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Hao S, Suebka S, Su J. Single 5-nm quantum dot detection via microtoroid optical resonator photothermal microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:195. [PMID: 39160151 PMCID: PMC11333578 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Label-free detection techniques for single particles and molecules play an important role in basic science, disease diagnostics, and nanomaterial investigations. While fluorescence-based methods are tools for single molecule detection and imaging, they are limited by available molecular probes and photoblinking and photobleaching. Photothermal microscopy has emerged as a label-free imaging technique capable of detecting individual nanoabsorbers with high sensitivity. Whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators can confine light in a small volume for enhanced light-matter interaction and thus are a promising ultra-sensitive photothermal microscopy platform. Previously, microtoroid optical resonators were combined with photothermal microscopy to detect 250 nm long gold nanorods and 100 nm long polymers. Here, we combine microtoroids with photothermal microscopy to spatially detect single 5 nm diameter quantum dots (QDs) with a signal-to-noise ratio exceeding 104. Photothermal images were generated by point-by-point scanning of the pump laser. Single particle detection was confirmed for 18 nm QDs by high sensitivity fluorescence imaging and for 5 nm QDs via comparison with theory. Our system demonstrates the capability to detect a minimum heat dissipation of 0.75 pW. To achieve this, we integrated our microtoroid based photothermal microscopy setup with a low amplitude modulated pump laser and utilized the proportional-integral-derivative controller output as the photothermal signal source to reduce noise and enhance signal stability. The heat dissipation of these QDs is below that from single dye molecules. We anticipate that our work will have application in a wide variety of fields, including the biological sciences, nanotechnology, materials science, chemistry, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hao
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sartanee Suebka
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Judith Su
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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2
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Wang R, Lei H, Wang H, Qi L, Liu Y, Liu Y, Shi Y, Chen J, Shen QT. Dysregulated inter-mitochondrial crosstalk in glioblastoma cells revealed by in situ cryo-electron tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311160121. [PMID: 38377189 PMCID: PMC10907319 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311160121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most lethal primary brain tumors with limited survival, even under aggressive treatments. The current therapeutics for GBMs are flawed due to the failure to accurately discriminate between normal proliferating cells and distinctive tumor cells. Mitochondria are essential to GBMs and serve as potential therapeutical targets. Here, we utilize cryo-electron tomography to quantitatively investigate nanoscale details of randomly sampled mitochondria in their native cellular context of GBM cells. Our results show that compared with cancer-free brain cells, GBM cells own more inter-mitochondrial junctions of several types for communications. Furthermore, our tomograms unveil microtubule-dependent mitochondrial nanotunnel-like bridges in the GBM cells as another inter-mitochondrial structure. These quantified inter-mitochondrial features, together with other mitochondria-organelle and intra-mitochondrial ones, are sufficient to distinguish GBM cells from cancer-free brain cells under scrutiny with predictive modeling. Our findings decipher high-resolution inter-mitochondrial structural signatures and provide clues for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions for GBM and other mitochondria-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao266237, China
- Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Huan Lei
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Lei Qi
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao266237, China
- Biomedical Research Center for Structural Analysis, Shandong University, Jinan250012, China
| | - Yu’e Liu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Yufeng Shi
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Research, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Qing-Tao Shen
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao266237, China
- Institute for Biological Electron Microscopy, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
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Yagi M, Do Y, Hirai H, Miki K, Toshima T, Fukahori Y, Setoyama D, Abe C, Nabeshima YI, Kang D, Uchiumi T. Improving lysosomal ferroptosis with NMN administration protects against heart failure. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302116. [PMID: 37793777 PMCID: PMC10551641 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial mitochondria are primary sites of myocardial energy metabolism. Mitochondrial disorders are associated with various cardiac diseases. We previously showed that mice with cardiomyocyte-specific knockout of the mitochondrial translation factor p32 developed heart failure from dilated cardiomyopathy. Mitochondrial translation defects cause not only mitochondrial dysfunction but also decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels, leading to impaired lysosomal acidification and autophagy. In this study, we investigated whether nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) administration, which compensates for decreased NAD+ levels, improves heart failure because of mitochondrial dysfunction. NMN administration reduced damaged lysosomes and improved autophagy, thereby reducing heart failure and extending the lifespan in p32cKO mice. We found that lysosomal damage due to mitochondrial dysfunction induced ferroptosis, involving the accumulation of iron in lysosomes and lipid peroxide. The ameliorative effects of NMN supplementation were found to strongly affect lysosomal function rather than mitochondrial function, particularly lysosome-mediated ferroptosis. NMN supplementation can improve lysosomal, rather than mitochondrial, function and prevent chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Yagi
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yura Do
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruka Hirai
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Miki
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Toshima
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukina Fukahori
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Setoyama
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chiaki Abe
