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Xygkis M, Linaraki AN, Toutoudaki EN, Katsoprinakis GE, Rakitzis TP. Absorption coefficients and scattering losses of TGG, TGP, KTF, FS, and CeF 3 magneto-optical crystals in the visible via cavity ring-down spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:7730-7735. [PMID: 37855481 DOI: 10.1364/ao.496780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a method for determining small absorption coefficients and surface-scattering losses of crystals using cavity ring-down spectroscopy and perform measurements on magneto-optical crystals of terbium gallium garnet (TGG), terbium gallium phosphate (TGP), fused silica (FS), potassium terbium fluoride (KTF), and C e F 3 at 532 and 634 nm. Surface scattering is distinguished from absorption losses by using crystals of different lengths. A figure of merit (FoM) for magneto-optical crystals is defined to evaluate their suitability as intracavity optics in optical cavity applications. It is found that TGP has the highest FoM for crystal lengths up to ∼10m m, whereas C e F 3 and FS potentially outperform TGP for longer crystals. Single-pass applications are also briefly discussed.
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Measurement of Exhaled Nitric Oxide in 456 Lung Cancer Patients Using a Ringdown FENO Analyzer. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060352. [PMID: 34072964 PMCID: PMC8230208 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical value of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) for diagnosing lung cancer patients by using a relatively large sample. An online and near-real-time ringdown exhaled NO analyzer calibrated by an electrochemical sensor at clinical was used for breath analysis. A total of 740 breath samples from 284 healthy control subjects (H) and 456 lung cancer patients (LC) were collected. The recorded data included exhaled NO, medications taken within the last half month, demographics, fasting status and smoking status. The LC had a significantly higher level of exhaled NO than the H (H: 21.0 ± 12.1 ppb vs. LC: 34.1 ± 17.2 ppb). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for exhaled NO predicting LC and H was 0.728 (sensitivity was 0.798; specificity was 0.55). There was no significant difference in exhaled NO level between groups divided by different types of LC, tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, sex, smoking status, age, body mass index (BMI) or fasting status. Exhaled NO level alone is not a useful clinical tool for identifying lung cancer, but it should be considered when developing a diagnosis model of lung cancer by using breath analysis.
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Banik GD, Mizaikoff B. Exhaled breath analysis using cavity-enhanced optical techniques: a review. J Breath Res 2020; 14:043001. [PMID: 32969348 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abaf07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopies (CEAS) have gained importance in a wide range of applications in molecular spectroscopy. The development of optical sensors based on the CEAS techniques coupled with the continuous wave or pulsed laser sources operating in the mid-infrared or near-infrared spectral regime uniquely offers molecularly selective and ultra-sensitive detection of trace species in complex matrices including exhaled human breath. In this review, we discussed recent applications of CEAS for analyzing trace constituents within the exhaled breath matrix facilitating the non-invasive assessment of human health status. Next to a brief discussion on the mechanisms of formation of trace components found in the exhaled breath matrix related to particular disease states, existing challenges in CEAS and future development towards non-invasive clinical diagnostics will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab D Banik
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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4
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Petralia LS, Bahl A, Peverall R, Richmond G, Couper JH, Hancock G, Robbins PA, Ritchie GAD. Accurate real-time F ENO expirograms using complementary optical sensors. J Breath Res 2020; 14:047102. [PMID: 32531773 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab9c31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) is an important biomarker for the diagnosis and management of asthma and other pulmonary diseases associated with airway inflammation. In this study we report on a novel method for accurate, highly time-resolved, real time detection of FENO at the mouth. The experimental arrangement is based on a combination of optical sensors for the determination of the temporal profile of exhaled NO and CO2 concentrations. Breath CO2 and exhalation flow are measured at the mouth using diode laser absorption spectroscopy (at 2 μm) and differential pressure sensing, respectively. NO is determined in a sidestream configuration using a quantum cascade laser based, cavity-enhanced absorption cell (at 5.2 μm) which simultaneously measures sidestream CO2. The at-mouth and sidestream CO2 measurements are used to enable the deconvolution of the sidestream NO measurement back to the at-mouth location. All measurements have a time resolution of 0.1 s, limited by the requirement of a reasonable limit of detection for the NO measurement, which on this timescale is 4.7 ppb (2 σ). Using this methodology, NO expirograms (FENOgrams) were measured and compared for eight healthy volunteers. The FENOgrams appear to differ qualitatively between individuals and the hope is that the dynamic information encoded in these FENOgrams will provide valuable additional insight into the location of the inflammation in the airways and potentially predict a response to therapy. A validation of the measurements at low-time resolution is provided by checking that results from previous studies that used a two-compartment model of NO production can be reproduced using our technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo S Petralia
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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5
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Ai Y, Li J, Li Q, Sun M, Li Y, Wang C. Cavity ringdown spectroscopy of nitric oxide in the ultraviolet region for human breath test. J Breath Res 2020; 14:037101. [PMID: 32191922 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab8184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the spectrum of nitric oxide (NO) in the ultraviolet (UV) (225.4-227.0 nm) region based on cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS). A cavity ringdown system, which consisted of a tunable UV laser source and a vacuum-pumped ringdown cavity, was constructed to measure NO at room temperature and atmospheric or reduced pressure. The measured spectra were validated using LIFBase simulations. The absorption cross-section of NO at the strongest absorption peak at 226.255 nm was measured to be 7.64 × 10-18 cm2 molecule-1. Using the measured mirror reflectivity of 99.55% at 226.255 nm, the detection limit of NO was determined to be 7.4 ppb (parts per billion) based on the standard 3-σ criteria. The stability and reproducibility of this CRDS system were also tested. Furthermore, exhaled gas samples from 203 human subjects (105 healthy people and 98 lung cancer patients) were measured using the system. Results demonstrated that the cavity ringdown spectroscopy in the deep-UV region has potential for breath NO test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Ai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
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6
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Cao Z, Li Z, Xu F, Wu Y, Zhou Z, Tong Z, Ma W, Zhu W. Influence of Spatial Inhomogeneity of Detector Temporal Responses on the Spectral Fidelity in Continuous Wave Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E5232. [PMID: 31795193 PMCID: PMC6928631 DOI: 10.3390/s19235232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to their advantages of having a wide bandwidth, low cost, and being easy to obtain, traditional photodetectors (PDs) are being widely applied in measurements of transient signals. The spatial inhomogeneity of such PD temporal responses was measured directly to account for the PD spatial effect of decay rate due to poor alignment in continuous wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CW-CRDS) experiments. Based on the measurements of three PDs (i.e., model 1611 (Newport), model 1811 (Newport), and model PDA10CF-EC (Thorlabs)), all the temporal responses followed a tendency of declining first and then rising, and steady platforms existed for the last two PDs. Moreover, as we expected, the closer the PD center was, the faster the response. On the other hand, the initial shut-off amplitude generally reached a larger value for a faster temporal response. As a result, the spatial effect can strongly influence the spectral line shape and value, which will introduce more errors into the precise measurements of spectral parameters using the CRDS technique if this effect is not considered. The defined effective detection area (EDA) of the PDs, which was close to the active area given by manufacturers, was the key parameter that should be paid more attention by researchers. Therefore, the PD should be aligned perfectly to make sure that the EDA covers the laser spot completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhixin Li
- School of Software, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yongqian Wu
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China;
| | - Zixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhaomin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Weiguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wenyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (Z.C.); (W.Z.)
