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Kolb J, Tsata V, John N, Kim K, Möckel C, Rosso G, Kurbel V, Parmar A, Sharma G, Karandasheva K, Abuhattum S, Lyraki O, Beck T, Müller P, Schlüßler R, Frischknecht R, Wehner A, Krombholz N, Steigenberger B, Beis D, Takeoka A, Blümcke I, Möllmert S, Singh K, Guck J, Kobow K, Wehner D. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans inhibit CNS regeneration by modifying the structural and mechanical properties of the lesion environment. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6814. [PMID: 37884489 PMCID: PMC10603094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition after central nervous system (CNS) injury leads to inhibitory scarring in humans and other mammals, whereas it facilitates axon regeneration in the zebrafish. However, the molecular basis of these different fates is not understood. Here, we identify small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) as a contributing factor to regeneration failure in mammals. We demonstrate that the SLRPs chondroadherin, fibromodulin, lumican, and prolargin are enriched in rodent and human but not zebrafish CNS lesions. Targeting SLRPs to the zebrafish injury ECM inhibits axon regeneration and functional recovery. Mechanistically, we find that SLRPs confer mechano-structural properties to the lesion environment that are adverse to axon growth. Our study reveals SLRPs as inhibitory ECM factors that impair axon regeneration by modifying tissue mechanics and structure, and identifies their enrichment as a feature of human brain and spinal cord lesions. These findings imply that SLRPs may be targets for therapeutic strategies to promote CNS regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kolb
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vasiliki Tsata
- Experimental Surgery, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Nora John
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kyoohyun Kim
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Conrad Möckel
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Rosso
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Kurbel
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Asha Parmar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gargi Sharma
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kristina Karandasheva
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shada Abuhattum
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olga Lyraki
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timon Beck
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul Müller
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raimund Schlüßler
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Renato Frischknecht
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Wehner
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nicole Krombholz
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Barbara Steigenberger
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Experimental Surgery, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aya Takeoka
- VIB-Neuroelectronics Research Flanders, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neuroscience and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Möllmert
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kanwarpal Singh
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Wehner
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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Pattan HF, Liu X, Tankam P. Non-invasive in vivo imaging of human corneal microstructures with optical coherence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:4888-4900. [PMID: 37791273 PMCID: PMC10545177 DOI: 10.1364/boe.495242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging systems with cellular-level resolution offer the opportunity to identify biomarkers of the early stage of corneal diseases, enabling early intervention, monitoring of disease progression, and evaluating treatment efficacy. In this study, a non-contact polarization-dependent optical coherence microscope (POCM) was developed to enable non-invasive in vivo imaging of human corneal microstructures. The system integrated quarter-wave plates into the sample and reference arms of the interferometer to enable deeper penetration of light in tissues as well as mitigate the strong specular reflection from the corneal surface. A common-path approach was adopted to enable control over the polarization in a free space configuration, thus alleviating the need for a broadband polarization-maintained fiber. The POCM achieved volumetric imaging of corneal microstructures, including endothelial cells over a field of view 0.5 × 0.5 mm2 with an almost isotropic resolution of ∼2.2 µm and a volume (500 × 500 × 2048 voxels) rate of 1 Hz. A self-interference approach between the corneal surface and underlying layers was also developed to lessen the corneal curvature and axial motion artifacts, thus enabling high-resolution imaging of microstructures in the anterior cornea, including squamous epithelial cells, wing epithelial cells, basal epithelial cells, sub-basal nerve plexus, and stromal keratocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadiya F. Pattan
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Patrice Tankam
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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3
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Potapov A, Loginova M, Moiseev A, Radenska-Lopovok S, Kuznetsov S, Kuznetsova I, Mustafina N, Safonov I, Gladkova N, Sirotkina M. Cross-Polarization Optical Coherence Tomography for Clinical Evaluation of Dermal Lesion Degrees in Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus. Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2023; 15:53-60. [PMID: 37388751 PMCID: PMC10306962 DOI: 10.17691/stm2023.15.1.