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Reck J, Kleinert M, Mihov K, Kresse M, Yilmaz C, Hoffmann C, Hoffmann P, Froese V, Kertzscher U, Mykhailiuk K, Michaelis J, Weigel W, Scholand S, Heupke HJ, Weigel M, De Felipe D, Qian T, Conradi H, Zawadzki C, Keil N, Schell M. Eight-channel SiNx microring-resonator based photonic biosensor for label-free fluid analysis in the optical C-band. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38083739 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
A lab-on-a-chip multichannel sensing platform for biomedical analysis based on optical silicon nitride (SiNx) microring-resonators (MRR) was established. The resonators were surface functionalized and finally combined with a microfluidic chamber for validation using an avidin-biotin ligand-binding assay. The results with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.3∙10-5 and a mean intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) of ±10.0 %, also under consideration of FDA guidelines, show promising future applicability for a wide variety of targets in the field of outpatient medical diagnostics and life science.Clinical Relevance- Biomarkers play a crucial role in physiological processes of the human body. To enable instantaneous and decentralized analysis of these markers, systems are needed that can be used in a laboratory-independent environment with minimal amounts of biofluid. An example is the utilization of such systems for neonates or infants.
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2
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Laplatine L, Fournier M, Gaignebet N, Hou Y, Mathey R, Herrier C, Liu J, Descloux D, Gautheron B, Livache T. Silicon photonic olfactory sensor based on an array of 64 biofunctionalized Mach-Zehnder interferometers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:33955-33968. [PMID: 36242419 DOI: 10.1364/oe.461858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photonics can address a variety of applications, from datacom and biosensing to lidars. Recently, this technology has been explored for gas sensing. Detection and identification of odors remains a critical challenge in diverse areas such as air quality, food spoilage, or personal well-being. In this work, we present an olfactory sensor based on an array of 64 biofunctionalized Mach-Zehnder interferometers integrated on a silicon nitride platform. The ability to analyze odors at ppm level is demonstrated for several volatile organic compounds.
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3
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Conteduca D, Arruda GS, Barth I, Wang Y, Krauss TF, Martins ER. Beyond Q: The Importance of the Resonance Amplitude for Photonic Sensors. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1757-1763. [PMID: 35607641 PMCID: PMC9121374 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Resonant photonic sensors are enjoying much attention based on the worldwide drive toward personalized healthcare diagnostics and the need to better monitor the environment. Recent developments exploiting novel concepts such as metasurfaces, bound states in the continuum, and topological sensing have added to the interest in this topic. The drive toward increasingly higher quality (Q)-factors, combined with the requirement for low costs, makes it critical to understand the impact of realistic limitations such as losses on photonic sensors. Traditionally, it is assumed that the reduction in the Q-factor sufficiently accounts for the presence of loss. Here, we highlight that this assumption is overly simplistic, and we show that losses have a stronger impact on the resonance amplitude than on the Q-factor. We note that the effect of the resonance amplitude has been largely ignored in the literature, and there is no physical model clearly describing the relationship between the limit of detection (LOD), Q-factor, and resonance amplitude. We have, therefore, developed a novel, ab initio analytical model, where we derive the complete figure of merit for resonant photonic sensors and determine their LOD. In addition to highlighting the importance of the optical losses and the resonance amplitude, we show that, counter-intuitively, optimization of the LOD is not achieved by maximization of the Q-factor but by counterbalancing the Q-factor and amplitude. We validate the model experimentally, put it into context, and show that it is essential for applying novel sensing concepts in realistic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Conteduca
- Photonics
Group, School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Guilherme S. Arruda
- São
Carlos School of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos-SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Isabel Barth
- Photonics
Group, School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Yue Wang
- Photonics
Group, School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Thomas F. Krauss
- Photonics
Group, School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Emiliano R. Martins
- São
Carlos School of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos-SP 13566-590, Brazil
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4
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Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Detection Limits of Immunoanalytical Systems: Limiting Factors and Methods of Reduction. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822040141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Spectroscopy and Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) Biosensors: A Comparative Review. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22082901. [PMID: 35458884 PMCID: PMC9028357 DOI: 10.3390/s22082901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Label-free direct-optical biosensors such as surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy has become a gold standard in biochemical analytics in centralized laboratories. Biosensors based on photonic integrated circuits (PIC) are based on the same physical sensing mechanism: evanescent field sensing. PIC-based biosensors can play an important role in healthcare, especially for point-of-care diagnostics, if challenges for a transfer from research laboratory to industrial applications can be overcome. Research is at this threshold, which presents a great opportunity for innovative on-site analyses in the health and environmental sectors. A deeper understanding of the innovative PIC technology is possible by comparing it with the well-established SPR spectroscopy. In this work, we shortly introduce both technologies and reveal similarities and differences. Further, we review some latest advances and compare both technologies in terms of surface functionalization and sensor performance.
