1
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Szomek M, Akkerman V, Lauritsen L, Walther HL, Juhl AD, Thaysen K, Egebjerg JM, Covey DF, Lehmann M, Wessig P, Foster AJ, Poolman B, Werner S, Schneider G, Müller P, Wüstner D. Ergosterol promotes aggregation of natamycin in the yeast plasma membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024:184350. [PMID: 38806103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Polyene macrolides are antifungal substances, which interact with cells in a sterol-dependent manner. While being widely used, their mode of action is poorly understood. Here, we employ ultraviolet-sensitive (UV) microscopy to show that the antifungal polyene natamycin binds to the yeast plasma membrane (PM) and causes permeation of propidium iodide into cells. Right before membrane permeability became compromised, we observed clustering of natamycin in the PM that was independent of PM protein domains. Aggregation of natamycin was paralleled by cell deformation and membrane blebbing as revealed by soft X-ray microscopy. Substituting ergosterol for cholesterol decreased natamycin binding and caused a reduced clustering of natamycin in the PM. Blocking of ergosterol synthesis necessitates sterol import via the ABC transporters Aus1/Pdr11 to ensure natamycin binding. Quantitative imaging of dehydroergosterol (DHE) and cholestatrienol (CTL), two analogues of ergosterol and cholesterol, respectively, revealed a largely homogeneous lateral sterol distribution in the PM, ruling out that natamycin binds to pre-assembled sterol domains. Depletion of sphingolipids using myriocin increased natamycin binding to yeast cells, likely by increasing the ergosterol fraction in the outer PM leaflet. Importantly, binding and membrane aggregation of natamycin was paralleled by a decrease of the dipole potential in the PM, and this effect was enhanced in the presence of myriocin. We conclude that ergosterol promotes binding and aggregation of natamycin in the yeast PM, which can be synergistically enhanced by inhibitors of sphingolipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Szomek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Akkerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Line Lauritsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Hanna-Loisa Walther
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Alice Dupont Juhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Katja Thaysen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jacob Marcus Egebjerg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, USA
| | - Max Lehmann
- Institute for Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pablo Wessig
- Institute for Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert Poolman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Werner
- Department of X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Schneider
- Department of X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Müller
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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2
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Fahy K, Kapishnikov S, Donnellan M, McEnroe T, O'Reilly F, Fyans W, Sheridan P. Laboratory based correlative cryo-soft X-ray tomography and cryo-fluorescence microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 187:293-320. [PMID: 38705628 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cryo-soft X-ray tomography is the unique technology that can image whole intact cells in 3D under normal and pathological conditions without labelling or fixation, at high throughput and spatial resolution. The sample preparation is relatively straightforward; requiring just fast freezing of the specimen before transfer to the microscope for imaging. It is also possible to image chemically fixed samples where necessary. The technique can be correlated with cryo fluorescence microscopy to localize fluorescent proteins to organelles within the whole cell volume. Cryo-correlated light and soft X-ray tomography is particularly useful for the study of gross morphological changes brought about by disease or drugs. For example, viral fluorescent tags can be co-localized to sites of viral replication in the soft X-ray volume. In general this approach is extremely useful in the study of complex 3D organelle structure, nanoparticle uptake or in the detection of rare events in the context of whole cell structure. The main challenge of soft X-ray tomography is that the soft X-ray illumination required for imaging has heretofore only been available at a small number of synchrotron labs worldwide. Recently, a compact device with a footprint small enough to fit in a standard laboratory setting has been deployed ("the SXT-100") and is routinely imaging cryo prepared samples addressing a variety of disease and drug research applications. The SXT-100 facilitates greater access to this powerful technique and greatly increases the scope and throughput of potential research projects. Furthermore, the availability of cryo-soft X-ray tomography in the laboratory will accelerate the development of novel correlative and multimodal workflows by integration with light and electron microscope based approaches. It also allows for co-location of this powerful imaging modality at BSL3 labs or other facilities where safety or intellectual property considerations are paramount. Here we describe the compact SXT-100 microscope along with its novel integrated cryo-fluorescence imaging capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Fahy
- SiriusXT Ltd., Stillorgan Industrial Park, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | | - Tony McEnroe
- SiriusXT Ltd., Stillorgan Industrial Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal O'Reilly
- SiriusXT Ltd., Stillorgan Industrial Park, Dublin, Ireland; University College Dublin, School of Physics, Dublin, Ireland; University College Dublin, School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William Fyans
- SiriusXT Ltd., Stillorgan Industrial Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Sheridan
- SiriusXT Ltd., Stillorgan Industrial Park, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Alexiev U, Rühl E. Visualization of Nanocarriers and Drugs in Cells and Tissue. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:153-189. [PMID: 37566121 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, the visualization of nanocarriers and drugs in cells and tissue is reviewed. This topic is tightly connected to modern drug delivery, which relies on nanoscopic drug formulation approaches and the ability to probe nanoparticulate systems selectively in cells and tissue using advanced spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. We first give an overview of the breadth of this research field. Then, we mainly focus on topical drug delivery to the skin and discuss selected visualization techniques from spectromicroscopy, such as scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging. These techniques rely on the sensitive and quantitative detection of the topically applied drug delivery systems and active substances, either by exploiting their molecular properties or by introducing environmentally sensitive probes that facilitate their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Alexiev
