogués X, Díez-Pérez A. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Analogs as Osteoporosis Therapies. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 98:359-69. [PMID: 26259869 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-0050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The only bone anabolic agent currently available for osteoporosis treatment is parathyroid hormone (PTH)-either its N-terminal 1-34 fragment or the whole molecule of 1-84 aminoacids-whose intermittent administration stimulates new bone formation by targeting osteoblastogenesis and osteoblast survival. PTH-related protein (PTHrP) is an abundant factor in bone which shows N-terminal homology with PTH and thus exhibits high affinity for the same PTH type 1 receptor in osteoblasts. Therefore, it is not surprising that intermittently administered N-terminal PTHrP peptides induce bone anabolism in animals and humans. Furthermore, the C-terminal region of PTHrP also elicits osteogenic features in vitro in osteoblastic cells and in various animal models of osteoporosis. In this review, we discuss the current concepts about the cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby PTHrP may induce anabolic actions in bone. Pre-clinical studies and clinical data using N-terminal PTHrP analogs are also summarized, pointing to PTHrP as a promising alternative to current bone anabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Esbrit
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral y Óseo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS)-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sabina Herrera
- Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Portal-Núñez
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral y Óseo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS)-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Nogués
- Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo Díez-Pérez
- Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Cinacalcet attenuates hypercalcemia observed in mice bearing either Rice H-500 Leydig cell or C26-DCT colon tumors. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 712:8-15. [PMID: 23623934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) by tumors stimulates bone resorption and increases renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, resulting in hypercalcemia of malignancy. We investigated the ability of cinacalcet, an allosteric modulator of the calcium-sensing receptor, to attenuate hypercalcemia by assessing its effects on blood ionized calcium, serum PTHrP, and calcium-sensing receptor mRNA in mice bearing either Rice H-500 Leydig cell or C26-DCT colon tumors. Cinacalcet effectively decreased hypercalcemia in a dose- and enantiomer-dependent manner; furthermore, cinacalcet normalized phosphorus levels, but did not affect serum PTHrP. Ribonuclease protection assay results demonstrated presence of PTHrP receptor, but not calcium-sensing receptor mRNA in C26-DCT tumors. The mechanism by which cinacalcet lowered serum calcium was investigated in parathyroidectomized rats (i.e., without PTH) made hypercalcemic by PTHrP. Cinacalcet attenuated PTHrP-mediated elevations in blood ionized calcium, which were accompanied by increased plasma calcitonin. Taken together these results suggest that the cinacalcet-mediated decrease in serum calcium is not the result of a direct effect on tumor cells, but rather is the result of increased calcitonin release. In summary, cinacalcet effectively reduced tumor-mediated hypercalcemia and corrected hypophosphatemia in mice. Further investigation of cinacalcet for treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy is warranted.
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Hernandez LL, Gregerson KA, Horseman ND. Mammary gland serotonin regulates parathyroid hormone-related protein and other bone-related signals. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1009-15. [PMID: 22318950 PMCID: PMC3774078 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00666.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cells drive bone demineralization during lactation and metastatic cancers. A shared mechanism among these physiological and pathological states is endocrine secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), which acts through osteoblasts to stimulate osteoclastic bone demineralization. The regulation of PTHrP has not been accounted for fully by any conventional mammotropic stimuli or tumor growth factors. Serotonin (5-HT) synthesis within breast epithelial cells is induced during lactation and in advancing breast cancer. Here we report that serotonin deficiency (knockout of tryptophan hydroxylase-1) results in a reduction of mammary PTHrP expression during lactation, which is rescued by restoring 5-HT synthesis. 5-HT induced PTHrP expression in lactogen-primed mammary epithelial cells from either mouse or cow. In human breast cancer cells 5-HT induced both PTHrP and the metastasis-associated transcription factor Runx2/Cbfa1. Based on receptor expression and pharmacological evidence, the 5-HT2 receptor type was implicated as being critical for induction of PTHrP and Runx2. These results connect 5-HT synthesis to the induction of bone-regulating factors in the normal mammary gland and in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Hernandez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) in tumor progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 720:145-60. [PMID: 21901625 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is widely expressed in fetal and adult tissues and is a key regulator for cellular calcium transport and smooth muscle cell contractility, as well as a crucial control factor in cell proliferation, development and differentiation. PTHrP stimulates or inhibits apoptosis in an autocrine/paracrine and intracrine fashion, and is particularly important for hair follicle and bone development, mammary epithelial development and tooth eruption. PTHrP's dysregulated expression has traditionally been associated with oncogenic pathologies as the major causative agent of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia, but recent evidence revealed a driving role in skeletal metastasis progression. Here, we demonstrate that PTHrP is also closely involved in breast cancer initiation, growth and metastasis through mechanisms separate from its bone turnover action, and we suggest that PTHrP as a facilitator of oncogenes would be a novel target for therapeutic purposes.