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6
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Leuermann J, Stamenkovic V, Ramirez-Priego P, Sánchez-Postigo A, Fernández-Gavela A, Chapman CA, Bailey RC, Lechuga LM, Perez-Inestrosa E, Collado D, Halir R, Molina-Fernández Í. Coherent silicon photonic interferometric biosensor with an inexpensive laser source for sensitive label-free immunoassays. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6595-6598. [PMID: 33325848 DOI: 10.1364/ol.411635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, integrated photonic sensors have been of major interest to the optical biosensor community due to their capability to detect low concentrations of molecules with label-free operation. Among these, interferometric sensors can be read-out with simple, fixed-wavelength laser sources and offer excellent detection limits but can suffer from sensitivity fading when not tuned to their quadrature point. Recently, coherently detected sensors were demonstrated as an attractive alternative to overcome this limitation. Here we show, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that this coherent scheme provides sub-nanogram per milliliter limits of detection in C-reactive protein immunoassays and that quasi-balanced optical arm lengths enable operation with inexpensive Fabry-Perot-type lasers sources at telecom wavelengths.
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Pérez-Armenta C, Ortega-Moñux A, Čtyroký J, Cheben P, Schmid JH, Halir R, Molina-Fernández Í, Wangüemert-Pérez JG. Narrowband Bragg filters based on subwavelength grating waveguides for silicon photonic sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:37971-37985. [PMID: 33379620 DOI: 10.1364/oe.404364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguides have been shown to provide enhanced light-matter interaction resulting in superior sensitivity in integrated photonics sensors. Narrowband integrated optical filters can be made by combining SWG waveguides with evanescently coupled Bragg gratings. In this paper, we assess the sensing capabilities of this novel filtering component with rigorous electromagnetic simulations. Our design is optimized for an operating wavelength of 1310 nm to benefit from lower water absorption and achieve narrower bandwidths than at the conventional wavelength of 1550 nm. Results show that the sensor achieves a sensitivity of 507 nm/RIU and a quality factor of 4.9 × 104, over a large dynamic range circumventing the free spectral range limit of conventional devices. Furthermore, the intrinsic limit of detection, 5.1 × 10-5 RIU constitutes a 10-fold enhancement compared to state-of-the-art resonant waveguide sensors.
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Li Z, Huang X, Liu Y, Kuang Y, Guan H, Tian L, Li Z, Han W. Ultra-compact low-loss variable-ratio 1×2 power splitter with ultra-low phase deviation based on asymmetric ladder-shaped multimode interference coupler. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:34137-34146. [PMID: 33182890 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel optical 1×2 power splitter based on an asymmetric ladder-shaped multimode interference (MMI) coupler in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) which has an ultra-compact size of 3.3 µm×2.4 µm. A trapezoid with a small region is removed from the bottom left corner of the MMI coupler to achieve variable splitting ratio. The comparison with the asymmetric rectangular 1×2 splitter is numerically analyzed. By carefully optimizing the width of input taper, the proposed splitter shows a low phase deviation for the two output ports while keeping both of a low-loss performance and feasible splitting ratio. The simulated results show that the splitter can operate with an insertion loss less than 0.67 dB, a large range of splitting ratio from 50:50 to 11:89 and an ultra-low phase deviation less than 2.8° among the C band spectra.
