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Power Flow in Multimode Graded-Index Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061474. [PMID: 36987254 PMCID: PMC10059950 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate mode coupling in a multimode graded-index microstructured polymer optical fiber (GI mPOF) with a solid core by solving the time-independent power flow equation (TI PFE). Using launch beams with various radial offsets, it is possible to calculate for such an optical fiber the transients of the modal power distribution, the length Lc at which an equilibrium mode distribution (EMD) is reached, and the length zs for establishing a steady-state distribution (SSD). In contrast to the conventional GI POF, the GI mPOF explored in this study achieves the EMD at a shorter length Lc. The earlier shift to the phase of slower bandwidth decrease would result from the shorter Lc. These results are helpful for the implementation of multimode GI mPOFs as a part of communications and optical fiber sensory systems.
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2
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Sakowicz B, Kamiński M, Dudek M, Kurzych AT, Jaroszewicz LR. Post-Processing of Raw Data Recorded Continuously Using a FORS-Fibre-Optic Rotational Seismograph. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8673. [PMID: 36433269 PMCID: PMC9695366 DOI: 10.3390/s22228673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Modern optoelectronic devices use the advantage of digital systems for data processing aimed at delivering reliable information. However, since commonly used DACs have limited accuracy, some artefacts can be observed in data streams, especially in systems designed for continuous, long-term process monitoring. In this paper, the authors' experience with data enhancement using a fibre-optic rotational seismograph (FORS) operating in a closed-loop mode is presented and discussed. Generally, two kinds of enhancement are described. The first one uses suitable filtering techniques adequate for FORS noise investigation, as well as a suitable data resampling method for transmitted data file size reduction. The second one relates to the artefacts observed during data recording in real time. The recording starting point is triggered when the detected signal exceeds a middle signal level and, therefore, the existence of artefacts generally disturbs the recording process. Although the artefacts are easily recognised by human eyes even at first sight, their automatic elimination is not so easy. In this paper, the authors propose a new concept of signal filtering to solve the above problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Sakowicz
- Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, 221 Wólczanska St., 93-005 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Kamiński
- Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, 221 Wólczanska St., 93-005 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Dudek
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
- Elproma Elektronika Sp. z o. o., 2A Duńska St., 05-152 Czosnow, Poland
| | - Anna T. Kurzych
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
- Elproma Elektronika Sp. z o. o., 2A Duńska St., 05-152 Czosnow, Poland
| | - Leszek R. Jaroszewicz
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
- Elproma Elektronika Sp. z o. o., 2A Duńska St., 05-152 Czosnow, Poland
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3
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Synthesis of Carbon Nanodots from Sugarcane Syrup, and Their Incorporation into a Hydrogel-Based Composite to Fabricate Innovative Fluorescent Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibers. Gels 2022; 8:gels8090553. [PMID: 36135265 PMCID: PMC9498784 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are interesting materials due to their intrinsic fluorescence, electron-transfer properties, and low toxicity. Here, we report a sustainable, cheap, and scalable methodology to obtain CNDs from sugarcane syrup using a domestic microwave oven. The CNDs were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, absorption, and emission spectroscopies. The CNDs have 3 nm in diameter with low polydispersity and are fluorescent. A fluorescent hydrogel–CNDs composite was obtained using gelatin polypeptide as the polymeric matrix. The new hydrogel–CNDs composite was incorporated in the cavities of a double-clad optical fiber using an innovative approach that resulted in a microstructured polymer optical fiber with intrinsic fluorescence. This work shows a promising alternative for the fabrication of fluorescent materials since the CNDs synthesis is sustainable and environmentally friendly. These CNDs might substitute the rare-earth and other heavy metals of high cost and toxicity, which are usually incorporated in double-clad fibers for applications on lasers, amplifiers, and spectroscopy.
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4
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Savović S, Li L, Savović I, Djordjevich A, Min R. Treatment of Mode Coupling in Step-Index Multimode Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibers by the Langevin Equation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061243. [PMID: 35335573 PMCID: PMC8952213 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
By solving the Langevin equation, mode coupling in a multimode step-index microstructured polymer optical fibers (SI mPOF) with a solid core was investigated. The numerical integration of the Langevin equation was based on the computer-simulated Langevin force. The numerical solution of the Langevin equation corresponded to the previously reported theoretical data. We demonstrated that by solving the Langevin equation (stochastic differential equation), one can successfully treat a mode coupling in multimode SI mPOF as a stochastic process, since it is caused by its intrinsic random perturbations. Thus, the Langevin equation allowed for a stochastic mathematical description of mode coupling in SI mPOF. Regarding the efficiency and execution speed, the Langevin equation was more favorable than the power flow equation. Such knowledge is useful for the use of multimode SI mPOFs for potential sensing and communication applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetislav Savović
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (S.S.); (L.L.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Linqing Li
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (S.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Isidora Savović
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Alexandar Djordjevich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (S.S.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Lallana PC, Aldabaldetreku G, López A, Montero DS, Durana G, Mateo J, Losada MÁ, Zubia J, Vázquez C. Sensing Applications in Aircrafts Using Polymer Optical Fibres. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21113605. [PMID: 34064285 PMCID: PMC8196816 DOI: 10.3390/s21113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on recent advances in the use of inexpensive polymer optical fibres (POFs) for sensing applications in avionics. The sensors analysed in this manuscript take advantage of the unique properties of polymers, such as high flexibility, elasticity, and sensitivity, and they range from strain, elongation, and vibration interrogators to level and temperature meters, leading to cost-effective techniques for structural health monitoring in aircraft structures. We also highlight recent power-supply methods using Power-over-POF in order to feed sensors remotely, and we discuss the constraints imposed by connectors on the performance of POF networks in aircrafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro C. Lallana
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, E-28911 Leganés, Spain;
- Correspondence: (P.C.L.); (C.V.)