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Montilla-Bascón G, Mandon J, Harren FJM, Mur LAJ, Cristescu SM, Prats E. Quantum Cascade Lasers-Based Detection of Nitric Oxide. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1747:49-57. [PMID: 29600450 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7695-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the established importance of nitric oxide (NO) in many physiological and molecular processes in plants, most methods for quantifying NO are open to criticism This reflects the differing methods either lacking specificity or sensitivity, or even from an undue dependence of results on experimental conditions (i.e., chemical concentrations, pH, etc.). In this chapter we describe a protocol to measure gaseous NO produced by a biological sample using quantum cascade laser (QCL)-based spectroscopy. This technique is based on absorption of the laser light by the NO molecules which have been passed from a biological sample into an optical s cell that is equipped with two mirrors placed at both ends. This design greatly increases the interaction path length with the NO molecules due to multiple reflections of the light coupled inside the cell. Thus, the method is able to provide online, in planta measurements of the dynamics of NO production, being highly selective and sensitive (down to ppbv levels;1 ppbv = part per billion by volume mixing ratio = 1:10-9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracia Montilla-Bascón
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Julien Mandon
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans J M Harren
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Simona M Cristescu
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Prats
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain.
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8
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Meng Z, Aykanat A, Mirica KA. Welding Metallophthalocyanines into Bimetallic Molecular Meshes for Ultrasensitive, Low-Power Chemiresistive Detection of Gases. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:2046-2053. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Aylin Aykanat
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Katherine A. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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9
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Gianella M, Pinto THP, Wu X, Ritchie GAD. Intracavity Faraday modulation spectroscopy (INFAMOS): A tool for radical detection. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:054201. [PMID: 28789542 DOI: 10.1063/1.4985900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the intra-cavity Faraday modulation spectroscopy technique, whereby optical feedback cavity-enhanced spectroscopy is coupled with Faraday modulation spectroscopy to greatly enhance the interaction path length of a laser beam with a paramagnetic sample in a magnetic field. We describe a first prototype based upon a cw quantum cascade laser targeting a selection of fundamental rovibrational R-branch transitions of nitric oxide (1890 cm-1), consisting of a linear cavity (finesse F=6300) and a water-cooled solenoid. We demonstrate a minimum detectable Verdet constant of Vmin=4.7×10-14 rad cm-1 G-1 Hz-1/2 (at SNR = 1), corresponding to a single-pass rotation angle of 1.6×10-10 rad Hz-1/2 and a limit of detection of 0.21 ppbv Hz-1/2 NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gianella
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas H P Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Grant A D Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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10
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Liu X, Chae I, Miriyala N, Lee D, Thundat T, Kim S. Broadband Mid-Infrared Stand-Off Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy Using a Pulsed External Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:1494-1505. [PMID: 28664781 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817693233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Broadband mid-infrared molecular spectroscopy is essential for detection and identification of many chemicals and materials. In this report, we present stand-off mid-infrared spectra of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine or cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) residues on a stainless-steel surface measured by a broadband external cavity quantum cascade laser (QCL) system. The pulsed QCL is continuously scanned over 800 cm-1 in the molecular fingerprint region and the amplitude of the reflection signal is measured by either a boxcar-averager-based scheme or a lock-in-amplifier-based scheme with 1 MHz and 100 kHz quartz crystal oscillators. The main background noise is due to the laser source instability and is around 0.1% of normalized intensity. The direct absorption spectra have linewidth resolution around 0.1 cm-1 and peak height sensitivity around 10-2 due to baseline interference fringes. Stand-off detection of 5-50 µg/cm2 of RDX trace adsorbed on a stainless steel surface at the distance of 5 m is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunchen Liu
- 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Inseok Chae
- 2 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Naresh Miriyala
- 2 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dongkyu Lee
- 3 Daegu Research Center for Medical Devices, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Thundat
- 2 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Seonghwan Kim
- 4 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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11
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Wojtas J, Gluszek A, Hudzikowski A, Tittel FK. Mid-Infrared Trace Gas Sensor Technology Based on Intracavity Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17030513. [PMID: 28273836 PMCID: PMC5375799 DOI: 10.3390/s17030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The application of compact inexpensive trace gas sensor technology to a mid-infrared nitric oxide (NO) detectoion using intracavity quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (I-QEPAS) is reported. A minimum detection limit of 4.8 ppbv within a 30 ms integration time was demonstrated by using a room-temperature, continuous-wave, distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser (QCL) emitting at 5.263 µm (1900.08 cm-1) and a new compact design of a high-finesse bow-tie optical cavity with an integrated resonant quartz tuning fork (QTF). The optimum configuration of the bow-tie cavity was simulated using custom software. Measurements were performed with a wavelength modulation scheme (WM) using a 2f detection procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Wojtas
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksander Gluszek
- Electronics Faculty, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Hudzikowski
- Electronics Faculty, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Frank K Tittel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA.
