1
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Tamura K, Hashimoto KY, Okawa S. Thermoelastic wave generation and its longitudinal wave propagation measurement by a microscopic optical interferometer. ULTRASONICS 2024; 141:107319. [PMID: 38688112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Laser ultrasonics is a noncontact measurement method that uses a laser-induced elastic wave source in combination with an optical surface displacement-tracking system. This study compared the performances of two optical interferometers with different characteristics when applied to measurement of pulsed thermoelastic waves. The surface displacement-tracking system was designed to measure the center of the microscopic view. A pulsed laser beam irradiated a black ink layer to generate the thermoelastic waves. The out-of-plane displacement on the axially opposite side was then measured using either a Michelson interferometer or a Sagnac interferometer. The objective lens of the system was of a type commonly used in biological observations. The Michelson interferometer estimated a maximum displacement of 0.43 nm and a maximum sound pressure of 24.7 kPa. The signal-to-noise ratios from 16 averages were 14.9 dB (Michelson interferometer) and 19.2 dB (Sagnac interferometer). Furthermore, this paper compares the performance of the numerically estimated Sagnac interferometer outputs calculated from the measured Michelson interferometer outputs with the experimentally obtained Sagnac interferometer outputs. The numerically estimated Sagnac interferometer's output was shown to be identical to the experimentally acquired output. The Michelson interferometer requires a higher average operating frequency (i.e., it needs a longer data acquisition time), although this interferometer does offer superior displacement output linearity. This property enables calculation of the sound pressure from the displacement amplitude. These findings indicated that combination of the measurement points of the Sagnac interferometer with those of the sparsely distributed Michelson interferometer reduced the measurement time when compared with a single use of the Michelson interferometer while also maintaining the data acquisition quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tamura
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ya Hashimoto
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Ave., West High-Tech Zone, Chengdu-city, Sichuan 611731, PR China
| | - Shinpei Okawa
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-ku, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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2
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Yang L, Xu D, Chen G, Wang A, Li L, Sun Q. Miniaturized fiber optic ultrasound sensor with multiplexing for photoacoustic imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 28:100421. [PMID: 36325305 PMCID: PMC9619189 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A miniaturized ultrasound sensor based on optical fiber is designed and realized for multichannel parallel ultrasound detection and photoacoustic imaging. The fiber optic sensor is composed of a polymer coating, a reflective mirror and a single-mode optical fiber, with only 125 µm in diameter. By integrating the coherent demodulation technology and multiplexing technology, which using a relatively cheap fixed wavelength laser, hundreds of sensors could work simultaneously. Meanwhile, highly sensitive ultrasound detection has been demonstrated with the noise equivalent pressure as low as 0.46 kPa and the sensor exhibits a nearly omnidirectional directivity. Furthermore, a photoacoustic imaging system based on three sensors working in parallel is demonstrated. High lateral resolutions of 165-217 µm and axial resolutions of 112-131 µm over a depth range of larger than 5 mm are obtained. A three-dimensional phantom imaging experiment is also demonstrated. Benefited from parallel detection, the imaging speed is three times faster than that of a single sensor. The miniaturized fiber optic ultrasound sensor probe provides a competitive alternative for mechanically scanning-free endoscopic imaging, which is beneficial from small size, omnidirectional directivity and parallel detection capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Yang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information & National Engineering Research Center of Next Generation Internet Access-system (NGIAs) & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Hust-Wuxi Research Institute, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214174, China
| | - Dongchen Xu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information & National Engineering Research Center of Next Generation Internet Access-system (NGIAs) & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Geng Chen
- School of Optical and Electronic Information & National Engineering Research Center of Next Generation Internet Access-system (NGIAs) & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information & National Engineering Research Center of Next Generation Internet Access-system (NGIAs) & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Liangye Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information & National Engineering Research Center of Next Generation Internet Access-system (NGIAs) & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Qizhen Sun
- School of Optical and Electronic Information & National Engineering Research Center of Next Generation Internet Access-system (NGIAs) & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Hust-Wuxi Research Institute, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214174, China
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3
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Zhang P, Miao Y, Ma Y, Niu P, Zhang L, Zhang L, Gao F. All-optical ultrasonic detector based on differential interference. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:4790-4793. [PMID: 36107091 DOI: 10.1364/ol.470486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on an all-optical ultrasonic detecting method based on differential interference. A linearly polarized probe beam is split into two closely separated ones with orthogonal polarization. After interacting with propagating ultrasonic waves in a coupling media, the split beams are recombined into one beam, with its polarization being changed into an elliptical one by the elastic-optical effect. The recombined beam is filtered by an analyzer and detected by a photodetector. The bandwidth and noise-equivalent pressure (NEP) of the acoustic detector are determined to be 107.4 MHz and 2.18 kPa, respectively. We also demonstrate its feasibility for photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) using agar-embedded phantoms.
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4
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Deán-Ben XL, Razansky D. Optoacoustic imaging of the skin. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1598-1609. [PMID: 33987867 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optoacoustic (OA, photoacoustic) imaging capitalizes on the synergistic combination of light excitation and ultrasound detection to empower biological and clinical investigations with rich optical contrast while effectively bridging the gap between micro and macroscopic imaging realms. State-of-the-art OA embodiments consistently provide images at micron-scale resolution through superficial tissue layers by means of focused illumination that can be smoothly exchanged for acoustic-resolution images at diffuse light depths of several millimetres to centimetres via ultrasound beamforming or tomographic reconstruction. Taken together, this unique multi-scale imaging capacity opens unprecedented capabilities for high-resolution in vivo interrogations of the skin at scalable depths. Moreover, diverse anatomical and functional information is retrieved via dynamic mapping of endogenous chromophores such as haemoglobin, melanin, lipids, collagen, water and others. This, along with the use of non-ionizing radiation, facilitates a clinical translation of the OA modalities. We review recent progress in OA imaging of the skin in preclinical and clinical studies exploiting the rich contrast provided by endogenous substances in tissues. The imaging capabilities of existing approaches are discussed in the context of initial translational studies on skin cancer, inflammatory skin diseases, wounds and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Remote Photoacoustic Sensing Using Single Speckle Analysis by an Ultra-Fast Four Quadrant Photo-Detector. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21062109. [PMID: 33802885 PMCID: PMC8002695 DOI: 10.3390/s21062109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The need for tissue contact makes photoacoustic imaging not applicable for special medical applications like wound imaging, endoscopy, or laser surgery. An easy, stable, and contact-free sensing technique might thus help to broaden the applications of the medical imaging modality. In this work, it is demonstrated for the first time that remote photoacoustic sensing by speckle analysis can be performed in the MHz sampling range by tracking a single speckle using a four quadrant photo-detector. A single speckle, which is created by self-interference of surface back-reflection, is temporally analyzed using this photo-detector. Phantoms and skin samples are measured in transmission and reflection mode. The potential for miniaturization for endoscopic application is demonstrated by fiber bundle measurements. In addition, sensing parameters are discussed. Photoacoustic sensing in the MHz sampling range by single speckle analysis with the four quadrant detector is successfully demonstrated. Furthermore, the endoscopic applicability is proven, and the sensing parameters are convenient for photoacoustic sensing. It can be concluded that a single speckle contains all the relevant information for remote photoacoustic signal detection. Single speckle sensing is therefore an easy, robust, contact-free photoacoustic detection technique and holds the potential for economical, ultra-fast photoacoustic sensing. The new detection technique might thus help to broaden the field of photoacoustic imaging applications in the future.
