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Lynch P, Das A, Alam S, Rich CC, Frontiera RR. Mastering Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Guide. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:1-18. [PMID: 38283786 PMCID: PMC10811773 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) is a powerful nonlinear spectroscopic technique that probes changes in molecular and material structure with high temporal and spectral resolution. With proper spectral interpretation, this is equivalent to mapping out reactive pathways on highly anharmonic excited-state potential energy surfaces with femtosecond to picosecond time resolution. FSRS has been used to examine structural dynamics in a wide range of samples, including photoactive proteins, photovoltaic materials, plasmonic nanostructures, polymers, and a range of others, with experiments performed in multiple groups around the world. As the FSRS technique grows in popularity and is increasingly implemented in user facilities, there is a need for a widespread understanding of the methodology and best practices. In this review, we present a practical guide to FSRS, including discussions of instrumentation, as well as data acquisition and analysis. First, we describe common methods of generating the three pulses required for FSRS: the probe, Raman pump, and actinic pump, including a discussion of the parameters to consider when selecting a beam generation method. We then outline approaches for effective and efficient FSRS data acquisition. We discuss common data analysis techniques for FSRS, as well as more advanced analyses aimed at extracting small signals on a large background. We conclude with a discussion of some of the new directions for FSRS research, including spectromicroscopy. Overall, this review provides researchers with a practical handbook for FSRS as a technique with the aim of encouraging many scientists and engineers to use it in their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline
G. Lynch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Aritra Das
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shahzad Alam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher C. Rich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Renee R. Frontiera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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Srivastava P, Stierwalt DA, Elles CG. Broadband Two-Photon Absorption Spectroscopy with Stimulated Raman Scattering as an Internal Standard. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13227-13234. [PMID: 37603818 PMCID: PMC10484208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon absorption (2PA) spectroscopy provides valuable information about the nonlinear properties of molecules. In contrast with single-wavelength methods, broadband 2PA spectroscopy using a pump-probe approach gives a continuous 2PA spectrum across a wide range of transition energies without tuning the excitation laser. This contribution shows how stimulated Raman scattering from the solvent can be used as a convenient and robust internal standard for obtaining accurate absolute 2PA cross sections using the broadband approach. Stimulated Raman scattering has the same pump-probe overlap dependence as 2PA, thus eliminating the need to measure the intensity-dependent overlap of the pump and probe directly. Eliminating the overlap represents an important improvement because intensity profiles are typically the largest source of uncertainty in the measurement of absolute 2PA cross sections using any method. Raman scattering cross sections are a fundamental property of the solvent and therefore provide a universal standard that can be applied any time the 2PA and Raman signals are present within the same probe wavelength range. We demonstrate this approach using sample solutions of coumarin 153 in methanol, DMSO, and toluene, as well as fluorescein in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - David A. Stierwalt
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G. Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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3
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Ultrafast Spectroscopies of Nitrophenols and Nitrophenolates in Solution: From Electronic Dynamics and Vibrational Structures to Photochemical and Environmental Implications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020601. [PMID: 36677656 PMCID: PMC9866910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrophenols are a group of small organic molecules with significant environmental implications from the atmosphere to waterways. In this work, we investigate a series of nitrophenols and nitrophenolates, with the contrasting ortho-, meta-, and para-substituted nitro group to the phenolic hydroxy or phenolate oxygen site (2/3/4NP or NP-), implementing a suite of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques that include UV/Visible spectroscopy, femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy with probe-dependent and global analysis, and femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS), aided by quantum calculations. The excitation-dependent (400 and 267 nm) electronic dynamics in water and methanol, for six protonated or deprotonated nitrophenol molecules (three regioisomers in each set), enable a systematic investigation of the excited-state dynamics of these functional "nanomachines" that can undergo nitro-group twisting (as a rotor), excited-state intramolecular or intermolecular proton transfer (donor-acceptor, ESIPT, or ESPT), solvation, and cooling (chromophore) events on molecular timescales. In particular, the meta-substituted compound 3NP or 3NP- exhibits the strongest charge-transfer character with FSRS signatures (e.g., C-N peak frequency), and thus, does not favor nitroaromatic twist in the excited state, while the ortho-substituted compound 2NP can undergo ESIPT in water and likely generate nitrous acid (HONO) after 267 nm excitation. The delineated mechanistic insights into the nitro-substituent-location-, protonation-, solvent-, and excitation-wavelength-dependent effects on nitrophenols, in conjunction with the ultraviolet-light-induced degradation of 2NP in water, substantiates an appealing discovery loop to characterize and engineer functional molecules for environmental applications.