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12
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Giraud X, Le-Dong NN, Hogben K, Martinot JB. The measurement of DLNO and DLCO: A manufacturer's perspective. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 241:36-44. [PMID: 28214604 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous measurement of the lung transfer factor for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and nitric oxide (DLNO) is now available as a powerful method for studying the alveolar-capillary gas exchange. However, application of the DLNO-CO technique in daily settings is still limited by some technical drawbacks. This paper provides a manufacturer's overview of the measuring principles, technical challenges and current available solutions for implementing the DLNO-CO measurement in to a marketed device. This includes the recent developments in technology for NO sensors, latest findings on NO uptake and new statistical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Giraud
- Medisoft-MGCD, Sorinnes, Belgium
| | - N N Le-Dong
- RespiSom Private Research Medical Center, Namur, Belgium.
| | - K Hogben
- Medisoft-MGCD, Sorinnes, Belgium
| | - J B Martinot
- CHU-UCL Namur, Place Louise Godin 15, 5000, Namur, Belgium
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Maniscalco M, Vitale C, Vatrella A, Molino A, Bianco A, Mazzarella G. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide-measuring devices: technology update. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2016; 9:151-60. [PMID: 27382340 PMCID: PMC4922771 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s91201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) has been employed in the diagnosis of specific types of airway inflammation, guiding treatment monitoring by predicting and assessing response to anti-inflammatory therapy and monitoring for compliance and detecting relapse. Various techniques are currently used to analyze exhaled NO concentrations under a range of conditions for both health and disease. These include chemiluminescence and electrochemical sensor devices. The cost effectiveness and ability to achieve adequate flexibility in sensitivity and selectivity of NO measurement for these methods are evaluated alongside the potential for use of laser-based technology. This review explores the technologies involved in the measurement of exhaled NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maniscalco
- Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital "S Maria della Pietà" of Casoria, Naples
| | - Carolina Vitale
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno
| | - Alessandro Vatrella
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno
| | - Antonio Molino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Federico II
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Mazzarella
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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14
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De A, Banik GD, Maity A, Pal M, Pradhan M. Continuous wave external-cavity quantum cascade laser-based high-resolution cavity ring-down spectrometer for ultrasensitive trace gas detection. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1949-1952. [PMID: 27128046 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A high-resolution cavity ring-down spectroscopic (CRDS) system based on a continuous wave (cw) mode-hop-free (MHF) external-cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) operating at λ∼5.2 μm has been developed for ultrasensitive detection of nitric oxide (NO). We report the performance of the high-resolution EC-QCL based cw-CRDS instrument by measuring the rotationally resolved Λ-doublet e and f components of the P(7.5) line in the fundamental band of NO at 1850.169 cm-1 and 1850.179 cm-1. A noise-equivalent absorption coefficient of 1.01×10-9 cm-1 Hz-1/2 was achieved based on an empty cavity ring-down time of τ0=5.6 μs and standard deviation of 0.11% with averaging of six ring-down time determinations. The CRDS sensor demonstrates the advantages of measuring parts per billion NO concentrations in N2, as well as in human breath samples with ultrahigh sensitivity and specificity. The CRDS system could also be generalized to measure simultaneously many other trace molecular species within the broad tuning range of cw EC-QCL, as well as for studying the rotationally resolved hyperfine structures.
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15
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Mandon J, Mur LAJ, Harren FJM, Cristescu SM. Laser-Based Methods for Detection of Nitric Oxide in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1424:113-126. [PMID: 27094415 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3600-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in plant signaling and in response to various stress conditions. Therefore, real-time measurements of NO production provide better insights into understanding plant processes and can help developing strategies to improve food production and postharvest quality. Using laser-based spectroscopic methods, sensitive, online, in planta measurements of plant-pathogen interactions are possible. This chapter introduces the basic principle of the optical detectors using different laser sources for accurate monitoring of fast dynamic changes of NO production. Several applications are also presented to demonstrate the suitability of these detectors for detection of NO in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Mandon
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Edward Llywd Building, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Frans J M Harren
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona M Cristescu
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Gilles C, Orbe LJ, Carpintero G, Maisons G, Carras M. Mid-infrared wavelength multiplexer in InGaAs/InP waveguides using a Rowland circle grating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:20288-20296. [PMID: 26367884 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the monolithic integration of a 15-channel multiplexer on indium phosphide. It covers the 7.1-to-8.5 µm wavelength range suitable for combining the outputs of several individual lasers. The fabrication is compatible with the growth of active layers, therefore enabling a fully integrate broadband laser source in the mid-infrared spectral range. Channels are accurately spaced in wavelength (97 nm) in good agreement with design.
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17
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Gianella M, Ritchie GAD. Cavity-Enhanced Near-Infrared Laser Absorption Spectrometer for the Measurement of Acetonitrile in Breath. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6881-9. [PMID: 26057704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of acetonitrile have been found in the exhaled breath of patients with cystic fibrosis1 and may indicate the severity of their condition or the presence of an accompanying bacterial infection of the airways. There is therefore interest in detecting acetonitrile in exhaled breath. For this purpose, a cavity-enhanced laser absorption spectrometer (λ = 1.65 μm) with a preconcentration stage was built and is described here. The spectrometer has a limit of detection of 72 ppbv and 114 ppbv of acetonitrile in nitrogen and breath, respectively, with a measurement duration of just under 5 min. The preconcentration stage, which employs a carbon molecular sieve and an adsorption/thermal desorption cycle, can increase the acetonitrile concentration by up to a factor 93, thus, lowering the overall limit of detection to approximately 1 ppbv. The suitability of the system for acetonitrile measurements in breath is demonstrated with breath samples taken from the authors, which yielded acetonitrile concentrations of 23 ± 3 ppbv and 29 ± 3 ppbv, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gianella
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Grant A D Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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Stsiapura VI, Shuali VK, Gaston BM, Lehmann KK. Detection of S-nitroso compounds by use of midinfrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3345-53. [PMID: 25692741 PMCID: PMC4519009 DOI: 10.1021/ac5045143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
S-Nitroso compounds have received much attention in biological research. In addition to their role as nitric oxide donors, there is growing evidence that these compounds are involved in signaling processes in biological systems. Determination of S-nitrosylated proteins is of great importance for fundamental biological research and medical applications. The most common method to assay biological S-nitroso compounds is to chemically or photochemically reduce SNO functional groups to release nitric oxide, which is then entrained in an inert gas stream and detected, usually through chemiluminescence. We report a method of S-nitroso compound detection using cavity ring-down measurements of gaseous NO absorbance at 5.2 μm. The proposed method, in contrast to the chemiluminescence-based approach, can be used to distinguish isotopic forms of NO. We demonstrated sensitivity down to ∼2 pmol of S(14)NO groups and ∼5 pmol of S(15)NO groups for S-nitroso compounds in aqueous solutions. The wide dynamic range of cavity ring-down detection allows the measurement of S-nitroso compound levels from pico- to nanomole amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent K. Shuali
- Chemistry Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
- Physics Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Benjamin M. Gaston
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Kevin K. Lehmann
- Chemistry Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
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Bayrakli I, Akman H. Ultrasensitive, real-time analysis of biomarkers in breath using tunable external cavity laser and off-axis cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:037001. [PMID: 25741663 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.3.037001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A robust biomedical sensor for ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers in breath based on a tunable external cavity laser (ECL) and an off-axis cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OA-CEAS) using an amplitude stabilizer is developed. A single-mode, narrow-linewidth, tunable ECL is demonstrated. A broadly coarse wavelength tuning range of 720 cm⁻¹ for the spectral range between 6890 and 6170 cm⁻¹ is achieved by rotating the diffraction grating forming a Littrow-type external-cavity configuration. A mode-hop-free tuning range of 1.85 cm⁻¹ is obtained. The linewidths below 140 kHz are recorded. The ECL is combined with an OA-CEAS to perform laser chemical sensing. Our system is able to detect any molecule in breath at concentrations to the ppbv range that have absorption lines in the spectral range between 1450 and 1620 nm. Ammonia is selected as target molecule to evaluate the performance of the sensor. Using the absorption line of ammonia at 6528.76 cm⁻¹, a minimum detectable absorption coefficient of approximately 1×10⁻⁸ cm⁻¹ is demonstrated for 256 averages. This is achieved for a 1.4-km absorption path length and a 2-s data-acquisition time. These results yield a detection sensitivity of approximately 8.6×10⁻¹⁰ cm⁻¹ Hz(-1/2). Ammonia in exhaled breath is analyzed and found in a concentration of 870 ppb for our example.