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6
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Hosseinaee Z, Le M, Bell K, Reza PH. Towards non-contact photoacoustic imaging [review]. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100207. [PMID: 33024694 PMCID: PMC7530308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) takes advantage of both optical and ultrasound imaging properties to visualize optical absorption with high resolution and contrast. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is usually categorized with all-optical microscopy techniques such as optical coherence tomography or confocal microscopes. Despite offering high sensitivity, novel imaging contrast, and high resolution, PAM is not generally an all-optical imaging method unlike the other microscopy techniques. One of the significant limitations of photoacoustic microscopes arises from their need to be in physical contact with the sample through a coupling media. This physical contact, coupling, or immersion of the sample is undesirable or impractical for many clinical and pre-clinical applications. This also limits the flexibility of photoacoustic techniques to be integrated with other all-optical imaging microscopes for providing complementary imaging contrast. To overcome these limitations, several non-contact photoacoustic signal detection approaches have been proposed. This paper presents a brief overview of current non-contact photoacoustic detection techniques with an emphasis on all-optical detection methods and their associated physical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Hosseinaee
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Martin Le
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kevan Bell
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- IllumiSonics Inc., Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Parsin Haji Reza
- PhotoMedicine Labs, Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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7
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Shabairou N, Lengenfelder B, Hohmann M, Klämpfl F, Schmidt M, Zalevsky Z. All-optical, an ultra-thin endoscopic photoacoustic sensor using multi-mode fiber. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9142. [PMID: 32499607 PMCID: PMC7272416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic endoscopy (PAE) is a method of in-vivo imaging that uses tissue absorption properties. In PAE, the main tools used to detect the acoustic signal are mechanical ultrasound transducers, which require direct contact and which are difficult to miniaturize. All-optic photoacoustic sensors can challenge this issue as they can provide contact-free sensing. Here, we demonstrate sensing of photo-acoustic signals through a multimode fiber (MMF) which can provide an ultra-thin endoscopic photoacoustic sensor. Furthermore, we show the advantage of using the optical-flow method for speckle sensing and extract the photoacoustic signal despite the mode-mixing along the MMF. Moreover, it is demonstrated for the first time that the speckle reconstruction method can be used without the need for imaging of the speckles as this enables the use of multimode fibers for the speckle method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Shabairou
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel.
| | - Benjamin Lengenfelder
- Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Hohmann
- Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Klämpfl
- Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Peng B, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Ma Z. Complete-noncontact photoacoustic microscopy by detection of initial pressures using a 3×3 coupler-based fiber-optic interferometer. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:505-516. [PMID: 32010531 PMCID: PMC6968767 DOI: 10.1364/boe.381129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a 3×3 coupler-based fiber-optic interferometric system to detect the local initial photoacoustic pressure. In contrast with the existing interferometric photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) relying on the measurement of the phase change of the probe light caused by the sample surface vibration, the present method measures the intensity change of the probe light caused by the initial photoacoustic pressure. Compared with the conventional interferometric PAMs, this method has the advantages: (1) it is free from the influence of the rough tissue surface, achieving complete noncontact in vivo imaging; (2) the probe light and the excitation light are focused at a same point below the sample surface, and the confocal configuration makes it more convenient for in vivo imaging; and (3) there is no need for phase stabilization, allowing a high imaging speed. These advantages show that the method will be a promising technique for in vivo imaging. This method is verified by imaging of a resolution test target and in vivo imaging of the blood vessels in a mouse ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yingxin Hu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Binyang Peng
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Hongxian Zhou
- Experiment Education Center, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yuqian Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhenhe Ma
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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9
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Lin X, Liang Y, Jin L, Wang L. Dual-Polarized Fiber Laser Sensor for Photoacoustic Microscopy. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19214632. [PMID: 31653076 PMCID: PMC6864677 DOI: 10.3390/s19214632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) provides high-resolution, label-free and non-invasive functional imaging for broad biomedical applications. Dual-polarized fiber laser sensors have high sensitivity, low noise, a miniature size, and excellent stability; thus, they have been used in acoustic detection in OR-PAM. Here, we review recent progress in fiber-laser-based ultrasound sensors for photoacoustic microscopy, especially the dual-polarized fiber laser sensor with high sensitivity. The principle, characterization and sensitivity optimization of this type of sensor are presented. In vivo experiments demonstrate its excellent performance in the detection of photoacoustic (PA) signals in OR-PAM. This review summarizes representative applications of fiber laser sensors in OR-PAM and discusses their further improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Yizhi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Long Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Yuexing Yi Dao, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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10
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Sathiyamoorthy K, Kolios MC. Experimental design and numerical investigation of a photoacoustic sensor for a low-power, continuous-wave, laser-based frequency-domain photoacoustic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-12. [PMID: 31674163 PMCID: PMC7005906 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.12.121912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a photoacoustic (PA) sensor using a low-power, continuous- wave laser and a kHz-range microphone. The sensor is simple, flexible, cost-effective, and compatible with commercial optical microscopes. The sensor enables noncontact PA measurements through air, whereas most current existing PA techniques require an acoustic coupling liquid for detection. The PA sensor has three main components: one is the chamber that holds the sample, the second is a resonator column used to amplify the weak PA signals generated within the sample chamber, and the third is a microphone at the end of the resonator column to detect the amplified signals. The chamber size was designed to be 8 mm × 3 mm as the thermal diffusion length and viscous-thermal damping of air at room pressure and temperature are 2 and 1 mm, respectively. We numerically and experimentally examined the effect of the resonator column size on the frequency response of the PA sensor. The quality factor decreased significantly when the sample chamber size was reduced from 4 mm × 3 mm to 2 mm × 3 mm due to thermos-viscous damping of the air. The quality factor decreased by 27%, demonstrating the need for optimal design for the sample chamber and resonator column size. The system exhibited noise equivalent molecular sensitivity (NEM) per unit bandwidth (NEM / √ Δf) of ∼19,966 Hz ^−1/2 or 33 × 10^−21 mol or 33 zeptomol, which is an improvement of 2.2 times compared to the previous system design. This PA sensor has the potential for noncontact high-resolution PA imaging of materials without the need for coupling fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Sathiyamoorthy
- Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C. Kolios
- Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Vu T, Razansky D, Yao J. Listening to tissues with new light: recent technological advances in photoacoustic imaging. JOURNAL OF OPTICS (2010) 2019; 21:10.1088/2040-8986/ab3b1a. [PMID: 32051756 PMCID: PMC7015182 DOI: 10.1088/2040-8986/ab3b1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT), or optoacoustic tomography, has achieved remarkable progress in the past decade, benefiting from the joint developments in optics, acoustics, chemistry, computing and mathematics. Unlike pure optical or ultrasound imaging, PAT can provide unique optical absorption contrast as well as widely scalable spatial resolution, penetration depth and imaging speed. Moreover, PAT has inherent sensitivity to tissue's functional, molecular, and metabolic state. With these merits, PAT has been applied in a wide range of life science disciplines, and has enabled biomedical research unattainable by other imaging methods. This Review article aims at introducing state-of-the-art PAT technologies and their representative applications. The focus is on recent technological breakthroughs in structural, functional, molecular PAT, including super-resolution imaging, real-time small-animal whole-body imaging, and high-sensitivity functional/molecular imaging. We also discuss the remaining challenges in PAT and envisioned opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Vu
- Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Junjie Yao
- Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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12
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Hati A, Nelson CW. W -Band Vibrometer for Noncontact Thermoacoustic Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2019; 66:1536-1539. [PMID: 31226073 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2923909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Noncontact thermoacoustic imaging (TAI) has several desirable characteristics for applications such as explosive detection in high-water-content media. In this letter, we report a detection technique using millimeter-wave interferometry based on sensitive phase detection at W -band. The displacement sensitivity of the proposed W -band vibrometer at 95 GHz is of the order of 1 nm. We also analyze the effect of phase noise on the sensitivity of the vibrometer. Unlike laser-based sensors, a W -band sensor has several advantages; it can easily penetrate surface obscurants such as fur or cloth and it does not require a highly reflective surface of the target to detect the thermoacoustic vibrations.
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13
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Jeon S, Kim J, Lee D, Baik JW, Kim C. Review on practical photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2019; 15:100141. [PMID: 31463194 PMCID: PMC6710377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has many interesting advantages, such as deep imaging depth, high image resolution, and high contrast to intrinsic and extrinsic chromophores, enabling morphological, functional, and molecular imaging of living subjects. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is one form of the PAI inheriting its characteristics and is useful in both preclinical and clinical research. Over the years, PAM systems have been evolved in several forms and each form has its relative advantages and disadvantages. Thus, to maximize the benefits of PAM for a specific application, it is important to configure the PAM system optimally by targeting a specific application. In this review, we provide practical methods for implementing a PAM system to improve the resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and imaging speed. In addition, we review the preclinical and the clinical applications of PAM and discuss the current challenges and the scope for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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14
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Lengenfelder B, Mehari F, Hohmann M, Heinlein M, Chelales E, Waldner MJ, Klämpfl F, Zalevsky Z, Schmidt M. Remote photoacoustic sensing using speckle-analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1057. [PMID: 30705342 PMCID: PMC6355860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser surgery is a rising surgical technique, which offers several advantages compared to the traditional scalpel. However, laser surgery lacks a contact-free feedback system which offers high imaging contrast to identify the tissue type ablated and also a high penetration depth. Photoacoustic imaging has the potential to fill this gap. Since photoacoustic detection is commonly contact based, a new non-interferometric detection technique based on speckle-analysis for remote detection is presented in this work. Phantom and ex-vivo experiments are carried out in transmission and reflection-mode for proof of concept. In summary, the potential of the remote speckle sensing technique for photoacoustic detection is demonstrated. In future, this technique might be applied for usage as a remote feedback system for laser surgery, which could help to broaden the applications of lasers as smart surgical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lengenfelder
- Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany. .,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Fanuel Mehari
- Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Hohmann
- Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Heinlein
- Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erika Chelales
- Tulane University, Biomedical Engineering, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Maximilian J Waldner
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Klämpfl
- Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Institute of Photonic Technologies (LPT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Konrad-Zuse-Straße 3/5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Zhang X, Fincke JR, Wynn CM, Johnson MR, Haupt RW, Anthony BW. Full noncontact laser ultrasound: first human data. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:119. [PMID: 31885865 PMCID: PMC6923376 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Full noncontact laser ultrasound (LUS) imaging has several distinct advantages over current medical ultrasound (US) technologies: elimination of the coupling mediums (gel/water), operator-independent image quality, improved repeatability, and volumetric imaging. Current light-based ultrasound utilizing tissue-penetrating photoacoustics (PA) generally uses traditional piezoelectric transducers in contact with the imaged tissue or carries an optical fiber detector close to the imaging site. Unlike PA, the LUS design presented here minimizes the optical penetration and specifically restricts optical-to-acoustic energy transduction at the tissue surface, maximizing the generated acoustic source amplitude. With an appropriate optical design and interferometry, any exposed tissue surfaces can become viable acoustic sources and detectors. LUS operates analogously to conventional ultrasound but uses light instead of piezoelectric elements. Here, we present full noncontact LUS results, imaging targets at ~5 cm depths and at a meter-scale standoff from the target surface. Experimental results demonstrating volumetric imaging and the first LUS images on humans are presented, all at eye- and skin-safe optical exposure levels. The progression of LUS imaging from tissue-mimicking phantoms, to excised animal tissue, to humans in vivo is shown, with validation from conventional ultrasound images. The LUS system design insights and results presented here inspire further LUS development and are a significant step toward the clinical implementation of LUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 45 Carleton St., Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Jonathan R. Fincke
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 45 Carleton St., Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Charles M. Wynn
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02421 USA
| | - Matt R. Johnson
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02421 USA
| | - Robert W. Haupt
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02421 USA
| | - Brian W. Anthony
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 45 Carleton St., Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
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16
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Ma Z, Luo S, Yu M, Liu J, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Lv J, Zhang X, Wang Y. Assessment of microvasculature flow state with a high speed all-optic dual-modal system of optical coherence tomography and photoacoustic imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:6103-6115. [PMID: 31065416 PMCID: PMC6490985 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.006103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose a high speed all-optic dual-modal system that combines spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI) to evaluate microvasculature flow states. A homodyne interferometer was used to remotely detect the surface vibration caused by photoacoustic (PA) waves. The PA excitation, PA probing and SDOCT probing beams share the same X-Y galvanometer scanner to perform fast two-dimensional scanning. In addition, we introduced multi-excitation, dual-channel acquisition and sensitivity compensation to improve the imaging speed of the PAI sub-system. The total time for imaging a sample with 256 × 256 pixels is less than 1 minute. The performance of the proposed system was verified by in vivo imaging of the vascular system in a mouse pinna with normal and then blocked blood circulations. The experimental results indicate that the proposed system is capable of revealing different blood flow states (static and moving) and is useful for the study of diseases related to functional blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhe Ma