| | - Gotzon Aldabaldetreku
- Communications Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain; (G.A.); (G.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Alicia López
- GTF, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (i3A), University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 1, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (J.M.); (M.Á.L.)
| | - David S. Montero
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, E-28911 Leganés, Spain;
| | - Gaizka Durana
- Communications Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain; (G.A.); (G.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Javier Mateo
- GTF, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (i3A), University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 1, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (J.M.); (M.Á.L.)
| | - M. Ángeles Losada
- GTF, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (i3A), University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 1, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (J.M.); (M.Á.L.)
| | - Joseba Zubia
- Communications Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain; (G.A.); (G.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Carmen Vázquez
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, E-28911 Leganés, Spain;
- Correspondence: (P.C.L.); (C.V.)
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Polycarbonate mPOF-Based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for Temperature and Strain Measurement. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20226643. [PMID: 33233511 PMCID: PMC7699560 DOI: 10.3390/s20226643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an endlessly single mode microstructured polymer optical fiber (mPOF) in a Mach–Zehnder (M–Z) interferometer configuration is demonstrated for temperature and strain measurement. Because there is no commercial splicer applied for POF-silica optical fiber (SOF) connectorization, prior to the M–Z interferometric sensing, we introduce an imaging projecting method to align a polycarbonate mPOF to a SOF and then the splice is cured permanently using ultraviolet (UV) glue. A He-Ne laser beam at 632.8 nm coupled in a SOF is divided by a 1 × 2 fiber coupler to propagate in two fiber arms. A piece of mPOF is inserted in one arm for sensing implementation and the interference fringes are monitored by a camera. For non-annealed fiber, the temperature sensitivity is found to be 25.5 fringes/°C for increasing temperature and 20.6 fringes/°C for decreasing temperature. The converted sensitivity per unit length is 135.6 fringes/°C/m for increasing temperature, which is twice as much as the silica fiber, or 852.2 rad/°C/m (optical phase change versus fiber temperature), which is more than four times as much as that for the PMMA fiber. To solve the sensitivity disagreement, the fiber was annealed at 125 °C for 36 h. Just after the thermal treatment, the temperature measurement was conducted with sensitivities of 16.8 fringes/°C and 21.3 fringes/°C for increasing and decreasing process, respectively. One month after annealing, the linear response was improved showing a temperature sensitivity of ~20.7 fringes/°C in forward and reverse temperature measurement. For the strain measurement based on non-annealed fiber, the sensitivity was found to be ~1463 fringes/%ε showing repeatable linear response for forward and reverse strain. The fiber axial force sensitivity was calculated to be ~2886 fringes/N, showing a force measurement resolution of ~3.47 × 10−4 N. The sensing methodology adopted in this work shows several advantages, such as very low cost, high sensitivity, a straightforward sensing mechanism, and ease of fabrication.
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7
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Bend-Direction and Rotation Plastic Optical Fiber Sensor. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185405. [PMID: 32967211 PMCID: PMC7570926 DOI: 10.3390/s20185405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A plastic filament of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was fabricated by extrusion. The mode confinement was simulated using numerical software. The idea is to study how the light intensity changes inside the plastic optical fiber (POF) when a bending in multiple directions is applied. The results obtained from the simulation were compared to the experimental observations. The non-circular shape of the POF allows sensing a rotation applied as well. The angle of rotation was obtained processing two images of the end facet of the fiber (one with the fiber in a reference position and one with the rotated fiber), using an intensity-based automatic image registration. The accuracy in the rotation calculation was of 0.01°.
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8
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Jakobs F, Harms K, Kielhorn J, Zaremba D, Ang PY, Kowalsky W, Johannes HH. Homogeneous Distribution of Polymerizable Coumarin Dyes for Active Few Mode POF. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:ma13081975. [PMID: 32340260 PMCID: PMC7216089 DOI: 10.3390/ma13081975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For most kinds of active polymer optical fibers, a homogeneous distribution of dye molecules over the entire fiber length and cross section is required. In this study, chemical bonding of dyes to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by copolymerization is achieved within the polymerization process instead of dissolving the dyes in the monomers. In combination with an improved fabrication mechanism, this leads to homogeneous dye distribution within the preforms. A method for proving the integration of the dyes into the polymer chains has been developed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Prestructured core-cladding preforms with dye-doped poly(cylohexyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate)-core have been prepared with the Teflon string technique and were heat-drawn to few mode fibers.
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9
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Suspended-Core Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibers and Potential Applications in Sensing. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19163449. [PMID: 31394753 PMCID: PMC6719154 DOI: 10.3390/s19163449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of the fabrication, material selection, and properties of microstructured polymer optical fibers (MPOFs) has long attracted great interest. This ever-increasing interest is due to their wide range of applications, mainly in sensing, including temperature, pressure, chemical, and biological species. This manuscript reviews the manufacturing of MPOFs, including the most recent single-step process involving extrusion from a modified 3D printer. MPOFs sensing applications are then discussed, with a stress on the benefit of using polymers.