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Maignan M, Briot R, Romanini D, Gennai S, Hazane-Puch F, Brouta A, Debaty G, Ventrillard I. Real-time measurements of endogenous carbon monoxide production in isolated pig lungs. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:047001. [PMID: 24699633 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.4.047001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injuries are a critical determinant of lung transplantation success. The endogenous production of carbon monoxide (CO) is triggered by ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Our aim was, therefore, to assess the feasibility of exhaled CO measurements during the ex vivo evaluation of lungs submitted to ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Five pigs were euthanized and their lungs removed after pneumoplegia. After cold storage (30 min, 4°C), the lungs were connected to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit, slowly warmed-up, and ventilated. At the end of a 45-min steady state, CO measurements were performed by optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, a specific laser-based technique for noninvasive and real-time low gas concentration measurements. Exhaled CO concentration from isolated lungs reached 0.45±0.19 ppmv and was above CO concentration in ambient air and in medical gas. CO variations peaked during the expiratory phase. Changes in CO concentration in ambient air did not alter CO concentrations in isolated lungs. Exhaled CO level was also found to be uncorrelated to heme oxygenase (HO-1) gene expression. These results confirm the feasibility of accurate and real-time CO measurement in isolated lungs. The presented technology could help establishing the exhaled CO concentration as a biomarker of ischemia-reperfusion injury in ex vivo lung perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Maignan
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Michallon, Emergency Department and Mobile Intensive Care Unit, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, FrancebUniversité Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, /CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525/PRETA Team, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Raphael Briot
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Michallon, Emergency Department and Mobile Intensive Care Unit, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, FrancebUniversité Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, /CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525/PRETA Team, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Daniel Romanini
- Université Grenoble 1/CNRS, LiPhy UMR 5588, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Stephane Gennai
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Michallon, Emergency Department and Mobile Intensive Care Unit, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, FrancebUniversité Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, /CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525/PRETA Team, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Florence Hazane-Puch
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie, Unité de Biochimie Hormonale et Nutritionnelle, CS 10217, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Angelique Brouta
- Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, /CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525/PRETA Team, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Guillaume Debaty
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Michallon, Emergency Department and Mobile Intensive Care Unit, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, FrancebUniversité Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, /CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525/PRETA Team, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Irene Ventrillard
- Université Grenoble 1/CNRS, LiPhy UMR 5588, Grenoble F-38041, France
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22
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Detection of volatile organic compounds as biomarkers in breath analysis by different analytical techniques. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2287-306. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Breath is a rich mixture containing numerous volatile organic compounds at trace amounts (ppbv–pptv level) such as: hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters or heterocycles. The presence of some of them depends on health status. Therefore, breath analysis might be useful for clinical diagnostics, therapy monitoring and control of metabolic or biochemical cell cycle products. This Review presents an update on the latest developments in breath analysis applied to diagnosing different diseases with the help of high-quality equipment. Efforts were made to fully and accurately describe traditional and modern techniques used to determine the components of breath. The techniques were compared in terms of design, function and also detection limit of different volatile organic compounds. GC with different detectors, MS, optical sensor and laser spectroscopic detection techniques are also discussed.
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Li Z, Ma W, Fu X, Tan W, Zhao G, Dong L, Zhang L, Yin W, Jia S. Continuous-wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy based on the control of cavity reflection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:17961-17971. [PMID: 23938668 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.017961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new type of continuous-wave cavity ringdown spectrometer based on the control of cavity reflection for trace gas detection was designed and evaluated. The technique separated the acquisitions of the ringdown event and the trigger signal to optical switch by detecting the cavity reflection and transmission, respectively. A detailed description of the time sequence of the measurement process was presented. In order to avoid the wrong extraction of ringdown time encountered accidentally in fitting procedure, the laser frequency and cavity length were scanned synchronously. Based on the statistical analysis of measured ringdown times, the frequency normalized minimum detectable absorption in the reflection control mode was 1.7 × 10(-9)cm(-1)Hz(-1/2), which was 5.4 times smaller than that in the transmission control mode. However the signal-to-noise ratio of the absorption spectrum was only 3 times improved since the etalon effect existed. Finally, the peak absorption coefficients of the C(2)H(2) transition near 1530.9nm under different pressures showed a good agreement with the theoretical values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Laser Spectroscopy Laboratory, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Wojtas J, Mikolajczyk J, Bielecki Z. Aspects of the application of cavity enhanced spectroscopy to nitrogen oxides detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:7570-98. [PMID: 23752566 PMCID: PMC3715239 DOI: 10.3390/s130607570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article presents design issues of high-sensitive laser absorption spectroscopy systems for nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) detection. Examples of our systems and their investigation results are also described. The constructed systems use one of the most sensitive methods, cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS). They operate at different wavelength ranges using a blue--violet laser diode (410 nm) as well as quantum cascade lasers (5.27 µm and 4.53 µm). Each of them is configured as a one or two channel measurement device using, e.g., time division multiplexing and averaging. During the testing procedure, the main performance features such as detection limits and measurements uncertainties have been determined. The obtained results are 1 ppb NO(2), 75 ppb NO and 45 ppb N(2)O. For all systems, the uncertainty of concentration measurements does not exceed a value of 13%. Some experiments with explosives are also discussed. A setup equipped with a concentrator of explosives vapours was used. The detection method is based either on the reaction of the sensors to the nitrogen oxides directly emitted by the explosives or on the reaction to the nitrogen oxides produced during thermal decomposition of explosive vapours. For TNT, PETN, RDX and HMX a detection limit better than 1 ng has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Wojtas
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliskiego St., Warsaw 00-908, Poland; E-Mails: (J.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Janusz Mikolajczyk
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliskiego St., Warsaw 00-908, Poland; E-Mails: (J.M.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zbigniew Bielecki
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliskiego St., Warsaw 00-908, Poland; E-Mails: (J.M.); (Z.B.)