- https://ror.org/02kpeqv85 Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- https://ror.org/02kpeqv85 Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Wang Y, Wang F, Song P, Liu J. Resolution improvement of photothermal microscopy by the modulated difference method. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1750-1753. [PMID: 37221757 DOI: 10.1364/ol.484969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal microscopy (PTM) was developed to image non-fluorescent objects. In the past two decades, PTM has reached single-particle and single-molecule sensitivity and has been used in the fields of material science and biology. However, PTM is a far-field imaging method whose resolution is restricted by the diffraction limits. This Letter reports a resolution improvement approach for photothermal microscopy called modulated difference PTM (MD-PTM), which utilizes Gaussian and doughnut formalism heating beams that are modulated at the same frequency but are of opposite phase to generate the photothermal signal. Furthermore, the opposite phase characteristics of the photothermal signals are applied to determine the objective profile from the PTM magnitude, and this helps to improve the lateral resolution of PTM. The lateral resolution is related to the difference coefficient between the Gaussian and doughnut heating beams; an increase in the difference coefficient causes a larger sidelobe of the MD-PTM amplitude, which readily forms an artifact. A pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN) is employed for phase image segmentations of MD-PTM. We experimentally study the micro-imaging of gold nanoclusters and crossed nanotubes using MD-PTM, and the results indicate that MD-PTM has merit in terms of improving the lateral resolution.
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Wan Z, Ma G, Zhang P, Wang S. Single-Protein Identification by Simultaneous Size and Charge Imaging Using Evanescent Scattering Microscopy. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2625-2633. [PMID: 36000947 PMCID: PMC9509435 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Separation and identification of different proteins is one of the most fundamental tasks in biochemistry that is typically achieved by electrophoresis and Western blot techniques. Yet, it is challenging to perform such an analysis with a small sample size. Using a principle analogous to these conventional approaches, we present a label-free, single-molecule technique to identify different proteins based on the difference in their size, charge, and antibody binding. We tether single protein molecules to a sensor surface with a flexible polymer and drive them into oscillation by applying an alternating electric field. By tracking the nanometer-scale oscillation of each protein molecule via high-resolution scattering microscopy, the size and charge of each protein molecule can be determined simultaneously. Changes induced by varying the buffer pH and antibody binding are also investigated, which allows us to further expand the separation ability and identify two different proteins in a mixture. We anticipate our technique will contribute to single protein analysis and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Wan
- Biodesign Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Guangzhong Ma
- Biodesign Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Biodesign Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Biodesign Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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Miyazaki J, Ishikawa Y, Kondo R. Multiwavelength Photothermal Imaging of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Suspended in a Solvent. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5483-5491. [PMID: 35925805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) enables the characterization of heterogeneous SWCNT samples. However, previous measurement methods have targeted SWCNTs fixed on a substrate. In this study, absorption-contrast imaging of individual SWCNTs moving irregularly in a solvent was performed by simultaneous multiwavelength photothermal (PT) microscopy. Using this technique, heterogeneous samples containing semiconducting and metallic SWCNTs were characterized by absorption spectroscopy. The semiconducting and metallic SWCNTs were visualized in different colors in the obtained multiwavelength images due to their different absorption spectra. Statistical analysis of the multiwavelength signals revealed that semiconducting and metallic SWCNTs could be distinguished with more than 90% accuracy. Time-series PT imaging of the nanotube aggregates induced by salt addition was also conducted by performing single-nanotube measurements. Our study demonstrated that PT microscopy is a versatile technique for determining the composition and degree of aggregation of SWCNTs in liquid and polymeric media, which can promote the industrial application of such materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Miyazaki
- Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakae-dani, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan
| | - Yuya Ishikawa
- Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakae-dani, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kondo
- Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakae-dani, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan
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Li Y, Ma Y, Dang QY, Fan XR, Han CT, Xu SZ, Li PY. Assessment of mitochondrial dysfunction and implications in cardiovascular disorders. Life Sci 2022; 306:120834. [PMID: 35902031 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in cellular function, not only acting as the powerhouse of the cell, but also regulating ATP synthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, intracellular Ca2+ cycling, and apoptosis. During the past decade, extensive progress has been made in the technology to assess mitochondrial functions and accumulating evidences have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction is a key pathophysiological mechanism for many diseases including cardiovascular disorders, such as ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and hemorrhagic shock. The advances in methodology have been accelerating our understanding of mitochondrial molecular structure and function, biogenesis and ROS and energy production, which facilitates new drug target identification and therapeutic strategy development for mitochondrial dysfunction-related disorders. This review will focus on the assessment of methodologies currently used for mitochondrial research and discuss their advantages, limitations and the implications of mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Qing-Ya Dang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xin-Rong Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Chu-Ting Han
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Shang-Zhong Xu
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.