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify different degrees of dermal lesions in vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) using cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (CP OCT) based on attenuation coefficient to detect disease early manifestations and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Materials and Methods The study included 10 patients without pathology and 39 patients with VLS diagnosed histologically. CP OCT was performed in vivo on the inner surface of the labia minora, in the main lesion area. From each scanning point, a 3.4×3.4×1.25-mm3 3D data array was obtained in 26 s. CP OCT examination results were compared with histological examination of specimens stained with Van Gieson's picrofuchsin.Quantitative analysis of OCT images was performed by measuring the attenuation coefficient in co-polarization and cross-polarization. For visual analysis, color-coded charts were developed based on OCT attenuation coefficients. Results According to histological examination, all patients with VLS were divided into 4 groups as per dermal lesion degree: initial (8 patients); mild (7 patients); moderate (9 patients); severe (15 patients). Typical features of different degrees were interfibrillary edema up to 250 μm deep for initial degree, thickened collagen bundles without edema up to 350 μm deep for mild degree, dermis homogenization up to 700 μm deep for moderate degree, dermis homogenization and total edema up to 1200 μm deep for severe degree.Pathological processes in dermis during VLS like interfibrillary edema and collagen bundles homogenization were visualized using CP OCT method based on values of attenuation coefficient in co- and cross-polarization channels. However, CP OCT method appeared to be less sensitive to changes of collagen bundles thickness not allowing to distinguish thickened collagen bundles from normal ones with enough statistical significance. The CP OCT method was able to differentiate all degrees of dermal lesions among themselves. OCT attenuation coefficients differed from normal condition with statistical significance for all degrees of lesions, except for mild. Conclusion For the first time, quantitative parameters for each degrees of dermis lesion in VLS, including initial degree, were determined by CP OCT method allowing to detect the disease at an early stage and to monitor the applied clinical treatment effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.L. Potapov
- PhD Student, Laboratory Assistant, Scientific Laboratory of Optical Coherence Tomography, Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - M.M. Loginova
- Junior Researcher, Scientific Laboratory of Optical Coherence Tomography, Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; PhD Student, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine; National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - A.A. Moiseev
- Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Highly Sensitive Optical Measurements; Federal Research Center Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanova St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - S.G. Radenska-Lopovok
- Professor, Institute of Clinical Morphology and Digital Pathology; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Malaya Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - S.S. Kuznetsov
- Professor, Head of Pathological Department; Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital named after N.A. Semashko, 190 Rodionova St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603126, Russia
| | - I.A. Kuznetsova
- Head of the 2 Gynecological Department; Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital named after N.A. Semashko, 190 Rodionova St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603126, Russia Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - N.N. Mustafina
- Obstetrician-Gynecologist; Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital named after N.A. Semashko, 190 Rodionova St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603126, Russia
| | - I.K. Safonov
- Obstetrician-Gynecologist; Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital named after N.A. Semashko, 190 Rodionova St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603126, Russia
| | - N.D. Gladkova
- Professor, Head of the Scientific Laboratory of Optical Coherence Tomography, Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - M.A. Sirotkina
- Director of the Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
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Bhatti HS, Khan S, Zahra M, Mustafa S, Ashraf S, Ahmad I. Characterization of radiofrequency ablated myocardium with optical coherence tomography. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103151. [PMID: 36228980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Certain types of cardiac arrhythmias are best treated with radiofrequency (RF) ablation, in which an electrode is inserted into the targeted area of the myocardium and then RF electrical current is applied to heat and destroy surrounding tissue. The resulting ablation lesion usually consists of a coagulative necrotic core surrounded by a rim region of mixed viable and non-viable cells. The characterization of the RF ablated lesion is of potential clinical importance. Here we aim to elaborate optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging for the characterization of RF-ablated myocardial tissue. In particular, the underlying principles of OCT and its polarization-sensitive counterpart (PS-OCT) are presented, followed by the knowledge needed to interpret their optical images. Studies focused on real-time monitoring of RF lesion formation in the myocardium using OCT systems are summarized. The design and development of various hybrid probes incorporating both OCT guidance and RF ablation catheters are also discussed. Finally, the challenges related to the transmission of OCT imaging systems to cardiac clinics for real-time monitoring of RF lesions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shamim Khan
- Department of Physics, Islamia College Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Madeeha Zahra
- Department of Physics, The Women University Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sonia Mustafa
- Department of Physics, The Women University Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sumara Ashraf
- Department of Physics, The Women University Multan, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar, Pakistan.
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A Proposal to Perform High Contrast Imaging of Human Palatine Tonsil with Cross Polarized Optical Coherence Tomography. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9040259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The palatine tonsils provide the first line of immune defense against foreign pathogens inhaled or ingested. However, a disruption in the epithelial layer within the tonsil crypts can lead to recurrent acute tonsillitis (RAT). Current imaging techniques suffer from poor resolution and contrast and do not allow a classification of the severity of RAT. We have developed a cross-polarized optical coherence tomography system. The system can detect a change in the polarization of the light after the light-tissue interaction. We demonstrate improved resolution and contrast in tonsil imaging with the developed method. Intensity, as well as retardance images of the excised tonsil tissue, were acquired. Features such as crypt epithelium, lymphoid follicles, and dense connective tissue were observed with improved contrast. Cross polarized optical coherence tomography can be a valuable tool in the clinic to evaluate palatine tonsils as it would allow visualizing common tonsil features without the need for any external contrast agent.