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4
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Burns KH, Quincy TJ, Elles CG. Excited-state resonance Raman spectroscopy probes the sequential two-photon excitation mechanism of a photochromic molecular switch. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:234302. [PMID: 36550048 DOI: 10.1063/5.0126974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some diarylethene molecular switches have a low quantum yield for cycloreversion when excited by a single photon, but react more efficiently following sequential two-photon excitation. The increase in reaction efficiency depends on both the relative time delay and the wavelength of the second photon. This paper examines the wavelength-dependent mechanism for sequential excitation using excited-state resonance Raman spectroscopy to probe the ultrafast (sub-30 fs) dynamics on the upper electronic state following secondary excitation. The approach uses femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) to measure the time-gated, excited-state resonance Raman spectrum in resonance with two different excited-state absorption bands. The relative intensities of the Raman bands reveal the initial dynamics in the higher-lying states, Sn, by providing information on the relative gradients of the potential energy surfaces that are accessed via secondary excitation. The excited-state resonance Raman spectra reveal specific modes that become enhanced depending on the Raman excitation wavelength, 750 or 400 nm. Many of the modes that become enhanced in the 750 nm FSRS spectrum are assigned as vibrational motions localized on the central cyclohexadiene ring. Many of the modes that become enhanced in the 400 nm FSRS spectrum are assigned as motions along the conjugated backbone and peripheral phenyl rings. These observations are consistent with earlier measurements that showed higher efficiency following secondary excitation into the lower excited-state absorption band and illustrate a powerful new way to probe the ultrafast dynamics of higher-lying excited states immediately following sequential two-photon excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen H Burns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Timothy J Quincy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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5
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Burns KH, Elles CG. Ultrafast Dynamics of a Molecular Switch from Resonance Raman Spectroscopy: Comparing Visible and UV Excitation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5932-5939. [PMID: 36026439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Resonance Raman spectroscopy probes the ultrafast dynamics of a diarylethene (DAE) molecular switch following excitation into the first two optical absorption bands. Mode-specific resonance enhancements for Raman excitation at visible (750-560 nm) and near-UV (420-390 nm) wavelengths compared with the calculated and experimental off-resonance Raman spectrum at 785 nm reveal different Franck-Condon active vibrations for the two electronically excited states. The resonance enhancements at visible wavelengths are consistent with initial motion on the first excited-state that promotes the cycloreversion reaction, whereas the enhancements for excitation at near-UV wavelengths highlight motions involving conjugated backbone and phenyl ring stretching modes that are orthogonal to the reaction coordinate. The results support a mechanism involving rapid internal conversion from the higher-lying state followed by cycloreversion on the first excited state. These observations provide new information about the reactivity of DAE derivatives following excitation in the visible and near-UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen H Burns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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6
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Liu X, Li BH, Liang Y, Zeng W, Li H, Zhou C, Ren Z, Yang X. Efficient generation of narrowband picosecond pulses from a femtosecond laser. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:083001. [PMID: 34470371 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In some applications of broadband ultrafast spectroscopy, such as surface sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy, femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS), and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, a narrowband picosecond pulse is required to obtain a high spectral resolution. Here, we present a method to generate narrowband picosecond second harmonic (SH) and fundamental frequency (FF) pulses with high-conversion efficiency from a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser amplifier. The narrowband picosecond SH pulse was generated based on the group velocity mismatch between the SH and FF pulses in a nonlinear crystal of β-barium borate (BBO). The small SH nonlinear optical coefficient was optimized by changing the azimuth angle of a thick BBO crystal, successfully avoiding the saturation effect in the SH generation process. The SH pulse was then used to pump an optical parametric amplifier to efficiently amplify the narrowband FF seed pulse, which was obtained with an etalon by spectrally filtering the output from the femtosecond laser amplifier. Dual-wavelength output, which could be very useful in femtosecond SRS, was also realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Liu
- School of Dayu Zhang, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo-Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Huang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chuanyao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zefeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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7
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Fast Gating for Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21082579. [PMID: 33916972 PMCID: PMC8067580 DOI: 10.3390/s21082579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fast gating in Raman spectroscopy is used to reject the fluorescence contribution from the sample and/or the substrate. Several techniques have been set up in the last few decades aiming either to enhance the Raman signal (CARS, SERS or Resonant Raman scattering) or to cancel out the fluorescence contribution (SERDS), and a number of reviews have already been published on these sub-topics. However, for many reasons it is sometimes necessary to reject fluorescence in traditional Raman spectroscopy, and in the last few decades a variety of papers dealt with this issue, which is still challenging due to the time scales at stake (down to picoseconds). Fast gating (<1 ns) in the time domain allows one to cut off part of the fluorescence signal and retrieve the best Raman signal, depending on the fluorescence lifetime of the sample and laser pulse duration. In particular, three different techniques have been developed to accomplish this task: optical Kerr cells, intensified Charge Coupling Devices and systems based on Single Photon Avalanche Photodiodes. The utility of time domain fast gating will be discussed, and In this work, the utility of time domain fast gating is discussed, as well as the performances of the mentioned techniques as reported in literature.