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shuzhuo Luo
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Menghan Yu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yuqian Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yao Yu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jiangtao Lv
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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17
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Fincke JR, Wynn CM, Haupt R, Zhang X, Rivera D, Anthony B. Characterization of laser ultrasound source signals in biological tissues for imaging applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 24:1-11. [PMID: 30550046 PMCID: PMC6987635 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.2.021206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Short optical pulses emitted from a tunable Q-switched laser (800 to 2000 nm) generate laser ultrasound (LUS) signals at the surface of biological tissue. The LUS signal's acoustic frequency content, dependence on sample type, and optical wavelength are observed in the far field. The experiments yield a reference dataset for the design of noncontact LUS imaging systems. Measurements show that the majority of LUS signal energy in biological tissues is within the 0.5 and 3 MHz frequency bands and the total acoustic energy generated increases with the optical absorption coefficient of water, which governs tissue optical absorption in the infrared range. The experimental results also link tissue surface roughness and acoustic attenuation with limited LUS signal bandwidth in biological tissue. Images constructed using 810-, 1064-, 1550-, and 2000-nm generation laser wavelengths and a contact piezoelectric receiver demonstrates the impact of the generation laser wavelength on image quality. A noncontact LUS-based medical imaging system has the potential to be an effective medical imaging device. Such a system may mitigate interoperator variability associated with current medical ultrasound imaging techniques and expand the scope of imaging applications for ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Fincke
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Charles M. Wynn
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Rob Haupt
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Diego Rivera
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Brian Anthony
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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18
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Bell KL, Hajireza P, Zemp RJ. Coherence-gated photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:23689-23704. [PMID: 30184866 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.023689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy (PARS) represents a new paradigm within the optical imaging community by providing high sensitivity (>50 dB in vivo) non-contact optical absorption contrast in scattering media with a reflection-mode configuration. Unlike contact-based photoacoustic modalities which can acquire complete A-scans with a single excitation pulse due to slow acoustic propagation facilitating the use of time-gated collection of returning acoustic signals, PARS provides depth resolution only through optical sectioning. Here we introduce a new approach for providing coherence-gated depth-resolved PARS imaging using a difference between pulsed-interrogation optical coherence tomography scan-lines with and without excitation pulses. Proposed methods are validated using simulations which account for pulsed-laser induced initial-pressures and accompanying refractive index changes. The changes in refractive index are shown to be proportional to optical absorption. It is demonstrated that to achieve optimal image quality, several key parameters must be selected including interrogation pulse duration and delay. The proposed approach offers the promise of non-contact depth-resolved optical absorption contrast at optical-resolution scales and may complement the scattering contrast offered by optical coherence tomography.
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19
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Wissmeyer G, Pleitez MA, Rosenthal A, Ntziachristos V. Looking at sound: optoacoustics with all-optical ultrasound detection. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:53. [PMID: 30839640 PMCID: PMC6107019 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Originally developed for diagnostic ultrasound imaging, piezoelectric transducers are the most widespread technology employed in optoacoustic (photoacoustic) signal detection. However, the detection requirements of optoacoustic sensing and imaging differ from those of conventional ultrasonography and lead to specifications not sufficiently addressed by piezoelectric detectors. Consequently, interest has shifted to utilizing entirely optical methods for measuring optoacoustic waves. All-optical sound detectors yield a higher signal-to-noise ratio per unit area than piezoelectric detectors and feature wide detection bandwidths that may be more appropriate for optoacoustic applications, enabling several biomedical or industrial applications. Additionally, optical sensing of sound is less sensitive to electromagnetic noise, making it appropriate for a greater spectrum of environments. In this review, we categorize different methods of optical ultrasound detection and discuss key technology trends geared towards the development of all-optical optoacoustic systems. We also review application areas that are enabled by all-optical sound detectors, including interventional imaging, non-contact measurements, magnetoacoustics, and non-destructive testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Wissmeyer
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel A. Pleitez
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Amir Rosenthal
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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20
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George D, Lloyd H, Silverman RH, Chitnis PV. A frequency-domain non-contact photoacoustic microscope based on an adaptive interferometer. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700278. [PMID: 29314709 PMCID: PMC6746176 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A frequency-domain, non-contact approach to photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) that employs amplitude-modulated (0.1-1 MHz) laser for excitation (638-nm pump) in conjunction with a 2-wave mixing interferometer (532-nm probe) for non-contact detection of photoacoustic waves at the specimen surface is presented. A lock-in amplifier is employed to detect the photoacoustic signal. Illustrative images of tissue-mimicking phantoms, red-blood cells and retinal vasculature are presented. Single-frequency modulation of the pump beam directly provides an image that is equivalent to the 2-dimensional projection of the image volume. Targets located superficially produce phase modulations in the surface-reflected probe beam due to surface vibrations as well as direct intensity modulation in the backscattered probe light due to local changes in pressure and/or temperature. In comparison, the observed modulations in the probe beam due to targets located deeper in the specimen, for example, beyond the ballistic photon regime, predominantly consist of phase modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepu George
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Harriet Lloyd
- Edward S Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ronald H. Silverman
- Edward S Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Parag V. Chitnis
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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21
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Demirkiran A, Karakuzu A, Erkol H, Torun H, Unlu MB. Analysis of microcantilevers excited by pulsed-laser-induced photoacoustic waves. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:4906-4919. [PMID: 29475334 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.004906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a simulation-based analysis on the excitation of microcantilever in air using pulsed-laser-induced photoacoustic waves. A model was designed and coded to investigate the effects of consecutive photoacoustic waves, arising from a spherical light absorber illuminated by short laser pulses. The consecutiveness of the waves were adjusted with respect to the pulse repetition frequency of the laser to examine their cumulative effects on the oscillation of microcantilever. Using this approach, oscillation characteristics of two rectangular cantilevers with different resonant frequencies (16.9 kHz and 505.7 kHz) were investigated in the presence of the random oscillations. The results show that the effective responses of the microcantilevers to the consecutive photoacoustic waves provide steady-state oscillations, when the pulse repetition frequency matches to the fundamental resonant frequency or its lower harmonics. Another major finding is that being driven by the same photoacoustic pressure value, the high frequency cantilever tend to oscillate at higher amplitudes. Some of the issues emerging from these findings may find application area in atomic force microscopy actuation and photoacoustic signal detection.