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10
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An Ultrashort Wavelength Multi/Demultiplexer via Rectangular Liquid-Infiltrated Dual-Core Polymer Optical Fiber. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12101709. [PMID: 31130714 PMCID: PMC6567286 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We propose a rectangular liquid-infiltrated dual-core polymer optical fiber (POF) for short-range communication systems by the beam propagation method (BPM). The POF multi/demultiplexer (MUX/DEMUX) at the wavelengths of 0.52/0.65-μm, 0.57/0.65-μm, and 0.52/0.57-μm are devised. The simulation results demonstrate that the ultrashort length of three ultrashort POF couplers are 183.6 μm, 288 μm, and 799.5 μm. Compared with the conventional optical fiber couplers, these results could have significant applications in the miniaturization of optical devices for visible light communication.
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11
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Talataisong W, Ismaeel R, Sandoghchi SR, Rutirawut T, Topley G, Beresna M, Brambilla G. Novel method for manufacturing optical fiber: extrusion and drawing of microstructured polymer optical fibers from a 3D printer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:32007-32013. [PMID: 30650779 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.032007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microstructured polymer optical fibers (MPOFs) have long attracted great interest due to their wide range of applications in biological and chemical sensing. In this manuscript, we demonstrate a novel technique of manufacturing MPOF via a single-step procedure by means of a 3D printer. A suspended-core polymer optical fiber has been extruded and directly drawn from a micro-structured 3D printer nozzle by using an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer. Near-field imaging at the fiber facet performed at the wavelength λ~1550 nm clearly indicates guidance in the fiber core. The propagation loss has been experimentally demonstrated to be better than α = 1.1 dB/cm. This work points toward direct MPOFs manufacturing of varieties of materials and structures of optical fibers from 3D printers using a single manufacturing step.
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12
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Saghaei H. Dispersion-engineered microstructured optical fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:5591-5598. [PMID: 30118069 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.005591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the large scientific and technical interest in the mid-infrared (MIR) spectral region, and the limitations of MIR light sources, we focus on the generation of a broad supercontinuum inside a short piece of As2Se3 microstructured optical fiber (MOF) with a square lattice. This is accomplished by filling the holes in the innermost ring of the proposed MOF with Ge33As12Se55 to produce ultraflat and near-zero dispersion. Simulations reveal that, by launching 100 fs input pulses centered at λ0=6.2 μm with a peak power of 2 kW into the MOF, an optical spectrum as wide as 9.5 μm will be achieved. This spectrum is a suitable source for MIR applications such as spectroscopy, food quality control, and gas sensing.
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13
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Arrospide E, Durana G, Azkune M, Aldabaldetreku G, Bikandi I, Ruiz-Rubio L, Zubia J. Polymers beyond standard optical fibres - fabrication of microstructured polymer optical fibres. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eneko Arrospide
- Department of Applied Mathematics; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Bilbao Spain
| | - Gaizka Durana
- Department of Communications Engineering; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Bilbao Spain
| | - Mikel Azkune
- Department of Communications Engineering; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Bilbao Spain
| | - Gotzon Aldabaldetreku
- Department of Communications Engineering; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Bilbao Spain
| | - Iñaki Bikandi
- Department of Communications Engineering; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Bilbao Spain
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LABQUIMAC), Department of Physical Chemistry; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Leioa Spain
| | - Joseba Zubia
- Department of Communications Engineering; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Bilbao Spain
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14
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Luo J, Tian F, Qu H, Li L, Zhang J, Yang X, Yuan L. Design and numerical analysis of a THz square porous-core photonic crystal fiber for low flattened dispersion, ultrahigh birefringence. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:6993-7001. [PMID: 29048048 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.006993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a kind of square porous-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for polarization-maintaining terahertz (THz) wave guidance. An asymmetry is introduced by implementing rectangular array air holes in the porous core of the PCF, and ultrahigh birefringence and low effective material loss (EML) can be achieved simultaneously. The properties of THz wave propagation are analyzed numerically in detail. The numerical results indicate that the proposed fiber offers a high birefringence of 0.063 and a low EML of 0.081 cm-1 at 1 THz. Moreover, a very low flattened dispersion profile is observed over a wide frequency domain of 0.85-1.9 THz. The zero flattened dispersion can be controlled. It is predicted that this PCF would be used potentially in polarization maintaining and dispersion management of THz waves.
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15
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Thermo-tunable hybrid photonic crystal fiber based on solution-processed chalcogenide glass nanolayers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31711. [PMID: 27538726 PMCID: PMC4990916 DOI: 10.1038/srep31711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility to combine silica photonic crystal fiber (PCF) as low-loss platform with advanced functional materials, offers an enormous range of choices for the development of fiber-based tunable devices. Here, we report a tunable hybrid silica PCF with integrated As2S3 glass nanolayers inside the air-capillaries of the fiber based on a solution-processed glass approach. The deposited high-index layers revealed antiresonant transmission windows from ~500 nm up to ~1300 nm. We experimentally demonstrate for the first time the possibility to thermally-tune the revealed antiresonances by taking advantage the high thermo-optic coefficient of the solution-processed nanolayers. Two different hybrid fiber structures, with core diameter 10 and 5 μm, were developed and characterized using a supercontinuum source. The maximum sensitivity was measured to be as high as 3.6 nm/°C at 1300 nm. The proposed fiber device could potentially constitute an efficient route towards realization of monolithic tunable fiber filters or sensing elements.