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Blessing K, Schirmer J, Sharma G, Singh K. Novel input polarisation independent endoscopic cross-polarised optical coherence tomography probe. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000134. [PMID: 32738024 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead by the original idea to perform noninvasive optical biopsies of various tissues, optical coherence tomography found numerous medical applications within the last two decades. The interference based imaging technique opens the possibility to visualise subcellular morphology up to an imaging depth of 3 mm and up to micron level axial and lateral resolution. The birefringence properties of the tissue are visualised with enhanced contrast using polarisation sensitive or cross-polarised optical coherence tomography (OCT) techniques. Although, it requires strict control over the polarisation states, resulting in several polarisation controlling elements. In this work, we propose a novel input-polarisation independent endoscopic system based on cross-polarised OCT. We tested the feasibility of our approach by measuring the polarisation change from a quarter-wave plate for different rotational angles. Further performance tests reveal a lateral resolution of 30 μm and a sensitivity of 103 dB. Images of the human nail bed and cow muscle tissue demonstrate the potential of the system to measure structural and birefringence properties of the tissue endoscopically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Blessing
- Research Group Singh, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Judith Schirmer
- Research Group Singh, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gargi Sharma
- Guck Division, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kanwarpal Singh
- Research Group Singh, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Li T, Liu CJ, Akkin T. Contrast-enhanced serial optical coherence scanner with deep learning network reveals vasculature and white matter organization of mouse brain. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:035004. [PMID: 31338386 PMCID: PMC6646884 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.3.035004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography provides volumetric reconstruction of brain structure with micrometer resolution. Gray matter and white matter can be highlighted using conventional and polarization-based contrasts; however, vasculature in ex-vivo fixed brain has not been investigated at large scale due to lack of intrinsic contrast. We present contrast enhancement to visualize the vasculature by perfusing titanium dioxide particles transcardially into the mouse vascular system. The brain, after dissection and fixation, is imaged by a serial optical coherence scanner. Accumulation of particles in blood vessels generates distinguishable optical signals. Among these, the cross-polarization images reveal the vasculature organization remarkably well. The conventional and polarization-based contrasts are still available for probing the gray matter and white matter structures. The segmentation and reconstruction of the vasculature are presented by using a deep learning algorithm. Axonal fiber pathways in the mouse brain are delineated by utilizing the retardance and optic axis orientation contrasts. This is a low-cost method that can be further developed to study neurovascular diseases and brain injury in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Li
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Chao J. Liu
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Taner Akkin
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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Xiong YQ, Tan J, Liu YM, Li YZ, You FF, Zhang MY, Chen Q, Zou K, Sun X. Diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography for bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:298-304. [PMID: 31185324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in men and a considerable disease burden globally. Multiple studies have focused on the accuracy of optical coherence tomography for bladder cancer diagnosis; however, the findings are inconsistent. Here, we assessed the accuracy of optical coherence tomography for bladder cancer diagnosis. METHODS Embase, PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library database were searched for relevant studies from the earliest date available through March 11, 2019. Studies evaluating the accuracy of optical coherence tomography bladder cancer diagnosis were included. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve values of weighted symmetric summary receiver operating curves, were calculated at the per-lesion level. RESULTS Eleven studies, with a total of 1933 lesions, were included in the final analysis. The pooled results indicated that optical coherence tomography can differentiate bladder cancer from benign lesions: sensitivity, 94.9% (95% confidence interval: 92.7%-96.6%); specificity, 84.6% (95% confidence interval: 82.6%-86.4%); area under the curve, 0.97. Moreover, compared with optical coherence tomography alone, combined optical coherence tomography and fluorescence cystoscopy increased the diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, 94.3% vs. 87.3%; specificity, 89.2% vs. 73.9%). Cross-polarization optical coherence tomography could also distinguish bladder cancer from normal tissue: sensitivity, 92.0% (95% confidence interval: 87.0%-95.6%); specificity, 84.4% (95% confidence interval: 81.7%-86.9%); area under the curve, 0.95. CONCLUSIONS Optical coherence tomography can accurately differentiate malignant from benign bladder lesions, particularly when combined with fluorescence cystoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Quan Xiong
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center and CREAT Group, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center and CREAT Group, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Mei Liu
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center and CREAT Group, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Zhi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Fei You
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Yi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Zou
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center and CREAT Group, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center and CREAT Group, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Hendon CP, Lye TH, Yao X, Gan Y, Marboe CC. Optical coherence tomography imaging of cardiac substrates. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:882-904. [PMID: 31281782 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.05.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Knowledge of a patient's heart structure will help to plan procedures, potentially identifying arrhythmia substrates, critical structures to avoid, detect transplant rejection, and reduce ambiguity when interpreting electrograms and functional measurements. Similarly, basic research of numerous cardiac diseases would greatly benefit from structural imaging at cellular scale. For both applications imaging on the scale of a myocyte is needed, which is approximately 100 µm × 10 µm. The use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a tool for characterizing cardiac tissue structure and function has been growing in the past two decades. We briefly review OCT principles and highlight important considerations when imaging cardiac muscle. In particular, image penetration, tissue birefringence, and light absorption by blood during in vivo imaging are important factors when imaging the heart with OCT. Within the article, we highlight applications of cardiac OCT imaging including imaging heart tissue structure in small animal models, quantification of myofiber organization, monitoring of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) lesion formation, structure-function analysis enabled by functional extensions of OCT and multimodal analysis and characterizing important substrates within the human heart. The review concludes with a summary and future outlook of OCT imaging the heart, which is promising with progress in optical catheter development, functional extensions of OCT, and real time image processing to enable dynamic imaging and real time tracking during therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yu Gan