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25
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Cristescu SM, Mandon J, Harren FJM, Meriläinen P, Högman M. Methods of NO detection in exhaled breath. J Breath Res 2013; 7:017104. [PMID: 23445766 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/1/017104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
There is still an unexplored potential for exhaled nitric oxide (NO) in many clinical applications. This study presents an overview of the currently available methods for monitoring NO in exhaled breath and the use of the modelling of NO production and transport in the lung in clinical practice. Three technologies are described, namely chemiluminescence, electrochemical sensing and laser-based detection with their advantages and limitations. Comparisons are made in terms of sensitivity, time response, size, costs and suitability for clinical purposes. The importance of the flow rate for NO sampling is discussed from the perspective of the recent recommendations for standardized procedures for online and offline NO measurement. The measurement of NO at one flow rate, such as 50 ml s(-1), can neither determine the alveolar site/peripheral contribution nor quantify the difference in NO diffusion from the airways walls. The use of NO modelling (linear or non-linear approach) can solve this problem and provide useful information about the source of NO. This is of great value in diagnostic procedures of respiratory diseases and in treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Cristescu
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Abstract
Laser-spectrometric methods to derive absolute and traceable carbon monoxide (CO) amount fractions in exhaled human breath could be of advantage for early disease detection as well as for treatment monitoring. As proof-of-principle laboratory experiment, we employed intra-pulse and continuous wave (cw) quantum cascade laser spectroscopy (QCLAS), both at 4.6 μm. Additional experiments were carried out applying cw cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) with a CO sideband laser and a QCL. We emphasize metrological data quality objectives, thatis, traceability and uncertainty, which could serve as essential benefits to exhaled breath measurements. The results were evaluated and compared on a 100 μmol/mol CO level using the two QCLAS spectrometers, and the cw CO sideband laser CRDS setup. The relative standard uncertainties of the pulsed and the cw QCLAS CO amount fraction results were ±4.8 and ±2.8%, respectively, that from the CO sideband laser CRDS was ±2.7%. Sensitivities down to a 3 nmol/mol CO level were finally demonstrated and quantified by means of cw CRDS equipped with a QCL yielding standard uncertainties of about ±2.5 that are exclusively limited by the available line strength figure quality. With this study we demonstrate the achieved comparability of CO quantifications, adhering metrological principles.
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27
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Mandon J, Högman M, Merkus PJFM, van Amsterdam J, Harren FJM, Cristescu SM. Exhaled nitric oxide monitoring by quantum cascade laser: comparison with chemiluminescent and electrochemical sensors. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:017003. [PMID: 22352669 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.1.017003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (F(E)NO) is considered an indicator in the diagnostics and management of asthma. In this study we present a laser-based sensor for measuring F(E)NO. It consists of a quantum cascade laser (QCL) combined with a multi-pass cell and wavelength modulation spectroscopy for the detection of NO at the sub-part-per-billion by volume (ppbv, 110(-9)) level. The characteristics and diagnostic performance of the sensor were assessed. A detection limit of 0.5 ppbv was demonstrated with a relatively simple design. The QCL-based sensor was compared with two market sensors, a chemiluminescent analyzer (NOA 280, Sievers) and a portable hand-held electrochemical analyzer (MINO, Aerocrine AB, Sweden). F(E)NO from 20 children diagnosed with asthma and treated with inhaled corticosteroids were measured. Data were found to be clinically acceptable within 1.1 ppbv between the QCL-based sensor and chemiluminescent sensor and within 1.7 ppbv when compared to the electrochemical sensor. The QCL-based sensor was tested on healthy subjects at various expiratory flow rates for both online and offline sampling procedures. The extended NO parameters, i.e. the alveolar region, airway wall, diffusing capacity, and flux were calculated and showed a good agreement with the previously reported values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Mandon
- Radboud University, Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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Elia A, Lugarà PM, Di Franco C, Spagnolo V. Quantum cascade laser technology for the ultrasensitive detection of low-level nitric oxide. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 704:115-133. [PMID: 21161634 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-964-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Several spectroscopic methods based on mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers for the ultrasensitive detection of nitric oxide have been developed with detection limit in ppbv and sub-ppbv range. We will describe here a selection of the most effective techniques, i.e., laser absorption spectroscopy, cavity-enhanced spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, and Faraday modulation spectroscopy. For each technique, advantages and drawbacks will be underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Elia
- CNR-IFN U.O.S. di BARI, Physics Department, University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
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29
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Maisons G, Gorrotxategi Carbajo P, Carras M, Romanini D. Optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy with a quantum cascade laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:3607-3609. [PMID: 21042365 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.003607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy is demonstrated in the mid-IR by using a quantum cascade laser (emitting at 4.46 μm). The laser linewidth reduction and frequency locking by selective optical feedback from the resonant cavity field turns out to be particularly advantageous in this spectral range: It allows strong cavity transmission, which compensates for low light sensitivity, especially when using room-temperature detectors. We obtain a noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 3 × 10(-9)/cm for 1 s averaging of spectra composed by 100 independent points. At 4.46 μm, this yields a detection limit of 35 parts in 10(12) by volume for N(2)O at 50 mbar, corresponding to 4 × 10(7) molecules/cm(3), or still to 1 fmol in the sample volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maisons
- Alcatel Thales III-V laboratory, 1, Avenue Augustin Fresnel, Campus Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
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30
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Shao J, Lathdavong L, Westberg J, Kluczynski P, Lundqvist S, Axner O. Faraday modulation spectrometry of nitric oxide addressing its electronic X2Π - A2Σ+ band: II. Experiment. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:5614-5625. [PMID: 20935708 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.005614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A first demonstration of Faraday modulation spectrometry (FAMOS) of nitric oxide (NO) addressing its strong electronic X(2)Π(ν″ = 0) - A(2)Σ(+)(ν(') = 0) band is presented. The instrumentation was constructed around a fully diode-laser-based laser system producing mW powers of ultraviolet light targeting the overlapping Q(22)(21/2) and R(12)Q(21/2) transitions at ∼226.6 nm. The work verifies a new two-transition model of FAMOS addressing the electronic transitions in NO given in an accompanying work. Although the experimental instrumentation could address neither the parameter space of the theory nor the optimum conditions, the line shapes and the pressure dependence could be verified under low-field conditions. NO could be detected down to a partial pressure of 13 µTorr, roughly corresponding to 10 ppb·m for an atmospheric pressure sample, which demonstrates the feasibility of FAMOS for sensitive detection of NO addressing its strong electronic band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- Institute of Information Optics of Zhejiang Normal University, 321004 Jinhua, China
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31
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Manne J, Lim A, Jäger W, Tulip J. Off-axis cavity enhanced spectroscopy based on a pulsed quantum cascade laser for sensitive detection of ammonia and ethylene. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:5302-5308. [PMID: 20885466 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.005302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A pulsed, distributed feedback (DFB) quantum cascade (QC) laser centered at 970 cm(-1) was used in combination with an off-axis cavity enhanced absorption (CEA) spectroscopic technique for the detection of ammonia and ethylene. Here, the laser is coupled into a high-finesse cavity with an optical path length of ∼76 m. The cavity is installed into a 53 cm long sample cell with a volume of 0.12 L. The laser is excited with short current pulses (5-10 ns), and the pulse amplitude is modulated with an external current ramp, resulting in a ∼0.3 cm(-1) frequency scan. A demodulation approach followed by numerical filtering was utilized to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrated detection limits of ~15 ppb and ∼20 ppb for ammonia and ethylene, respectively, with less than 5 s averaging time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeeshwari Manne
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2V4.
