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Bastelica P, Labbé A, El Maftouhi A, Hamard P, Paques M, Baudouin C. Rôle de la lame criblée dans la pathogenèse du glaucome. Une revue de la littérature. J Fr Ophtalmol 2022; 45:952-966. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Glidai Y, Lucy KA, Schuman JS, Alexopoulos P, Wang B, Wu M, Liu M, Vande Geest JP, Kollech HG, Lee T, Ishikawa H, Wollstein G. Microstructural Deformations Within the Depth of the Lamina Cribrosa in Response to Acute In Vivo Intraocular Pressure Modulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:25. [PMID: 35604666 PMCID: PMC9150833 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The lamina cribrosa (LC) is a leading target for initial glaucomatous damage. We investigated the in vivo microstructural deformation within the LC volume in response to acute IOP modulation while maintaining fixed intracranial pressure (ICP). Methods In vivo optic nerve head (ONH) spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans (Leica, Chicago, IL, USA) were obtained from eight eyes of healthy adult rhesus macaques (7 animals; ages = 7.9-14.4 years) in different IOP settings and fixed ICP (8-12 mm Hg). IOP and ICP were controlled by cannulation of the anterior chamber and the lateral ventricle of the brain, respectively, connected to a gravity-controlled reservoir. ONH images were acquired at baseline IOP, 30 mm Hg (H1-IOP), and 40 to 50 mm Hg (H2-IOP). Scans were registered in 3D, and LC microstructure measurements were obtained from shared regions and depths. Results Only half of the eyes exhibited LC beam-to-pore ratio (BPR) and microstructure deformations. The maximal BPR change location within the LC volume varied between eyes. BPR deformer eyes had a significantly higher baseline connective tissue volume fraction (CTVF) and lower pore aspect ratio (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively) compared to BPR non-deformer. In all eyes, the magnitude of BPR changes in the anterior surface was significantly different (either larger or smaller) from the maximal change within the LC (H1-IOP: P = 0.02 and H2-IOP: P = 0.004). Conclusions The LC deforms unevenly throughout its depth in response to IOP modulation at fixed ICP. Therefore, analysis of merely the anterior LC surface microstructure will not fully capture the microstructure deformations within the LC. BPR deformer eyes have higher CTVF than BPR non-deformer eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Glidai
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Katie A. Lucy
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York, New York, United States,Center for Neural Science, NYU, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Bo Wang
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Mengfei Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, United States,Division of Biostatistics, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Mengling Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, United States,Division of Biostatistics, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Vande Geest
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Hirut G. Kollech
- Computational Modeling and Simulation Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - TingFang Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, United States,Division of Biostatistics, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, United States,Center for Neural Science, NYU, New York, New York, United States
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Sainulabdeen A, Glidai Y, Wu M, Liu M, Alexopoulos P, Ishikawa H, Schuman JS, Wollstein G. 3D Microstructure of the Healthy Non-Human Primate Lamina Cribrosa by Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:15. [PMID: 35435922 PMCID: PMC9034718 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The lamina cribrosa (LC) has an important role in the pathophysiology of ocular diseases. The purpose of this study is to characterize in vivo, noninvasively, and in 3D the structure of the LC in healthy non-human primates (NHPs). Methods Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT; Leica, Chicago, IL) scans of the optic nerve head (ONH) were obtained from healthy adult rhesus macaques monkeys. Using a previously reported semi-automated segmentation algorithm, microstructure measurements were assessed in central and peripheral regions of an equal area, in quadrants and depth-wise. Linear mixed-effects models were used to compare parameters among regions, adjusting for visibility, age, analyzable depth, graded scan quality, disc area, and the correlation between eyes. Spearmen's rank correlation coefficients were calculated for assessing the association between the lamina's parameters. Results Sixteen eyes of 10 animals (7 males and 3 females; 9 OD, 7 OS) were analyzed with a mean age of 10.5 ± 2.1 years. The mean analyzable depth was 175 ± 37 µm, with average LC visibility of 25.4 ± 13.0% and average disc area of 2.67 ± 0.45mm2. Within this volume, an average of 74.9 ± 39.0 pores per eye were analyzed. The central region showed statistically significantly thicker beams than the periphery. The quadrant-based analysis showed significant differences between the superior and inferior quadrants. The anterior LC had smaller beams and pores than both middle and posterior lamina. Conclusions Our study provides in vivo microstructure details of NHP's LC to be used as the foundation for future studies. We demonstrated mostly small but statistically significant regional variations in LC microstructure that should be considered when comparing LC measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoav Glidai
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mengfei Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA,Division of Biostatistics, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mengling Liu
- Division of Biostatistics, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA,Center for Neural Science, NYU, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA,Center for Neural Science, NYU, New York, NY, USA
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Tatar IT, Solmaz B, Erdem ZG, Pasaoglu I, Demircan A, Tülü Aygün B, Ozkaya A. Morphological assessment of lamina cribrosa in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68:164-167. [PMID: 31856499 PMCID: PMC6951187 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_142_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Technological development of optic coherence tomography has enabled a detailed assessment of the optic nerve and deeper structures and in vivo measurements. The aim of this study was to compare the lamina cribrosa morphology of the optic nerve in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and healthy individuals. Methods: The lamina cribrosa morphology of optic nerve in 15 eyes with IIH and 17 eyes of healthy individuals were compared. Four parameters such as Bruch membrane opening (BMO), lamina cribrosa thickness (LCT), prelaminar tissue thickness (PTT), and anterior lamina cribrosa surface depth (ALCSD) were retrospectively evaluated. Results: By enhanced depth imaging-optic coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), PTT and BMO were found to be significantly greater (574,35 ± 169,20 μm and 1787,40 ± 140,87 μm, respectively) in IIH patients than healthy individuals (187,18 ± 132,15 μm and 1632,65 ± 162,58 μm, respectively), whereas ALSCD was found to be significantly less in IIH patients (234,49 ± 49,31 μm) than healthy individuals (425,65 ± 65,23 μm). There was not a statistically significant difference regarding LCT between the IIH patients (238,59 ± 17,31 μm) and healthy individuals (244,96 ± 15,32 μm). Conclusion: Increased intracranial pressure causes morphological changes in lamina cribrosa. Assessment of lamina cribrosa with EDI-OCT is important for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with IIH. EDI-OCT is objective, reproducible, and cost-effective assistive imaging tool in IIH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Banu Solmaz
- Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Isıl Pasaoglu
- Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Demircan
- Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Abdullah Ozkaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, İstanbul Aydin University Medical School, Surp Pirgic Armenian Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ling YTT, Shi R, Midgett DE, Jefferys JL, Quigley HA, Nguyen TD. Characterizing the Collagen Network Structure and Pressure-Induced Strains of the Human Lamina Cribrosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2406-2422. [PMID: 31157833 PMCID: PMC6545820 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to measure the 2D collagen network structure of the human lamina cribrosa (LC), analyze for the correlations with age, region, and LC size, as well as the correlations with pressure-induced strains. Methods The posterior scleral cups of 10 enucleated human eyes with no known ocular disease were subjected to ex vivo inflation testing from 5 to 45 mm Hg. The optic nerve head was imaged by using second harmonic generation imaging (SHG) to identify the LC collagen structure at both pressures. Displacements and strains were calculated by using digital volume correlation of the SHG volumes. Nine structural features were measured by using a custom Matlab image analysis program, including the pore area fraction, node density, and beam connectivity, tortuosity, and anisotropy. Results All strain measures increased significantly with higher pore area fraction, and all but the radial-circumferential shear strain (Erθ) decreased with higher node density. The maximum principal strain (Emax) and maximum shear strain (Γmax) also increased with larger beam aspect ratio and tortuosity, respectively, and decreased with higher connectivity. The peripheral regions had lower node density and connectivity, and higher pore area fraction, tortuosity, and strains (except for Erθ) than the central regions. The peripheral nasal region had the lowest Emax, Γmax, radial strain, and pore area fraction. Conclusions Features of LC beam network microstructure that are indicative of greater collagen density and connectivity are associated with lower pressure-induced LC strain, potentially contributing to resistance to glaucomatous damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yik Tung Tracy Ling
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Ran Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Dan E Midgett
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Joan L Jefferys
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Harry A Quigley
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Thao D Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Brazile BL, Hua Y, Jan NJ, Wallace J, Gogola A, Sigal IA. Thin Lamina Cribrosa Beams Have Different Collagen Microstructure Than Thick Beams. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4653-4661. [PMID: 30372734 PMCID: PMC6149225 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the collagen microstructural crimp characteristics between thin and thick lamina cribrosa (LC) beams. Methods Seven eyes from four sheep were fixed at 5 mm Hg IOP in 10% formalin. For each eye, one to three coronal cryosections through the LC were imaged with polarized light microscopy and analyzed to visualize the LC and determine collagen fiber microstructure. For every beam, we measured its width and three characteristics of the crimp of its collagen fibers: waviness, tortuosity, and amplitude. Linear mixed effects models were used to test whether crimp characteristics were associated with the LC beam width. Results For each eye and over all the eyes, LC beam width was positively associated with crimp waviness and tortuosity, and negatively associated with crimp amplitude (P's < 0.0001). Thin beams, average width 13.11 μm, had average (SD) waviness, tortuosity, and amplitude of 0.27 (0.17) radians, 1.017 (0.028) and 1.88 (1.41) μm, respectively. For thick beams, average width 26.10 μm, these characteristics were 0.33 (0.18) radians, 1.025 (0.037) and 1.58 (1.36) μm, respectively. Conclusions Our results suggest heterogeneity in LC beam mechanical properties. Thin beams were less wavy than their thicker counterparts, suggesting that thin beams may stiffen at lower IOP than thick beams. This difference may allow thin beams to support similar amounts of IOP-induced force as thicker beams, thus providing a similar level of structural support to the axons at physiologic IOP, despite the differences in width. Measurements of beam-level mechanical properties are needed to confirm these predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn L Brazile
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yi Hua
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ning-Jiun Jan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jacob Wallace
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Alexandra Gogola
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ian A Sigal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Syga P, Sieluzycki C, Krzyzanowska-Berkowska P, Iskander DR. A Fully Automated 3D In-Vivo Delineation and Shape Parameterization of the Human Lamina Cribrosa in Optical Coherence Tomography. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 66:1422-1428. [PMID: 30295609 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2873893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A fully automated method for delineation of the lamina cribrosa in optical coherence tomography (OCT) is proposed. It assesses the three-dimensional (3D) shape of the lamina cribrosa in-vivo, based on a series of OCT B-scans. METHODS The algorithm has several image processing steps and it is based on active contour detection performed along three orthogonal directions of the B-scan data cuboid. Further, the delineated 3D lamina cribrosa shape is parameterized with a fourth-order polynomial of two variables [Formula: see text] using the least-squares method. Datasets from a total of 255 subjects from three groups were analyzed: 92 primary open angle glaucoma patients, 77 glaucoma suspects, and 86 controls. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found in the coefficients of monomials xiyj, with both i and j even, between patients and controls and between suspects and controls. CONCLUSIONS From the data obtained, it can be concluded that the mean shape parameterization of the lamina cribrosa of glaucoma suspects has similar appearance to that of glaucoma patients but it is markedly different from that of healthy controls. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed algorithm enables automatically estimating, for the first time, the lamina cribrosa in 3D, further providing clinicians with a time-efficient discrimination tool supporting glaucoma diagnosis.
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8
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Zhang L, Xiang D, Jin C, Shi F, Yu K, Chen X. OIPAV: an Integrated Software System for Ophthalmic Image Processing, Analysis, and Visualization. J Digit Imaging 2018; 32:183-197. [PMID: 30187316 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-017-0047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophthalmic medical images, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) images and color photo of fundus, provide valuable information for clinical diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases. In this paper, we introduce a software system specially oriented to ophthalmic images processing, analysis, and visualization (OIPAV) to assist users. OIPAV is a cross-platform system built on a set of powerful and widely used toolkit libraries. Based on the plugin mechanism, the system has an extensible framework. It provides rich functionalities including data I/O, image processing, interaction, ophthalmic diseases detection, data analysis, and visualization. By using OIPAV, users can easily access to the ophthalmic image data manufactured from different imaging devices, facilitate workflows of processing ophthalmic images, and improve quantitative evaluations. With a satisfying function scalability and expandability, the software is applicable for both ophthalmic researchers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Soochow University, No.1 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Dehui Xiang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Soochow University, No.1 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Chao Jin
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Soochow University, No.1 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Fei Shi
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Soochow University, No.1 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Soochow University, No.1 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China
| | - Xinjian Chen
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Soochow University, No.1 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China.