| | - Peng-Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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Hilzenrat G, Gill ET, McArthur SL. Imaging approaches for monitoring three-dimensional cell and tissue culture systems. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100380. [PMID: 35357086 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an increasing demand for more complex, reproducible and physiologically relevant tissue cultures that can mimic the structural and biological features of living tissues. Monitoring the viability, development and responses of such tissues in real-time are challenging due to the complexities of cell culture physical characteristics and the environments in which these cultures need to be maintained in. Significant developments in optics, such as optical manipulation, improved detection and data analysis, have made optical imaging a preferred choice for many three-dimensional (3D) cell culture monitoring applications. The aim of this review is to discuss the challenges associated with imaging and monitoring 3D tissues and cell culture, and highlight topical label-free imaging tools that enable bioengineers and biophysicists to non-invasively characterise engineered living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geva Hilzenrat
- Bioengineering Engineering Group, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma T Gill
- Bioengineering Engineering Group, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally L McArthur
- Bioengineering Engineering Group, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Abeywickrama CS, Baumann HJ, Pang Y. Simultaneous Visualization of Mitochondria and Lysosome by a Single Cyanine Dye: The Impact of the Donor Group (-NR 2) Towards Organelle Selectivity. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:1227-1234. [PMID: 34297321 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A benzothiazolium-based hemicyanine dye (probe 3) has been synthesized by attaching a morpholine group into a phenyl benzothiazolium skeleton. Probe 3 exhibited interesting photophysical characteristics including red emission (λem ≈600 nm), enhanced Stokes shift (Δλ ≈80 nm) and sensitivity to solvent polarity. Although the probe 3 exhibited almost no emission in aqueous environments (φfl ≈0.002), its fluorescence could be increased by ≈50 fold in organic solvents (φfl ≈0.10), making it possible for live cell imaging under wash-free conditions. Probe 3 exhibited excellent ability to visualize cellular mitochondria and lysosomes simultaneously, as observed from fluorescence confocal microscopy. In addition, probe 3 also exhibited good biocompatibility (calculated LC50 > 20 µM) and high photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathura S Abeywickrama
- Department of Chemistry and Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Hannah J Baumann
- Department of Chemistry and Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Yi Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
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Adhikari S, Spaeth P, Kar A, Baaske MD, Khatua S, Orrit M. Photothermal Microscopy: Imaging the Optical Absorption of Single Nanoparticles and Single Molecules. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16414-16445. [PMID: 33216527 PMCID: PMC7760091 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The photothermal (PT) signal arises from slight changes of the index of refraction in a sample due to absorption of a heating light beam. Refractive index changes are measured with a second probing beam, usually of a different color. In the past two decades, this all-optical detection method has reached the sensitivity of single particles and single molecules, which gave birth to original applications in material science and biology. PT microscopy enables shot-noise-limited detection of individual nanoabsorbers among strong scatterers and circumvents many of the limitations of fluorescence-based detection. This review describes the theoretical basis of PT microscopy, the methodological developments that improved its sensitivity toward single-nanoparticle and single-molecule imaging, and a vast number of applications to single-nanoparticle imaging and tracking in material science and in cellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Adhikari
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Spaeth
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ashish Kar
- Chemistry
Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujrat 382355, India
| | - Martin Dieter Baaske
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saumyakanti Khatua
- Chemistry
Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujrat 382355, India
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens−Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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