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Riccardi D, Finney BA, Wilkinson WJ, Kemp PJ. Novel regulatory aspects of the extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor, CaR. Pflugers Arch 2009; 458:1007-22. [PMID: 19484257 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to sense and adapt to changes in environmental cues is of paramount importance for every living organism. From yeast to man, cells must be able to match cellular activities to growth environment and nutrient availability. Key to this process is the development of membrane-bound systems that can detect modifications in the extracellular environment and to translate these into biological responses. Evidence gathered over the last 15 years has demonstrated that many of these cell surface "sensors" belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Crucial to our understanding of nutrient sensing in mammalian species has been the identification of the extracellular Ca(2+)/cation-sensing receptor, CaR. CaR was the first ion-sensing molecule identified in man and genetic studies in humans have revealed the importance of the CaR in mineral ion metabolism. Latter, it has become apparent that the CaR also plays an important role outside the Ca(2+) homeostatic system, as an integrator of multiple environmental signals for the regulation of many vital cellular processes, from cell-to-cell communication to secretion and cell survival/cell death. Recently, novel aspects of receptor function reveal an unexpected role for the CaR in the regulation of growth and development in utero.
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Lozano D, de Castro LF, Dapía S, Andrade-Zapata I, Manzarbeitia F, Alvarez-Arroyo MV, Gómez-Barrena E, Esbrit P. Role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the decreased osteoblast function in diabetes-related osteopenia. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2027-35. [PMID: 19196804 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A deficit in bone formation is a major factor in diabetes-related osteopenia. We examined here whether diabetes-associated changes in osteoblast phenotype might in part result from a decrease in PTH-related protein (PTHrP). We used a bone marrow ablation model in diabetic mice by multiple streptozotocin injections. PTHrP (1-36) (100 microg/kg, every other day) or vehicle was administered to mice for 13 d starting 1 wk before marrow ablation. Diabetic mice showed bone loss in both the intact femur and the regenerating tibia on d 6 after ablation; in the latter, this was related to decreased bone-forming cells, osteoid surface, and blood vessels, and increased marrow adiposity. Moreover, a decrease in matrix mineralization occurred in ex vivo bone marrow cultures from the unablated tibia from diabetic mice. These skeletal alterations were associated with decreased gene expression (by real-time PCR) of Runx2, osterix, osteocalcin, PTHrP, the PTH type 1 receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors, and osteoprotegerin to receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand mRNA ratio, and increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 mRNA levels. Similar changes were induced by hyperosmotic (high glucose or mannitol) medium in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, which were mimicked by adding a neutralizing anti-PTHrP antibody or PTH type 1 receptor antagonists to these cells in normal glucose medium. PTHrP (1-36) administration reversed these changes in both intact and regenerating bones from diabetic mice in vivo, and in MC3T3-E1 cells exposed to high glucose. These findings strongly suggest that PTHrP has an important role in the altered osteoblastic function related to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lozano
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral y Oseo, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (Capio Group), Avenida. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Takahashi M, Mizoguchi T, Uehara S, Nakamichi Y, Yang S, Naramoto H, Yamashita T, Kobayashi Y, Yamaoka M, Furusawa K, Udagawa N, Uematsu T, Takahashi N. Docetaxel inhibits bone resorption through suppression of osteoclast formation and function in different manners. J Bone Miner Metab 2009; 27:24-35. [PMID: 19082914 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-008-0013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are formed from the monocyte-macrophage lineage in response to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) expressed by osteoblasts. Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis, and osteoclasts play roles in the metastasis. The taxane-derived compounds paclitaxel and docetaxel are used for the treatment of malignant diseases, including breast cancer. Here we explored the effects of docetaxel on osteoclastic bone resorption in mouse culture systems. Osteoclasts were formed within 6 days in cocultures of osteoblasts and bone marrow cells treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) plus prostaglandin E(2). Docetaxel at 10(-8) M inhibited osteoclast formation in the coculture when added for the entire culture period or for the first 3 days. Docetaxel, even at 10(-6) M added for the final 3 days, failed to inhibit osteoclast formation. Osteoprotegerin, a decoy receptor of RANKL, completely inhibited osteoclast formation when added for the final 3 days. Docetaxel at 10(-8) M inhibited the proliferation of osteoblasts and bone marrow cells. RANKL mRNA expression induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) plus prostaglandin E(2) in osteoblasts was not affected by docetaxel even at 10(-6) M. Docetaxel at 10(-6) M, but not at 10(-8) M, inhibited pit-forming activity of osteoclasts cultured on dentine. Actin ring formation and L: -glutamate secretion by osteoclasts were also inhibited by docetaxel at 10(-6) M. Thus, docetaxel inhibits bone resorption in two different manners: inhibition of osteoclast formation at 10(-8) M and of osteoclast function at 10(-6) M. These results suggest that taxanes have beneficial effects in the treatment of bone metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takahashi