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8
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Kang DG, Woo KC, Kang DH, Park C, Kim SK. Improved spectral resolution of the femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy achieved by the use of the 2nd-order diffraction method. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3361. [PMID: 33564098 PMCID: PMC7873076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolongation of the picosecond Raman pump laser pulse in the femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) setup is essential for achieving the high spectral resolution of the time-resolved vibrational Raman spectra. In this work, the 2nd-order diffraction has been firstly employed in the double-pass grating filter technique for realizing the FSRS setup with the sub-5 cm-1 spectral resolution. It has been experimentally demonstrated that our new FSRS setup gives rise to a highly-resolved Raman spectrum of the excited trans-stilbene, which is much improved from those reported in the literatures. The spectral resolution of the present FSRS system has been estimated to be the lowest value ever reported to date, giving Δν = 2.5 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gu Kang
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Woo
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Do Hyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Batignani G, Ferrante C, Scopigno T. Accessing Excited State Molecular Vibrations by Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7805-7813. [PMID: 32841039 PMCID: PMC7735730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Excited state vibrations are crucial for determining the photophysical and photochemical properties of molecular compounds. Stimulated Raman scattering can coherently stimulate and probe molecular vibrations with optical pulses, but it is generally restricted to ground state properties. Working under resonance conditions enables cross-section enhancement and selective excitation to a targeted electronic level but is hampered by an increased signal complexity due to the presence of overlapping spectral contributions. Here, we show how detailed information about ground and excited state vibrations can be disentangled by exploiting the relative time delay between Raman and probe pulses to control the excited state population, combined with a diagrammatic formalism to dissect the pathways concurring with the signal generation. The proposed method is then exploited to elucidate the vibrational properties of the ground and excited electronic states in the paradigmatic case of cresyl violet. We anticipate that the presented approach holds the potential for selective mapping of the reaction coordinates pertaining to transient electronic stages implied in photoactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Batignani
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Universitá di Roma “La
Sapienza”, Roma I-00185, Italy
| | - Carino Ferrante
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Universitá di Roma “La
Sapienza”, Roma I-00185, Italy
- Center
for Life Nano Science @Sapienza, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Roma I-00161, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova I-16163, Italy
| | - Tullio Scopigno
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Universitá di Roma “La
Sapienza”, Roma I-00185, Italy
- Center
for Life Nano Science @Sapienza, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Roma I-00161, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova I-16163, Italy
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10
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Burns KH, Srivastava P, Elles CG. Absolute Cross Sections of Liquids from Broadband Stimulated Raman Scattering with Femtosecond and Picosecond Pulses. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10686-10692. [PMID: 32598135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Broadband stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is often observed in applications that use nonlinear spectroscopy to probe the composition or dynamics of complex systems. Whether the SRS response is measured intentionally or unintentionally, as a background signal, the relative scattering intensities provide a quantitative measure of the population profile of target molecules. Solvent scattering is a valuable internal reference for determining absolute concentrations in these applications, but accurate cross sections have been reported for only a limited number of transitions in select solvents and were measured using spontaneous Raman scattering with narrowband continuous wave or nanosecond light sources. This work reports the measurement and analysis of absolute Raman scattering cross sections spanning the frequency range of 500-4000 cm-1 for cyclohexane, DMSO, acetonitrile, methanol, water, benzene, and toluene using broadband SRS with femtosecond and picosecond Raman pump pulses at 488 nm. Varying the duration of the Raman pump pulses from ∼80 fs to >1 ps confirms that the cross sections are independent of the spectral bandwidth across the range of ∼250 to <20 cm-1. The cross sections and depolarization ratios measured using broadband SRS agree with the limited number of previously reported values, after accounting for overlapping transitions in the lower-resolution femtosecond and picosecond spectra. The SRS cross sections reported here can be used with confidence as internal reference standards for a wide range of applications, including nonlinear spectroscopy and coherent microscopy measurements using ultrafast lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen H Burns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Prasenjit Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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11
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Lipkin M, Nixdorf J, Gilch P. Optimized amplitude modulation in femtosecond stimulated Raman microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4204-4207. [PMID: 32735259 DOI: 10.1364/ol.397589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In femtosecond stimulated Raman microscopy, two laser pulses (Raman pump and probe) interact at the focus of a scanning microscope. To retrieve the Raman signature of the sample, an amplitude modulation of the pump pulses is necessary. Here, different methods to achieve this modulation are presented and compared.