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22
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Buj C, Münter M, Schmarbeck B, Horstmann J, Hüttmann G, Brinkmann R. Noncontact holographic detection for photoacoustic tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-14. [PMID: 29030943 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.10.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A holographic method for high-speed, noncontact photoacoustic tomography is introduced and evaluated. Relative changes of the object's topography, induced by the impact of thermoelastic pressure waves, were determined at nanometer sensitivity without physical contact. The object's surface was illuminated with nanosecond laser pulses and imaged with a high-speed CMOS camera. From two interferograms measured before and after excitation of the acoustic wave, surface displacement was calculated and then used as the basis for a tomographic reconstruction of the initial pressure caused by optical absorption. The holographic detection scheme enables variable sampling rates of the photoacoustic signal of up to 50 MHz. The total acquisition times for complete volumes with 230 MVoxel is far below 1 s. Measurements of silicone and porcine skin tissue phantoms with embedded artificial absorbers, which served as a model for human subcutaneous vascular networks, were possible. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the absorbing structures show details with a diameter of 310 μm up to a depth of 2.5 mm. Theoretical limitations and the experimental sensitivity, as well as the potential for in vivo imaging depending on the detection repetition rate, are analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Buj
- Universität zu Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Jens Horstmann
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum Lübeck GmbH, Lübeck, Germany
- University of Cologne, Department of Ophthalmology, Köln, Germany
| | - Gereon Hüttmann
- Universität zu Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Ralf Brinkmann
- Universität zu Lübeck, Institute of Biomedical Optics, Lübeck, Germany
- Medizinisches Laserzentrum Lübeck GmbH, Lübeck, Germany
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23
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Bell KL, Hajireza P, Shi W, Zemp RJ. Temporal evolution of low-coherence reflectrometry signals in photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:5172-5181. [PMID: 29047569 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.005172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a new noncontact reflection-mode imaging modality called photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) microscopy was introduced providing optical absorption contrast. Unlike previous modalities, which rely on interferometric detection of a probe beam to measure surface oscillations, the PARS technique detects photoacoustic initial pressures induced by a pulsed laser at their origin by monitoring intensity modulations of a reflected probe beam. In this paper, a model describing the temporal evolution from a finite excitation pulse is developed with consideration given to the coherence length of the interrogation beam. Analytical models are compared with approximations, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, and experiments with good agreement.
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24
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Hajireza P, Shi W, Bell K, Paproski RJ, Zemp RJ. Non-interferometric photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e16278. [PMID: 30167263 PMCID: PMC6062239 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Elasto-optical refractive index modulation due to photoacoustic initial pressure transients produced significant reflection of a probe beam when the absorbing interface had an appreciable refractive index difference. This effect was harnessed in a new form of non-contact optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy called photoacoustic remote sensing microscopy. A non-interferometric system architecture with a low-coherence probe beam precludes detection of surface oscillations and other phase-modulation phenomenon. The probe beam was confocal with a scanned excitation beam to ensure detection of initial pressure-induced intensity reflections at the subsurface origin where pressures are largest. Phantom studies confirmed signal dependence on optical absorption, index contrast and excitation fluence. In vivo imaging of superficial microvasculature and melanoma tumors was demonstrated with ~2.7±0.5 μm lateral resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsin Hajireza
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4 Canada
- IllumiSonics, Inc., 5205-38A Ave. N.W., Edmonton, Alberta, T6L 2J4, Canada
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Kevan Bell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Robert J Paproski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Roger J Zemp
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2V4 Canada
- IllumiSonics, Inc., 5205-38A Ave. N.W., Edmonton, Alberta, T6L 2J4, Canada
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25
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Tserevelakis GJ, Vrouvaki I, Siozos P, Melessanaki K, Hatzigiannakis K, Fotakis C, Zacharakis G. Photoacoustic imaging reveals hidden underdrawings in paintings. Sci Rep 2017; 7:747. [PMID: 28389668 PMCID: PMC5429688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, non-invasive, imaging methodology, based on the photoacoustic effect, is introduced in the context of artwork diagnostics with emphasis on the uncovering of hidden features such as underdrawings or original sketch lines in paintings. Photoacoustic microscopy, a rapidly growing imaging method widely employed in biomedical research, exploits the ultrasonic acoustic waves, generated by light from a pulsed or intensity modulated source interacting with a medium, to map the spatial distribution of absorbing components. Having over three orders of magnitude higher transmission through strongly scattering media, compared to light in the visible and near infrared, the photoacoustic signal offers substantially improved detection sensitivity and achieves excellent optical absorption contrast at high spatial resolution. Photoacoustic images, collected from miniature oil paintings on canvas, illuminated with a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm on their reverse side, reveal clearly the presence of pencil sketch lines coated over by several paint layers, exceeding 0.5 mm in thickness. By adjusting the detection bandwidth of the optically induced ultrasonic waves, photoacoustic imaging can be used for looking into a broad variety of artefacts having diverse optical properties and geometrical profiles, such as manuscripts, glass objects, plastic modern art or even stone sculpture.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Tserevelakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Ilianna Vrouvaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Siozos
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Krystallia Melessanaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kostas Hatzigiannakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Costas Fotakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Giannis Zacharakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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26
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Sathiyamoorthy K, Strohm EM, Kolios MC. Low-power noncontact photoacoustic microscope for bioimaging applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:46001. [PMID: 28384702 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.4.046001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An inexpensive noncontact photoacoustic (PA) imaging system using a low-power continuous wave laser and a kilohertz-range microphone has been developed. The system operates in both optical and PA imaging modes and is designed to be compatible with conventional optical microscopes. Aqueous coupling fluids are not required for the detection of the PA signals; air is used as the coupling medium. The main component of the PA system is a custom designed PA imaging sensor that consists of an air-filled sample chamber and a resonator chamber that isolates a standard kilohertz frequency microphone from the input laser. A sample to be examined is placed on the glass substrate inside the chamber. A laser focused to a small spot by a 40 × objective onto the substrate enables generation of PA signals from the sample. Raster scanning the laser over the sample with micrometer-sized steps enables high-resolution PA images to be generated. A lateral resolution of 1.37 ?? ? m was achieved in this proof of concept study, which can be further improved using a higher numerical aperture objective. The application of the system was investigated on a red blood cell, with a noise-equivalent detection sensitivity of 43,887 hemoglobin molecules ( 72.88 × 10 ? 21 ?? mol or 72.88 zeptomol). The minimum pressure detectable limit of the system was 19.1 ?? ? Pa . This inexpensive, compact noncontact PA sensor is easily integrated with existing commercial optical microscopes, enabling optical and PA imaging of the same sample. Applications include forensic measurements, blood coagulation tests, and monitoring the penetration of drugs into human membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Sathiyamoorthy
- Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario, CanadabInstitute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, CanadacKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric M Strohm
- Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario, CanadabInstitute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, CanadacKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario, CanadabInstitute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, CanadacKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Lu J, Gao Y, Ma Z, Zhou H, Wang RK, Wang Y. In vivo photoacoustic imaging of blood vessels using a homodyne interferometer with zero-crossing triggering. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:36002. [PMID: 28253380 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.036002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a quasinoncontact photoacoustic imaging method using a homodyne interferometer with a long coherence length laser. The generated photoacoustic signal is detected by a system that is locked at its maximum sensitivity through the use of balanced detection and zero-crossing triggering. The balanced detector is substantially equalized, so its output is zero when the system reaches the maximum sensitivity. The synchronization approach is used to trigger the excitation and detection of the photoacoustic signal. The system is immune to ambient vibrations. A thin water layer on the sample surface is used to reduce the effect of the rough tissue surface. The performance of the system is demonstrated by in vivo imaging of the microvasculature in mouse ears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Lu
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, School of Control Engineering, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yingzhe Gao
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, School of Control Engineering, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhenhe Ma
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, School of Control Engineering, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Hongxian Zhou
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, School of Control Engineering, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Ruikang K Wang
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, School of Control Engineering, Qinhuangdao, China
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Liang Y, Jin L, Wang L, Bai X, Cheng L, Guan BO. Fiber-Laser-Based Ultrasound Sensor for Photoacoustic Imaging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40849. [PMID: 28098201 PMCID: PMC5241646 DOI: 10.1038/srep40849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging, especially for intravascular and endoscopic applications, requires ultrasound probes with miniature size and high sensitivity. In this paper, we present a new photoacoustic sensor based on a small-sized fiber laser. Incident ultrasound waves exert pressures on the optical fiber laser and induce harmonic vibrations of the fiber, which is detected by the frequency shift of the beating signal between the two orthogonal polarization modes in the fiber laser. This ultrasound sensor presents a noise-equivalent pressure of 40 Pa over a 50-MHz bandwidth. We demonstrate this new ultrasound sensor on an optical-resolution photoacoustic microscope. The axial and lateral resolutions are 48 μm and 3.3 μm. The field of view is up to 1.57 mm2. The sensor exhibits strong resistance to environmental perturbations, such as temperature changes, due to common-mode cancellation between the two orthogonal modes. The present fiber laser ultrasound sensor offers a new tool for all-optical photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Long Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Linghao Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bai-Ou Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Photoacoustic (PA) imaging emerges as a unique tool to study biological samples based on optical absorption contrast. In PA imaging, piezoelectric transducers are commonly used to detect laser-induced ultrasonic waves. However, they typically lack adequate broadband sensitivity at ultrasonic frequency higher than 100 MHz, whereas their bulky size and optically opaque nature cause technical difficulties in integrating PA imaging with conventional optical imaging modalities. To overcome these limitations, optical methods of ultrasound detection were developed and shown their unique applications in PA imaging. METHODS We provide an overview of recent technological advances in optical methods of ultrasound detection and their applications in PA imaging. A general theoretical framework describing sensitivity, bandwidth, and angular responses of optical ultrasound detection is also introduced. RESULTS Optical methods of ultrasound detection can provide improved detection angle and sensitivity over significantly extended bandwidth. In addition, its versatile variants also offer additional advantages, such as device miniaturization, optical transparency, mechanical flexibility, minimal electrical/mechanical crosstalk, and potential noncontact PA imaging. CONCLUSION The optical ultrasound detection methods discussed in this review and their future evolution may play an important role in PA imaging for biomedical study and clinical diagnosis.
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Tian C, Feng T, Wang C, Liu S, Cheng Q, Oliver DE, Wang X, Xu G. Non-Contact Photoacoustic Imaging Using a Commercial Heterodyne Interferometer. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2016; 16:8381-8388. [PMID: 28210188 PMCID: PMC5305171 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2016.2611569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Most current photoacoustic imaging (PAI) systems employ piezoelectric transducers to receive photoacoustic signals, which requires coupling medium to facilitate photoacoustic wave propagation and are not favored in many applications. Here, we report an all-optical non-contact PAI system based on a commercial heterodyne interferometer working at 1550 nm. The interferometer remotely detects ultrasound-induced surface vibration and does not involve any physical contact with the sample. The theoretically predicated and experimentally measured noise equivalent detection limits of the optical sensor are about 4.5 and 810 Pa over 1.2 MHz bandwidth. Using a raster-scan PAI system equipped with the non-contact design, stereotactic boundaries of an artificial tumor in a pig brain were accurately delineated. The non-contact design also enables the tomographic PAI of biological tissue samples in a non-invasive manner. The preliminary results and analyses reveal that the heterodyne interferometer-based non-contact PAI system holds good potential in biomedical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Ting Feng
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21000, China, and also with the Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shengchun Liu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Institute of Acoustics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | | | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA, and also with the Institute of Acoustics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guan Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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31
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Maswadi SM, Ibey BL, Roth CC, Tsyboulski DA, Beier HT, Glickman RD, Oraevsky AA. All-optical optoacoustic microscopy based on probe beam deflection technique. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2016; 4:91-101. [PMID: 27761408 PMCID: PMC5063357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Optoacoustic (OA) microscopy using an all-optical system based on the probe beam deflection technique (PBDT) for detection of laser-induced acoustic signals was investigated as an alternative to conventional piezoelectric transducers. PBDT provides a number of advantages for OA microscopy including (i) efficient coupling of laser excitation energy to the samples being imaged through the probing laser beam, (ii) undistorted coupling of acoustic waves to the detector without the need for separation of the optical and acoustic paths, (iii) high sensitivity and (iv) ultrawide bandwidth. Because of the unimpeded optical path in PBDT, diffraction-limited lateral resolution can be readily achieved. The sensitivity of the current PBDT sensor of 22 μV/Pa and its noise equivalent pressure (NEP) of 11.4 Pa are comparable with these parameters of the optical micro-ring resonator and commercial piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers. Benefits of the present prototype OA microscope were demonstrated by successfully resolving micron-size details in histological sections of cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saher M. Maswadi