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Kasaragod D, Makita S, Hong YJ, Yasuno Y. Machine-learning based segmentation of the optic nerve head using multi-contrast Jones matrix optical coherence tomography with semi-automatic training dataset generation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:3220-3243. [PMID: 29984095 PMCID: PMC6033556 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A pixel-by-pixel tissue classification framework using multiple contrasts obtained by Jones matrix optical coherence tomography (JM-OCT) is demonstrated. The JM-OCT is an extension of OCT that provides OCT, OCT angiography, birefringence tomography, degree-of-polarization uniformity tomography, and attenuation coefficient tomography, simultaneously. The classification framework consists of feature engineering, k-means clustering that generates a training dataset, training of a tissue classifier using the generated training dataset, and tissue classification by the trained classifier. The feature engineering process generates synthetic features from the primary optical contrasts obtained by JM-OCT. The tissue classification is performed in the feature space of the engineered features. We applied this framework to the in vivo analysis of optic nerve heads of posterior eyes. This classified each JM-OCT pixel into prelamina, lamina cribrosa (lamina beam), and retrolamina tissues. The lamina beam segmentation results were further utilized for birefringence and attenuation coefficient analysis of lamina beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Kasaragod
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Japan
| | - Shuichi Makita
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Japan
| | - Young-Joo Hong
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba,
Japan
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10
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Abstract
The lamina cribrosa is a primary site of damage in glaucoma. While mechanical distortion is hypothesized to cause reduction of axoplasmic flow, little is known about how the pores, which contains the retinal ganglion cell axons, traverse the lamina cribrosa. We investigated lamina cribrosa pore paths in vivo to quantify differences in tortuosity of pore paths between healthy and glaucomatous eyes. We imaged 16 healthy, 23 glaucoma suspect and 48 glaucomatous eyes from 70 subjects using a swept source optical coherence tomography system. The lamina cribrosa pores were automatically segmented using a previously described segmentation algorithm. Individual pore paths were automatically tracked through the depth of the lamina cribrosa using custom software. Pore path convergence to the optic nerve center and tortuosity was quantified for each eye. We found that lamina cribrosa pore pathways traverse the lamina cribrosa closer to the optic nerve center along the depth of the lamina cribrosa regardless of disease severity or diagnostic category. In addition, pores of glaucoma eyes take a more tortuous path through the lamina cribrosa compared to those of healthy eyes, suggesting a potential mechanism for reduction of axoplasmic flow in glaucoma.
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Tan NY, Koh V, Girard MJ, Cheng CY. Imaging of the lamina cribrosa and its role in glaucoma: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 46:177-188. [PMID: 29214709 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lamina cribrosa of the optic nerve head serves two contrasting roles; it must be porous to allow retinal ganglion cell axons to pass through, and yet at the same time, it must also provide adequate structural support to withstand the stresses and strains across it. Improvements in imaging such as optical coherence tomography image capture and image processing have allowed detailed in vivo studies of lamina cribrosa macro- and micro-architectural characteristics. This has aided our understanding of the optic nerve head as a complex biomechanical structure. In this review, we first aim to frame the biomechanical considerations of lamina cribrosa in a clinical context; in doing so, we also explore the concept of the translaminar pressure difference. Second, we aim to highlight the technological advances in imaging the lamina cribrosa and its accompanying clinical implications, and future directions in this quickly progressing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Yq Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Victor Koh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Michaël Ja Girard
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program and Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Lavinsky F, Wollstein G, Tauber J, Schuman JS. The Future of Imaging in Detecting Glaucoma Progression. Ophthalmology 2017; 124:S76-S82. [PMID: 29157365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular imaging has been heavily incorporated into glaucoma management and provides important information that aids in the detection of disease progression. Longitudinal studies have shown that the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer is an important parameter for glaucoma progression detection, whereas other studies have demonstrated that macular parameters, such as the ganglion cell inner plexiform layer and optic nerve head parameters, also are useful for progression detection. The introduction of novel technologies with faster scan speeds, wider scanning fields, higher resolution, and improved tissue penetration has enabled the precise quantification of additional key ocular structures, such as the individual retinal layers, optic nerve head, choroid, and lamina cribrosa. Furthermore, extracting functional information from scans such as blood flow rate and oxygen consumption provides new perspectives on the disease and its progression. These novel methods promise improved detection of glaucoma progression and better insight into the mechanisms of progression that will lead to better targeted treatment options to prevent visual damage and blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lavinsky
- NYU Langone Eye Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- NYU Langone Eye Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jenna Tauber
- NYU Langone Eye Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Joel S Schuman
- NYU Langone Eye Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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13
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Wang B, Tran H, Smith MA, Kostanyan T, Schmitt SE, Bilonick RA, Jan NJ, Kagemann L, Tyler-Kabara EC, Ishikawa H, Schuman JS, Sigal IA, Wollstein G. In-vivo effects of intraocular and intracranial pressures on the lamina cribrosa microstructure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188302. [PMID: 29161320 PMCID: PMC5697865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing clinical evidence that the eye is not only affected by intraocular pressure (IOP), but also by intracranial pressure (ICP). Both pressures meet at the optic nerve head of the eye, specifically the lamina cribrosa (LC). The LC is a collagenous meshwork through which all retinal ganglion cell axons pass on their way to the brain. Distortion of the LC causes a biological cascade leading to neuropathy and impaired vision in situations such as glaucoma and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. While the effect of IOP on the LC has been studied extensively, the coupled effects of IOP and ICP on the LC remain poorly understood. We investigated in-vivo the effects of IOP and ICP, controlled via cannulation of the eye and lateral ventricle in the brain, on the LC microstructure of anesthetized rhesus monkeys eyes using the Bioptigen spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) device (Research Triangle, NC). The animals were imaged with their head upright and the rest of their body lying prone on a surgical table. The LC was imaged at a variety of IOP/ICP combinations, and microstructural parameters, such as the thickness of the LC collagenous beams and diameter of the pores were analyzed. LC microstructure was confirmed by histology. We determined that LC microstructure deformed in response to both IOP and ICP changes, with significant interaction between the two. These findings emphasize the importance of considering both IOP and ICP when assessing optic nerve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Huong Tran
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tigran Kostanyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Samantha E. Schmitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Bilonick
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ning-Jiun Jan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Larry Kagemann
- New York University Langone Eye Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth C. Tyler-Kabara
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- New York University Langone Eye Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- New York University Langone Eye Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Sigal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- New York University Langone Eye Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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Abstract
The lamina cribrosa (LC) is a multilayered, collagenous, sieve-like structure at the deep optic nerve head, and is presumed to be the primary site of axonal injury. According to biomechanical theory, intraocular pressure-induced posterior deformation of the LC causes blockage of axonal transport and alters the ocular blood flow, so that the axons of the retinal ganglion cells lead to apoptosis, which results in glaucomatous optic disc change. Although most of the research on the LC to date has been limited to experimental animal or histologic studies, the recent advances in optical coherence tomography devices and image processing techniques have made possible the visualization of the LC structure in vivo. LC deformation in glaucoma typically has been evaluated in terms of its position from a structural reference plane (LC depth), entire curvature or shape, thickness, or localized structural change (focal LC defects or LC pore change). In this review, we highlight the methods of assessing LC deformation from in vivo optical coherence tomography scans, and we discuss the clinical implications of the recent investigations of the in vivo structure of LC in glaucoma.
