1
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Spratt SJ, Oguchi K, Miura K, Asanuma M, Kosakamoto H, Obata F, Ozeki Y. Probing Methionine Uptake in Live Cells by Deuterium Labeling and Stimulated Raman Scattering. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1633-1639. [PMID: 35195004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The small biomolecule methionine (Met) is a fundamental amino acid required for a vast range of biological processes such as protein synthesis, cancer metabolism, and epigenetics. However, it is still difficult to visualize the subcellular distribution of small biomolecules including Met in a minimally invasive manner. Here, we demonstrate stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging of cellular uptake of deuterated methionine (d8-Met) in live HeLa cells by way of comparison to the previously used alkyne-labeled Met analogue─homopropargylglycine (Hpg). We show that the solutions of d8-Met and Hpg have similar SRS signal intensities. Furthermore, by careful image analysis with background subtraction, we succeed in the SRS imaging of cellular uptake of d8-Met with a much greater signal intensity than Hpg, possibly reflecting the increased and minimally invasive uptake kinetics of d8-Met compared with Hpg. We anticipate that d8-Met and other deuterated biomolecules will be useful for investigating metabolic processes with subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer J Spratt
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oguchi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miura
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masato Asanuma
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hina Kosakamoto
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Nutritional Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Obata
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Laboratory for Nutritional Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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2
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Xiong H, Qian N, Miao Y, Zhao Z, Chen C, Min W. Super-resolution vibrational microscopy by stimulated Raman excited fluorescence. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:87. [PMID: 33879766 PMCID: PMC8058038 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the revolutionary impact of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, super-resolution Raman imaging has been long pursued because of its much higher chemical specificity than the fluorescence counterpart. However, vibrational contrasts are intrinsically less sensitive compared with fluorescence, resulting in only mild resolution enhancement beyond the diffraction limit even with strong laser excitation power. As such, it is still a great challenge to achieve biocompatible super-resolution vibrational imaging in the optical far-field. In 2019 Stimulated Raman Excited Fluorescence (SREF) was discovered as an ultrasensitive vibrational spectroscopy that combines the high chemical specificity of Raman scattering and the superb sensitivity of fluorescence detection. Herein we developed a novel super-resolution vibrational imaging method by harnessing SREF as the contrast mechanism. We first identified the undesired role of anti-Stokes fluorescence background in preventing direct adoption of super-resolution fluorescence technique. We then devised a frequency-modulation (FM) strategy to remove the broadband backgrounds and achieved high-contrast SREF imaging. Assisted by newly synthesized SREF dyes, we realized multicolor FM-SREF imaging with nanometer spectral resolution. Finally, by integrating stimulated emission depletion (STED) with background-free FM-SREF, we accomplished high-contrast super-resolution vibrational imaging with STED-FM-SREF whose spatial resolution is only determined by the signal-to-noise ratio. In our proof-of-principle demonstration, more than two times of resolution improvement is achieved in biological systems with moderate laser excitation power, which shall be further refined with optimized instrumentation and imaging probes. With its super resolution, high sensitivity, vibrational contrast, and mild laser excitation power, STED-FM-SREF microscopy is envisioned to aid a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Naixin Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yupeng Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Zhilun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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3
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Xiong H, Qian N, Zhao Z, Shi L, Miao Y, Min W. Background-free imaging of chemical bonds by a simple and robust frequency-modulated stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:15663-15677. [PMID: 32403589 PMCID: PMC7340375 DOI: 10.1364/oe.391016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Being able to image chemical bonds with high sensitivity and speed, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has made a major impact in biomedical optics. However, it is well known that the standard SRS microscopy suffers from various backgrounds, limiting the achievable contrast, quantification and sensitivity. While many frequency-modulation (FM) SRS schemes have been demonstrated to retrieve the sharp vibrational contrast, they often require customized laser systems and/or complicated laser pulse shaping or introduce additional noise, thereby hindering wide adoption. Herein we report a simple but robust strategy for FM-SRS microscopy based on a popular commercial laser system and regular optics. Harnessing self-phase modulation induced self-balanced spectral splitting of picosecond Stokes beam propagating in standard single-mode silica fibers, a high-performance FM-SRS system is constructed without introducing any additional signal noise. Our strategy enables adaptive spectral resolution for background-free SRS imaging of Raman modes with different linewidths. The generality of our method is demonstrated on a variety of Raman modes with effective suppressing of backgrounds including non-resonant cross phase modulation and electronic background from two-photon absorption or pump-probe process. As such, our method is promising to be adopted by the SRS microscopy community for background-free chemical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Naixin Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zhilun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lingyan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yupeng Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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4