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- EchoLase, Inc., 5234 Tomas Circle, San Antonio, TX 78240, USA
| | - Bennett L. Ibey
- Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Caleb C. Roth
- School of Medicine, Dept. of Radiological Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | - Hope T. Beier
- Optical Radiation Branch, Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, 4141 Petroleum Road, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Randolph D. Glickman
- School of Medicine, Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- EchoLase, Inc., 5234 Tomas Circle, San Antonio, TX 78240, USA
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32
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Liu W, Zhang HF. Photoacoustic imaging of the eye: A mini review. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2016; 4:112-123. [PMID: 27761410 PMCID: PMC5063360 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The eye relies on the synergistic cooperation of many different ocular components, including the cornea, crystalline lens, photoreceptors, and retinal neurons, to precisely sense visual information. Complications with a single ocular component can degrade vision and sometimes cause blindness. Immediate treatment and long-term monitoring are paramount to alleviate symptoms, restore vision, and cure ocular diseases. However, successful treatment requires understanding ocular pathological mechanisms, precisely detecting and monitoring the diseases. The investigation and diagnosis of ocular diseases require advanced medical tools. In this mini review, we discuss non-invasive photoacoustic (PA) imaging as a potential research tool and medical screening device. In the research setting, PA imaging can provide valuable information on the disease progression. In the clinical setting, PA imaging can potentially aid in disease detection and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,USA
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208,USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Goldschmidt BS, Rudy AM, Nowak CA, Tsay Y, Whiteside PJD, Hunt HK. Evanescent Field Based Photoacoustics: Optical Property Evaluation at Surfaces. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27500652 PMCID: PMC5091698 DOI: 10.3791/54192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol to estimate material and surface optical properties using the photoacoustic effect combined with total internal reflection. Optical property evaluation of thin films and the surfaces of bulk materials is an important step in understanding new optical material systems and their applications. The method presented can estimate thickness, refractive index, and use absorptive properties of materials for detection. This metrology system uses evanescent field-based photoacoustics (EFPA), a field of research based upon the interaction of an evanescent field with the photoacoustic effect. This interaction and its resulting family of techniques allow the technique to probe optical properties within a few hundred nanometers of the sample surface. This optical near field allows for the highly accurate estimation of material properties on the same scale as the field itself such as refractive index and film thickness. With the use of EFPA and its sub techniques such as total internal reflection photoacoustic spectroscopy (TIRPAS) and optical tunneling photoacoustic spectroscopy (OTPAS), it is possible to evaluate a material at the nanoscale in a consolidated instrument without the need for many instruments and experiments that may be cost prohibitive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna M Rudy
- Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri
| | | | - Yowting Tsay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri
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34
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Langer G, Buchegger B, Jacak J, Klar TA, Berer T. Frequency domain photoacoustic and fluorescence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2692-702. [PMID: 27446698 PMCID: PMC4948622 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on simultaneous frequency domain optical-resolution photoacoustic and fluorescence microscopy with sub-µm lateral resolution. With the help of a blood smear, we show that photoacoustic and fluorescence images provide complementary information. Furthermore, we compare theoretically predicted signal-to-noise ratios of sinusoidal modulation in frequency domain with pulsed excitation in time domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Langer
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Bianca Buchegger
- Institute for Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Institute for Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Applied Health & Social Sciences, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute for Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Berer
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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35
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Leiss-Holzinger E, Bauer-Marschallinger J, Hochreiner A, Hollinger P, Berer T. Dual Modality Noncontact Photoacoustic and Spectral Domain OCT Imaging. ULTRASONIC IMAGING 2016; 38:19-31. [PMID: 25900968 PMCID: PMC4702283 DOI: 10.1177/0161734615582003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We developed a multimodal imaging system, combining noncontact photoacoustic imaging and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Photoacoustic signals are recorded without contact to the specimens' surface by using an interferometric technique. The interferometer is realized within a fiber-optic network using a fiber laser at 1550 nm as source. The fiber-optic network allows the integration of a fiber-based OCT system operating at a wavelength region around 1310 nm. Light from the fiber laser and the OCT source are multiplexed into one fiber using wavelength-division multiplexing. The same focusing optics is used for both modalities. Back-reflected light from the sample is demultiplexed and guided to the respective imaging systems. As the same optical components are used for OCT and photoacoustic imaging, the obtained images are co-registered intrinsically in lateral direction. Three-dimensional imaging is implemented by hybrid galvanometer and mechanical scanning. To allow fast B-scan measurements, scanning of the interrogation beam along one dimension is executed by a galvanometer scanner. Slow-axis scanning, perpendicular to the fast axis, is performed utilizing a linear translational stage. We demonstrate two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging on agarose phantoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Armin Hochreiner
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH (RECENDT), Linz, Austria
| | - Philipp Hollinger
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH (RECENDT), Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Berer
- Research Center for Non-Destructive Testing GmbH (RECENDT), Linz, Austria
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36
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Chen SL, Guo LJ, Wang X. All-optical photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2015; 3:143-150. [PMID: 31467845 PMCID: PMC6713062 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has gained considerable attention within the biomedical imaging community during the past decade. Detecting laser-induced photoacoustic waves by optical sensing techniques facilitates the idea of all-optical PAM (AOPAM), which is of particular interest as it provides unique advantages for achieving high spatial resolution using miniaturized embodiments of the imaging system. The review presents the technology aspects of optical-sensing techniques for ultrasound detection, such as those based on optical resonators, as well as system developments of all-optical photoacoustic systems including PAM, photoacoustic endoscopy, and multi-modality microscopy. The progress of different AOPAM systems and their representative applications are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Liang Chen
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - L. Jay Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Corresponding author at: Tel.: +1734-647-2728; fax: +1734-764-8541.