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Reinhard J, Kaleta S, Abel JJ, Wiesner F, Wünsche M, Seemann E, Westermann M, Weber T, Nathanael J, Iliou A, Fiedorowicz H, Hillmann F, Eggeling C, Paulus GG, Fuchs S. Laboratory-Based Correlative Soft X-ray and Fluorescence Microscopy in an Integrated Setup. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:2014-2025. [PMID: 37944034 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Correlative microscopy is a powerful technique that combines the advantages of multiple imaging modalities to achieve a comprehensive understanding of investigated samples. For example, fluorescence microscopy provides unique functional contrast by imaging only specifically labeled components, especially in biological samples. However, the achievable structural information on the sample in its full complexity is limited. Here, the intrinsic label-free carbon contrast of water window soft X-ray microscopy can complement fluorescence images in a correlative approach ultimately combining nanoscale structural resolution with functional contrast. However, soft X-ray microscopes are complex and elaborate, and are usually installed on large-scale synchrotron radiation sources due to the demanding photon flux requirements. Yet, with modern high-power lasers it has become possible to generate sufficient photon flux from laser-produced plasmas, thus enabling laboratory-based setups. Here, we present a compact table-top soft X-ray microscope with an integrated epifluorescence modality for "in situ" correlative imaging. Samples remain in place when switching between modalities, ensuring identical measurement conditions and avoiding sample alteration or destruction. We demonstrate our new method by multimodal images of several exemplary samples ranging from nanoparticles to various multicolor labeled cell types. A structural resolution of down to 50 nm was reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Reinhard
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 107743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Fraunhofer Str. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sophia Kaleta
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 107743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johann Jakob Abel
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 107743 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Wiesner
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 107743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Wünsche
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 107743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Fraunhofer Str. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Eric Seemann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital, Nonnenplan 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Westermann
- Electron Microscopy Center, Jena University Hospital, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Weber
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 107743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Nathanael
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 107743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Fraunhofer Str. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Iliou
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz- HKI), Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Henryk Fiedorowicz
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Falk Hillmann
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz- HKI), Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Hochschule Wismar University of Applied Sciences Technology, Business and Design, Philipp-Müller-Str. 14, 23966 Wismar, Germany
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard G Paulus
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 107743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Fraunhofer Str. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Silvio Fuchs
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 107743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Fraunhofer Str. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Laserinstitut Hochschule Mittweida, University of Applied Science Mittweida, Technikumplatz 17, 09648 Mittweida, Germany
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5
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He S, Min Q, Su M, Lu H, Wu Y, Cao S, Sun D, Zhang D, Dong C. Real optical imaging simulation of laser-produced aluminum plasmas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:7249-7258. [PMID: 36859860 DOI: 10.1364/oe.485220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We developed a post-processing optical imaging model based on two-dimensional axisymmetric radiation hydrodynamics. Simulation and program benchmarks were performed using laser-produced Al plasma optical images obtained via transient imaging. The emission profiles of a laser-produced Al plasma plume in air at atmospheric pressure were reproduced, and the influence of plasma state parameters on radiation characteristics were clarified. In this model, the radiation transport equation is solved on the real optical path, which is mainly used to study the radiation of luminescent particles during plasma expansion. The model outputs consist of the electron temperature, particle density, charge distribution, absorption coefficient, and corresponding spatio-temporal evolution of the optical radiation profile. The model helps with understanding element detection and quantitative analysis of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.
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6
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Janulewicz KA, Węgrzyński Ł, Fok T, Bartnik A, Fiedorowicz H, Skruszewicz S, Wünsche M, Eckner E, Fuchs S, Reinhard J, Abel JJ, Wiesner F, Paulus GG, Rödel C, Kim CM, Wachulak PW. Broadband soft X-ray source from a clustered gas target dedicated to high-resolution XCT and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:47867-47878. [PMID: 36558705 DOI: 10.1364/oe.477726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of the broad-bandwidth photon sources emitting in the soft X-ray range has attracted great attention for a long time due to the possible applications in high-resolution spectroscopy, nano-metrology, and material sciences. A high photon flux accompanied by a broad, smooth spectrum is favored for the applications such as near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), or XUV/X-ray coherence tomography (XCT). So far, either large-scale facilities or technologically challenging systems providing only limited photon flux in a single shot dominate the suitable sources. Here, we present a soft, broad-band (1.5 nm - 10.7 nm) soft X-ray source. The source is based on the interaction of very intense laser pulses with a target formed by a cluster mixture. A photon yield of 2.4 × 1014 photons/pulse into 4π (full space) was achieved with a medium containing Xe clusters of moderate-size mixed with a substantial amount of extremely large ones. It is shown that such a cluster mixture enhances the photon yield in the soft X-ray range by roughly one order of magnitude. The size of the resulting source is not beneficial (≤500 µm but this deficit is compensated by a specific spectral structure of its emission fulfilling the specific needs of the spectroscopic (broad spectrum and high signal dynamics) and metrological applications (broad and smoothed spectrum enabling a sub-nanometer resolution limit for XCT).