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Yashin KS, Kiseleva EB, Gubarkova EV, Moiseev AA, Kuznetsov SS, Shilyagin PA, Gelikonov GV, Medyanik IA, Kravets LY, Potapov AA, Zagaynova EV, Gladkova ND. Cross-Polarization Optical Coherence Tomography for Brain Tumor Imaging. Front Oncol 2019; 9:201. [PMID: 31001471 PMCID: PMC6455095 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper considers valuable visual assessment criteria for distinguishing between tumorous and non-tumorous tissues, intraoperatively, using cross-polarization OCT (CP OCT)—OCT with a functional extension, that enables detection of the polarization properties of the tissues in addition to their conventional light scattering. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 176 ex vivo human specimens obtained from 30 glioma patients. To measure the degree to which the typical parameters of CP OCT images can be matched to the actual histology, 100 images of tumors and white matter were selected for visual analysis to be undertaken by three “single-blinded” investigators. An evaluation of the inter-rater reliability between the investigators was performed. Application of the identified visual CP OCT criteria for intraoperative use was performed during brain tumor resection in 17 patients. Results: The CP OCT image parameters that can typically be used for visual assessment were separated: (1) signal intensity; (2) homogeneity of intensity; (3) attenuation rate; (4) uniformity of attenuation. The degree of match between the CP OCT images and the histology of the specimens was significant for the parameters “signal intensity” in both polarizations, and “homogeneity of intensity” as well as the “uniformity of attenuation” in co-polarization. A test based on the identified criteria showed a diagnostic accuracy of 87–88%. Intraoperative in vivo CP OCT images of white matter and tumors have similar signals to ex vivo ones, whereas the cortex in vivo is characterized by indicative vertical striations arising from the “shadows” of the blood vessels; these are not seen in ex vivo images or in the case of tumor invasion. Conclusion: Visual assessment of CP OCT images enables tumorous and non-tumorous tissues to be distinguished. The most powerful aspect of CP OCT images that can be used as a criterion for differentiation between tumorous tissue and white matter is the signal intensity. In distinguishing white matter from tumors the diagnostic accuracy using the identified visual CP OCT criteria was 87–88%. As the CP OCT data is easily associated with intraoperative neurophysiological and neuronavigation findings this can provide valuable complementary information for the neurosurgeon tumor resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin S Yashin
- Microneurosurgery Group, University Clinic, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena B Kiseleva
- Laboratory of Optical Coherence Tomography, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Gubarkova
- Laboratory of Optical Coherence Tomography, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander A Moiseev
- Laboratory of High-Sensitivity Optical Measurements, Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Sergey S Kuznetsov
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Pavel A Shilyagin
- Laboratory of High-Sensitivity Optical Measurements, Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Grigory V Gelikonov
- Laboratory of High-Sensitivity Optical Measurements, Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Igor A Medyanik
- Microneurosurgery Group, University Clinic, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Leonid Ya Kravets
- Microneurosurgery Group, University Clinic, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander A Potapov
- Federal State Autonomous Institution "N.N. Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Zagaynova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Natalia D Gladkova
- Laboratory of Optical Coherence Tomography, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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11
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Adams DC, Suter MJ. Processing-based approach for resolving the sample optic axis in endoscopic polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:24917-24927. [PMID: 30469600 PMCID: PMC6238824 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.024917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) that utilizes a rotationally-scanning catheter has a variety of potential biomedical applications in luminal organ systems due to its ability to provide intrinsic contrast for birefringent tissue. Incorporating the optic axis (OA) of the tissue greatly enhances this potential by also permitting information about the orientation of the tissue to be extracted; however, measurement distortion that occurs has up to this point made it impossible to obtain accurate sample OA measurements. In this paper we present a straightforward calibration technique that allows the sample OA to be recovered. This technique requires no hardware modifications making it generally applicable, and as a result has tremendous potential in improving the utility of endoscopic PS-OCT image data.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Adams
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Melissa J. Suter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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12
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Kochueva M, Dudenkova V, Kuznetsov S, Varlamova A, Sergeeva E, Kiseleva E, Maslennikova A. Quantitative assessment of radiation-induced changes of bladder and rectum collagen structure using optical methods. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-8. [PMID: 30136470 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.9.091417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study is the quantitative analysis of the dose-time dependences of changes occurring in collagen of bladder and rectum after gamma-irradiation using optical methods [nonlinear microscopy in a second harmonic generation (SHG) detection regime and cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (CP OCT)]. For quantitative assessment of the collagen structure, regions of interest on the SHG-images of two-dimensional (2-D) distribution of SHG signal intensity of collagen were chosen in the submucosa. The mean SHG signal intensity and its standard deviation were calculated by ImageJ 1.39p (NIH). For quantitative analysis of CP OCT data, an integral depolarization factor (IDF) was calculated. Quantitative calculation of the SHG signal intensity and the IDF can provide additional information about the processes of the collagen radiation-induced degradation and subsequent remodeling. High positive correlation between the mean SHG signal intensity and the mean IDF of bladder and rectum demonstrates that CP OCT can be used as an "optical biopsy" in the grading of collagen radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kochueva
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy (NNSMA), Department of Oncology, Radiation Therapy, Radiation, Russia
| | - Varvara Dudenkova
- NNSMA, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Laboratory of Studying Optical Structure of Biotissues,, Russia
| | - Sergey Kuznetsov
- NNSMA, Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Angelina Varlamova
- Lobachevsky State University, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Department of Biophysics, Gagari, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sergeeva
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Laboratory for Optical Techniques, Department for Radiophysics Met, Russia
| | - Elena Kiseleva
- NNSMA, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Laboratory of Studying Optical Structure of Biotissues,, Russia