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Jan NJ, Gomez C, Moed S, Voorhees AP, Schuman JS, Bilonick RA, Sigal IA. Microstructural Crimp of the Lamina Cribrosa and Peripapillary Sclera Collagen Fibers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:3378-3388. [PMID: 28687851 PMCID: PMC5501496 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although collagen microstructural crimp is a major determinant of ocular biomechanics, no direct measurements of optic nerve head (ONH) crimp have been reported. Our goal was to characterize the crimp period of the lamina cribrosa (LC) and peripapillary sclera (PPS) at low and normal IOPs. Methods ONHs from 11 sheep eyes were fixed at 10-, 5-, or 0-mm Hg IOP and crimp periods measured manually from coronal cryosections imaged with polarized light microscopy (PLM). Using linear mixed-effect models, we characterized the LC and PPS periods, and how they varied with distance from the scleral canal edge. Results A total of 17,374 manual collagen crimp period measurements were obtained with high repeatability (1.9 μm) and reproducibility (4.7 μm). The periods were smaller (P < 0.001) and less variable in the LC than in the PPS: average (SD) of 13.8 (3.1) μm in the LC, and 31.0 (10.4) μm in the PPS. LC crimp period did not vary with distance from the scleral canal wall (P > 0.1). PPS period increased with the square root of the distance to the canal (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Small, uniform crimp periods within the sheep LC and immediately adjacent PPS may indicate that these tissues are setup to prevent large or heterogeneous deformations that insult the neural tissues within the canal. An increasing more variable period with distance from the canal provides a smooth transition of mechanical properties that minimizes stress and strain concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Jiun Jan
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 3McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Celeste Gomez
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Saundria Moed
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Andrew P Voorhees
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 3McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 3McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 5NYU Langone Eye Center, New York University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Richard A Bilonick
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ian A Sigal
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 3McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Lucy KA, Wang B, Schuman JS, Bilonick RA, Ling Y, Kagemann L, Sigal IA, Grulkowski I, Liu JJ, Fujimoto JG, Ishikawa H, Wollstein G. Thick Prelaminar Tissue Decreases Lamina Cribrosa Visibility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1751-1757. [PMID: 28324116 PMCID: PMC5361612 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Evaluation of the effect of prelaminar tissue thickness on visualization of the lamina cribrosa (LC) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods The optic nerve head (ONH) region was scanned using OCT. The quality of visible LC microstructure was assessed subjectively using a grading system and objectively by analyzing the signal intensity of each scan's superpixel components. Manual delineations were made separately and in 3-dimensions quantifying prelaminar tissue thickness, analyzable regions of LC microstructure, and regions with a visible anterior LC (ALC) boundary. A linear mixed effect model quantified the association between tissue thickness and LC visualization. Results A total of 17 healthy, 27 glaucoma suspect, and 47 glaucomatous eyes were included. Scans with thicker average prelaminar tissue measurements received worse grading scores (P = 0.007), and superpixels with low signal intensity were associated significantly with regions beneath thick prelaminar tissue (P < 0.05). The average prelaminar tissue thickness in regions of scans where the LC was analyzable (214 μm) was significantly thinner than in regions where the LC was not analyzable (569 μm; P < 0.001). Healthy eyes had significantly thicker average prelaminar tissue measurements than glaucoma or glaucoma suspect eyes (both P < 0.001), and glaucoma suspect eyes had significantly thicker average prelaminar tissue measurements than glaucoma eyes (P = 0.008). Significantly more of the ALC boundary was visible in glaucoma eyes (63% of ONH) than in healthy eyes (41%; P = 0.005). Conclusions Thick prelaminar tissue was associated with impaired visualization of the LC. Healthy subjects generally had thicker prelaminar tissue, which potentially could create a selection bias against healthy eyes when comparing LC structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Lucy
- Langone Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Bo Wang
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 3Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Langone Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Richard A Bilonick
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yun Ling
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 5Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Larry Kagemann
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Ian A Sigal
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 3Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ireneusz Grulkowski
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jonathan J Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - James G Fujimoto
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Langone Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Langone Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
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17
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Wang B, Lucy KA, Schuman JS, Sigal IA, Bilonick RA, Kagemann L, Kostanyan T, Lu C, Liu J, Grulkowski I, Fujimoto JG, Ishikawa H, Wollstein G. Decreased Lamina Cribrosa Beam Thickness and Pore Diameter Relative to Distance From the Central Retinal Vessel Trunk. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:3088-92. [PMID: 27286366 PMCID: PMC4913800 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-19010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate how the lamina cribrosa (LC) microstructure changes with distance from the central retinal vessel trunk (CRVT), and to determine how this change differs in glaucoma. Methods One hundred nineteen eyes (40 healthy, 29 glaucoma suspect, and 50 glaucoma) of 105 subjects were imaged using swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT). The CRVT was manually delineated at the level of the anterior LC surface. A line was fit to the distribution of LC microstructural parameters and distance from CRVT to measure the gradient (change in LC microstructure per distance from the CRVT) and intercept (LC microstructure near the CRVT). A linear mixed-effects model was used to determine the effect of diagnosis on the gradient and intercept of the LC microstructure with distance from the CRVT. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to determine the difference in distribution between the diagnostic categories. Results The percent of visible LC in all scans was 26 ± 7%. Beam thickness and pore diameter decreased with distance from the CRVT. Glaucoma eyes had a larger decrease in beam thickness (−1.132 ± 0.503 μm, P = 0.028) and pore diameter (−0.913 ± 0.259 μm, P = 0.001) compared with healthy controls per 100 μm from the CRVT. Glaucoma eyes showed increased variability in both beam thickness and pore diameter relative to the distance from the CRVT compared with healthy eyes (P < 0.05). Conclusions These findings results demonstrate the importance of considering the anatomical location of CRVT in the assessment of the LC, as there is a relationship between the distance from the CRVT and the LC microstructure, which differs between healthy and glaucoma eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of En
| | - Katie A Lucy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of En
| | - Ian A Sigal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of En
| | - Richard A Bilonick
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 4Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsbu
| | - Larry Kagemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of En
| | - Tigran Kostanyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Chen Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jonathan Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ireneusz Grulkowski
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - James G Fujimoto
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of En
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States 2Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of En
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Ram S, Danford F, Howerton S, Rodriguez JJ, Geest JPV. Three-Dimensional Segmentation of the Ex-Vivo Anterior Lamina Cribrosa From Second-Harmonic Imaging Microscopy. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 65:1617-1629. [PMID: 28252388 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2674521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The lamina cribrosa (LC) is a connective tissue in the posterior eye with a complex mesh-like trabecular microstructure, through which all the retinal ganglion cell axons and central retinal vessels pass. Recent studies have demonstrated that changes in the structure of the LC correlate with glaucomatous damage. Thus, accurate segmentation and reconstruction of the LC is of utmost importance. This paper presents a new automated method for segmenting the microstructure of the anterior LC in the images obtained via multiphoton microscopy using a combination of ideas. In order to reduce noise, we first smooth the input image using a 4-D collaborative filtering scheme. Next, we enhance the beam-like trabecular microstructure of the LC using wavelet multiresolution analysis. The enhanced LC microstructure is then automatically extracted using a combination of histogram thresholding and graph-cut binarization. Finally, we use morphological area opening as a postprocessing step to remove the small and unconnected 3-D regions in the binarized images. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using mutual overlap accuracy, Tanimoto index, F-score, and Rand index. Quantitative and qualitative results show that the proposed algorithm provides improved segmentation accuracy and computational efficiency compared to the other recent algorithms.