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7
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Ohba A, Nakano T, Onoda S, Mochizuki T, Nakamoto K, Hotaka H. Laboratory-size x-ray microscope using Wolter mirror optics and an electron-impact x-ray source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:093704. [PMID: 34598496 DOI: 10.1063/5.0059906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We developed a laboratory-size three-dimensional water-window x-ray microscope using condenser and objective grazing incidence Wolter type I mirrors, an electron-impact-type x-ray source, and a back-illuminated CCD. The imaging system was improved for practical applications in life science research fields. Using a new objective mirror with reduced figure errors, a resolution limit of 3.1 line pairs/μm was achieved for two-dimensional transmission images and sub-micrometer-scale three-dimensional structures were resolved. Incorporating a cryogenic stage into the x-ray microscope, we observed biological samples embedded in ice to evaluate the usefulness of observation in the water-window region and multi-energy observation was demonstrated using an x-ray source with multiple x-ray tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ohba
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City 434-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Nakano
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City 434-8601, Japan
| | - Shinobu Onoda
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City 434-8601, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mochizuki
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City 434-8601, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Nakamoto
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City 434-8601, Japan
| | - Hisaya Hotaka
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City 434-8601, Japan
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8
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Juhl AD, Lund FW, Jensen MLV, Szomek M, Heegaard CW, Guttmann P, Werner S, McNally J, Schneider G, Kapishnikov S, Wüstner D. Niemann Pick C2 protein enables cholesterol transfer from endo-lysosomes to the plasma membrane for efflux by shedding of extracellular vesicles. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 235:105047. [PMID: 33422548 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Niemann-Pick C2 protein (NPC2) is a sterol transfer protein in the lumen of late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/LYSs). Absence of functional NPC2 leads to endo-lysosomal buildup of cholesterol and other lipids. How NPC2's known capacity to transport cholesterol between model membranes is linked to its function in living cells is not known. Using quantitative live-cell imaging combined with modeling of the efflux kinetics, we show that NPC2-deficient human fibroblasts can export the cholesterol analog dehydroergosterol (DHE) from LE/LYSs. Internalized NPC2 accelerated sterol efflux extensively, accompanied by reallocation of LE/LYSs containing fluorescent NPC2 and DHE to the cell periphery. Using quantitative fluorescence loss in photobleaching of TopFluor-cholesterol (TF-Chol), we estimate a residence time for a rapidly exchanging sterol pool in LE/LYSs localized in close proximity to the plasma membrane (PM), of less than one min and observed non-vesicular sterol exchange between LE/LYSs and the PM. Excess sterol was released from the PM by shedding of cholesterol-rich vesicles. The ultrastructure of such vesicles was analyzed by combined fluorescence and cryo soft X-ray tomography (SXT), revealing that they can contain lysosomal cargo and intraluminal vesicles. Treating cells with apoprotein A1 and with nuclear receptor liver X-receptor (LXR) agonists to upregulate expression of ABC transporters enhanced cholesterol efflux from the PM, at least partly by accelerating vesicle release. We conclude that NPC2 inside LE/LYSs facilitates non-vesicular sterol exchange with the PM for subsequent sterol efflux to acceptor proteins and for shedding of sterol-rich vesicles from the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dupont Juhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Frederik W Lund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Maria Louise V Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Maria Szomek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Christian W Heegaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Guttmann
- Department X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Werner
- Department X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - James McNally
- Department X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Schneider
- Department X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey Kapishnikov
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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9
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Dehlinger A, Seim C, Stiel H, Twamley S, Ludwig A, Kördel M, Grötzsch D, Rehbein S, Kanngießer B. Laboratory Soft X-Ray Microscopy with an Integrated Visible-Light Microscope-Correlative Workflow for Faster 3D Cell Imaging. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:1124-1132. [PMID: 33023699 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620024447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory transmission soft X-ray microscopy (L-TXM) has emerged as a complementary tool to synchrotron-based TXM and high-resolution biomedical 3D imaging in general in recent years. However, two major operational challenges in L-TXM still need to be addressed: a small field of view and a potentially misaligned rotation stage. As it is not possible to alter the magnification during operation, the field of view in L-TXM is usually limited to a few tens of micrometers. This complicates locating areas and objects of interest in the sample. Additionally, if the rotation axis of the sample stage cannot be adjusted prior to the experiments, an efficient workflow for tomographic imaging cannot be established, as refocusing and sample repositioning will become necessary after each recorded projection. Both these limitations have been overcome with the integration of a visible-light microscope (VLM) into the L-TXM system. Here, we describe the calibration procedure of the goniometer sample stage and the integrated VLM and present the resulting 3D imaging of a test sample. In addition, utilizing this newly integrated VLM, the extracellular matrix of cryofixed THP-1 cells (human acute monocytic leukemia cells) was visualized by L-TXM for the first time in the context of an ongoing biomedical research project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Dehlinger
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray technologies (BLiX), Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
| | - Christian Seim
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray technologies (BLiX), Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
| | - Holger Stiel
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray technologies (BLiX), Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut (MBI) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Max-Born-Straße 2A, Berlin12489, Germany
| | - Shailey Twamley
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Ludwig
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Radiologie, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikael Kördel
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/Albanova, Stockholm106 91, Sweden
| | - Daniel Grötzsch
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray technologies (BLiX), Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
| | - Stefan Rehbein
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, Berlin12489, Germany
| | - Birgit Kanngießer
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray technologies (BLiX), Hardenbergstraße 36, Berlin10623, Germany
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10
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Biological Applications of Short Wavelength Microscopy Based on Compact, Laser-Produced Gas-Puff Plasma Source. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10238338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, remarkable efforts have been made to improve the resolution in photon-based microscopes. The employment of compact sources based on table-top laser-produced soft X-ray (SXR) in the “water window” spectral range (λ = 2.3–4.4 nm) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) plasma allowed to overcome the limitations imposed by large facilities, such as synchrotrons and X-ray free electron lasers (XFEL), because of their high complexity, costs, and limited user access. A laser-plasma double stream gas-puff target source represents a powerful tool for microscopy operating in transmission mode, significantly improving the spatial resolution into the nanometric scale, comparing to the traditional visible light (optical) microscopes. Such an approach allows generating the plasma efficiently, without debris, providing a high flux of EUV and SXR photons. In this review, we present the development and optimization of desktop imaging systems: a EUV and an SXR full field microscope, allowing to achieve a sub-50 nm spatial resolution with short exposure time and an SXR contact microscope, capable to resolve internal structures in a thin layer of sensitive photoresist. Details about the source, as well as imaging results for biological applications, will be presented and discussed.