| | - Anna Maslennikova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy (NNSMA), Department of Oncology, Radiation Therapy, Radiation, Russia
- Lobachevsky State University, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Department of Biophysics, Gagari, Russia
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13
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Yao X, Gan Y, Ling Y, Marboe CC, Hendon CP. Multicontrast endomyocardial imaging by single-channel high-resolution cross-polarization optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700204. [PMID: 29165902 PMCID: PMC6186148 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A single-channel high-resolution cross-polarization (CP) optical coherence tomography (OCT) system is presented for multicontrast imaging of human myocardium in one-shot measurement. The intensity and functional contrasts, including the ratio between the cross- and co-polarization channels as well as the cumulative retardation, are reconstructed from the CP-OCT readout. By comparing the CP-OCT results with histological analysis, it is shown that the system can successfully delineate microstructures in the myocardium and differentiate the fibrotic myocardium from normal or ablated myocardium based on the functional contrasts provided by the CP-OCT system. The feasibility of using A-line profiles from the 2 orthogonal polarization channels to identify fibrotic myocardium, normal myocardium and ablated lesion is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yuye Ling
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Charles C. Marboe
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Christine P. Hendon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
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14
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de Boer JF, Hitzenberger CK, Yasuno Y. Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography - a review [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:1838-1873. [PMID: 28663869 PMCID: PMC5480584 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.001838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is now a well-established modality for high-resolution cross-sectional and three-dimensional imaging of transparent and translucent samples and tissues. Conventional, intensity based OCT, however, does not provide a tissue-specific contrast, causing an ambiguity with image interpretation in several cases. Polarization sensitive (PS) OCT draws advantage from the fact that several materials and tissues can change the light's polarization state, adding an additional contrast channel and providing quantitative information. In this paper, we review basic and advanced methods of PS-OCT and demonstrate its use in selected biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F. de Boer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Authors were listed in alphabetical order and contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Authors were listed in alphabetical order and contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Authors were listed in alphabetical order and contributed equally to the manuscript
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15
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Gubarkova EV, Kirillin MY, Dudenkova VV, Timashev PS, Kotova SL, Kiseleva EB, Timofeeva LB, Belkova GV, Solovieva AB, Moiseev AA, Gelikonov GV, Fiks II, Feldchtein FI, Gladkova ND. Quantitative evaluation of atherosclerotic plaques using cross-polarization optical coherence tomography, nonlinear, and atomic force microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:126010. [PMID: 27997633 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.12.126010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A combination of approaches to the image analysis in cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (CP OCT) and high-resolution imaging by nonlinear microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) at the different stages of atherosclerotic plaque development is studied. This combination allowed us to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the disorganization of collagen in the atherosclerotic arterial tissue (reduction and increase of CP backscatter), at the fiber (change of the geometric distribution of fibers in the second-harmonic generation microscopy images) and fibrillar (violation of packing and different nature of a basket-weave network of fibrils in the AFM images) organization levels. The calculated CP channel-related parameters are shown to have a statistically significant difference between stable and unstable (also called vulnerable) plaques, and hence, CP OCT could be a potentially powerful, minimally invasive method for vulnerable plaques detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Gubarkova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu Kirillin
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Ulyanov Street, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Varvara V Dudenkova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, RussiacN.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Peter S Timashev
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research Center of Crystallography and Photonics RAS, 2 Pionerskaya Street, Troitsk, Moscow 142190, RussiaeI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Svetlana L Kotova
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena B Kiseleva
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Lidia B Timofeeva
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Galina V Belkova
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna B Solovieva
- N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander A Moiseev
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Ulyanov Street, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Gregory V Gelikonov
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Ulyanov Street, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Ilya I Fiks
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 46 Ulyanov Street, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Felix I Feldchtein
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Natalia D Gladkova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
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16
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Tuchin VV. Polarized light interaction with tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:71114. [PMID: 27121763 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.071114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial-review introduces the fundamentals of polarized light interaction with biological tissues and presents some of the recent key polarization optical methods that have made possible the quantitative studies essential for biomedical diagnostics. Tissue structures and the corresponding models showing linear and circular birefringence, dichroism, and chirality are analyzed. As the basis for a quantitative description of the interaction of polarized light with tissues, the theory of polarization transfer in a random medium is used. This theory employs the modified transfer equation for Stokes parameters to predict the polarization properties of single- and multiple-scattered optical fields. The near-order of scatterers in tissues is accounted for to provide an adequate description of tissue polarization properties. Biomedical diagnostic techniques based on polarized light detection, including polarization imaging and spectroscopy, amplitude and intensity light scattering matrix measurements, and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography are described. Examples of biomedical applications of these techniques for early diagnostics of cataracts, detection of precancer, and prediction of skin disease are presented. The substantial reduction of light scattering multiplicity at tissue optical clearing that leads to a lesser influence of scattering on the measured intrinsic polarization properties of the tissue and allows for more precise quantification of these properties is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery V Tuchin