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Mari JM, Aung T, Cheng CY, Strouthidis NG, Girard MJA. A Digital Staining Algorithm for Optical Coherence Tomography Images of the Optic Nerve Head. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2017; 6:8. [PMID: 28174676 PMCID: PMC5291077 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.6.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To digitally stain spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the optic nerve head (ONH), and highlight either connective or neural tissues. Methods OCT volumes of the ONH were acquired from one eye of 10 healthy subjects. We processed all volumes with adaptive compensation to remove shadows and enhance deep tissue visibility. For each ONH, we identified the four most dissimilar pixel-intensity histograms, each of which was assumed to represent a tissue group. These four histograms formed a vector basis on which we ‘projected' each OCT volume in order to generate four digitally stained volumes P1 to P4. Digital staining was also verified using a digital phantom, and compared with k-means clustering for three and four clusters. Results Digital staining was able to isolate three regions of interest from the proposed phantom. For the ONH, the digitally stained images P1 highlighted mostly connective tissues, as demonstrated through an excellent contrast increase across the anterior lamina cribrosa boundary (3.6 ± 0.6 times). P2 highlighted the nerve fiber layer and the prelamina, P3 the remaining layers of the retina, and P4 the image background. Further, digital staining was able to separate ONH tissue layers that were not well separated by k-means clustering. Conclusion We have described an algorithm that can digitally stain connective and neural tissues in OCT images of the ONH. Translational Relevance Because connective and neural tissues are considerably altered in glaucoma, digital staining of the ONH tissues may be of interest in the clinical management of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Martial Mari
- GePaSud, Université de la Polynésie française, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore ; Department of Ophthalmology, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore ; Department of Ophthalmology, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore ; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Nicholas G Strouthidis
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore ; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK ; Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michaël J A Girard
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore ; Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Abstract
The early detection of glaucoma is imperative in order to preserve functional vision. Structural and functional methods are utilized to detect and monitor glaucomatous damage and the vision loss it causes. The relationship between these detection measures is complex and differs between individuals, especially in early glaucoma. Using both measures together is advised in order to ensure the highest probability of glaucoma detection, and new testing methods are continuously developed with the goals of earlier disease detection and improvement of disease monitoring. The purpose of this review is to explore the relationship between structural and functional glaucoma detection and discuss important technological advances for early glaucoma detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A. Lucy
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Takada N, Omodaka K, Kikawa T, Takagi A, Matsumoto A, Yokoyama Y, Shiga Y, Maruyama K, Takahashi H, Akiba M, Nakazawa T. OCT-Based Quantification and Classification of Optic Disc Structure in Glaucoma Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160226. [PMID: 27557112 PMCID: PMC4996503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To objectively classify the optic discs of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients into Nicolela's four disc types, i.e., focal ischemic (FI), myopic (MY), senile sclerotic (SS), and generalized enlargement (GE), with swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). METHODS This study enrolled 113 eyes of 113 OAG patients (mean age: 62.5 ± 12.6; Humphrey field analyzer-measured mean deviation: -9.4 ± 7.3 dB). Newly developed software was used to quantify a total of 20 optic disc parameters in SS-OCT (DRI OCT-1, TOPCON) images of the optic disc. The most suitable reference plane (RP) above the plane of Bruch's membrane opening was determined by comparing, at various RP heights, the SS-OCT-measured rim parameters and spectral-domain OCT-measured circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT), with Pearson's correlation analysis. To obtain a discriminant formula for disc type classification, a training group of 72 eyes of 72 OAG patients and a validation group of 60 eyes of 60 OAG patients were set up. RESULTS Correlation with cpRNFLT differed with disc type and RP height, but overall, a height of 120 μm minimized the influence of disc type. Six parameters were most significant for disc type discrimination: disc angle (horizontal), average cup depth, cup/disc ratio, rim-decentering ratio, average rim/disc ratio (upper and lower nasal). Classifying the validation group with these parameters returned an identification rate of 80.0% and a Cohen's Kappa of 0.73. CONCLUSION Our new, objective SS-OCT-based method enabled us to classify glaucomatous optic discs with high reproducibility and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmic imaging and information analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Airi Takagi
- Division of Biostatistics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Yu Yokoyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Maruyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmic imaging and information analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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22
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Rebolleda G, Muñoz Negrete FJ. [Enhanced Depth Imaging- optical coherence tomography technique and the lamina cribrosa in glaucoma]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 89:133-5. [PMID: 24731414 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Rebolleda
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España.
| | - F J Muñoz Negrete
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
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23
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Ivers KM, Sredar N, Patel NB, Rajagopalan L, Queener HM, Twa MD, Harwerth RS, Porter J. In Vivo Changes in Lamina Cribrosa Microarchitecture and Optic Nerve Head Structure in Early Experimental Glaucoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134223. [PMID: 26230993 PMCID: PMC4521723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lamina cribrosa likely plays an important role in retinal ganglion cell axon injury in glaucoma. We sought to (1) better understand optic nerve head (ONH) structure and anterior lamina cribrosa surface (ALCS) microarchitecture between fellow eyes of living, normal non-human primates and (2) characterize the time-course of in vivo structural changes in the ONH, ALCS microarchitecture, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) in non-human primate eyes with early experimental glaucoma (EG). Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) images of the ONH were acquired cross-sectionally in six bilaterally normal rhesus monkeys, and before and approximately every two weeks after inducing unilateral EG in seven rhesus monkeys. ONH parameters and RNFLT were quantified from segmented SDOCT images. Mean ALCS pore area, elongation and nearest neighbor distance (NND) were quantified globally, in sectors and regionally from adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope images. In bilaterally normal monkeys, ONH parameters were similar between fellow eyes with few inter-eye differences in ALCS pore parameters. In EG monkeys, an increase in mean ALCS Depth (ALCSD) was the first structural change measured in 6 of 7 EG eyes. A decrease in mean minimum rim width (MRW) simultaneously accompanied this early change in 4 of 6 EG eyes and was the first structural change in the 7th EG eye. Mean ALCS pore parameters were among the first or second changes measured in 4 EG eyes. Mean ALCS pore area and NND increased in superotemporal and temporal sectors and in central and peripheral regions at the first time-point of change in ALCS pore geometry. RNFLT and/or mean ALCS radius of curvature were typically the last parameters to initially change. Survival analyses found mean ALCSD was the only parameter to significantly show an initial change prior to the first measured loss in RNFLT across EG eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Ivers
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nripun Sredar
- Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nimesh B. Patel
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopalan
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hope M. Queener
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Twa
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ronald S. Harwerth
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason Porter