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11
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Tuitje F, Martínez Gil P, Helk T, Gautier J, Tissandier F, Goddet JP, Guggenmos A, Kleineberg U, Sebban S, Oliva E, Spielmann C, Zürch M. Nonlinear ionization dynamics of hot dense plasma observed in a laser-plasma amplifier. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:187. [PMID: 33298838 PMCID: PMC7673011 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behaviour of matter under conditions of extreme temperature, pressure, density and electromagnetic fields has profound effects on our understanding of cosmologic objects and the formation of the universe. Lacking direct access to such objects, our interpretation of observed data mainly relies on theoretical models. However, such models, which need to encompass nuclear physics, atomic physics and plasma physics over a huge dynamic range in the dimensions of energy and time, can only provide reliable information if we can benchmark them to experiments under well-defined laboratory conditions. Due to the plethora of effects occurring in this kind of highly excited matter, characterizing isolated dynamics or obtaining direct insight remains challenging. High-density plasmas are turbulent and opaque for radiation below the plasma frequency and allow only near-surface insight into ionization processes with visible wavelengths. Here, the output of a high-harmonic seeded laser-plasma amplifier using eight-fold ionized krypton as the gain medium operating at a 32.8 nm wavelength is ptychographically imaged. A complex-valued wavefront is observed in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) beam with high resolution. Ab initio spatio-temporal Maxwell-Bloch simulations show excellent agreement with the experimental observations, revealing overionization of krypton in the plasma channel due to nonlinear laser-plasma interactions, successfully validating this four-dimensional multiscale model. This constitutes the first experimental observation of the laser ion abundance reshaping a laser-plasma amplifier. The presented approach shows the possibility of directly modelling light-plasma interactions in extreme conditions, such as those present during the early times of the universe, with direct experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tuitje
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - P Martínez Gil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética and Instituto de Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde", ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - T Helk
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - J Gautier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - F Tissandier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - J-P Goddet
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - A Guggenmos
- Department for Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Garching, Germany
- UltraFast Innovations GmbH, Garching, Germany
| | - U Kleineberg
- Department for Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - S Sebban
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - E Oliva
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética and Instituto de Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde", ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Spielmann
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - M Zürch
- Institute for Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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12
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Table-Top Water-Window Microscope Using a Capillary Discharge Plasma Source with Spatial Resolution 75 nm. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a design of a compact transmission water-window microscope based on the Z-pinching capillary discharge nitrogen plasma source. The microscope operates at wavelength of 2.88 nm (430 eV), and with its table-top dimensions provides an alternative to large-scale soft X-ray (SXR) microscope systems based on synchrotrons and free-electron lasers. The emitted soft X-ray radiation is filtered by a titanium foil and focused by an ellipsoidal condenser mirror into the sample plane. A Fresnel zone plate was used to create a transmission image of the sample onto a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. To assess the resolution of the microscope, we imaged a standard sample-copper mesh. The spatial resolution of the microscope is 75 nm at half-pitch, calculated via a 10–90% intensity knife-edge test. The applicability of the microscope is demonstrated by the imaging of green algae-Desmodesmus communis. This paper describes the principle of capillary discharge source, design of the microscope, and experimental imaging results of Cu mesh and biological sample.
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13
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Torretti F, Sheil J, Schupp R, Basko MM, Bayraktar M, Meijer RA, Witte S, Ubachs W, Hoekstra R, Versolato OO, Neukirch AJ, Colgan J. Prominent radiative contributions from multiply-excited states in laser-produced tin plasma for nanolithography. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2334. [PMID: 32393789 PMCID: PMC7214432 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is currently entering high-volume manufacturing to enable the continued miniaturization of semiconductor devices. The required EUV light, at 13.5 nm wavelength, is produced in a hot and dense laser-driven tin plasma. The atomic origins of this light are demonstrably poorly understood. Here we calculate detailed tin opacity spectra using the Los Alamos atomic physics suite ATOMIC and validate these calculations with experimental comparisons. Our key finding is that EUV light largely originates from transitions between multiply-excited states, and not from the singly-excited states decaying to the ground state as is the current paradigm. Moreover, we find that transitions between these multiply-excited states also contribute in the same narrow window around 13.5 nm as those originating from singly-excited states, and this striking property holds over a wide range of charge states. We thus reveal the doubly magic behavior of tin and the origins of the EUV light. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light is entering use in nanolithography. Here the authors discuss experimental and theoretical results about the prominent role of multiply-excited states in highly charged tin ions in the mechanism of EUV light emission from laser-produced plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Torretti
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Sheil
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Schupp
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M M Basko
- Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Miusskaya Square 4, 125047, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Bayraktar
- Industrial Focus Group XUV Optics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - R A Meijer
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Witte
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Ubachs
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Hoekstra
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - O O Versolato
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A J Neukirch
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - J Colgan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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14
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Kördel M, Arsana KGY, Hertz HM, Vogt U. Stability investigation of a cryo soft x-ray microscope by fiber interferometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:023701. [PMID: 32113420 DOI: 10.1063/1.5138369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a stability investigation of the Stockholm laboratory cryo soft x-ray microscope. The microscope operates at a wavelength of 2.48 nm and can image biological samples at liquid-nitrogen temperatures in order to mitigate radiation damage. We measured the stability of the two most critical components, sample holder and optics holder, in vacuo and at cryo temperatures at both short and long time scales with a fiber interferometer. Results revealed vibrations in the kHz range, originating mainly from a turbo pump, as well as long term drifts in connection with temperature fluctuations. With improvements in the microscope, earlier stability issues vanished and close-to diffraction-limited imaging could be achieved. Moreover, our investigation shows that fiber interferometers are a powerful tool in order to investigate position-sensitive setups at the nanometer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kördel
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K G Y Arsana
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H M Hertz