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16
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Islam R, Habib MS, Hasanuzzaman GKM, Rana S, Sadath MA. Novel porous fiber based on dual-asymmetry for low-loss polarization maintaining THz wave guidance. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:440-443. [PMID: 26907392 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we suggest a novel kind of porous-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) (to the best of our knowledge) for efficient transportation of polarization maintaining (PM) terahertz (THz) waves. We introduce an asymmetry in both the porous-core and the porous-cladding of the structure to achieve an ultra-high birefringence. Besides, only circular air holes have been used to represent the structure, which makes the fiber remarkably simple. The transmission characteristics have been numerically examined based on an efficient finite element method (FEM). The numerical results confirm a high birefringence of ∼0.045 and a very low effective absorption loss of 0.08 cm(-1) for optimal design parameters at 1 THz. We have also thoroughly investigated some important modal properties such as bending loss, power fraction, dispersion, and fabrication possibilities to completely analyze the structure's usability in a multitude of THz appliances. Moreover, physical insights of the proposed fiber have also been discussed.
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17
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Woyessa G, Fasano A, Stefani A, Markos C, Nielsen K, Rasmussen HK, Bang O. Single mode step-index polymer optical fiber for humidity insensitive high temperature fiber Bragg grating sensors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:1253-60. [PMID: 26832507 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated the first single-mode step-index and humidity insensitive polymer optical fiber operating in the 850 nm wavelength ranges. The step-index preform is fabricated using injection molding, which is an efficient method for cost effective, flexible and fast preparation of the fiber preform. The fabricated single-mode step-index (SI) polymer optical fiber (POF) has a 4.8µm core made from TOPAS grade 5013S-04 with a glass transition temperature of 134°C and a 150 µm cladding made from ZEONEX grade 480R with a glass transition temperature of 138°C. The key advantages of the proposed SIPOF are low water absorption, high operating temperature and chemical inertness to acids and bases and many polar solvents as compared to the conventional poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene based POFs. In addition, the fiber Bragg grating writing time is short compared to microstructured POFs.
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18
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Davey CJ, Argyros A, Fleming SC, Solomon SG. Multimodal optogenetic neural interfacing device fabricated by scalable optical fiber drawing technique. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:10068-10072. [PMID: 26836662 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel approach to the design and manufacture of optrodes for use in the biomedical research field of optogenetic neural interfacing. Using recently developed optical fiber drawing techniques that involve co-drawing metal/polymer composite fiber, we have assembled and characterized a novel optrode with promising optical and electrical functionality. The fabrication technique is flexible, scalable, and amenable to extension to implantable optrodes with high-density arrays of multiple electrodes, waveguides, and drug delivery channels.
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19
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Optical Fiber Sensors for Aircraft Structural Health Monitoring. SENSORS 2015; 15:15494-519. [PMID: 26134107 PMCID: PMC4541841 DOI: 10.3390/s150715494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aircraft structures require periodic and scheduled inspection and maintenance operations due to their special operating conditions and the principles of design employed to develop them. Therefore, structural health monitoring has a great potential to reduce the costs related to these operations. Optical fiber sensors applied to the monitoring of aircraft structures provide some advantages over traditional sensors. Several practical applications for structures and engines we have been working on are reported in this article. Fiber Bragg gratings have been analyzed in detail, because they have proved to constitute the most promising technology in this field, and two different alternatives for strain measurements are also described. With regard to engine condition evaluation, we present some results obtained with a reflected intensity-modulated optical fiber sensor for tip clearance and tip timing measurements in a turbine assembled in a wind tunnel.
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Gouveia MA, Avila PD, Marques THR, Torres MC, Cordeiro CMB. Morphology dependent polymeric capillary optical resonator hydrostatic pressure sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:10643-10652. [PMID: 25969103 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.010643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A hydrostatic pressure sensor based on morphology dependent resonances in a polymeric tube is presented. By internal pressurization, normal tensions will increase the device's size and shrink its wall thickness, inducing a shift in the resonant wavelengths of the resonator. Numerical simulations indicate that there are two modal regimes of sensitivity and a maximum achievable sensitivity, related to the device's geometry, constitutive material and analysed mode order. A sensitivity as high as 0.36 ± 0.01 nm/bar has been experimentally found for a 1.8mm diameter PMMA tube with wall thickness of 80µm.