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12
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Fang C, Tang L. Mapping Structural Dynamics of Proteins with Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2020; 71:239-265. [PMID: 32075503 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-071119-040154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The structure-function relationships of biomolecules have captured the interest and imagination of the scientific community and general public since the field of structural biology emerged to enable the molecular understanding of life processes. Proteins that play numerous functional roles in cellular processes have remained in the forefront of research, inspiring new characterization techniques. In this review, we present key theoretical concepts and recent experimental strategies using femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) to map the structural dynamics of proteins, highlighting the flexible chromophores on ultrafast timescales. In particular, wavelength-tunable FSRS exploits dynamic resonance conditions to track transient-species-dependent vibrational motions, enabling rational design to alter functions. Various ways of capturing excited-state chromophore structural snapshots in the time and/or frequency domains are discussed. Continuous development of experimental methodologies, synergistic correlation with theoretical modeling, and the expansion to other nonequilibrium, photoswitchable, and controllable protein systems will greatly advance the chemical, physical, and biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA;
| | - Longteng Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA;
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13
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Ferrante C, Batignani G, Pontecorvo E, Montemiglio LC, Vos MH, Scopigno T. Ultrafast Dynamics and Vibrational Relaxation in Six-Coordinate Heme Proteins Revealed by Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2285-2292. [PMID: 31917551 PMCID: PMC7735705 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Identifying
the structural rearrangements during photoinduced reactions is a fundamental
challenge for understanding from a microscopic perspective the dynamics
underlying the functional mechanisms of heme proteins. Here, femtosecond
stimulated Raman spectroscopy is applied to follow the ultrafast evolution
of two different proteins, each bearing a six-coordinate heme with
two amino acid axial ligands. By exploiting the sensitivity of Raman
spectra to the structural configuration, we investigate the effects
of photolysis and the binding of amino acid residues in cytochrome c and neuroglobin. By comparing the system response for
different time delays and Raman pump resonances, we show how detailed
properties of atomic motions and energy redistribution can be unveiled.
In particular, we demonstrate substantially faster energy flow from
the dissociated heme to the protein moiety in cytochrome c, which we assign to the presence of covalent heme–protein
bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carino Ferrante
- Center for Life Nano Science @Sapienza , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Rome I-00161 , Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marten H Vos
- LOB, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM , Institut Polytechnique de Paris , 91128 Palaiseau , France
| | - Tullio Scopigno
- Center for Life Nano Science @Sapienza , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Rome I-00161 , Italy
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14
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Continuous-Wave Coherent Raman Spectroscopy via Plasmonic Enhancement. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12092. [PMID: 31431666 PMCID: PMC6702195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report a successful combination of stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) using cw laser sources and gold/silica nanoparticles with embedded reporter molecules. We describe the preparation method for our gold/silica nanoparticles as well as the effect of probe wavelength, pump and probe power, polarization and sample concentration on the cwSESRS signal. Altogether, a stable ~12 orders of magnitude enhancement in the stimulated Raman signal is achieved because of the amplification of both pump and probe beams, leading to the detection of pico-molar nanoparticle concentrations, comparable to those of SERS. The coherent Raman spectra matches the incoherent conventional Raman spectra of the reporter molecules. Unlike conventional incoherent SERS this approach generates a coherent stimulated signal of microwatt intensities, opening the field to applications requiring a coherent beam, such as Molecular Holography.