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Vogt
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Malyshev IV, Chkhalo NI. A method of z-tomography using high-aperture soft X-ray microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 202:76-86. [PMID: 31003162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multilayer normal-incidence mirrors allow the numerical aperture (NA=0.3-0.5) of a projection lens to be significantly increased in the spectral ranges of the water (λ = 2.3-4.4 nm) and carbon (λ = 4.4-7 nm) windows, in comparison with the Fresnel zone plates. The low depth of focus of high-aperture optics (tens of nm) makes it possible to use z-tomography to reconstruct the structure of samples in soft X-ray microscopy. The presence of strong absorption prevents the direct use of a powerful deconvolution apparatus developed for fluorescence optical microscopy to improve the clarity of the image. In this article, the "intensity restoration algorithm" is proposed that takes into account the absorption effect before standard deconvolution. For an imagine lens with NA = 0.3 and a working wavelength of 3.37 nm, the results of simulating an image of a protein cell and its deconvolutionary processing are presented, before and after applying the proposed method. After its application, the deconvolution efficiency is significantly increased. A "full-period" resolution of 40 nm was obtained for the image of a simulated protein cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Malyshev
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, GSP-105, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Nikolay I Chkhalo
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, GSP-105, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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16
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Lübcke A, Braenzel J, Dehlinger A, Schnürer M, Stiel H, Guttmann P, Rehbein S, Schneider G, Werner S, Kemmler R, Ritter S, Raugust M, Wende T, Behrendt M, Regehly M. Soft X-ray nanoscale imaging using a sub-pixel resolution charge coupled device (CCD) camera. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:043111. [PMID: 31042967 DOI: 10.1063/1.5053593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A sub-pixel 16 bit charge coupled device camera featuring superresolution for the soft X-ray regime is presented. Superresolution images (SRIs) are reconstructed from a set of 4 × 4 individual low-resolution images that are recorded for different sub-pixel shifts of the detector. SRIs have a 1.3 times higher resolution than individual low-resolution images which is close to the maximum achievable enhancement factor of about 1.5 in the X-ray regime under ideal conditions. To characterize this camera and demonstrate its potential, an X-ray microscope setup is used to image different objects at different photon energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lübcke
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Braenzel
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurelie Dehlinger
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray Technologies (BLiX), 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Schnürer
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Stiel
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Guttmann
- Research Group X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Rehbein
- Research Group X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Schneider
- Research Group X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Werner
- Research Group X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman Kemmler
- greateyes GmbH, Justus-von-Liebig-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ritter
- greateyes GmbH, Justus-von-Liebig-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Raugust
- greateyes GmbH, Justus-von-Liebig-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Wende
- greateyes GmbH, Justus-von-Liebig-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Behrendt
- greateyes GmbH, Justus-von-Liebig-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Regehly
- greateyes GmbH, Justus-von-Liebig-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Helk T, Zürch M, Spielmann C. Perspective: Towards single shot time-resolved microscopy using short wavelength table-top light sources. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:010902. [PMID: 30868083 PMCID: PMC6404932 DOI: 10.1063/1.5082686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved imaging allows revealing the interaction mechanisms in the microcosm of both inorganic and biological objects. While X-ray microscopy has proven its advantages for resolving objects beyond what can be achieved using optical microscopes, dynamic studies using full-field imaging at the nanometer scale are still in their infancy. In this perspective, we present the current state of the art techniques for full-field imaging in the extreme-ultraviolet- and soft X-ray-regime which are suitable for single exposure applications as they are paramount for studying dynamics in nanoscale systems. We evaluate the performance of currently available table-top sources, with special emphasis on applications, photon flux, and coherence. Examples for applications of single shot imaging in physics, biology, and industrial applications are discussed.
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18
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Cryo-soft X-ray tomography: using soft X-rays to explore the ultrastructure of whole cells. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:81-92. [PMID: 33525785 PMCID: PMC7289011 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cryo-soft X-ray tomography is an imaging technique that addresses the need for mesoscale imaging of cellular ultrastructure of relatively thick samples without the need for staining or chemical modification. It allows the imaging of cellular ultrastructure to a resolution of 25–40 nm and can be used in correlation with other imaging modalities, such as electron tomography and fluorescence microscopy, to further enhance the information content derived from biological samples. An overview of the technique, discussion of sample suitability and information about sample preparation, data collection and data analysis is presented here. Recent developments and future outlook are also discussed.
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19
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Wachulak P, Torrisi A, Ayele M, Bartnik A, Czwartos J, Węgrzyński Ł, Fok T, Fiedorowicz H. Nanoimaging using soft X-ray and EUV laser-plasma sources. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201816703001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we present three experimental, compact desk-top imaging systems: SXR and EUV full field microscopes and the SXR contact microscope. The systems are based on laser-plasma EUV and SXR sources based on a double stream gas puff target. The EUV and SXR full field microscopes, operating at 13.8 nm and 2.88 nm wavelengths are capable of imaging nanostructures with a sub-50 nm spatial resolution and short (seconds) exposure times. The SXR contact microscope operates in the “water-window” spectral range and produces an imprint of the internal structure of the imaged sample in a thin layer of SXR sensitive photoresist. Applications of such desk-top EUV and SXR microscopes, mostly for biological samples (CT26 fibroblast cells and Keratinocytes) are also presented. Details about the sources, the microscopes as well as the imaging results for various objects will be presented and discussed. The development of such compact imaging systems may be important to the new research related to biological, material science and nanotechnology applications.
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20
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Torrisi A, Wachulak P, Bartnik A, Węgrzyński Ł, Fok T, Fiedorowicz H. Development and optimization of a “water window” microscope based on a gas-puff target laser-produced plasma source. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201816703002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A laser-plasma double stream gas-puff target source coupled with Fresnel zone plate (FZP) optics, operating at He-like nitrogen spectral line λ=2.88nm, is capable of acquire complementary information in respect to optical and electron microscopy, allowing to obtain high resolution imaging, compared to the traditional visible light microscopes, with an exposition time of a few seconds. The compact size and versatility of the microscope offers the possibility to perform imaging experiments in the university laboratories, previously restricted to large-scale photon facilities. Source and microscope optimization, and examples of applications will be presented and discussed.