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21
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Beckers M, Schlüter T, Vad T, Gries T, Bunge CA. An overview on fabrication methods for polymer optical fibers. POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Beckers
- Institut für Textiltechnik (ITA); RWTH Aachen University; Otto-Blumenthal-Straße 1 D-52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Tobias Schlüter
- Institut für Textiltechnik (ITA); RWTH Aachen University; Otto-Blumenthal-Straße 1 D-52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Thomas Vad
- Institut für Textiltechnik (ITA); RWTH Aachen University; Otto-Blumenthal-Straße 1 D-52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Thomas Gries
- Institut für Textiltechnik (ITA); RWTH Aachen University; Otto-Blumenthal-Straße 1 D-52074 Aachen Germany
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22
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Markos C, Kubat I, Bang O. Hybrid polymer photonic crystal fiber with integrated chalcogenide glass nanofilms. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6057. [PMID: 25317501 PMCID: PMC5377533 DOI: 10.1038/srep06057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of chalcogenide glasses with polymer photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) is a difficult and challenging task due to their different thermo-mechanical material properties. Here we report the first experimental realization of a hybrid polymer-chalcogenide PCF with integrated As2S3 glass nanofilms at the inner surface of the air-channels of a poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) PCF. The integrated high refractive index glass films introduce distinct antiresonant transmission bands in the 480–900 nm wavelength region. We demonstrate that the ultra-high Kerr nonlinearity of the chalcogenide glass makes the polymer PCF nonlinear and provides a possibility to shift the transmission band edges as much as 17 nm by changing the intensity. The proposed fabrication technique constitutes a new highway towards all-fiber nonlinear tunable devices based on polymer PCFs, which at the moment is not possible with any other fabrication method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Markos
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irnis Kubat
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Bang
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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23
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Numerical Investigation of the Microstructured Optical Fiber-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor with Silver Nanolayer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is proposed based on coating the inner surfaces of an index-guiding microstructured optical fiber (MOF) with a silver layer. Fiber core is surrounded by six large metallized holes which should facilitate the fabrication of the layered sensor structure and the infiltration of the analyte. The relationship between the sensitivity of SPR sensor and the refractive index of MOF material is demonstrated with finite element method (FEM). Numerical simulation results indicate that the sensitivity of SPR sensor decreases as the refractive index of the MOF material increasing and both spectral and intensity sensitivity are estimated to be 6.25×10-5and 6.67×10-5with low refractive index of MOF materialn=1.46.
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24
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Influence of solvent properties on the electrical response of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/NaY composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Selective serial multi-antibody biosensing with TOPAS microstructured polymer optical fibers. SENSORS 2013; 13:3242-51. [PMID: 23529122 PMCID: PMC3658743 DOI: 10.3390/s130303242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a fluorescence-based fiber-optical biosensor, which can selectively detect different antibodies in serial at preselected positions inside a single piece of fiber. The fiber is a microstructured polymer optical fiber fabricated from TOPAS cyclic olefin copolymer, which allows for UV activation of localized sensor layers inside the holes of the fiber. Serial fluorescence-based selective sensing of Cy3-labelled α-streptavidin and Cy5-labelled α-CRP antibodies is demonstrated.
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26
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Markos C, Stefani A, Nielsen K, Rasmussen HK, Yuan W, Bang O. High-Tg TOPAS microstructured polymer optical fiber for fiber Bragg grating strain sensing at 110 degrees. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:4758-4765. [PMID: 23482009 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.004758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present the fabrication and characterization of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in an endlessly single-mode microstructured polymer optical fiber (mPOF) made of humidity-insensitive high-Tg TOPAS cyclic olefin copolymer. The mPOF is the first made from grade 5013 TOPAS with a glass transition temperature of Tg = 135°C and we experimentally demonstrate high strain operation (2.5%) of the FBG at 98°C and stable operation up to a record high temperature of 110°C. The Bragg wavelengths of the FBGs are around 860 nm, where the propagation loss is 5.1 dB/m, close to the fiber loss minimum of 3.67 dB/m at 787 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Markos
- Department of Computer Engineering and Informatics, University of Patras, Patra 26500, Greece
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27
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Microstructures in Polymer Fibres for Optical Fibres, THz Waveguides, and Fibre-Based Metamaterials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/785162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the topic of microstructured polymer fibres in the fields in which these have been utilised: microstructured optical fibres, terahertz waveguides, and fibre-drawn metamaterials. Microstructured polymer optical fibres were initially investigated in the context of photonic crystal fibre research, and several unique features arising from the combination of polymer and microstructure were identified. This lead to investigations in sensing, particularly strain sensing based on gratings, and short-distance data transmission. The same principles have been extended to waveguides at longer wavelengths, for terahertz frequencies, where microstructured polymer waveguides offer the possibility for low-loss flexible waveguides for this frequency region. Furthermore, the combination of microstructured polymer fibres and metals is being investigated in the fabrication of metamaterials, as a scalable method for their manufacture. This paper will review the materials and fabrication methods developed, past and current research in these three areas, and future directions of this fabrication platform.