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15
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Barclay MS, Caricato M, Elles CG. Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Scattering from Triplet Electronic States: Experimental and Theoretical Study of Resonance Enhancements. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7720-7732. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Barclay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Marco Caricato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G. Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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16
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Quincy TJ, Barclay MS, Caricato M, Elles CG. Probing Dynamics in Higher-Lying Electronic States with Resonance-Enhanced Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8308-8319. [PMID: 30256101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) measurements typically probe the structural dynamics of a molecule in the first electronically excited state, S1. While these measurements often rely on an electronic resonance condition to increase signal strength or enhance species selectivity, the effects of the resonance condition are usually neglected. However, mode-specific enhancements of the vibrational transitions in an FSRS spectrum contain detailed information about the resonant (upper) electronic state. Analogous to ground-state resonance Raman spectroscopy, the relative intensities of the Raman bands reveal displacements of the upper potential energy surface due to changes in the bonding pattern upon S n ← S1 electronic excitation, and therefore provide a sensitive probe of the ultrafast dynamics in the higher-lying state, S n. Raman gain profiles from the wavelength-dependent FSRS spectrum of the model compound 2,5-diphenylthiophene (DPT) reveal several modes with large displacement in the upper potential energy surface, including strong enhancement of a delocalized C-S-C stretching and ring deformation mode. The experimental results provide a benchmark for comparison with calculated spectra using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and equation-of-motion coupled-cluster theory with single and double excitations (EOM-CCSD), where the calculations are based on the time-dependent formalism for resonance Raman spectroscopy. The simulated spectra are obtained from S1-S n transition strengths and the energy gradients of the upper (S n) potential energy surfaces along the S1 normal mode coordinates. The experimental results provide a stringent test of the computational approach, and indicate important limitations based on the level of theory and basis set. This work provides a foundation for making more accurate assignments of resonance-enhanced excited-state Raman spectra, as well as extracting novel information about higher-lying excited states in the transient absorption spectrum of a molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Quincy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Matthew S Barclay
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Marco Caricato
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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17
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Chen W, Fan J, Ge A, Song H, Song Y, Liu B, Chai L, Wang C, Hu M. Intensity and temporal noise characteristics in femtosecond optical parametric amplifiers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:31263-31272. [PMID: 29245803 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.031263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We characterize the relative intensity noise (RIN) and relative timing jitter (RTJ) between the signal and pump pulses of optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) seeded by three different seed sources. Compared to a white-light continuum (WLC) seeded- and an optical parametric generator (OPG) seeded OPA, the narrowband CW seeded OPA exhibits the lowest root-mean-square (RMS) RIN and RTJ of 0.79% and 0.32 fs, respectively, integrated from 1 kHz to the Nyquist frequency of 1.25 MHz. An improved numerical model based on a forward Maxwell equation (FME) is built to investigate the transfers of the pump and seed's noise to the resulting OPAs' intensity and temporal fluctuation. Both the experimental and numerical study indicate that the low level of noise from the narrowband CW seeded OPA is attributed to the elimination of the RIN and RTJ coupled from the noise of seed source, being one of the important contributions to RIN and timing jitter in the other two OPAs. The approach to achieve lower level of noise from this CW seeded OPA by driving it close to saturation is also discussed with the same numerical model.