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hiro-oka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
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Abstract
Disorders of mineral metabolism are common in both the office and hospital setting. The diagnosis can be simplified by remembering the target organs involved--intestine, kidney, and bone--and by assessing the presence of kidney disease, levels of parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D status. Although the list of possible causes for these derangements is long, most patients who have hypercalcemia have hyperparathyroidism or malignancy; those who have hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia have reduced gastrointestinal absorption, and those who have hyperphosphatemia and hypermagnesemia have increased intake in the setting of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Moe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1001 West 10th Street, OPW 526, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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de Gortázar AR, Alonso V, Alvarez-Arroyo MV, Esbrit P. Transient exposure to PTHrP (107-139) exerts anabolic effects through vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in human osteoblastic cells in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 2006; 79:360-9. [PMID: 17120184 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-006-0099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent administration of the N-terminal fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) induces bone anabolic effects. However, the effects of the C-terminal domain of PTHrP on bone turnover remain controversial. We examined the putative mechanisms whereby this PTHrP domain can affect osteoblastic differentiation, using human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells and osteoblastic cells from human trabecular bone. Intermittent exposure to PTHrP (107-139), within 10-100 nM, for only <or=24 hours during cell growth stimulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Runt homology domain protein (Runx2) activities as well as osteocalcin (OC) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression but inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) ligand. Continuous exposure to this PTHrP peptide reversed these effects. The stimulatory effects of transient treatment with PTHrP (107-139) on OC mRNA and/or OPG protein expression were unaffected by a neutralizing anti-insulin-like growth factor I antibody or [Asn(10), Leu(11), d-Trp(12)]PTHrP (7-34) in these cells. On the other hand, the former antibody and the latter PTHrP antagonist abrogated the PTHrP (1-36)-induced increase in these osteoblastic products. Transient exposure to PTHrP (107-139), in contrast to PTHrP (1-36), stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) mRNA levels in these cells. Moreover, induction of ALP activity as well as OC and OPG expression by PTHrP (107-139) was blunted by SU5614, a permeable tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR2. Protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitors abolished the PTHrP (107-139)-stimulated VEGFR2 and OPG mRNA levels in these cells. These results indicate that intermittent exposure to PTHrP (107-139) exerts potential anabolic effects through the PKC/ERK pathway and, subsequently, VEGFR2 upregulation in vitro in human osteoblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R de Gortázar
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral y Oseo, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (Capio Group), Avda. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Malluche HH, Koszewski N, Monier-Faugere MC, Williams JP, Mawad H. Influence of the parathyroid glands on bone metabolism. Eur J Clin Invest 2006; 36 Suppl 2:23-33. [PMID: 16884395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a classic target tissue for parathyroid hormone (PTH), whose calciotropic effect is mediated largely via catabolic actions on this tissue. Paradoxically, PTH also exerts anabolic actions, with intermittent injections of PTH or its amino-terminal fragments causing an increase in bone formation and bone mass, actions that form the basis for the use of PTH in the treatment of osteoporosis. Besides vitamin D, PTH is the only other known bone anabolic agent. High-affinity PTH receptors (PTH-1R) have been detected on osteoblasts and osteoclasts (albeit in lower numbers). Bone turnover, which includes activation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, appears to be best reflected not by absolute concentrations of PTH (which can vary based on the assay and antibody used) but by a balance of circulating full-length PTH-(1-84) and amino-terminally truncated C-PTH fragments. When PTH-(1-84) is predominant, bone turnover is promoted. Among PTH fragments, PTH-(7-84) appears to be the most potent antagonist of PTH-(1-84). The mechanisms involved in these effects are unclear although mediation via unique C-terminal receptors has been suggested. We propose that, within the range of total PTH (100-1000 pg mL(-1)), the ratio of PTH-(1-84)/C-PTH fragment is a valuable tool for diagnosis of bone turnover. Data indicate that at PTH levels < 100-150 pg mL(-1) and > 1000 pg mL(-1), the ratio looses its predictive power. Assay type, patient characteristics (race, underlying renal disease) and treatment attributes (vitamin D, corticosteroids, phosphate binders) have an impact on the PTH ratio, and care should be used in interpreting assay results and making subsequent treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Malluche