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Gauglitz G. Critical assessment of relevant methods in the field of biosensors with direct optical detection based on fibers and waveguides using plasmonic, resonance, and interference effects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3317-3349. [PMID: 32313998 PMCID: PMC7214504 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Direct optical detection has proven to be a highly interesting tool in biomolecular interaction analysis to be used in drug discovery, ligand/receptor interactions, environmental analysis, clinical diagnostics, screening of large data volumes in immunology, cancer therapy, or personalized medicine. In this review, the fundamental optical principles and applications are reviewed. Devices are based on concepts such as refractometry, evanescent field, waveguides modes, reflectometry, resonance and/or interference. They are realized in ring resonators; prism couplers; surface plasmon resonance; resonant mirror; Bragg grating; grating couplers; photonic crystals, Mach-Zehnder, Young, Hartman interferometers; backscattering; ellipsometry; or reflectance interferometry. The physical theories of various optical principles have already been reviewed in detail elsewhere and are therefore only cited. This review provides an overall survey on the application of these methods in direct optical biosensing. The "historical" development of the main principles is given to understand the various, and sometimes only slightly modified variations published as "new" methods or the use of a new acronym and commercialization by different companies. Improvement of optics is only one way to increase the quality of biosensors. Additional essential aspects are the surface modification of transducers, immobilization strategies, selection of recognition elements, the influence of non-specific interaction, selectivity, and sensitivity. Furthermore, papers use for reporting minimal amounts of detectable analyte terms such as value of mass, moles, grams, or mol/L which are difficult to compare. Both these essential aspects (i.e., biochemistry and the presentation of LOD values) can be discussed only in brief (but references are provided) in order to prevent the paper from becoming too long. The review will concentrate on a comparison of the optical methods, their application, and the resulting bioanalytical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Gauglitz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Torrijos-Morán L, Griol A, García-Rupérez J. Experimental study of subwavelength grating bimodal waveguides as ultrasensitive interferometric sensors. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4702-4705. [PMID: 31568421 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the recent years, subwavelength grating (SWG) structures have increasingly attracted attention in the area of evanescent-field photonic sensors. In this Letter, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate experimentally the real-time refractive index (RI) sensing using the SWG bimodal interferometric structures. Two different configurations are considered to compare the effect of the nonlinear phase shift, obtained between the two first transverse electromagnetic propagating modes, in the measured bulk sensitivity. Very high experimental values up to 2270 nm/RIU are reached, which perfectly match the numerical simulations and significantly enhance other existing SWG and spectral-based sensors. By measuring the spectral shift, the obtained experimental sensitivity does not depend on the sensor length. As a result, a highly sensitive and compact single-channel interferometer is experimentally validated for refractive index sensing, thus opening new paths in the field of optical integrated sensors.
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Leuermann J, Fernández-Gavela A, Torres-Cubillo A, Postigo S, Sánchez-Postigo A, Lechuga LM, Halir R, Molina-Fernández Í. Optimizing the Limit of Detection of Waveguide-Based Interferometric Biosensor Devices. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19173671. [PMID: 31450817 PMCID: PMC6749351 DOI: 10.3390/s19173671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Waveguide-based photonic sensors provide a unique combination of high sensitivity, compact size and label-free, multiplexed operation. Interferometric configurations furthermore enable a simple, fixed-wavelength read-out making them particularly suitable for low-cost diagnostic and monitoring devices. Their limit of detection, i.e., the lowest analyte concentration that can be reliably observed, mainly depends on the sensors response to small refractive index changes, and the noise in the read-out system. While enhancements in the sensors response have been extensively studied, noise optimization has received much less attention. Here we show that order-of-magnitude enhancements in the limit of detection can be achieved through systematic noise reduction, and demonstrate a limit of detection of ∼10−8RIU with a silicon nitride sensor operating at telecom wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Leuermann
- Bionand Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain.
- Department de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones, Universidad de Málaga, ETSI Telecomunicación, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | | | - Antonia Torres-Cubillo
- Department de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones, Universidad de Málaga, ETSI Telecomunicación, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Sergio Postigo
- Department de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Málaga, Térmica y de Fluidos, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Postigo
- Department de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones, Universidad de Málaga, ETSI Telecomunicación, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura M Lechuga
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, BIST and CIBER-BBN Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Halir
- Bionand Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Department de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones, Universidad de Málaga, ETSI Telecomunicación, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Íñigo Molina-Fernández
- Bionand Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Department de Ingeniería de Comunicaciones, Universidad de Málaga, ETSI Telecomunicación, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Knoerzer M, Szydzik C, Ren G, Huertas CS, Palmer S, Tang P, Nguyen TG, Bui L, Boes A, Mitchell A. Optical frequency comb based system for photonic refractive index sensor interrogation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:21532-21545. [PMID: 31510229 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.021532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we demonstrate how an optical frequency comb can be used to enhance the functionality of an integrated photonic biosensor platform. We show that if an optical frequency comb is used to sample the spectral response of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and if the line spacing is arranged to sample the periodic response at 120° intervals, then it is possible to combine these samples into a single measurement of the interferometer phase. This phase measurement approach is accurate, independent of the bias of the interferometer and robust against intensity fluctuations that are common to each of the comb lines. We demonstrate this approach with a simple silicon photonic interferometric refractive index sensor and show that the benefits of our approach can be obtained without degrading the lower limit of detection of 3.70×10-7 RIU.
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