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32
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Grills DC, Cook AR, Fujita E, George MW, Preses JM, Wishart JF. Application of external-cavity quantum cascade infrared lasers to nanosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of condensed-phase samples following pulse radiolysis. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 64:563-570. [PMID: 20537222 DOI: 10.1366/000370210791414344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pulse radiolysis, utilizing short pulses of high-energy electrons from accelerators, is a powerful method for rapidly generating reduced or oxidized species and other free radicals in solution. Combined with fast time-resolved spectroscopic detection (typically in the ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared), it is invaluable for monitoring the reactivity of species subjected to radiolysis on timescales ranging from picoseconds to seconds. However, it is often difficult to identify the transient intermediates definitively due to a lack of structural information in the spectral bands. Time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy offers the structural specificity necessary for mechanistic investigations but has received only limited application in pulse radiolysis experiments. For example, time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy has only been applied to a handful of gas-phase studies, limited mainly by several technical challenges. We have exploited recent developments in commercial external-cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) technology to construct a nanosecond TRIR apparatus that has allowed, for the first time, TRIR spectra to be recorded following pulse radiolysis of condensed-phase samples. Near single-shot sensitivity of DeltaOD <1 x 10(-3) has been achieved, with a response time of <20 ns. Using two continuous-wave EC-QCLs, the current apparatus covers a probe region from 1890-2084 cm(-1), and TRIR spectra are acquired on a point-by-point basis by recording transient absorption decay traces at specific IR wavelengths and combining these to generate spectral time slices. The utility of the apparatus has been demonstrated by monitoring the formation and decay of the one-electron reduced form of the CO(2) reduction catalyst, [Re(I)(bpy)(CO)(3)(CH(3)CN)](+), in acetonitrile with nanosecond time resolution following pulse radiolysis. Characteristic red-shifting of the nu(CO) IR bands confirmed that one-electron reduction of the complex took place. The availability of TRIR detection with high sensitivity opens up a wide range of mechanistic pulse radiolysis investigations that were previously difficult or impossible to perform with transient UV/visible detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Grills
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA.
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Brumfield BE, Stewart JT, Widicus Weaver SL, Escarra MD, Howard SS, Gmachl CF, McCall BJ. A quantum cascade laser cw cavity ringdown spectrometer coupled to a supersonic expansion source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:063102. [PMID: 20590220 DOI: 10.1063/1.3427357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new instrument has been constructed that couples a supersonic expansion source to a continuous wave cavity ringdown spectrometer using a Fabry-Perot quantum cascade laser (QCL). The purpose of the instrument is to enable the acquisition of a cold, rotationally resolved gas phase spectrum of buckminsterfullerene (C(60)). As a first test of the system, high resolution spectra of the nu(8) vibrational band of CH(2)Br(2) have been acquired at approximately 1197 cm(-1). To our knowledge, this is the first time that a vibrational band not previously recorded with rotational resolution has been acquired with a QCL-based ringdown spectrometer. 62 transitions of the three isotopologues of CH(2)Br(2) were assigned and fit to effective Hamiltonians with a standard deviation of 14 MHz, which is smaller than the laser frequency step size. The spectra have a noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 1.4 x 10(-8) cm(-1). Spectral simulations of the band indicate that the supersonic source produces rotationally cold (approximately 7 K) molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Brumfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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34
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Medvedev IR, Neese CF, Plummer GM, De Lucia FC. Submillimeter spectroscopy for chemical analysis with absolute specificity. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:1533-1535. [PMID: 20479799 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.001533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A sensor based on rotational signatures in the submillimeter (SMM) region is described. This sensor uses frequency synthesis techniques in the region around 10 GHz, with nonlinear diode frequency multiplication to 210-270 GHz. This provides not only a nearly ideal instrument function, but also frequency control and agility that significantly enhance the performance of the spectrometer as a sensor. The SMM frequencies provide significantly stronger absorptions and broader spectroscopic coverage than lower-frequency microwave systems. Among the characteristics of the sensor are absolute specificity, low atmospheric clutter, good sensitivity, and near-term paths to systems that are both compact and very inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan R Medvedev
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, 191 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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35
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Curl RF, Capasso F, Gmachl C, Kosterev AA, McManus B, Lewicki R, Pusharsky M, Wysocki G, Tittel FK. Quantum cascade lasers in chemical physics. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Fiddler MN, Begashaw I, Mickens MA, Collingwood MS, Assefa Z, Bililign S. Laser spectroscopy for atmospheric and environmental sensing. SENSORS 2009; 9:10447-512. [PMID: 22303184 PMCID: PMC3267232 DOI: 10.3390/s91210447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lasers and laser spectroscopic techniques have been extensively used in several applications since their advent, and the subject has been reviewed extensively in the last several decades. This review is focused on three areas of laser spectroscopic applications in atmospheric and environmental sensing; namely laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), and photoluminescence (PL) techniques used in the detection of solids, liquids, aerosols, trace gases, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N. Fiddler
- NOAA-ISET Center, North Carolina A&T State University, 1601 E Market Street Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Israel Begashaw
- Department of Physics, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, 1601 E Market Street, Marteena Hall, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Matthew A. Mickens
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina A&T State University, 1601 E Market Street, New Science Building, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; E-Mail:
- Energy & Environmental Systems Program, North Carolina A&T State University, 1601 E Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Michael S. Collingwood
- Energy & Environmental Systems Program, North Carolina A&T State University, 1601 E Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Zerihun Assefa
- NOAA-ISET Center, North Carolina A&T State University, 1601 E Market Street Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina A&T State University, 1601 E Market Street, New Science Building, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Z.A.); (S.B.); Tel.: +1-336-285-2328/2255; Fax: +1-336-256-2542/ 334-7124
| | - Solomon Bililign
- NOAA-ISET Center, North Carolina A&T State University, 1601 E Market Street Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Physics, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, 1601 E Market Street, Marteena Hall, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Z.A.); (S.B.); Tel.: +1-336-285-2328/2255; Fax: +1-336-256-2542/ 334-7124