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21
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Abstract
Water-window x-ray microscopy allows two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) imaging of intact unstained cells in their cryofixed near-native state with unique contrast and high resolution. Present operational biological water-window microscopes are based at synchrotron facilities, which limits their accessibility and integration with complementary methods. Laboratory-source microscopes have had difficulty addressing relevant biological tasks with proper resolution and contrast due to long exposure times and limited up-time. Here we report on laboratory cryo x-ray microscopy with the exposure time, contrast, and reliability to allow for routine high-spatial resolution 3D imaging of intact cells and cell-cell interactions. Stabilization of the laser-plasma source combined with new optics and sample preparation provide high-resolution cell imaging, both in 2D with ten-second exposures and in 3D with twenty-minute tomography. Examples include monitoring of the distribution of carbon-dense vesicles in starving HEK293T cells and imaging the interaction between natural killer cells and target cells.
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22
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Bioimaging Using Full Field and Contact EUV and SXR Microscopes with Nanometer Spatial Resolution. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7060548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Haase A, Bajt S, Hönicke P, Soltwisch V, Scholze F. Multiparameter characterization of subnanometre Cr/Sc multilayers based on complementary measurements. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:2161-2171. [PMID: 27980515 PMCID: PMC5139997 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716015776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cr/Sc multilayer systems can be used as near-normal incidence mirrors for the water window spectral range. It is shown that a detailed characterization of these multilayer systems with 400 bilayers of Cr and Sc, each with individual layer thicknesses <1 nm, is attainable by the combination of several analytical techniques. EUV and X-ray reflectance measurements, resonant EUV reflectance across the Sc L edge, and X-ray standing wave fluorescence measurements were used. The parameters of the multilayer model were determined via a particle-swarm optimizer and validated using a Markov chain Monte Carlo maximum-likelihood approach. For the determination of the interface roughness, diffuse scattering measurements were conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Haase
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Saša Bajt
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Hönicke
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Soltwisch
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Scholze
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Wachulak PW. Contributed Review: The novel gas puff targets for laser-matter interaction experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:091501. [PMID: 27782609 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Various types of targetry are used nowadays in laser matter interaction experiments. Such targets are characterized using different methods capable of acquiring information about the targets such as density, spatial distribution, and temporal behavior. In this mini-review paper, a particular type of target will be presented. The targets under consideration are gas puff targets of various and novel geometries. Those targets were investigated using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray (SXR) imaging techniques, such as shadowgraphy, tomography, and pinhole camera imaging. Details about characterization of those targets in the EUV and SXR spectral regions will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw W Wachulak
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Ul. Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Wachulak P, Torrisi A, Nawaz MF, Bartnik A, Adjei D, Vondrová Š, Turňová J, Jančarek A, Limpouch J, Vrbová M, Fiedorowicz H. A Compact "Water Window" Microscope with 60 nm Spatial Resolution for Applications in Biology and Nanotechnology. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:1214-23. [PMID: 26373378 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615014750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Short illumination wavelength allows an extension of the diffraction limit toward nanometer scale; thus, improving spatial resolution in optical systems. Soft X-ray (SXR) radiation, from "water window" spectral range, λ=2.3-4.4 nm wavelength, which is particularly suitable for biological imaging due to natural optical contrast provides better spatial resolution than one obtained with visible light microscopes. The high contrast in the "water window" is obtained because of selective radiation absorption by carbon and water, which are constituents of the biological samples. The development of SXR microscopes permits the visualization of features on the nanometer scale, but often with a tradeoff, which can be seen between the exposure time and the size and complexity of the microscopes. Thus, herein, we present a desk-top system, which overcomes the already mentioned limitations and is capable of resolving 60 nm features with very short exposure time. Even though the system is in its initial stage of development, we present different applications of the system for biology and nanotechnology. Construction of the microscope with recently acquired images of various samples will be presented and discussed. Such a high resolution imaging system represents an interesting solution for biomedical, material science, and nanotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Wachulak
- 1Institute of Optoelectronics,Military University of Technology,Kaliskiego 2 Str.,00-908 Warsaw,Poland
| | - Alfio Torrisi
- 1Institute of Optoelectronics,Military University of Technology,Kaliskiego 2 Str.,00-908 Warsaw,Poland
| | - Muhammad F Nawaz
- 3Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering,Czech Technical University in Prague,Brehova 7,115 19 Prague 1,Czech Republic
| | - Andrzej Bartnik
- 1Institute of Optoelectronics,Military University of Technology,Kaliskiego 2 Str.,00-908 Warsaw,Poland
| | - Daniel Adjei
- 1Institute of Optoelectronics,Military University of Technology,Kaliskiego 2 Str.,00-908 Warsaw,Poland
| | - Šárka Vondrová
- 2Faculty of Biomedical Engineering,Czech Technical University in Prague,Brehova 7,115 19 Prague 1,Czech Republic
| | - Jana Turňová
- 2Faculty of Biomedical Engineering,Czech Technical University in Prague,Brehova 7,115 19 Prague 1,Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Jančarek
- 3Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering,Czech Technical University in Prague,Brehova 7,115 19 Prague 1,Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Limpouch
- 3Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering,Czech Technical University in Prague,Brehova 7,115 19 Prague 1,Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Vrbová
- 2Faculty of Biomedical Engineering,Czech Technical University in Prague,Brehova 7,115 19 Prague 1,Czech Republic
| | - Henryk Fiedorowicz
- 1Institute of Optoelectronics,Military University of Technology,Kaliskiego 2 Str.,00-908 Warsaw,Poland
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26
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Do M, Isaacson SA, McDermott G, Le Gros MA, Larabell CA. Imaging and characterizing cells using tomography. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 581:111-21. [PMID: 25602704 PMCID: PMC4506273 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We can learn much about cell function by imaging and quantifying sub-cellular structures, especially if this is done non-destructively without altering said structures. Soft X-ray tomography (SXT) is a high-resolution imaging technique for visualizing cells and their interior structure in 3D. A tomogram of the cell, reconstructed from a series of 2D projection images, can be easily segmented and analyzed. SXT has a very high specimen throughput compared to other high-resolution structure imaging modalities; for example, tomographic data for reconstructing an entire eukaryotic cell is acquired in a matter of minutes. SXT visualizes cells without the need for chemical fixation, dehydration, or staining of the specimen. As a result, the SXT reconstructions are close representations of cells in their native state. SXT is applicable to most cell types. The deep penetration of soft X-rays allows cells, even mammalian cells, to be imaged without being sectioned. Image contrast in SXT is generated by the differential attenuation soft X-ray illumination as it passes through the specimen. Accordingly, each voxel in the tomographic reconstruction has a measured linear absorption coefficient (LAC) value. LAC values are quantitative and give rise to each sub-cellular component having a characteristic LAC profile, allowing organelles to be identified and segmented from the milieu of other cell contents. In this chapter, we describe the fundamentals of SXT imaging and how this technique can answer real world questions in the study of the nucleus. We also describe the development of correlative methods for the localization of specific molecules in a SXT reconstruction. The combination of fluorescence and SXT data acquired from the same specimen produces composite 3D images, rich with detailed information on the inner workings of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myan Do