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18
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Barclay MS, Quincy TJ, Williams-Young DB, Caricato M, Elles CG. Accurate Assignments of Excited-State Resonance Raman Spectra: A Benchmark Study Combining Experiment and Theory. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:7937-7946. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Barclay
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Timothy J. Quincy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | | | - Marco Caricato
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G. Elles
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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19
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Kowalewski M, Fingerhut BP, Dorfman KE, Bennett K, Mukamel S. Simulating Coherent Multidimensional Spectroscopy of Nonadiabatic Molecular Processes: From the Infrared to the X-ray Regime. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12165-12226. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kowalewski
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Benjamin P. Fingerhut
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin E. Dorfman
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kochise Bennett
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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20
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Li Y, Xiang T, Nie Y, Sang M, Chen X. Spectral compression of single-photon-level laser pulse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43494. [PMID: 28240245 PMCID: PMC5327491 DOI: 10.1038/srep43494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate that the bandwidth of single photons laser pulse is compressed by a factor of 58 in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide chip. A positively chirped single photons laser pulse and a negatively chirped classical laser pulse are employed to produce a narrowband single photon pulse with new frequency through sum-frequency generation. In our experiment, the frequency and bandwidth of single photons at 1550 nm are simultaneously converted. Our results mark a critical step towards the realization of coherent photonic interface between quantum communication at 1550 nm and quantum memory in the near-visible window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory for Laser plasma (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory for Laser plasma (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiyou Nie
- Department of Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Minghuang Sang
- Department of Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory for Laser plasma (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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21
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Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) describes a family of techniques first discovered and developed in the 1960s. Whereas the nascent history of the technique is parallel to that of laser light sources, recent advances have spurred a resurgence in its use and development that has spanned across scientific fields and spatial scales. SRS is a nonlinear technique that probes the same vibrational modes of molecules that are seen in spontaneous Raman scattering. While spontaneous Raman scattering is an incoherent technique, SRS is a coherent process, and this fact provides several advantages over conventional Raman techniques, among which are much stronger signals and the ability to time-resolve the vibrational motions. Technological improvements in pulse generation and detection strategies have allowed SRS to probe increasingly smaller volumes and shorter time scales. This has enabled SRS research to move from its original domain, of probing bulk media, to imaging biological tissues and single cells at the micro scale, and, ultimately, to characterizing samples with subdiffraction resolution at the nanoscale. In this Review, we give an overview of the history of the technique, outline its basic properties, and present historical and current uses at multiple length scales to underline the utility of SRS to the molecular sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Prince
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine , 1436 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Renee R Frontiera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis , B-18, 139 Smith Hall, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Eric O Potma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , 1107 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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22
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Ferrante C, Pontecorvo E, Cerullo G, Vos MH, Scopigno T. Direct observation of subpicosecond vibrational dynamics in photoexcited myoglobin. Nat Chem 2016; 8:1137-1143. [PMID: 27874865 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Determining the initial pathway for ultrafast energy redistribution within biomolecules is a challenge, and haem proteins, for which energy can be deposited locally in the haem moiety using short light pulses, are suitable model systems to address this issue. However, data acquired using existing experimental techniques that fail to combine sufficient structural sensitivity with adequate time resolution have resulted in alternative hypotheses concerning the interplay between energy flow among highly excited vibrational levels and potential concomitant electronic processes. By developing a femtosecond-stimulated Raman set-up, endowed with the necessary tunability to take advantage of different resonance conditions, here we visualize the temporal evolution of energy redistribution over different vibrational modes in myoglobin. We establish that the vibrational energy initially stored in the highly excited Franck-Condon manifold is transferred with different timescales into low- and high-frequency modes, prior to slow dissipation through the protein. These findings demonstrate that a newly proposed mechanism involving the population dynamics of specific vibrational modes settles the controversy on the existence of transient electronic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ferrante
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma, La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - E Pontecorvo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma, La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - G Cerullo
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN-CNR), Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M H Vos
- LOB, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - T Scopigno
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma, La Sapienza, I-00185 Roma, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
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23
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Batignani G, Pontecorvo E, Ferrante C, Aschi M, Elles CG, Scopigno T. Visualizing Excited-State Dynamics of a Diaryl Thiophene: Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Scattering as a Probe of Conjugated Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2981-8. [PMID: 27428853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated organic polymers based on substituted thiophene units are versatile building blocks of many photoactive materials, such as photochromic molecular switches or solar energy conversion devices. Unraveling the different processes underlying their photochemistry, such as the evolution on different electronic states and multidimensional structural relaxation, is a challenge critical to defining their function. Using femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) supported by quantum chemical calculations, we visualize the reaction pathway upon photoexcitation of the model compound 2-methyl-5-phenylthiophene. Specifically, we find that the initial wavepacket dynamics of the reaction coordinates occurs within the first ≈1.5 ps, followed by a ≈10 ps thermalization. Subsequent slow opening of the thiophene ring through a cleavage of the carbon-sulfur bond triggers an intersystem crossing to the triplet excited state. Our work demonstrates how a detailed mapping of the excited-state dynamics can be obtained, combining simultaneous structural sensitivity and ultrafast temporal resolution of FSRS with the chemical information provided by time-dependent density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Batignani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza" , Roma I-00185, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Universitá degli Studi dell'Aquila , L'Aquila I-67100, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pontecorvo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza" , Roma I-00185, Italy
| | - Carino Ferrante
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza" , Roma I-00185, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Aschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Universitá degli Studi dell'Aquila , L'Aquila I-67100, Italy
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Tullio Scopigno
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza" , Roma I-00185, Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science @Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Roma I-00161, Italy
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24
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Nejbauer M, Kardaś TM, Stepanenko Y, Radzewicz C. Spectral compression of femtosecond pulses using chirped volume Bragg gratings. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2394-2397. [PMID: 27244372 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we demonstrate a 360 fold spectral bandwidth reduction of femtosecond laser pulses using the method of sum frequency generation of pulses with opposite chirps. The reduction has been achieved in a compact setup in which a single chirped volume Bragg grating replaces conventional stretcher and compressor units. Starting with 180 fs pulses, we have obtained, with a 30% overall efficiency, pulses longer than 100 ps with the spectral bandwidth of 0.23 cm-1 (7 GHz). We also discuss our method on theoretical grounds.