- Saratov National Research State University, Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, 83 Astrakhanskaya street, Saratov 410012, RussiabInstitute of Precision Mechanics and Control of Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Rabochaya street, Sarat
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17
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Tucker-Schwartz JM, Lapierre-Landry M, Patil CA, Skala MC. Photothermal optical lock-in optical coherence tomography for in vivo imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:2268-82. [PMID: 26114045 PMCID: PMC4473760 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.002268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal OCT (PTOCT) provides high sensitivity to molecular targets in tissue, and occupies a spatial imaging regime that is attractive for small animal imaging. However, current implementations of PTOCT require extensive temporal sampling, resulting in slow frame rates and a large data burden that limit its in vivo utility. To address these limitations, we have implemented optical lock-in techniques for photothermal optical lock-in OCT (poli-OCT), and demonstrated the in vivo imaging capabilities of this approach. The poli-OCT signal was assessed in tissue-mimicking phantoms containing indocyanine green (ICG), an FDA approved small molecule that has not been previously imaged in vivo with PTOCT. Then, the effects of in vivo blood flow and motion artifact were assessed and attenuated, and in vivo poli-OCT was demonstrated with both ICG and gold nanorods as contrast agents. Experiments revealed that poli-OCT signals agreed with optical lock-in theory and the bio-heat equation, and the system exhibited shot noise limited performance. In phantoms containing biologically relevant concentrations of ICG (1 µg/ml), the poli-OCT signal was significantly greater than control phantoms (p<0.05), demonstrating sensitivity to small molecules. Finally, in vivo poli-OCT of ICG identified the lymphatic vessels in a mouse ear, and also identified low concentrations (200 pM) of gold nanorods in subcutaneous injections at frame rates ten times faster than previously reported. This work illustrates that future in vivo molecular imaging studies could benefit from the improved acquisition and analysis times enabled by poli-OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chetan A. Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Current address: Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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18
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MacDougall D, Rainsbury J, Brown J, Bance M, Adamson R. Optical coherence tomography system requirements for clinical diagnostic middle ear imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:56008. [PMID: 26000794 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.5.056008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive middle ear imaging using optical coherence tomography (OCT) presents some unique challenges for real-time, clinical use in humans. We present results from a two-dimensional/three-dimensional OCT system built to assess the imaging requirements of clinical middle ear imaging, and the technical challenges associated with them. These include the need to work at a low numerical aperture, the deleterious effects of transtympanic imaging on image quality at the ossicles, sensitivity requirements for clinical fidelity of images at real-time rates, and the high dynamic-range requirements of the ear. We validated the system by imaging cadaveric specimens with simulated disorders to show the clinical applicability of the images. We also provide additional insight into the likely role of OCT in clinical otology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan MacDougall
- Dalhousie University, Faculties of Engineering and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dentistry Building, 5981 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - James Rainsbury
- Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Victoria Building, 1276 South Park Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2Y9, Canada
| | - Jeremy Brown
- Dalhousie University, Faculties of Engineering and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dentistry Building, 5981 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Manohar Bance
- Dalhousie University, Faculties of Engineering and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dentistry Building, 5981 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, CanadabDalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Victoria Buil
| | - Robert Adamson
- Dalhousie University, Faculties of Engineering and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dentistry Building, 5981 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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19
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Kiseleva E, Kirillin M, Feldchtein F, Vitkin A, Sergeeva E, Zagaynova E, Streltzova O, Shakhov B, Gubarkova E, Gladkova N. Differential diagnosis of human bladder mucosa pathologies in vivo with cross-polarization optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:1464-76. [PMID: 25909028 PMCID: PMC4399683 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.001464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative image analysis and parameter extraction using a specific implementation of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides differential diagnosis of mucosal pathologies in in-vivo human bladders. We introduce a cross-polarization (CP) OCT image metric called Integral Depolarization Factor (IDF) to enable automatic diagnosis of bladder conditions (assessment the functional state of collagen fibers). IDF-based diagnostic accuracy of identification of the severe fibrosis of normal bladder mucosa is 79%; recurrence of carcinoma on the post-operative scar is 97%; and differentiation between neoplasia and acute inflammation is 75%. The promising potential of CP OCT combined with image analysis in human urology is thus demonstrated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kiseleva
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603000, Minin Square, 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
| | - Mikhail Kirillin
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 603950, Ulyanov Street, 46, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
- N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, 23 Gagarin St., Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
| | - Felix Feldchtein
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603000, Minin Square, 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
| | - Alex Vitkin
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603000, Minin Square, 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9,
Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9,
Canada
| | - Ekaterina Sergeeva
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 603950, Ulyanov Street, 46, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
- N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, 23 Gagarin St., Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
| | - Elena Zagaynova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603000, Minin Square, 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
| | - Olga Streltzova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603000, Minin Square, 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
| | - Boris Shakhov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603000, Minin Square, 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
| | - Ekaterina Gubarkova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603000, Minin Square, 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
| | - Natalia Gladkova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603000, Minin Square, 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia
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20