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; National Center for X-ray Tomography, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Samuel A Isaacson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Gerry McDermott
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; National Center for X-ray Tomography, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Mark A Le Gros
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; National Center for X-ray Tomography, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Carolyn A Larabell
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; National Center for X-ray Tomography, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
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27
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Baumbach S, Kanngießer B, Malzer W, Stiel H, Wilhein T. A laboratory 8 keV transmission full-field x-ray microscope with a polycapillary as condenser for bright and dark field imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:083708. [PMID: 26329204 DOI: 10.1063/1.4929602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article introduces a laboratory setup of a transmission full-field x-ray microscope at 8 keV photon energy. The microscope operates in bright and dark field imaging mode with a maximum field of view of 50 μm. Since the illumination geometry determines whether the sample is illuminated homogeneously and moreover, if different imaging methods can be applied, the condenser optic is one of the most significant parts. With a new type of x-ray condenser, a polycapillary optic, we realized bright field imaging and for the first time dark field imaging at 8 keV photon energy in a laboratory setup. A detector limited spatial resolution of 210 nm is measured on x-ray images of Siemens star test patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baumbach
- Institute for X-Optics, University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, RheinAhrCampus Remagen, Joseph-Rovan-Allee 2, D-53424 Remagen, Germany
| | - B Kanngießer
- Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Malzer
- Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Stiel
- Max-Born-Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Wilhein
- Institute for X-Optics, University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, RheinAhrCampus Remagen, Joseph-Rovan-Allee 2, D-53424 Remagen, Germany
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28
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Chkhalo NI, Pestov AE, Salashchenko NN, Sherbakov AV, Skorokhodov EV, Svechnikov MV. Sub-micrometer resolution proximity X-ray microscope with digital image registration. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:063701. [PMID: 26133838 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A compact laboratory proximity soft X-ray microscope providing submicrometer spatial resolution and digital image registration is described. The microscope consists of a laser-plasma soft X-ray radiation source, a Schwarzschild objective to illuminate the test sample, and a two-coordinate detector for image registration. Radiation, which passes through the sample under study, generates an absorption image on the front surface of the detector. Optical ceramic YAG:Ce was used to convert the X-rays into visible light. An image was transferred from the scintillator to a charge-coupled device camera with a Mitutoyo Plan Apo series lens. The detector's design allows the use of lenses with numerical apertures of NA = 0.14, 0.28, and 0.55 without changing the dimensions and arrangement of the elements of the device. This design allows one to change the magnification, spatial resolution, and field of view of the X-ray microscope. A spatial resolution better than 0.7 μm and an energy conversion efficiency of the X-ray radiation with a wavelength of 13.5 nm into visible light collected by the detector of 7.2% were achieved with the largest aperture lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Chkhalo
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-105, 603087 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A E Pestov
- Nizhny Novgorod N. I. Lobachevskii State University, Gagarina Ave. 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - N N Salashchenko
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-105, 603087 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A V Sherbakov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-105, 603087 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - E V Skorokhodov
- Nizhny Novgorod N. I. Lobachevskii State University, Gagarina Ave. 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - M V Svechnikov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-105, 603087 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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29
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High pressure treated Bacillus subtilis spores — Structural analysis by means of synchrotron and laboratory based soft X-ray microscopy. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Mantouvalou I, Witte K, Grötzsch D, Neitzel M, Günther S, Baumann J, Jung R, Stiel H, Kanngiesser B, Sandner W. High average power, highly brilliant laser-produced plasma source for soft X-ray spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:035116. [PMID: 25832284 DOI: 10.1063/1.4916193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel laser-produced plasma source is presented which delivers pulsed broadband soft X-radiation in the range between 100 and 1200 eV. The source was designed in view of long operating hours, high stability, and cost effectiveness. It relies on a rotating and translating metal target and achieves high stability through an on-line monitoring device using a four quadrant extreme ultraviolet diode in a pinhole camera arrangement. The source can be operated with three different laser pulse durations and various target materials and is equipped with two beamlines for simultaneous experiments. Characterization measurements are presented with special emphasis on the source position and emission stability of the source. As a first application, a near edge X-ray absorption fine structure measurement on a thin polyimide foil shows the potential of the source for soft X-ray spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Mantouvalou
- Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Witte
- Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Grötzsch
- Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Neitzel
- Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Günther
- Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Baumann
- Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Birgit Kanngiesser
- Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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31
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Müller M, Mey T, Niemeyer J, Mann K. Table-top soft x-ray microscope using laser-induced plasma from a pulsed gas jet. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:23489-23495. [PMID: 25321818 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.023489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An extremely compact soft x-ray microscope operating in the "water window" region at the wavelength λ = 2.88 nm is presented, making use of a long-term stable and nearly debris-free laser-induced plasma from a pulsed nitrogen gas jet target. The well characterized soft x-ray radiation is focused by an ellipsoidal grazing incidence condenser mirror. Imaging of a sample onto a CCD camera is achieved with a Fresnel zone plate using magnifications up to 500x. The spatial resolution of the recorded microscopic images is about 100 nm as demonstrated for a Siemens star test pattern.