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Omodaka K, Horii T, Takahashi S, Kikawa T, Matsumoto A, Shiga Y, Maruyama K, Yuasa T, Akiba M, Nakazawa T. 3D evaluation of the lamina cribrosa with swept-source optical coherence tomography in normal tension glaucoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122347. [PMID: 25875096 PMCID: PMC4398555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although the lamina cribrosa (LC) is the primary site of axonal damage in glaucoma, adequate methods to image and measure it are currently lacking. Here, we describe a noninvasive, in vivo method of evaluating the LC, based on swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), and determine this method’s ability to quantify LC thickness. Methods This study comprised 54 eyes, including normal (n = 18), preperimetric glaucoma (PPG; n = 18), and normal tension glaucoma (NTG; n = 18) eyes. We used SS-OCT to obtain 3 x 3 mm cube scans of an area centered on the optic disc, and then synchronized reconstructed B- and en-face images from this data. We identified the LC in these B-scan images by marking the visible borders of the LC pores. We marked points on the anterior and posterior borders of the LC in 12 B-scan images in order to create a skeleton model of the LC. Finally, we used B-spline interpolation to form a 3D model of the LC, including only reliably measured scan areas. We calculated the average LC thickness (avgLCT) in this model and used Spearman's rank correlation coefficient to compare it with circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT). Results We found that the correlation coefficient of avgLCT and cpRNFLT was 0.64 (p < 0.01). The coefficient of variation for avgLCT was 5.1%. AvgLCT differed significantly in the groups (normal: 282.6 ± 20.6 μm, PPG: 261.4 ± 15.8 μm, NTG: 232.6 ± 33.3 μm). The normal, PPG and NTG groups did not significantly differ in age, sex, refractive error or intraocular pressure (IOP), although the normal and NTG groups differed significantly in cpRNFLT and Humphrey field analyzer measurements of mean deviation. Conclusion Thus, our results indicate that the parameters of our newly developed method of measuring LC thickness with SS-OCT may provide useful and important data for glaucoma diagnosis and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takaaki Horii
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Seri Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Maruyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yuasa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | | | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become the cornerstone technology for clinical ocular imaging in the past few years. The technology is still rapidly evolving with newly developed applications. This manuscript reviews recent innovative OCT applications for glaucoma diagnosis and management. RECENT FINDINGS The improvements made in the technology have resulted in increased scanning speed, axial and transverse resolution, and more effective use of the OCT technology as a component of multimodal imaging tools. At the same time, the parallel evolution in novel algorithms makes it possible to efficiently analyze the increased volume of acquired data. SUMMARY The innovative iterations of OCT technology have the potential to further improve the performance of the technology in evaluating ocular structural and functional characteristics and longitudinal changes in glaucoma.
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Abe RY, Gracitelli CPB, Diniz-Filho A, Tatham AJ, Medeiros FA. Lamina Cribrosa in Glaucoma: Diagnosis and Monitoring. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:74-84. [PMID: 26052477 DOI: 10.1007/s40135-015-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The lamina cribrosa is the putative site of retinal ganglion cell axonal injury in glaucoma. Although histological studies have provided evidence of structural changes to the lamina cribrosa, even in early stages of glaucoma, until recently, the ability to evaluate the lamina cribrosa in vivo has been limited. Recent advances in optical coherence tomography, including enhanced depth and swept-source imaging, have changed this, providing a means to image the lamina cribrosa. Imaging has identified general and localized configurational changes in the lamina of glaucomatous eyes, including posterior laminar displacement, altered laminar thickness, and focal laminar defects with spatial association with conventional structural and functional losses. In addition, although the temporal relationship between changes to the lamina cribrosa and glaucomatous retinal ganglion cell loss is yet to be elucidated, quantitative measurements of laminar microarchitecture have good reproducibility and offer the potential to serve as biomarkers for glaucoma diagnosis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Y Abe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carolina P B Gracitelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Diniz-Filho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andrew J Tatham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Felipe A Medeiros
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, USA
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27
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Abstract
The use of ocular imaging tools to estimate structural and functional damage in glaucoma has become a common clinical practice and a substantial focus of vision research. The evolution of the imaging technologies through increased scanning speed, penetration depth, image registration and development of multimodal devices has the potential to detect the pathology more reliably and in earlier stages. This review is focused on new ocular imaging modalities used for glaucoma diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigran Kostanyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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28
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Lockwood H, Reynaud J, Gardiner S, Grimm J, Libertiaux V, Downs JC, Yang H, Burgoyne CF. Lamina cribrosa microarchitecture in normal monkey eyes part 1: methods and initial results. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:1618-37. [PMID: 25650423 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To introduce quantitative postmortem lamina cribrosa (LC) microarchitecture (LMA) assessment and characterize beam diameter (BD), pore diameter (PD), and connective tissue volume fraction (CTVF) in 21 normal monkey eyes. METHODS Optic nerve heads (ONHs) underwent digital three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and LC beam segmentation. Each beam and pore voxel was assigned a diameter based on the largest sphere that contained it before transformation to one of twelve 30° sectors in a common cylinder. Mean BD, PD, and CTVF within 12 central and 12 peripheral subsectors and within inner, middle, and outer LC depths were assessed for sector, subsector, and depth effects by analysis of variance using general estimating equations. Eye-specific LMA discordance (the pattern of lowest connective tissue density) was plotted for each parameter. RESULTS The ranges of mean BD, PD, and CTVF were 14.0 to 23.1 μm, 20.0 to 35.6 μm, and 0.247 to 0.638, respectively. Sector, subsector, and depth effects were significant (P < 0.01) for all parameters except subsector on CTVF. Beam diameter and CTVF were smaller and PD was larger within the superior-temporal (ST) and inferior-temporal (IT) sectors (P < 0.05). These differences were enhanced within the central versus peripheral subsectors. Beam diameter and CTVF were larger and PD was smaller (P < 0.05) within the middle LC layer. Lamina cribrosa microarchitecture discordance most commonly occurred within the ST and IT sectors, varied by eye, and generally diminished as CTVF increased. CONCLUSIONS Our data support previous characterizations of diminished connective tissue density within the ST and IT ONH regions. The clinical importance of eye-specific LMA discordance warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Lockwood
- Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories of the Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Juan Reynaud
- Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories of the Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Stuart Gardiner
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories of the Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Jonathan Grimm
- Ocular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Vincent Libertiaux
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - J Crawford Downs
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Hongli Yang
- Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories of the Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Claude F Burgoyne