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25
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Batignani G, Fumero G, Mukamel S, Scopigno T. Energy flow between spectral components in 2D broadband stimulated Raman spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:10454-61. [PMID: 25802897 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05361c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a general theoretical description of non resonant impulsive femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy in a multimode harmonic model. In this technique an ultrashort actinic pulse creates coherences of low frequency modes and is followed by a paired narrowband Raman pulse and a broadband probe pulse. Using closed-time-path-loop (CTPL) diagrams, the response on both the red and the blue sides of the broadband pulse with respect to the narrowband Raman pulse is calculated, the process couples high and low frequency modes, which share the same ground state. The transmitted intensity oscillates between the red and the blue side, while the total number of photons is conserved. The total energy of the probe signal is periodically modulated in time by the coherence created in the low frequency modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Batignani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma "Sapienza", I-00185 Roma, Italy
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26
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Dietze DR, Mathies RA. Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1224-51. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Dietze
- Department of Chemistry; University of California in Berkeley; CA Berkeley 94720 USA
| | - Richard A. Mathies
- Department of Chemistry; University of California in Berkeley; CA Berkeley 94720 USA
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27
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Electronic resonances in broadband stimulated Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18445. [PMID: 26728791 PMCID: PMC4700463 DOI: 10.1038/srep18445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy is a formidable tool to probe molecular vibrations. Under electronic resonance conditions, the cross section can be selectively enhanced enabling structural sensitivity to specific chromophores and reaction centers. The addition of an ultrashort, broadband femtosecond pulse to the excitation field allows for coherent stimulation of diverse molecular vibrations. Within such a scheme, vibrational spectra are engraved onto a highly directional field, and can be heterodyne detected overwhelming fluorescence and other incoherent signals. At variance with spontaneous resonance Raman, however, interpreting the spectral information is not straightforward, due to the manifold of field interactions concurring to the third order nonlinear response. Taking as an example vibrational spectra of heme proteins excited in the Soret band, we introduce a general approach to extract the stimulated Raman excitation profiles from complex spectral lineshapes. Specifically, by a quantum treatment of the matter through density matrix description of the third order nonlinear polarization, we identify the contributions which generate the Raman bands, by taking into account for the cross section of each process.
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28
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Fumero G, Batignani G, Dorfman KE, Mukamel S, Scopigno T. On the Resolution Limit of Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy: Modelling Fifth-Order Signals with Overlapping Pulses. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3438-43. [PMID: 26387662 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) spectroscopy is a powerful pump-probe technique that can track electronic and vibrational dynamics with high spectral and temporal resolution. The investigation of extremely short-lived species, however, implies deciphering complex signals and is ultimately hampered by unwanted nonlinear effects once the time resolution limit is approached and the pulses overlap temporally. Using the loop diagrams formalism we calculate the fifth-order response of a model system and address the limiting case where the relevant dynamics timescale is comparable to the pump-pulse duration and, consequently, the pump and the probe overlap temporally. We find that in this regime, additional diagrams that do not contribute for temporally well separated pulses need to be taken into account, giving rise to new time-dependent features, even in the absence of photoinduced dynamics and for negative delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fumero
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza", I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Batignani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza", I-00185, Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Universitá degli Studi, dell'Aquila, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Konstantin E Dorfman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, California, 92697-2025, Irvine, USA
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza", I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Tullio Scopigno
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza", I-00185, Roma, Italy. .,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 295 Viale Regina Elena, I-00161, Roma, Italy.