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32
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Ohsuka S, Ohba A, Onoda S, Nakamoto K, Nakano T, Miyoshi M, Soda K, Hamakubo T. Laboratory-size three-dimensional x-ray microscope with Wolter type I mirror optics and an electron-impact water window x-ray source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:093701. [PMID: 25273730 DOI: 10.1063/1.4894468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We constructed a laboratory-size three-dimensional water window x-ray microscope that combines wide-field transmission x-ray microscopy with tomographic reconstruction techniques, and observed bio-medical samples to evaluate its applicability to life science research fields. It consists of a condenser and an objective grazing incidence Wolter type I mirror, an electron-impact type oxygen Kα x-ray source, and a back-illuminated CCD for x-ray imaging. A spatial resolution limit of around 1.0 line pairs per micrometer was obtained for two-dimensional transmission images, and 1-μm scale three-dimensional fine structures were resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ohsuka
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu-City, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Akira Ohba
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu-City, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Shinobu Onoda
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu-City, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Nakamoto
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu-City, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Nakano
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu-City, 434-8601, Japan
| | - Motosuke Miyoshi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Keita Soda
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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33
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Cinquin BP, Do M, McDermott G, Walters AD, Myllys M, Smith EA, Cohen-Fix O, Le Gros MA, Larabell CA. Putting molecules in their place. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:209-16. [PMID: 23966233 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Each class of microscope is limited to imaging specific aspects of cell structure and/or molecular organization. However, imaging the specimen by complementary microscopes and correlating the data can overcome this limitation. Whilst not a new approach, the field of correlative imaging is currently benefitting from the emergence of new microscope techniques. Here we describe the correlation of cryogenic fluorescence tomography (CFT) with soft X-ray tomography (SXT). This amalgamation of techniques integrates 3D molecular localization data (CFT) with a high-resolution, 3D cell reconstruction of the cell (SXT). Cells are imaged in both modalities in a near-native, cryopreserved state. Here we describe the current state of the art in correlative CFT-SXT, and discuss the future outlook for this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand P Cinquin
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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34
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Prasciolu M, Leontowich AFG, Beyerlein KR, Bajt S. Thermal stability studies of short period Sc/Cr and Sc/B₄C/Cr multilayers. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:2126-2135. [PMID: 24787171 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.002126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The stability of short period Sc/Cr and Sc/B₄C/Cr multilayers was investigated over a large temperature range. The aim was to find a stable reflective coating for an off-axis parabola for focusing x rays from a soft x-ray free-electron laser. Normal incidence reflectivity, surface roughness, and intrinsic stress were investigated as a function of annealing temperature and two samples were also studied with a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM), a scanning TEM, and through electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Interface-engineered Sc/B₄C/Cr multilayers showed increased thermal stability and higher reflectivity as compared to pure Sc/Cr multilayers.
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35
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Keskinbora K, Grévent C, Eigenthaler U, Weigand M, Schütz G. Rapid prototyping of Fresnel zone plates via direct Ga(+) ion beam lithography for high-resolution X-ray imaging. ACS NANO 2013; 7:9788-9797. [PMID: 24151983 DOI: 10.1021/nn403295k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A significant challenge to the wide utilization of X-ray microscopy lies in the difficulty in fabricating adequate high-resolution optics. To date, electron beam lithography has been the dominant technique for the fabrication of diffractive focusing optics called Fresnel zone plates (FZP), even though this preparation method is usually very complicated and is composed of many fabrication steps. In this work, we demonstrate an alternative method that allows the direct, simple, and fast fabrication of FZPs using focused Ga(+) beam lithography practically, in a single step. This method enabled us to prepare a high-resolution FZP in less than 13 min. The performance of the FZP was evaluated in a scanning transmission soft X-ray microscope where nanostructures as small as sub-29 nm in width were clearly resolved, with an ultimate cutoff resolution of 24.25 nm, demonstrating the highest first-order resolution for any FZP fabricated by the ion beam lithography technique. This rapid and simple fabrication scheme illustrates the capabilities and the potential of direct ion beam lithography (IBL) and is expected to increase the accessibility of high-resolution optics to a wider community of researchers working on soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet microscopy using synchrotron radiation and advanced laboratory sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahraman Keskinbora
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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36
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Martz DH, Selin M, von Hofsten O, Fogelqvist E, Holmberg A, Vogt U, Legall H, Blobel G, Seim C, Stiel H, Hertz HM. High average brightness water window source for short-exposure cryomicroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:4425-7. [PMID: 23114317 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.004425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory water window cryomicroscopy has recently demonstrated similar image quality as synchrotron-based microscopy but still with much longer exposure times, prohibiting the spread to a wider scientific community. Here we demonstrate high-resolution laboratory water window imaging of cryofrozen cells with 10 s range exposure times. The major improvement is the operation of a λ=2.48 nm, 2 kHz liquid nitrogen jet laser plasma source with high spatial and temporal stability at high average brightness >1.5×10(12) ph/(s×sr×μm(2)×line), i.e., close to that of early synchrotrons. Thus, this source enables not only biological x-ray microscopy in the home laboratory but potentially other applications previously only accessible at synchrotron facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Martz
- Biomedical and X-Ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology/Albanova, Stockholm, Sweden
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