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Hill AH, Munger E, Francis AT, Manifold B, Fu D. Frequency Modulation Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy through Polarization Encoding. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8397-8404. [PMID: 31532680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a powerful method for imaging molecular distributions based on their intrinsic vibrational contrast. However, despite a growing list of biological applications, SRS is frequently hindered by a parasitic background signal which both overpowers the signal in low-signal applications and makes the extraction of quantitative information from images challenging. Frequency modulation (FM) has been used to suppress this parasitic background. However, many FM-SRS methods require either the acquisition of multiple images or the addition of multiple optomechanical components and an extensive realignment procedure. Herein, we report a new procedure for alignment-free FM-SRS utilizing polarization encoding. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, along with parabolic amplification of the Stokes pulse, at removing parasitic background signals in SRS microscopy applications. We further highlight how this technique can be used to suppress Raman signals from major molecular species to unveil spectral signatures from nucleic acids in both murine brain tissue and whole blood. Due to its ease of use and demonstrated experimental capabilities, we expect this technique to see broad use in the SRS microscopy community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Hill
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Eleanor Munger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Andrew T Francis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Bryce Manifold
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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5
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Das S, Liang YC, Tanaka S, Ozeki Y, Kao FJ. Synchronized subharmonic modulation in stimulated emission microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:27159-27167. [PMID: 31674582 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.027159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have demonstrated a stimulated emission (SE)-based pump-probe microscopy with subharmonic fast gate synchronization, which allows over an order of magnitude improvement in signal-to-noise ratio. Critically, the alternative way of modulation is implemented with the highest possible frequency that follows the lasers' repetition rate. Its working is based on a homemade frequency divider that divides the repetition frequency (76 MHz) of the Ti:sapphire (probe) laser to half of the repetition frequency, 38 MHz, which is used to synchronously drive the pump laser and to provide the reference signal for the ensuing lock-in detection. In this way, SE can be detected with sensitivity reaching the theoretical (shot noise) limits, with a much lower time constant (0.1 ms) for faster image acquisition.
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6
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Rentchler EC, Xie R, Hui R, Johnson CK. Two-frequency CARS imaging by switching fiber laser excitation. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:413-418. [PMID: 29322588 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To fully exploit the power of coherent Raman imaging, techniques are needed to image more than one vibrational frequency simultaneously. We describe a method for switching between two vibrational frequencies based on a single fiber-laser source. Stokes pulses were generated by soliton self-frequency shifting in a photonic crystal fiber. Pump and Stokes pulses were stretched to enhance vibrational resolution by spectral focusing. Stokes pulses were switched between two wavelengths on the millisecond time scale by a liquid-crystal retarder. Proof-of-principle is demonstrated by coherent anti-Stokes Raman imaging of polystyrene beads embedded in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. The Stokes shift was switched between 3,050 cm-1 , where polystyrene has a Raman transition, and 2,950 cm-1 , where both polystyrene and PMMA have Raman resonances. The method can be extended to multiple vibrational modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Rentchler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Ruxin Xie
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Rongqing Hui
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Carey K Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
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7
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Chen K, Wu T, Wei H, Zhou T, Li Y. Quantitative chemical imaging with background-free multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering by dual-soliton Stokes pulses. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3927-3939. [PMID: 27867704 PMCID: PMC5102528 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman microscopy (CARS) is a quantitative, chemically specific, and label-free optical imaging technique for studying inhomogeneous systems. However, the complicating influence of the nonresonant response on the CARS signal severely limits its sensitivity and specificity and especially limits the extent to which CARS microscopy has been used as a fully quantitative imaging technique. On the basis of spectral focusing mechanism, we establish a dual-soliton Stokes based CARS microspectroscopy and microscopy scheme capable of quantifying the spatial information of densities and chemical composition within inhomogeneous samples, using a single fiber laser. Dual-soliton Stokes scheme not only removes the nonresonant background but also allows robust acquisition of multiple characteristic vibrational frequencies. This all-fiber based laser source can cover the entire fingerprint (800-2200 cm-1) region with