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Baumann B, Zotter S, Pircher M, Götzinger E, Rauscher S, Glösmann M, Lammer J, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Gröger M, Hitzenberger CK. Spectral degree of polarization uniformity for polarization-sensitive OCT. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2015; 62:1758-1763. [PMID: 26689829 PMCID: PMC4681128 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2014.945501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Depolarization of light can be measured by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) and has been used to improve tissue discrimination as well as segmentation of pigmented structures. Most approaches to depolarization assessment for PS-OCT - such as the degree of polarization uniformity (DOPU) - rely on measuring the uniformity of polarization states using spatial evaluation kernels. In this article, we present a different approach which exploits the spectral dimension. We introduce the spectral DOPU for the pixelwise analysis of polarization state variations between sub-bands of the broadband light source spectrum. Alongside a comparison with conventional spatial and temporal DOPU algorithms, we demonstrate imaging in the healthy human retina, and apply the technique for contrasting hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy and investigating the pigment epithelium of the rat iris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Baumann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Medical Imaging Cluster, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Stefan Zotter
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Medical Imaging Cluster, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erich Götzinger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Rauscher
- Medical Imaging Cluster, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Glösmann
- Core Facility for Research and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Lammer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, General Hospital and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Medical Imaging Cluster, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, General Hospital and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Gröger
- Medical Imaging Cluster, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Medical Imaging Cluster, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Gladkova N, Kiseleva E, Streltsova O, Prodanets N, Snopova L, Karabut M, Gubarkova E, Zagaynova E. Combined use of fluorescence cystoscopy and cross-polarization OCT for diagnosis of bladder cancer and correlation with immunohistochemical markers. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:687-98. [PMID: 23420564 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of fluorescence cystoscopy and cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (CP OCT) with quantitative estimation of the OCT signal was assessed in 92 bladder zones. It demonstrated the diagnostic accuracy in detecting superficial bladder cancer of 93.6%, sensitivity 96.4%, specificity 92.1%, positive predictive value 87% and negative predictive value 97.9%. Quantitative estimation of OCT signal standard deviation in cross-polarization (CP OCT SD index) makes the visual criteria of CP OCT image assessment more objective. The level of CP OCT SD index for diagnosing superficial bladder cancer, including cancer in situ, was 4.32 dB and lower. When tumor is located on a postoperative scar, CP OCT SD index may be higher than the threshold level of 4.32 dB due to strong scattering and depolarization in scar fibrous tissue. A high inverse correlation was found between CP OCT SD index and the level expressed by p63, Ki-67, p53, CD44v6 markers.
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Gladkova N, Kiseleva E, Robakidze N, Balalaeva I, Karabut M, Gubarkova E, Feldchtein F. Evaluation of oral mucosa collagen condition with cross-polarization optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:321-9. [PMID: 22764058 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the research was analysis of the effect of collagen condition in formation of cross-polarized CP OCT images. We used of the CP OCT technique for studying collagen condition on an example of oral mucosa. Special histologic picrosirius red (PSR) staining of cheek mucosa specimens was used with subsequent assessing of the result of collagen staining in polarized light. High correlation (r = 0.692, p = 0.0001) between OCT signal standard deviation (SD) in cross-polarized images and brightness of PSR stained collagen fibers in cheek mucosa specimens was demonstrated in patients with inflammatory intestine and oral mucosa diseases. We have found that the OCT signal SD in cross-polarized images reflects two boundary conditions of collagen disorganization, namely, loss of fiber properties at active inflammation which attenuates the signal and fibrosis that occurs due to synthesis of a new remodeled collagen which amplifies the OCT signal.
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Baumann B, Baumann SO, Konegger T, Pircher M, Götzinger E, Schlanitz F, Schütze C, Sattmann H, Litschauer M, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Hitzenberger CK. Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography of melanin provides intrinsic contrast based on depolarization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:1670-83. [PMID: 22808437 PMCID: PMC3395490 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.001670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is a functional extension of OCT. In addition to imaging based on tissue reflectivity, PS-OCT also enables depth-resolved mapping of sample polarization properties such as phase-retardation, birefringent axis orientation, Stokes vectors, and degree of polarization uniformity (DOPU). In this study, PS-OCT was used to investigate the polarization properties of melanin. In-vitro measurements in samples with varying melanin concentrations revealed polarization scrambling, i.e. depolarization of backscattered light. Polarization scrambling in the PS-OCT images was more pronounced for higher melanin concentrations and correlated with the concentration of the melanin granules in the phantoms. Moreover, in-vivo PS-OCT was performed in the retinas of normal subjects and individuals with albinism. Unlike in the normal eye, polarization scrambling in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was less pronounced or even not observable in PS-OCT images of albinos. These results indicate that the depolarizing appearance of pigmented structures like, for instance, the RPE is likely to be caused by the melanin granules contained in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Baumann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan O. Baumann
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Konegger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erich Götzinger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Schlanitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University and General Hospital of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Schütze
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University and General Hospital of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Sattmann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Litschauer
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University and General Hospital of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Li J, Chen B, Du Y, Yang L, Xia Y, He Y, Liu S, Chen C. Quantitative measurement of optical parameters of cell lines 5-8F and 6-10B using polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 522:125-9. [PMID: 22525523 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to test whether the typical NPC cell lines of 5-8F (high tumorigenesis and metastasis) and 6-10B (low tumorigenesis and metastasis) could be differentiated by polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). We imaged the two types of low cellular differentiated NPC cell lines 5-8F and 6-10B pellets using PS-OCT; then extracted the optical parameters of attenuate coefficient and anisotropy from the A-scan lines based on the multiple scattering model; and compared their phase retardation. The fitting scattering coefficients were μs=10.91±0.45 and μs=11.33±0.27 cm(-1) for 5-8F and 6-10B pellets (p<0.05), respectively; and the anisotropy factors were g=0.900±0.013 and g=0.885±0.008 for 5-8F and 6-10B pellets (p<0.01), respectively. While the phase retardation of 6-10B was a little faster than 5-8F. These results indicated that PS-OCT could differentiate the two cell lines, and had the potential ability for typing the tissue of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Li