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29
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Molesky BP, Guo Z, Moran AM. Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy by six-wave mixing. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:212405. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4914095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Molesky
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Zhenkun Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Andrew M. Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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30
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Kardaś TM, Ratajska-Gadomska B, Lapini A, Ragnoni E, Righini R, Di Donato M, Foggi P, Gadomski W. Dynamics of the time-resolved stimulated Raman scattering spectrum in presence of transient vibronic inversion of population on the example of optically excited trans-β-apo-8'-carotenal. J Chem Phys 2015; 140:204312. [PMID: 24880285 DOI: 10.1063/1.4879060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the effect of transient vibrational inversion of population in trans-β-apo-8(')-carotenal on the time-resolved femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (TR-FSRS) signal. The experimental data are interpreted by applying a quantum mechanical approach, using the formalism of projection operators for constructing the theoretical model of TR-FSRS. Within this theoretical frame we explain the presence of transient Raman losses on the Stokes side of the TR-FSRS spectrum as the effect of vibrational inversion of population. In view of the obtained experimental and theoretical results, we conclude that the excited S2 electronic level of trans-β-apo-8(')-carotenal relaxes towards the S0 ground state through a set of four vibrational sublevels of S1 state.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Kardaś
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - B Ratajska-Gadomska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Lapini
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Universit`a di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - E Ragnoni
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Universit`a di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - R Righini
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Universit`a di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - M Di Donato
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Universit`a di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - P Foggi
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Universit`a di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - W Gadomski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Fröbel S, Buschhaus L, Villnow T, Weingart O, Gilch P. The photoformation of a phthalide: a ketene intermediate traced by FSRS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:376-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03351e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy, transient absorption and quantum chemistry are combined to unravel the complex path of phthalide photoformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Fröbel
- Heinrich Heine Universität
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Laura Buschhaus
- Heinrich Heine Universität
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Torben Villnow
- Heinrich Heine Universität
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Heinrich Heine Universität
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Peter Gilch
- Heinrich Heine Universität
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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32
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Molesky BP, Giokas PG, Guo Z, Moran AM. Multidimensional resonance raman spectroscopy by six-wave mixing in the deep UV. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:114202. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4894846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Molesky
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Paul G. Giokas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Zhenkun Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Andrew M. Moran
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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33
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Pontecorvo E, Ferrante C, Elles CG, Scopigno T. Structural Rearrangement Accompanying the Ultrafast Electrocyclization Reaction of a Photochromic Molecular Switch. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6915-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pontecorvo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Carino Ferrante
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Christopher G. Elles
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Tullio Scopigno
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Centre
for Life Nano Science IIT@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, I-00161 Roma, Italy
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34
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Dorfman KE, Fingerhut BP, Mukamel S. Time-resolved broadband Raman spectroscopies: a unified six-wave-mixing representation. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:124113. [PMID: 24089756 DOI: 10.1063/1.4821228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excited-state vibrational dynamics in molecules can be studied by an electronically off-resonant Raman process induced by a probe pulse with variable delay with respect to an actinic pulse. We establish the connection between several variants of the technique that involve either spontaneous or stimulated Raman detection and different pulse configurations. By using loop diagrams in the frequency domain, we show that all signals can be described as six wave mixing which depend on the same four point molecular correlation functions involving two transition dipoles and two polarizabilities and accompanied by a different gating. Simulations for the stochastic two-state-jump model illustrate the origin of the absorptive and dispersive features observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin E Dorfman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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35
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Hoffman DP, Valley D, Ellis SR, Creelman M, Mathies RA. Optimally shaped narrowband picosecond pulses for femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:21685-92. [PMID: 24104042 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.021685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A comparison between a Fabry-Pérot etalon filter and a conventional grating filter for producing the picosecond (ps) Raman pump pulses for femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) is presented. It is shown that for pulses of equal energy the etalon filter produces Raman signals twice as large as that of the grating filter while suppressing the electronically resonant background signal. The time asymmetric profile of the etalon-generated pulse is shown to be responsible for both of these observations. A theoretical discussion is presented which quantitatively supports this hypothesis. It is concluded that etalons are the ideal method for the generation of narrowband ps pulses for FSRS because of the optical simplicity, efficiency, improved FSRS intensity and reduced backgrounds.
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