a spectral resolution of 15 cm-1. We demonstrate that quantitative degree determination of lipid-chain unsaturation in the fatty acids mixture can be achieved by the characterization of C = C stretching and CH2 deformation vibrations. For microscopy purposes, we show that the spatially inhomogeneous distribution of lipid droplets can be further quantitatively visualized using this quantified degree of lipid unsaturation in the acyl chain for contrast in the hyperspectral CARS images. The combination of compact excitation source and background-free capability to facilitate extraction of quantitative composition information with multiplex spectral peaks will enable wider applications of quantitative chemical imaging in studying biological and material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- Key Lab of Precision Measurement Technology & Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Lab of Precision Measurement Technology & Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haoyun Wei
- Key Lab of Precision Measurement Technology & Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Key Lab of Precision Measurement Technology & Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Lab of Precision Measurement Technology & Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Krauth J, Steinle T, Liu B, Floess M, Linnenbank H, Steinmann A, Giessen H. Low drift cw-seeded high-repetition-rate optical parametric amplifier for fingerprint coherent Raman spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:22296-22302. [PMID: 27661963 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.022296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a broadly tunable robust source for fingerprint (170 - 1620 cm-1) Raman spectroscopy. A cw thulium-doped fiber laser seeds an optical parametric amplifier, which is pumped by a 7-W, 450-fs Yb:KGW bulk mode-locked oscillator with 41 MHz repetition rate. The output radiation is frequency doubled in a MgO:PPLN crystal and generates 0.7 - 1.3-ps-long narrowband pump pulses that are tunable between 885 and 1015 nm with >80 mW average power. The Stokes beam is delivered by a part of the oscillator output, which is sent through an etalon to create pulses with 1.7 ps duration. We demonstrate a stimulated Raman gain measurement of toluene in the fingerprint spectral range. The cw seeding intrinsically ensures low spectral drift.
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9
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Yue S, Cheng JX. Deciphering single cell metabolism by coherent Raman scattering microscopy. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 33:46-57. [PMID: 27288951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is highly dynamic and intrinsically heterogeneous at the cellular level. Although fluorescence microscopy has been commonly used for single cell analysis, bulky fluorescent probes often perturb the biological activities of small biomolecules such as metabolites. Such challenge can be overcome by a vibrational imaging technique known as coherent Raman scattering microscopy, which is capable of chemically selective, highly sensitive, and high-speed imaging of biomolecules with submicron resolution. Such capability has enabled quantitative assessments of metabolic activities of biomolecules (e.g. lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) in single live cells in vitro and in vivo. These investigations provide new insights into the role of cell metabolism in maintenance of homeostasis and pathogenesis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Yue
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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10
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Descloux D, Dherbecourt JB, Melkonian JM, Raybaut M, Lai JY, Drag C, Godard A. Rapidly tunable optical parametric oscillator based on aperiodic quasi-phase matching. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:11112-11125. [PMID: 27409934 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.011112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new optical parametric oscillator (OPO) architecture with high tuning speed capability is demonstrated. This device exploits the versatility offered by aperiodic quasi-phase matching (QPM) to provide a broad parametric gain spectrum without changing the temperature, angle, or position of the nonlinear crystal. Rapid tuning is then straightforwardly achieved using a fast intracavity spectral filter. This concept is demonstrated here for a picosecond synchronously pumped OPO containing an aperiodically poled MgO-doped LiNbO3 crystal and a rapidly tunable spectral filter based on a diffraction grating. Tuning over 160 nm around 3.86 μm is achieved at fixed temperature and a fast tuning over 30 nm in 40 μs is demonstrated. Different configurations are tested and compared. The cavity length detuning is analyzed and discussed. This device is successfully used to detect N2O by absorption. This approach could be generalized to other spectral ranges (e.g., visible) and temporal regimes (e.g., continuous-wave or nanosecond).
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11
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Pure electrical, highly-efficient and sidelobe free coherent Raman spectroscopy using acousto-optics tunable filter (AOTF). Sci Rep 2016; 6:20017. [PMID: 26828198 PMCID: PMC4734326 DOI: 10.1038/srep20017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast and sensitive Raman spectroscopy measurements are imperative for a large number of applications in biomedical imaging, remote sensing and material characterization. Stimulated Raman spectroscopy offers a substantial improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio but is often limited to a discrete number of wavelengths. In this report, by introducing an electronically-tunable acousto-optical filter as a wavelength selector, a novel approach to a broadband stimulated Raman spectroscopy is demonstrated. The corresponding Raman shift covers the spectral range from 600 cm−1 to 4500 cm−1, sufficient for probing most vibrational Raman transitions. We validated the use of the new instrumentation to both coherent anti-Stokes scattering (CARS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) spectroscopies.