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37
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Eom J, Park SJ, Lee BH. Noncontact photoacoustic tomography of in vivo chicken chorioallantoic membrane based on all-fiber heterodyne interferometry. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:106007. [PMID: 26473590 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.10.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present three-dimensional (3-D) in vivo photoacoustic (PA) images of the blood vasculature of a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) obtained by using a fiber-based noncontact PA tomography system. With a fiber-optic heterodyne interferometer, the system measures the surface displacement of a sample, induced by the PA wave, which overcomes the disadvantage of physical-contact of ultrasonic transducer in a conventional system. The performance of an implemented system is analyzed and its capability of in vivo 3-D bioimaging is presented. At a depth of 2.5 mm in a phantom experiment, the lateral and axial resolutions were measured as 100 and 30 μm, respectively. The lateral resolution became doubled at a depth of 7.0 mm; however, interestingly, the axial resolution was not noticeably deteriorated with the depth. With the CAM experiment, performed under the American National Standards Institute laser safety standard condition, blood vessel structures placed as deep as 3.5 mm were clearly recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Eom
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Medical System Engineering, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jun Park
- Institute for Basic Science, Center for Soft and Living Matter, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Ha Lee
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, School of Information and Communications, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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38
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Pelivanov I, Shtokolov A, Wei CW, O'Donnell M. A 1 kHz A-scan rate pump-probe laser-ultrasound system for robust inspection of composites. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2015; 62:1696-1703. [PMID: 26415130 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2015.007110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We recently built a fiber-optic laser-ultrasound (LU) scanner for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of aircraft composites and demonstrated its greatly improved sensitivity and stability compared with current noncontact systems. It is also very attractive in terms of cost, stability to environmental noise and surface roughness, simplicity in adjustment, footprint, and flexibility. A new type of a balanced fiber-optic Sagnac interferometer is a key component of this all-optical LU pump-probe system. Very high A-scan rates can be achieved because no reference arm or stabilization feedback are needed. Here, we demonstrate LU system performance at 1000 A-scans/s combined with a fast 2-D translator operating at a scanning speed of 100 mm/s with a peak acceleration of 10 m/s(2) in both lateral directions to produce parallel B-scans at high rates. The fast scanning strategy is described in detail. The sensitivity of this system, in terms of noise equivalent pressure, was further improved to be only 8.3 dB above the Nyquist thermal noise limit. To our knowledge, this is the best reported sensitivity for a noncontact ultrasonic detector of this dimension used to inspect aircraft composites.
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39
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Berer T, Brandstetter M, Hochreiner A, Langer G, Märzinger W, Burgholzer P, Lendl B. Remote mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy with a quantum cascade laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:3476-3479. [PMID: 26258336 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.003476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate non-contact remote photoacoustic spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region. A room-temperature-operated pulsed external-cavity quantum cascade laser is used to excite photoacoustic waves within a semitransparent sample. The ultrasonic waves are detected remotely on the opposite side of the sample using a fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer, thereby avoiding problems associated with acoustic attenuation in air. We present the theoretical background of the proposed technique and demonstrate measurements on a thin polystyrene film. The obtained absorption spectrum in the region of 1030-1230 cm(-1) is compared to a spectrum obtained by attenuated total reflection, showing reasonable agreement.
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40
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Berer T, Leiss-Holzinger E, Hochreiner A, Bauer-Marschallinger J, Buchsbaum A. Multimodal noncontact photoacoustic and optical coherence tomography imaging using wavelength-division multiplexing. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:46013. [PMID: 25919425 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.4.046013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present multimodal noncontact photoacoustic (PA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. PA signals are acquired remotely on the surface of a specimen with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The interferometer is realized in a fiber-optic network using a fiber laser at 1550 nm as the source. In the same fiber-optic network, a spectral-domain OCT system is implemented. The OCT system utilizes a supercontinuum light source at 1310 nm and a spectrometer with an InGaAs line array detector. Light from the fiber laser and the OCT source is multiplexed into one fiber using a wavelength-division multiplexer; the same objective is used for both imaging modalities. Reflected light is spectrally demultiplexed and guided to the respective imaging systems. We demonstrate two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging on a tissue-mimicking sample and a chicken skin phantom. The same fiber network and same optical components are used for PA and OCT imaging, and the obtained images are intrinsically coregistered.
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Kim J, Lee D, Jung U, Kim C. Photoacoustic imaging platforms for multimodal imaging. Ultrasonography 2015; 34:88-97. [PMID: 25754364 PMCID: PMC4372714 DOI: 10.14366/usg.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a hybrid biomedical imaging method that exploits both acoustical Epub ahead of print and optical properties and can provide both functional and structural information. Therefore, PA imaging can complement other imaging methods, such as ultrasound imaging, fluorescence imaging, optical coherence tomography, and multi-photon microscopy. This article reviews techniques that integrate PA with the above imaging methods and describes their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeesu Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Departments of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Unsang Jung
- Departments of Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea ; Departments of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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42
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Park SJ, Eom J, Kim YH, Lee CS, Lee BH. Noncontact photoacoustic imaging based on all-fiber heterodyne interferometer. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:4903-6. [PMID: 25121904 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.004903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We report on a noncontact photoacoustic imaging system utilizing an all-fiber-optic heterodyne interferometer as an acoustic wave detector. The acoustic wave generated by a short laser pulse via the photoacoustic effect and arriving at the sample surface could be detected with the fiber-optic heterodyne interferometer without physical contact or using an impedance matching medium. A phantom experiment was conducted to evaluate the proposed system, and the initial acoustic pressure distribution was calculated using a Fourier-based reconstruction algorithm. It is expected that the all-fiber-optic configuration of the proposed system can be applied as a minimally invasive diagnostic tool.
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43
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Nuster R, Slezak P, Paltauf G. High resolution three-dimensional photoacoutic tomography with CCD-camera based ultrasound detection. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2635-47. [PMID: 25136491 PMCID: PMC4132994 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A photoacoustic tomograph based on optical ultrasound detection is demonstrated, which is capable of high resolution real-time projection imaging and fast three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Snapshots of the pressure field outside the imaged object are taken at defined delay times after photoacoustic excitation by use of a charge coupled device (CCD) camera in combination with an optical phase contrast method. From the obtained wave patterns photoacoustic projection images are reconstructed using a back propagation Fourier domain reconstruction algorithm. Applying the inverse Radon transform to a set of projections recorded over a half rotation of the sample provides 3D photoacoustic tomography images in less than one minute with a resolution below 100 µm. The sensitivity of the device was experimentally determined to be 5.1 kPa over a projection length of 1 mm. In vivo images of the vasculature of a mouse demonstrate the potential of the developed method for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nuster
- Department of Physics, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Paul Slezak
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guenther Paltauf
- Department of Physics, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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