- Optic Nerve Head Research Laboratory, Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories of the Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Girard MJA, Dupps WJ, Baskaran M, Scarcelli G, Yun SH, Quigley HA, Sigal IA, Strouthidis NG. Translating ocular biomechanics into clinical practice: current state and future prospects. Curr Eye Res 2015; 40:1-18. [PMID: 24832392 PMCID: PMC4233020 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.914543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanics is the study of the relationship between forces and function in living organisms and is thought to play a critical role in a significant number of ophthalmic disorders. This is not surprising, as the eye is a pressure vessel that requires a delicate balance of forces to maintain its homeostasis. Over the past few decades, basic science research in ophthalmology mostly confirmed that ocular biomechanics could explain in part the mechanisms involved in almost all major ophthalmic disorders such as optic nerve head neuropathies, angle closure, ametropia, presbyopia, cataract, corneal pathologies, retinal detachment and macular degeneration. Translational biomechanics in ophthalmology, however, is still in its infancy. It is believed that its use could make significant advances in diagnosis and treatment. Several translational biomechanics strategies are already emerging, such as corneal stiffening for the treatment of keratoconus, and more are likely to follow. This review aims to cultivate the idea that biomechanics plays a major role in ophthalmology and that the clinical translation, lead by collaborative teams of clinicians and biomedical engineers, will benefit our patients. Specifically, recent advances and future prospects in corneal, iris, trabecular meshwork, crystalline lens, scleral and lamina cribrosa biomechanics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël J A Girard
- In Vivo Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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30
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Nadler Z, Wang B, Schuman JS, Ferguson RD, Patel A, Hammer DX, Bilonick RA, Ishikawa H, Kagemann L, Sigal IA, Wollstein G. In vivo three-dimensional characterization of the healthy human lamina cribrosa with adaptive optics spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:6459-66. [PMID: 25228539 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the in vivo three-dimensional (3D) lamina cribrosa (LC) microarchitecture of healthy eyes using adaptive optics spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (AO-SDOCT). METHODS A multimodal retinal imaging system with a light source centered at 1050 nm and AO confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy was used in this study. One randomly selected eye from 18 healthy subjects was scanned in a 6° × 6° window centered on the LC. Subjects also underwent scanning with Cirrus HD-OCT. Lamina cribrosa microarchitecture was semiautomatically segmented and quantified for connective tissue volume fraction (CTVF), beam thickness, pore diameter, pore area, and pore aspect ratio. The LC was assessed in central and peripheral regions of equal areas and quadrants and with depth. A linear mixed effects model weighted by the fraction of visible LC was used to compare LC structure between regions. RESULTS The nasal quadrant was excluded due to poor visualization. The central sector showed greater CTVF and thicker beams as compared to the periphery (P < 0.01). Both superior and inferior quadrants showed greater CTVF, pore diameter, and pore mean area than the temporal quadrant (P < 0.05). Depth analysis showed that the anterior and posterior aspects of the LC contained smaller pores with greater density and thinner beams as compared to the middle third (P < 0.05). The anterior third also showed a greater CTVF than the middle third (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In vivo analysis of healthy eyes using AO-SDOCT showed significant, albeit small, regional variation in LC microarchitecture by quadrant, radially, and with depth, which should be considered in further studies of the LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Nadler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Ankit Patel
- Physical Sciences, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Daniel X Hammer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Springs, Maryland, United States
| | - Richard A Bilonick
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Larry Kagemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ian A Sigal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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31
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Sanfilippo PG, Grimm JL, Flanagan JG, Lathrop KL, Sigal IA. Application of Elliptic Fourier analysis to describe the lamina cribrosa shape with age and intraocular pressure. Exp Eye Res 2014; 128:1-7. [PMID: 25193035 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lamina cribrosa (LC) plays an important biomechanical role in the optic nerve head (ONH). We developed a statistical shape model of the LC and tested if the shape varies with age or IOP. The ONHs of 18 donor eyes (47-91 years, mean 76 years) fixed at either 5 or 50 mmHg of IOP were sectioned, stained, and imaged under a microscope. A 3D model of each ONH was reconstructed and the outline of the vertical sagittal section closest to the geometric center of the LC extracted. The outline shape was described using Elliptic Fourier analysis, and principal components analysis (PCA) employed to identify the primary modes of LC shape variation. Linear mixed effect models were used to determine if the shape measurements were associated with age or IOP. The analysis revealed several modes of shape variation: thickness and depth directly (PC 1), or inversely (PC 2) related, and superior-inferior asymmetry (PC 3). Only PC 3 was associated with IOP, with higher IOP correlating with greater curvature of the LC superiorly compared to inferiorly. Our analysis enabled a concise and complete characterization of LC shape, revealing variations without defining them a priori. No association between LC shape and age was found for the relatively old population studied. Superior-inferior asymmetry of LC shape was associated with IOP, with more asymmetry at higher IOP. Increased IOP was not associated with LC thickness or depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J L Grimm
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J G Flanagan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - K L Lathrop
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - I A Sigal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Sigal IA, Wang B, Strouthidis NG, Akagi T, Girard MJA. Recent advances in OCT imaging of the lamina cribrosa. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98 Suppl 2:ii34-9. [PMID: 24934221 PMCID: PMC4208343 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lamina cribrosa (LC) is believed to be the site of injury to retinal ganglion cell axons in glaucoma. The ability to visualise this structure has the potential to help increase our understanding of the disease and be useful in the early detection of glaucoma. While for many years the research on the LC was essentially dependent on histology and modelling, a number of recent advances in optical coherence tomography (OCT) have dramatically improved the ability to visualise the LC, such that it is now possible to image the LC in vivo in humans and animals. In this review, we highlight recent advances in OCT imaging of the LC, in the technology, processing and analysis, and discuss the impact that these will have on the ability to diagnose and monitor glaucoma, as well as to expand our understanding of its pathophysiology. With this manuscript, we aspire to share our excitement on the achievements and potential of recent developments as well as advise caution regarding the challenges that remain before imaging of the LC and optic nerve can be used routinely in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Sigal
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas G Strouthidis
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tadamichi Akagi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michael J A Girard
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore In vivo Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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33
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Sigal IA, Grimm JL, Schuman JS, Kagemann L, Ishikawa H, Wollstein G. A method to estimate biomechanics and mechanical properties of optic nerve head tissues from parameters measurable using optical coherence tomography. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2014; 33:1381-1389. [PMID: 24691117 PMCID: PMC5544498 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2312133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Optic nerve head (ONH) tissue properties and biomechanics remain mostly unmeasurable in the experiment. We hypothesized that these can be estimated numerically from ocular parameters measurable in vivo with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Using parametric models representing human ONHs we simulated acute intraocular pressure (IOP) increases (10 mmHg). Statistical models were fit to predict, from OCT-measurable parameters, 15 outputs, including ONH tissue properties, stresses, and deformations. The calculations were repeated adding parameters that have recently been proposed as potentially measurable with OCT. We evaluated the sensitivity of the predictions to variations in the experimental parameters. Excellent fits were obtained to predict all outputs from the experimental parameters, with cross-validated R2s between 0.957 and 0.998. Incorporating the potentially measurable parameters improved fits significantly. Predictions of tissue stiffness were accurate to within 0.66 MPa for the sclera and 0.24 MPa for the lamina cribrosa. Predictions of strains and stresses were accurate to within 0.62% and 4.9 kPa, respectively. Estimates of ONH biomechanics and tissue properties can be obtained quickly from OCT measurements using an applet that we make freely available. These estimates may improve understanding of the eye sensitivity to IOP and assessment of patient risk for development or progression of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. L. Grimm