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12
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Saar BG, Freudiger CW, Xu X, Huttner A, Kesari S, Young G, Xie XS. Coherent Raman tissue imaging in the brain. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014; 2014:2014/5/pdb.top081695. [PMID: 24786507 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top081695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Imaging in neuroscience has been dramatically impacted by the advent of multiphoton microscopy. Multiphoton-excited fluorescence (MPF) in combination with endogenous fluorophores or labeling by fluorescent molecules has proven to be particularly powerful. However, endogenous fluorescence is limited to relatively few molecular species, and practical labeling schemes do not exist for many classes of molecules. Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) techniques, including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and stimulated Raman scattering, allow imaging without the need for staining or fluorescent labeling. Such label-free imaging is desirable in biomedical research, because labeling often perturbs the function of small metabolite and drug molecules and may be too toxic to use in vivo. CRS techniques have similar imaging parameters to MPF, making use of pulsed near-infrared lasers to deliver high-sensitivity, high spatial resolution in three dimensions and rapid image acquisition. In this introduction, we will discuss the basic principles of CRS imaging, present the instrumentation requirements for high-speed CRS imaging, and show an example of imaging brain tumors and healthy tissue based on their intrinsic vibrational signatures. This discussion is intended to introduce the benefits and tradeoffs associated with different CRS techniques and show one example of the powerful capabilities of label-free chemical imaging.
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13
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Zhang D, Slipchenko MN, Leaird DE, Weiner AM, Cheng JX. Spectrally modulated stimulated Raman scattering imaging with an angle-to-wavelength pulse shaper. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:13864-74. [PMID: 23736639 PMCID: PMC3686469 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.013864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The stimulated Raman scattering signal is often accompanied by unwanted background arising from other pump-probe modalities. We demonstrate an approach to overcome this challenge based on spectral domain modulation, enabled by a compact, cost-effective angle-to-wavelength pulse shaper. The pulse shaper switches between two spectrally narrow windows, which are cut out of a broadband femtosecond pulse and selected for on- and off- Raman resonance excitation, at 2.1 MHz frequency for detection of stimulated Raman scattering signal. Such spectral modulation reduced the unwanted pump-probe signals by up to 20 times and enabled stimulated Raman scattering imaging of molecules in a pigmented environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Mikhail N. Slipchenko
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Daniel E. Leaird
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, 465 Northwestern Ave. West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
| | - Andrew M. Weiner
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, 465 Northwestern Ave. West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
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14
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Kong L, Ji M, Holtom GR, Fu D, Freudiger CW, Xie XS. Multicolor stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with a rapidly tunable optical parametric oscillator. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:145-7. [PMID: 23454943 PMCID: PMC3588591 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy allows label-free chemical imaging based on vibrational spectroscopy. Narrowband excitation with picosecond lasers creates the highest signal levels and enables imaging speeds up to video-rate, but it sacrifices chemical specificity in samples with overlapping bands compared to broadband (multiplex) excitation. We develop a rapidly tunable picosecond optical parametric oscillator with an electro-optical tunable Lyot filter, and demonstrate multicolor SRS microscopy with synchronized line-by-line wavelength tuning to avoid spectral artifacts due to sample movement. We show sensitive imaging of three different kinds of polymer beads and live HeLa cells with moving intracellular lipid droplets.
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15
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Lucas M, Riedo E. Invited review article: combining scanning probe microscopy with optical spectroscopy for applications in biology and materials science. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:061101. [PMID: 22755608 DOI: 10.1063/1.4720102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This is a comprehensive review of the combination of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) with various optical spectroscopies, with a particular focus on Raman spectroscopy. Efforts to combine SPM with optical spectroscopy will be described, and the technical difficulties encountered will be examined. These efforts have so far focused mainly on the development of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, a powerful technique to detect and image chemical signatures with single molecule sensitivity, which will be reviewed. Beyond tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and/or topography measurements, combinations of SPM with optical spectroscopy have a great potential in the characterization of structure and quantitative measurements of physical properties, such as mechanical, optical, or electrical properties, in delicate biological samples and nanomaterials. The different approaches to improve the spatial resolution, the chemical sensitivity, and the accuracy of physical properties measurements will be discussed. Applications of such combinations for the characterization of structure, defects, and physical properties in biology and materials science will be reviewed. Due to the versatility of SPM probes for the manipulation and characterization of small and/or delicate samples, this review will mainly focus on the apertureless techniques based on SPM probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Lucas
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA.