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28
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Markos C, Yannopoulos SN, Vlachos K. Chalcogenide glass layers in silica photonic crystal fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:14814-14824. [PMID: 22772176 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.014814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel approach for deposition of amorphous chalcogenide glass films inside the cylindrical air channels of photonic crystal fiber (PCF). In particular, we demonstrate the formation of nanocolloidal solution-based As(2)S(3) films inside the air channels of PCFs of different glass-solvent concentrations for two fibers with cladding-hole diameter 3.5 and 1.3 μm. Scanning electron microscopy is used to observe the formed chalcogenide layers and Raman scattering is employed to verify the existence and the structural features of the amorphous As(2)S(3) layers. Optical transmission measurements reveal strong photonic bandgaps over a range covering visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The transmittance spectra and the corresponding losses were recorded in the wavelength range 500-1750 nm. The main advantage of the proposed technique is the simplicity of the deposition of amorphous chalcogenide layers inside the holes of PCF and constitutes an efficient route to the development of fiber-based devices combined with sophisticated glasses for supercontinuum generation as well as other non-linear applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Markos
- Computer Engineering and Informatics Dept. & Computer Technology Institute and Press, University of Patras, Rio GR26500, Rio-Patras, Greece
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29
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Yuan W, Khan L, Webb DJ, Kalli K, Rasmussen HK, Stefani A, Bang O. Humidity insensitive TOPAS polymer fiber Bragg grating sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:19731-19739. [PMID: 21996915 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.019731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the first experimental demonstration of a humidity insensitive polymer optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG), as well as the first FBG recorded in a TOPAS polymer optical fiber in the important low loss 850 nm spectral region. For the demonstration we have fabricated FBGs with resonance wavelength around 850 nm and 1550 nm in single-mode microstructured polymer optical fibers made of TOPAS and the conventional poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Characterization of the FBGs shows that the TOPAS FBG is more than 50 times less sensitive to humidity than the conventional PMMA FBG in both wavelength regimes. This makes the TOPAS FBG very appealing for sensing applications as it appears to solve the humidity sensitivity problem suffered by the PMMA FBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yuan
- DTU Fotonik, Dept. of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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30
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Markos C, Yuan W, Vlachos K, Town GE, Bang O. Label-free biosensing with high sensitivity in dual-core microstructured polymer optical fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:7790-7798. [PMID: 21503089 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.007790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present experimentally feasible designs of a dual-core microstructured polymer optical fiber (mPOF), which can act as a highly sensitive, label-free, and selective biosensor. An immobilized antigen sensing layer on the walls of the holes in the mPOF provides the ability to selectively capture antibody biomolecules. The change of the layer thickness of biomolecules can then be detected as a change in the coupling length between the two cores. We compare mPOF structures with 1, 2, and 3 air-holes between the solid cores and show that the sensitivity increases with increasing distance between the cores. Numerical calculations indicate a record sensitivity up to 20 nm/nm (defined as the shift in the resonance wavelength per nm biolayer) at visible wavelengths, where the mPOF has low loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Markos
- Department of Computer Engineering and Informatics, University of Patras, Patra, 26500, Greece.
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31
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Shinoj VK, Murukeshan VM. An HC-PCF Fluorescence Spectrocopy for Detection of Microsphere Samples Based on Refractive Index Scaling Law. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/opj.2011.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Koike Y, Koike K. Progress in low-loss and high-bandwidth plastic optical fibers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Nielsen K, Rasmussen HK, Jepsen PU, Bang O. Broadband terahertz fiber directional coupler. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:2879-2881. [PMID: 20808355 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.002879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present the design of a short broadband fiber directional coupler for terahertz (THz) radiation and demonstrate a 3 dB coupler with a bandwidth of 0.6 THz centered at 1.4 THz. The broadband coupling is achieved by mechanically downdoping the cores of a dual-core photonic crystal fiber by microstructuring the cores. This is equivalent to chemical downdoping but is easier to realize experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Nielsen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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34
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Szczurowski MK, Martynkien T, Statkiewicz-Barabach G, Urbanczyk W, Webb DJ. Measurements of polarimetric sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure, strain and temperature in birefringent dual-core microstructured polymer fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:12076-12087. [PMID: 20588330 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.012076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally characterized a birefringent microstructured polymer fiber of specific construction, which allows for single mode propagation in two cores separated by a pair of large holes. The fiber exhibits high birefringence in each of the cores as well as relatively weak coupling between the cores. Spectral dependence of the group and the phase modal birefringence was measured using an interferometric method. We have also measured the sensing characteristics of the fiber such as polarimetric sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure, strain and temperature. Moreover, we have studied the effect of hydrostatic pressure and strain on coupling between the cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin K Szczurowski
- Institute of Physics, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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35
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Yu HCY, Argyros A, Leon-Saval SG, Fuerbach A, Efimov A, Barton GW. Emission properties of quantum dots in polymer optical fibres. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:21344-21349. [PMID: 19997374 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.021344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots have been embedded within microstructured polymer optical fibres. The emission properties of quantum dots within fibres have been explored to show that variation in concentration, sample length and pumping regimes effects the emission characteristics of these quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut C Y Yu
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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36
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Vanda J, Skapa J, Vasinek V, Argyros A, Large M, Lwin R. Fluorescent response of dye-filled suspended-core microstructured polymer optical fiber. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:G64-G67. [PMID: 19881649 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.000g64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microstructured polymer optical fibers represent quite new technology that is still in the research and development stage. However, some advances and possible applications are available even now. One of these is the possibility of filling the fibers with various fluids to enhance or modify some of their characteristics. Filling fibers with fluorescent dyes is a good method to describe how the filled fiber behaves and to demonstrate sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vanda
- Department of Telecommunications,Vysoka skola bánská Technická univerzita Ostrava,17 listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
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37