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - J. S. Schuman
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA, and also with the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Science, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA, and also with the Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - L. Kagemann
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - H. Ishikawa
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - G. Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA, and also with the Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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34
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Wang B, Nevins JE, Nadler Z, Wollstein G, Ishikawa H, Bilonick RA, Kagemann L, Sigal IA, Grulkowski I, Liu JJ, Kraus M, Lu CD, Hornegger J, Fujimoto JG, Schuman JS. Reproducibility of in-vivo OCT measured three-dimensional human lamina cribrosa microarchitecture. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95526. [PMID: 24747957 PMCID: PMC3991692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the reproducibility of automated segmentation of the three-dimensional (3D) lamina cribrosa (LC) microarchitecture scanned in-vivo using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods Thirty-nine eyes (8 healthy, 19 glaucoma suspects and 12 glaucoma) from 49 subjects were scanned twice using swept-source (SS−) OCT in a 3.5×3.5×3.64 mm (400×400×896 pixels) volume centered on the optic nerve head, with the focus readjusted after each scan. The LC was automatically segmented and analyzed for microarchitectural parameters, including pore diameter, pore diameter standard deviation (SD), pore aspect ratio, pore area, beam thickness, beam thickness SD, and beam thickness to pore diameter ratio. Reproducibility of the parameters was assessed by computing the imprecision of the parameters between the scans. Results The automated segmentation demonstrated excellent reproducibility. All LC microarchitecture parameters had an imprecision of less or equal to 4.2%. There was little variability in imprecision with respect to diagnostic category, although the method tends to show higher imprecision amongst healthy subjects. Conclusion The proposed automated segmentation of the LC demonstrated high reproducibility for 3D LC parameters. This segmentation analysis tool will be useful for in-vivo studies of the LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. Nevins
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zach Nadler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Bilonick
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Larry Kagemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Sigal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ireneusz Grulkowski
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan J. Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin Kraus
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Chen D. Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joachim Hornegger
- Department of Computer Science, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - James G. Fujimoto
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Nadler Z, Wang B, Wollstein G, Nevins JE, Ishikawa H, Bilonick R, Kagemann L, Sigal IA, Ferguson RD, Patel A, Hammer DX, Schuman JS. Repeatability of in vivo 3D lamina cribrosa microarchitecture using adaptive optics spectral domain optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:1114-23. [PMID: 24761293 PMCID: PMC3986004 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the repeatability of lamina cribrosa (LC) microarchitecture for in vivo 3D optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of healthy, glaucoma suspects, and glaucomatous eyes. Eyes underwent two scans using a prototype adaptive optics spectral domain OCT (AO-SDOCT) device from which LC microarchitecture was semi-automatically segmented. LC segmentations were used to quantify pore and beam structure through several global microarchitecture parameters. Repeatability of LC microarchitecture was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by calculating parameter imprecision. For all but one parameters (pore volume) measurement imprecision was <4.7% of the mean value, indicating good measurement reproducibility. Imprecision ranged between 27.3% and 54.5% of the population standard deviation for each parameter, while there was not a significant effect on imprecision due to disease status, indicating utility in testing for LC structural trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Nadler
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica E. Nevins
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard Bilonick
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Larry Kagemann
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian A. Sigal
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Ankit Patel
- Physical Science Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel X. Hammer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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36
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Campbell IC, Coudrillier B, Ross Ethier C. Biomechanics of the Posterior Eye: A Critical Role in Health and Disease. J Biomech Eng 2014; 136:021005. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4026286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The posterior eye is a complex biomechanical structure. Delicate neural and vascular tissues of the retina, choroid, and optic nerve head that are critical for visual function are subjected to mechanical loading from intraocular pressure, intraocular and extraorbital muscles, and external forces on the eye. The surrounding sclera serves to counteract excessive deformation from these forces and thus to create a stable biomechanical environment for the ocular tissues. Additionally, the eye is a dynamic structure with connective tissue remodeling occurring as a result of aging and pathologies such as glaucoma and myopia. The material properties of these tissues and the distribution of stresses and strains in the posterior eye is an area of active research, relying on a combination of computational modeling, imaging, and biomechanical measurement approaches. Investigators are recognizing the increasing importance of the role of the collagen microstructure in these material properties and are undertaking microstructural measurements to drive microstructurally-informed models of ocular biomechanics. Here, we review notable findings and the consensus understanding on the biomechanics and microstructure of the posterior eye. Results from computational and numerical modeling studies and mechanical testing of ocular tissue are discussed. We conclude with some speculation as to future trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Campbell
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332
- Rehabilitation Research and Development Center of Excellence, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30032
| | - Baptiste Coudrillier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - C. Ross Ethier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332
- Rehabilitation Research and Development Center of Excellence, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30032
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK e-mail:
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Wang B, Nevins JE, Nadler Z, Wollstein G, Ishikawa H, Bilonick RA, Kagemann L, Sigal IA, Grulkowski I, Liu JJ, Kraus M, Lu CD, Hornegger J, Fujimoto JG, Schuman JS. In vivo lamina cribrosa micro-architecture in healthy and glaucomatous eyes as assessed by optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:8270-4. [PMID: 24302585 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The lamina cribrosa (LC) is a prime location of glaucomatous damage. The purpose of this study was to compare LC 3-dimensional micro-architecture between healthy and glaucomatous eyes in vivo by using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS Sixty-eight eyes (19 healthy and 49 glaucomatous) from 47 subjects were scanned in a 3.5 × 3.5 × 3.64-mm volume (400 × 400 × 896 pixels) at the optic nerve head by using swept-source OCT. The LC micro-architecture parameters were measured on the visible LC by an automated segmentation algorithm. The LC parameters were compared to diagnosis and visual field mean deviation (VF MD) by using a linear mixed effects model accounting for age. RESULTS The average VF MD for the healthy and glaucomatous eyes was -0.50 ± 0.80 dB and -7.84 ± 8.75 dB, respectively. Beam thickness to pore diameter ratio (P = 0.04) and pore diameter standard deviation (P < 0.01) were increased in glaucomatous eyes. With worse MD, beam thickness to pore diameter ratio (P < 0.01), pore diameter standard deviation (P = 0.05), and beam thickness (P < 0.01) showed a statistically significant increase while pore diameter (P = 0.02) showed a significant decrease. There were no significant interactions between any of the parameters and age (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Glaucomatous micro-architecture changes in the LC, detected by OCT analysis, reflect beams remodeling and axonal loss leading to reduction in pore size and increased pore size variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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