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Shorter JH, Nelson DD, Barry McManus J, Zahniser MS, Milton DK. Multicomponent Breath Analysis With Infrared Absorption Using Room-Temperature Quantum Cascade Lasers. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2009; 10:76-84. [PMID: 20697459 PMCID: PMC2917122 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2009.2035764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Breath analysis is a powerful noninvasive technique for the diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) are markers of airway inflammation and can indicate the extent of respiratory diseases. We have developed a compact fast response laser system for analysis of multiple gases by infrared absorption. The instrument uses room temperature quantum cascade lasers to simultaneously measure NO, CO, carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) in exhaled breath. Four breath flow rates are employed to explore their exchange dynamics in the lungs and airways. We obtain 1-s detection precisions of 0.5-0.8 parts-per-billion (ppb) for NO, CO, and N(2)O with an instrument response time of less than 1 s. The breath analysis system has been demonstrated in a preliminary study of volunteers. It is currently deployed in a trial clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Donald K. Milton
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742 USA ()
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Ventrillard-Courtillot I, Gonthiez T, Clerici C, Romanini D. Multispecies breath analysis faster than a single respiratory cycle by optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:064026. [PMID: 20059264 DOI: 10.1117/1.3269677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a first application, of optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OF-CEAS) to breath analysis in a medical environment. Noninvasive monitoring of trace species in exhaled air was performed simultaneous to spirometric measurements on patients at Bichat Hospital (Paris). The high selectivity of the OF-CEAS spectrometer and a time response of 0.3 s (limited by sample flow rate) allowed following the evolution of carbon monoxide and methane concentrations during individual respiratory cycles, and resolving variations among different ventilatory patterns. The minimum detectable absorption on this time scale is about 3 x 10(-10) cm(-1). At the working wavelength of the instrument (2.326 microm), this translates to concentration detection limits of approximately 1 ppbv (45 picomolar, or approximately 1.25 microg/m(3)) for CO and 25 ppbv for CH(4), well below concentration values found in exhaled air. This same instrument is also able to provide measurement of NH(3) concentrations with a detection limit of approximately 10 ppbv; however, at present, memory effects do not allow its measurement on fast time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ventrillard-Courtillot
- Universite Joseph Fourier-Grenoble, CNRS UMR5588, Laboratoire de Spectrometrie Physique, 140 Avenue de la Physique, St. Martin d'Heres, F-38042, France.
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39
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Wang C, Sahay P. Breath analysis using laser spectroscopic techniques: breath biomarkers, spectral fingerprints, and detection limits. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:8230-62. [PMID: 22408503 PMCID: PMC3292105 DOI: 10.3390/s91008230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis, a promising new field of medicine and medical instrumentation, potentially offers noninvasive, real-time, and point-of-care (POC) disease diagnostics and metabolic status monitoring. Numerous breath biomarkers have been detected and quantified so far by using the GC-MS technique. Recent advances in laser spectroscopic techniques and laser sources have driven breath analysis to new heights, moving from laboratory research to commercial reality. Laser spectroscopic detection techniques not only have high-sensitivity and high-selectivity, as equivalently offered by the MS-based techniques, but also have the advantageous features of near real-time response, low instrument costs, and POC function. Of the approximately 35 established breath biomarkers, such as acetone, ammonia, carbon dioxide, ethane, methane, and nitric oxide, 14 species in exhaled human breath have been analyzed by high-sensitivity laser spectroscopic techniques, namely, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS), integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS), cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS), cavity leak-out spectroscopy (CALOS), photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS), and optical frequency comb cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OFC-CEAS). Spectral fingerprints of the measured biomarkers span from the UV to the mid-IR spectral regions and the detection limits achieved by the laser techniques range from parts per million to parts per billion levels. Sensors using the laser spectroscopic techniques for a few breath biomarkers, e.g., carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, etc. are commercially available. This review presents an update on the latest developments in laser-based breath analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuji Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
| | - Peeyush Sahay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
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40
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Kim SS, Menegazzo N, Young C, Chan J, Carter C, Mizaikoff B. Mid-infrared trace gas analysis with single-pass fourier transform infrared hollow waveguide gas sensors. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 63:331-7. [PMID: 19281649 DOI: 10.1366/000370209787598924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A hollow core optical fiber gas sensor has been developed in combination with a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer operating in the spectral range of 4000-500 cm(-1), enabling continuous detection of small volume gas-phase analytes such as CH(4), CO(2), C(2)H(5)Cl, or their mixtures at trace levels. Ag/Ag-halide hollow core optical fibers simultaneously serve as an optical waveguide for broad-band mid-infrared radiation and as a miniaturized absorption gas cell. Specifically, carbon dioxide, methane, and ethyl chloride as well as binary mixtures in a carrier gas were analyzed during exponential dilution experiments. In the studies reported here, the integration of an optical gas sensor with FT-IR spectroscopy provides excellent detection limits for small gas volumes ( approximately 1.5 mL) of individual analytes at a few tens of parts per billion (ppb, vol/vol) for carbon dioxide and a few hundreds of ppb (vol/vol) for methane. Furthermore, the broad-band nature of the radiation source and of the hollow core optical waveguide provides the capability of multi-constituent analysis in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Soo Kim
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0400, USA
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41