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Yuan W, Wei L, Alkeskjold TT, Bjarklev A, Bang O. Thermal tunability of photonic bandgaps in liquid crystal infiltrated microstructured polymer optical fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:19356-19364. [PMID: 19997156 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.019356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the photonic bandgap effect and the thermal tunability of bandgaps in microstructured polymer optical fibers infiltrated with liquid crystal. Two liquid crystals with opposite sign of the temperature gradient of the ordinary refractive index (E7 and MDA-00-1444) are used to demonstrate that both signs of the thermal tunability of the bandgaps are possible. The useful bandgaps are ultimately bounded to the visible range by the transparency window of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yuan
- DTU Fotonik, Dept. of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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38
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Frosz MH. Dispersion-modulation by high material loss in microstructured polymer optical fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:17950-17962. [PMID: 19907583 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.017950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The influence of strong loss peaks on the dispersion (through the Kramers-Kronig relations) of a nonlinear waveguide is investigated theoretically. It is found specifically for degenerate four-wave mixing in a poly(methyl methacrylate) microstructured polymer optical fiber that the loss-induced dispersion significantly modifies the wavelengths for which there is phase-match. Depending on the pump wavelength, the waveguide dispersion, and the loss peaks, it is possible for the output spectrum to either be unaffected by the loss-induced dispersion modulation, or to show an increase in the efficiency of nonlinear spectral broadening, compared to the expected efficiency when ignoring the loss-induced dispersion modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Frosz
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Dennmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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39
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Kong D, Wang L. Ultrahigh-resolution fiber-optic image guides derived from microstructured polymer optical fiber preforms. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:2435-2437. [PMID: 19684807 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.002435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh-resolution fiber-optic image guides--fused image fiber, faceplate, and taper--were fabricated by using microstructured polymer optical fiber (MPOF) preforms composed of two polymers: polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene. The pixel diameter in the resultant MPOF-based image guides was as small as 3 microm. The imaging capabilities of these types of fiber-optic elements were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Information Road 17, Xi'an, Shannxi 710119, China
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40
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Nielsen K, Rasmussen HK, Adam AJL, Planken PC, Bang O, Jepsen PU. Bendable, low-loss Topas fibers for the terahertz frequency range. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:8592-8601. [PMID: 19434192 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.008592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on a new class of polymer photonic crystal fibers for low-loss guidance of THz radiation. The use of the cyclic olefin copolymer Topas, in combination with advanced fabrication technology, results in bendable THz fibers with unprecedented low loss and low material dispersion in the THz regime.We demonstrate experimentally how the dispersion may be engineered by fabricating both high- and low-dispersion fibers with zero-dispersion frequency in the regime 0.5-0.6 THz. Near-field, frequency-resolved characterization with high spatial resolution of the amplitude and phase of the modal structure proves that the fiber is single-moded over a wide frequency range, and we see the onset of higher-order modes at high frequencies as well as indication of microporous guiding at low frequencies and high porosity of the fiber. Transmission spectroscopy demonstrates low-loss propagation (< 0.1 dB/cm loss at 0.6 THz) over a wide frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Nielsen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Fotonik-Department of Photonics Engineering, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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41
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Yu HCY, van Eijkelenborg MA, Leon-Saval SG, Argyros A, Barton GW. Enhanced magneto-optical effect in cobalt nanoparticle-doped optical fiber. APPLIED OPTICS 2008; 47:6497-6501. [PMID: 19079455 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.006497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An enhanced magnetic Faraday effect is demonstrated in cobalt nanoparticle-doped polymer optical fiber. Magneto-optically induced rotation of the plane of polarization proportional to both the dopant particle concentration and the magnetic field strength is demonstrated. Potential applications include magnetic field sensors, current sensors, and in-fiber optical isolators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut C Y Yu
- Optical Fibre Technology Centre, University of Sydney, 206 National Innovation Centre, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 1430, Australia.
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42
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Ott JR, Heuck M, Agger C, Rasmussen PD, Bang O. Label-free and selective nonlinear fiber-optical biosensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:20834-47. [PMID: 19065222 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.020834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the inherent nonlinearity of a microstructured optical fiber (MOF) may be used to achieve label-free selective biosensing, thereby eliminating the need for post-processing of the fiber. This first nonlinear biosensor utilizes a change in the modulational instability (MI) gain spectrum (a shift of the Stokes- or anti-Stokes wavelength) caused by the selective capture of biomolecules by a sensor layer immobilised on the walls of the holes in the fiber. We find that such changes in the MI gain spectrum can be made detectable, and that engineering of the dispersion is important for optimizing the sensitivity. The nonlinear sensor shows a sensitivity of around 10.4 nm/nm, defined as the shift in resonance wavelength per nm biolayer, which is a factor of 7.5 higher than the hitherto only demonstrated label-free MOF biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan R Ott
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, DK, Denmark
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43
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Deng DS, Orf ND, Abouraddy AF, Stolyarov AM, Joannopoulos JD, Stone HA, Fink Y. In-fiber semiconductor filament arrays. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:4265-4269. [PMID: 19367844 DOI: 10.1021/nl801979w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel physical phenomenon in which a cylindrical shell undergoing a scaling process evolves into an ordered array of filaments upon reaching a characteristic thickness. We observe that the tendency to breakup is related to the material viscosity in a manner reminiscent of capillary instability. However, unlike the classical breakup of a fluid cylinder into droplets, the structural evolution in our system occurs exclusively in the cross sectional plane while uniformity is maintained in the axial direction. We propose a fluid front instability mechanism to account for the observed phenomena. The fleeting evolution of fluid breakup from a thin film to a filament array is captured in the frozen state by a thermal drawing process which results in extended lengths of solid sub-100 nm filaments encapsulated within a polymer fiber. Hundreds of glassy semiconductor filament arrays are precisely oriented within a polymer fiber matrix making electrical connections trivial. This approach offers unique opportunities for fabrication of nanometer scale devices of unprecedented lengths allowing simplified access and connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Deng
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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44
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van Eijkelenborg MA, Argyros A, Leon-Saval SG. Polycarbonate hollow-core microstructured optical fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2008; 33:2446-2448. [PMID: 18978882 DOI: 10.1364/ol.33.002446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A hollow-core microstructured polymer optical fiber is fabricated from polycarbonate material and guidance by inhibited coupling in a two-layer structure is demonstrated in two strong transmission bands with minimum losses of 9.0 dB/m at 800 nm and 3.1 dB/m at 1550 nm. The latter corresponds to a loss well below the polycarbonate material loss at this wavelength, and to our knowledge it is the lowest loss hollow-core polymer fiber reported to date. The short-term operational temperature limit of the fiber is shown to be 135 degrees C, significantly higher than that of conventional polymer optical fibers made of other polymers.