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16
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Rigneault H, Gachet D. Background-free Coherent Raman Imaging: The CARS and SRS Contrast Mechanisms. RAMAN IMAGING 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28252-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Yue S, Slipchenko MN, Cheng JX. Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Microscopy. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2011; 5:10.1002/lpor.201000027. [PMID: 24353747 PMCID: PMC3863942 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Because each nonlinear optical (NLO) imaging modality is sensitive to specific molecules or structures, multimodal NLO imaging capitalizes the potential of NLO microscopy for studies of complex biological tissues. The coupling of multiphoton fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) has allowed investigation of a broad range of biological questions concerning lipid metabolism, cancer development, cardiovascular disease, and skin biology. Moreover, recent research shows the great potential of using CARS microscope as a platform to develop more advanced NLO modalities such as electronic-resonance-enhanced four-wave mixing, stimulated Raman scattering, and pump-probe microscopy. This article reviews the various approaches developed for realization of multimodal NLO imaging as well as developments of new NLO modalities on a CARS microscope. Applications to various aspects of biological and biomedical research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Yue
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Mikhail N. Slipchenko
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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18
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Zhang D, Slipchenko MN, Cheng JX. Highly Sensitive Vibrational Imaging by Femtosecond Pulse Stimulated Raman Loss. J Phys Chem Lett 2011; 2:1248-1253. [PMID: 21731798 PMCID: PMC3124560 DOI: 10.1021/jz200516n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear vibrational imaging of live cells and organisms is demonstrated by detecting femtosecond pulse stimulated Raman loss. Femtosecond pulse excitation produced a 12 times larger stimulated Raman loss signal than picosecond pulse excitation. The large signal allowed real-time imaging of the conversion of deuterated palmitic acid into lipid droplets inside live cells, and three-dimensional sectioning of fat storage in live C. elegans. With the majority of the excitation power contributed by the Stokes beam in the 1.0 to 1.2 μm wavelength range, photodamage of biological samples was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Mikhail N. Slipchenko
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Corresponding author:
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Brustlein S, Ferrand P, Walther N, Brasselet S, Billaudeau C, Marguet D, Rigneault H. Optical parametric oscillator-based light source for coherent Raman scattering microscopy: practical overview. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:021106. [PMID: 21361669 DOI: 10.1117/1.3533311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the assets and constraints of using optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) to perform point scanning nonlinear microscopy and spectroscopy with special emphasis on coherent Raman spectroscopy. The different possible configurations starting with one OPO and two OPOs are described in detail and with comments that are intended to be practically useful for the user. Explicit examples on test samples such as nonlinear organic crystal, polystyrene beads, and fresh mouse tissues are given. Special emphasis is given to background-free coherent Raman anti-Stokes scattering (CARS) imaging, including CARS hyperspectral imaging in a fully automated mode with commercial OPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Brustlein
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut Fresnel, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Campus de Saint Jéro^me, Marseille, 13397 Cedex 20, France
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Abstract
The quest for ultrahigh detection sensitivity with spectroscopic contrasts other than fluorescence has led to various novel approaches to optical microscopy of biological systems. Coherent nonlinear optical imaging, especially the recently developed nonlinear dissipation microscopy (including stimulated Raman scattering and two-photon absorption) and pump-probe microscopy (including excited-state absorption, stimulated emission, and ground-state depletion), provides new image contrasts for nonfluorescent species. Thanks to the high-frequency modulation transfer scheme, these imaging techniques exhibit superb detection sensitivity. By directly interrogating vibrational and/or electronic energy levels of molecules, they offer high molecular specificity. Here we review the underlying principles and excitation and detection schemes, as well as exemplary biomedical applications of this emerging class of molecular imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, MA
| | - Christian W. Freudiger
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, MA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, MA
| | - Sijia Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, MA
| | - X. Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, MA
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Chen BC, Sung J, Lim SH. Chemical Imaging with Frequency Modulation Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy at the Vibrational Fingerprint Region. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:16871-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp104553s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jiha Sung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sang-Hyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Ozeki Y, Kitagawa Y, Sumimura K, Nishizawa N, Umemura W, Kajiyama S, Fukui K, Itoh K. Stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot noise limited sensitivity using subharmonically synchronized laser pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:13708-19. [PMID: 20588505 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.013708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate the use of subharmonically synchronized laser pulses for low-noise lock-in detection in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. In the experiment, Yb-fiber laser pulses at a repetition rate of 38 MHz are successfully synchronized to Ti:sapphire laser pulses at a repetition rate of 76 MHz with a jitter of <8 fs by a two-photon detector and an intra-cavity electro-optic modulator. By using these pulses, high-frequency lock-in detection of SRS signal is accomplished without high-speed optical modulation. The noise level of the lock-in signal is found to be higher than the shot noise limit only by 1.6 dB. We also demonstrate high-contrast, 3D imaging of unlabeled living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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