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Mitscherling C, Lauenstein J, Maul C, Veselov AA, Vasyutinskii OS, Gericke KH. Non-invasive and isotope-selective laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of nitric oxide in exhaled air. J Breath Res 2007; 1:026003. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/1/2/026003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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McCurdy MR, Bakhirkin Y, Wysocki G, Lewicki R, Tittel FK. Recent advances of laser-spectroscopy-based techniques for applications in breath analysis. J Breath Res 2007; 1:014001. [PMID: 21383427 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/1/1/014001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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McCurdy MR, Bakhirkin Y, Wysocki G, Tittel FK. Performance of an exhaled nitric oxide and carbon dioxide sensor using quantum cascade laser-based integrated cavity output spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:034034. [PMID: 17614742 DOI: 10.1117/1.2747608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is an important biomarker in asthma and other respiratory disorders. The optical performance of a NOCO(2) sensor employing integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS) with a quantum cascade laser operating at 5.22 microm capable of real-time NO and CO(2) measurements in a single breath cycle is reported. A NO noise-equivalent concentration of 0.4 ppb within a 1-sec integration time is achieved. The off-axis ICOS sensor performance is compared to a chemiluminescent NO analyzer and a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) CO(2) absorption capnograph. Differences between the gas analyzers are assessed by the Bland-Altman method to estimate the expected variability between the gas sensors. The off-axis ICOS sensor measurements are in good agreement with the data acquired with the two commercial gas analyzers. This work demonstrates the performance characteristics and merits of mid-infrared spectroscopy for exhaled breath analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R McCurdy
- Rice University, Rice Quantum Institute, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005 and Baylor College of Medicine, Medical Scientist Training Program, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
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44
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Photoacoustic Spectroscopy with Quantum Cascade Lasers for Trace Gas Detection. SENSORS 2006. [DOI: 10.3390/s6101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Filho MB, da Silva MG, Sthel MS, Schramm DU, Vargas H, Miklós A, Hess P. Ammonia detection by using quantum-cascade laser photoacoustic spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2006; 45:4966-71. [PMID: 16807606 DOI: 10.1364/ao.45.004966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A pulsed quantum-cascade distributed-feedback laser, temperature tunable from -41 degrees C to +31.6 degrees C, and a resonant differential photoacoustic detector are used to measure trace-gas concentrations to as low as 66 parts per 10(9) by volume (ppbv) ammonia at a low laser power of 2 mW. Good agreement between the experimental spectrum and the simulated HITRAN spectrum of NH3 is found in the spectral range between 1046 and 1052 cm(-1). A detection limit of 30 ppbv ammonia at a signal-to-noise ratio of 1 was obtained with the quantum-cascade laser (QCL) photoacoustic (PA) setup. Concentration changes of approximately 50 ppbv were detectable with this compact and versatile QCL-based PA detection system. The performance of the PA detector, characterized by the product of the incident laser power and the minimum detectable absorption coefficient, was 4.7 x 10-9 W cm(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton B Filho
- Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Centro de Ciência e Technologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil
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46
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Moeskops BWM, Cristescu SM, Harren FJM. Sub-part-per-billion monitoring of nitric oxide by use of wavelength modulation spectroscopy in combination with a thermoelectrically cooled, continuous-wave quantum cascade laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2006; 31:823-5. [PMID: 16544636 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We used a thermoelectrically cooled, continuous-wave, quantum cascade laser operating between 1847 and 1854 cm(-1) in combination with wavelength modulation spectroscopy for the detection of nitric oxide (NO) at the sub-part-per-billion by volume (ppbv) level. The laser emission overlaps the P7.5 doublet of NO centered around 1850.18 cm(-1). Using an astigmatic multiple-pass absorption cell with an optical path length of 76 m, we achieved a detection limit of 0.2 ppbv at 10 kPa, with a total acquisition time of 30 s. The corresponding minimal detectable absorption is 8.8 x 10(-9) cm(-1) Hz(-1/2).
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Affiliation(s)
- B W M Moeskops
- Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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47
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TITTEL FK, BAKHIRKIN Y, KOSTEREV AA, WYSOCKI G. Recent Advances in Trace Gas Detection Using Quantum and Interband Cascade Lasers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.2184/lsj.34.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Halmer D, von Basum G, Horstjann M, Hering P, Mürtz M. Time resolved simultaneous detection of 14NO and 15NO via mid-infrared cavity leak-out spectroscopy. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2005; 41:303-11. [PMID: 16543186 DOI: 10.1080/10256010500384408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a ring-down absorption spectrometer based on a continuous-wave CO laser in the mid-infrared spectral region near lambda = 5 microm. Using a linear ring-down cavity (length: 0.5 m) with high reflective mirrors (R = 99.988 %), we observed a noise-equivalent absorption coefficient of 3 x 10(-10) cm(-1)Hz(-1/2). This corresponds to a noise-equivalent concentration of 800 parts per trillion (ppt) for (14)NO and 40 ppt for (15)NO in 1 s averaging time. We achieve a time resolution of 1 s which allows time resolved simultaneous detection of the two N isotopes. The delta(15)N value was obtained with a precision of +/-1.2 per thousand in a sample with a NO fraction of 11 ppm. The simultaneous detection enables the use of (15)NO as a tracer molecule for endogenous biomedical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Halmer
- Institut für Lasermedizin, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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49
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Halmer D, von Basum G, Hering P, Mürtz M. Mid-infrared cavity leak-out spectroscopy for ultrasensitive detection of carbonyl sulfide. OPTICS LETTERS 2005; 30:2314-6. [PMID: 16190455 DOI: 10.1364/ol.30.002314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a ringdown absorption spectrometer based on a continuous-wave CO laser in the mid-infrared spectral region near lambda = 5 microm. Using a linear ringdown cavity (length, 0.5 m) with R > = 99.99% mirrors, we observed a noise-equivalent absorption coefficient of 7 x 10(-11) cm(-1) Hz(-1/2). This is 2 orders of magnitude improved compared with previous values. With this setup we studied the spectroscopic detection of carbonyl sulfide (here abbreviated OCS) traces in ambient air and in exhaled breath. We achieved a detection limit of 7 parts in 10(12) (parts per trillion) OCS in ambient air, which is unprecedented and shows great promise for environmental and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Halmer
- Institut für Lasermedizin, Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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50
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Elia A, Lugarà PM, Giancaspro C. Photoacoustic detection of nitric oxide by use of a quantum-cascade laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2005; 30:988-90. [PMID: 15906979 DOI: 10.1364/ol.30.000988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A photoacoustic trace-gas sensor for the measurement of nitric oxide with a detection limit of 500 parts in 10(9) has been demonstrated. The radiation source was a thermoelectrically cooled distributed-feedback quantum-cascade laser operating in pulsed mode near 5.3 microm with an average laser power of 8 mW. A resonant photoacoustic cell was excited in its first longitudinal mode by the modulated laser light. Preliminary measurements have been performed to test the performance of our photoacoustic sensor; possible improvements to reach lower detection limits are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Elia
- LIV3 Instituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia Regional Laboratory, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "Michelangelo Merlin," Via Amendola 173, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
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