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45
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Sun J, Chan CC, Zhang YF, Shum P. Analysis of hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers for evanescent wave biosensing. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:054048. [PMID: 19021428 DOI: 10.1117/1.2983676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PBGF)-based evanescent wave biosensors are demonstrated and analyzed theoretically and experimentally. With 95% of the guided light power residing in the samples, the measured absorbance for a 30-cm-long fiber filled with a 0.2 microM Alexa Fluor 700-labeled DNA Oligo solution is 1.06. This is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction, which is evaluated by using the refractive index scaling law. The HC-PBGFs thus offer both efficiency and simplicity for the detection of biomolecules in ultra-small sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Division of Bioengineering, Singapore, 637457
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Hardware Implementation of Multiple Fan Beam Projection Technique in Optical Fibre Process Tomography. SENSORS 2008; 8:3406-3428. [PMID: 27879885 PMCID: PMC3675551 DOI: 10.3390/s8053406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this project is to implement the multiple fan beam projection technique using optical fibre sensors with the aim to achieve a high data acquisition rate. Multiple fan beam projection technique here is defined as allowing more than one emitter to transmit light at the same time using the switch-mode fan beam method. For the thirty-two pairs of sensors used, the 2-projection technique and 4-projection technique are being investigated. Sixteen sets of projections will complete one frame of light emission for the 2-projection technique while eight sets of projection will complete one frame of light emission for the 4-projection technique. In order to facilitate data acquisition process, PIC microcontroller and the sample and hold circuit are being used. This paper summarizes the hardware configuration and design for this project.
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Emiliyanov G, Jensen JB, Bang O, Hoiby PE, Pedersen LH, Kjaer EM, Lindvold L. Localized biosensing with Topas microstructured polymer optical fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2007; 32:460-2. [PMID: 17392887 DOI: 10.1364/ol.32.000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present what is believed to be the first microstructured polymer optical fiber (mPOF) fabricated from Topas cyclic olefin copolymer, which has attractive material and biochemical properties. This polymer allows for a novel type of fiber-optic biosensor, where localized sensor layers may be activated on the inner side of the air holes in a predetermined section of the mPOF. The concept is demonstrated using a fluorescence-based method for selective detection of fluorophore-labeled antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigoriy Emiliyanov
- COM - DTU, Department of Communications, Optics and Materials, Technical University of Denmark, Muilding 345v, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Dupuis A, Guo N, Gao Y, Godbout N, Lacroix S, Dubois C, Skorobogatiy M. Prospective for biodegradable microstructured optical fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2007; 32:109-11. [PMID: 17186033 DOI: 10.1364/ol.32.000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report fabrication of a novel microstructured optical fiber made of biodegradable and water soluble materials that features approximately 1 dB/cm transmission loss. Two cellulose butyrate tubes separated with hydroxypropyl cellulose powder were codrawn into a porous double-core fiber offering integration of optical, microfluidic, and potentially drug release functionalities.
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Rindorf L, Høiby PE, Jensen JB, Pedersen LH, Bang O, Geschke O. Towards biochips using microstructured optical fiber sensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:1370-5. [PMID: 16761126 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present the first incorporation of a microstructured optical fiber (MOF) into biochip applications. A 16-mm-long piece of MOF is incorporated into an optic-fluidic coupler chip, which is fabricated in PMMA polymer using a CO(2) laser. The developed chip configuration allows the continuous control of liquid flow through the MOF and simultaneous optical characterization. While integrated in the chip, the MOF is functionalized towards the capture of a specific single-stranded DNA string by immobilizing a sensing layer on the microstructured internal surfaces of the fiber. The sensing layer contains the DNA string complementary to the target DNA sequence and thus operates through the highly selective DNA hybridization process. Optical detection of the captured DNA was carried out using the evanescent-wave-sensing principle. Owing to the small size of the chip, the presented technique allows for analysis of sample volumes down to 300 nL and the fabrication of miniaturized portable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rindorf
- COM.DTU, Department of Communication, Optics and Materials, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Pujari NS, Kulkarni MR, Large MCJ, Bassett IM, Ponrathnam S. Transparent chiral polymers for optical applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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