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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17
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Gennero I, Moulin P, Edouard T, Conte-Auriol F, Tauber MT, Salles JP. Métabolisme minéral osseux: données récentes et perspectives relatives à l’ostéogenèse. Arch Pediatr 2004; 11:1473-83. [PMID: 15596338 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Important data have recently been added to our knowledge of bone mineral metabolism in children. Molecular pathophysiology of several pediatric syndromes has been clarified. Specially, the components of endocrine and metabolic regulations are tightly related with regard to the trophicity of bone. On another hand, the impact of several therapeutics of bone diseases like biphosphonates, parathormone (PTH) or growth hormone on bone anabolism is now strongly emphasized. All these points are important for the becoming of bone pediatric diseases in the adult life. Here we analyze the essential components of mineral metabolism and of its regulation in view of the recent biological data, like PTH/PTHrP (PTH-related peptide)-evoked cell signaling, the role of FGF 23 (Fibroblast growth factor 23) in hypophosphatemia and the regulation of vitamin D metabolism by 1alpha-hydroxylase. Inter-relation of these regulating elements is present in several genetic diseases and in the Mc Cune Albright syndrome. Relationships between metabolic and endocrine factors are analyzed considering their impact on PTH secretion and osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gennero
- Laboratoire de biochimie, hôpital La Grave, TSA 60033, 31059 Toulouse 9, France
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie K McCauley
- University of Michigan Department of Periodontics/Prevention/Teriatrics, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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19
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Ueno M, Tokonabe S, Kuroda I, Tsukamoto T, Deguchi N. Hypercalcemia upon recurrence of renal cell carcinoma producing parathyroid hormone-related protein. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY 2003; 37:265-8. [PMID: 12775288 DOI: 10.1080/00365590310008172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We established a new renal carcinoma cell line that produces parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and interleukin-6 in culture. The cellular production of PTHrP was confirmed by Northern blot analysis and immunofluorescence examination. Bone and lung metastases occurred simultaneously 3.5 years after surgery. The patient did not show hypercalcemia at this time, despite the presence of multiple osteolytic metastases. About 7 months after bone metastasis was first shown, serum PTHrP was detected by means of an immunoradiometric assay and the calcium level was found to be elevated to 3.29 mmol/l. The hypercalcemia was successfully controlled by i.v. administration of bisphosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehisa Ueno
- Department of Urology, Kidney Disease Center, Saitama Medical Center, Japan.
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20
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Massfelder T, Helwig JJ. The parathyroid hormone-related protein system: more data but more unsolved questions. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2003; 12:35-42. [PMID: 12496664 DOI: 10.1097/00041552-200301000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review focuses on recent studies that might be considered as the most relevant advances in the parathyroid hormone-related protein field, with special emphasis on proven functions in renovascular and cardiovascular systems, in physiological as well as pathological conditions. Thus, the questions as to whether and how parathyroid hormone-related protein intervenes in vascular development and homeostasis and in vascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, restenosis and heart failure have begun to be unraveled. RECENT FINDINGS Since its discovery from hypercalcemia-associated tumors in 1987, it has become clear that parathyroid hormone-related protein is a ubiquitously expressed poly-hormone and plays crucial roles in normal life. The early lethality to parathyroid hormone-related protein knockout mice emphasizes the crucial roles of the protein in development but has limited the use of these models. However, data accumulated from transgenic animals overexpressing the protein in particular cells have provided considerable support to its physiological and pathological relevance. The recent demonstration that nascent parathyroid hormone-related protein not only follows the secretory pathways, but also directly translocates to the nucleus, is beginning to uncover new actions for the protein in a number of physiological systems such as bone, mammary gland and vascular smooth muscle, as well as in pathological situations, such as cancer, osteoporosis, sepsis, atherosclerosis and hypertension. SUMMARY The development of mice with conditionally deleted parathyroid hormone-related protein or parathyroid hormone-1 receptor alleles will allow the creation of cell- or tissue-specific parathyroid hormone-related protein knockout mice which will greatly facilitate the determination of the biological relevance of this protein in a specific cell or tissue type, particularly in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Massfelder
- Division of Renovascular Pharmacology and Physiology, INSERM-ULP, University of Louis Pastuer Medical School, Strasbourg, France
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