- School for Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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25
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Lenton P, Rudney J, Chen R, Fok A, Aparicio C, Jones RS. Imaging in vivo secondary caries and ex vivo dental biofilms using cross-polarization optical coherence tomography. Dent Mater 2012; 28:792-800. [PMID: 22578989 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conventional diagnostic methods frequently detect only late stage enamel demineralization under composite resin restorations. The objective of this study is to examine the subsurface tooth-composite interface and to assess for the presence of secondary caries in pediatric patients using a novel Optical Coherence Tomography System with an intraoral probe. METHODS A newly designed intraoral cross polarization swept source optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT) imaging system was used to examine the integrity of the enamel-composite interfaces in vivo. Twenty-two pediatric subjects were recruited with either recently placed or long standing composite restorations in their primary teeth. To better understand how bacterial biofilms cause demineralization at the interface, we also used the intraoral CP-OCT system to assess ex vivo bacterial biofilm growth on dental composites. RESULTS As a positive control, cavitated secondary carious interfaces showed a 18.2dB increase (p<0.001), or over 1-2 orders of magnitude higher, scattering than interfaces associated with recently placed composite restorations. Several long standing composite restorations, which appeared clinically sound, had a marked increase in scattering than recently placed restorations. This suggests the ability of CP-OCT to assess interfacial degradation such as early secondary caries prior to cavitation. CP-OCT was also able to image ex vivo biofilms on dental composites and assess their thickness. SIGNIFICANCE This paper shows that CP-OCT imaging using a beam splitter based design can examine the subsurface interface of dental composites in human subjects. Furthermore, the probe dimensions and acquisition speed of the CP-OCT system allowed for analysis of caries development in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat Lenton
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 515 Delaware Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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26
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Pircher M, Hitzenberger CK, Schmidt-Erfurth U. Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography in the human eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2011; 30:431-51. [PMID: 21729763 PMCID: PMC3205186 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become a well established imaging tool in ophthalmology. The unprecedented depth resolution that is provided by this technique yields valuable information on different ocular tissues ranging from the anterior to the posterior eye segment. Polarization sensitive OCT (PS-OCT) extends the concept of OCT and utilizes the information that is carried by polarized light to obtain additional information on the tissue. Several structures in the eye (e.g. cornea, retinal nerve fiber layer, retinal pigment epithelium) alter the polarization state of the light and show therefore a tissue specific contrast in PS-OCT images. First this review outlines the basic concepts of polarization changing light-tissue interactions and gives a short introduction in PS-OCT instruments for ophthalmic imaging. In a second part a variety of different applications of this technique are presented in ocular imaging that are ranging from the anterior to the posterior eye segment. Finally the benefits of the method for imaging different diseases as, e.g., age related macula degeneration (AMD) or glaucoma is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstr. 13, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Gladkova N, Streltsova O, Zagaynova E, Kiseleva E, Gelikonov V, Gelikonov G, Karabut M, Yunusova K, Evdokimova O. Cross-polarization optical coherence tomography for early bladder-cancer detection: statistical study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:519-532. [PMID: 21780300 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The capabilities of cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (CP OCT) for early bladder-cancer detection are assessed in statistical study and compared with the traditional OCT. Unlike the traditional OCT that demonstrates images only in copolarization, CP OCT acquires images in cross-polarization and copolarization simultaneously. 116 patients with localized flat suspicious lesions in the bladder were enrolled, 360 CP OCT images were obtained and analyzed. CP OCT demonstrated sensitivity 93.7% (vs. 81.2%, <0.0001), specificity 84% (vs. 70.0%, <0.001) and accuracy 85.3% (vs. 71.5%, <0.001) in detecting flat malignant bladder lesions, which is significantly better than with the traditional OCT. Higher diagnostic efficacy of CP OCT in detecting early bladder cancer is associated with the ability to detect changes in epithelium and connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gladkova
- Institute of Applied and Fundamental Medicine, Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Minina and Pozharski Sq. 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia.
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28
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Jiao S. Polarization in low coherence interferometry. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2009:110-113. [PMID: 19965120 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5335149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The polarization mismatch of the sample and reference arms in optical fiber based low coherence interferometry has critical effect on its depth resolution when the light source is partially polarized: When the polarization states of the two arms are matched the measured point spread function (PSF) is almost identical to the theoretical prediction; When their polarization states are mismatched the PSF can be so distorted that the depth resolution is degraded to several times of the theoretical value. When the source light is polarized the depth resolution becomes independent of the polarization mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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29
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Jiao S, Ruggeri M. Polarization effect on the depth resolution of optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:060503. [PMID: 19123644 PMCID: PMC2718718 DOI: 10.1117/1.3037341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We find for the first time that polarization mismatch of the sample and reference arms in optical-fiber-based optical coherence tomography (OCT) has critical effect on its depth resolution when the light source is partially polarized. When the polarization states of the two arms are matched, the measured point spread function (PSF) is almost identical to the theoretical prediction. When their polarization states are mismatched, the PSF can be so distorted that the depth resolution is degraded to several times the theoretical value. When we polarize the source light with a polarizer, then the degree of polarization (DOP) is unity, and the depth resolution becomes independent of the polarization mismatch. This discovery has fundamental importance for high-resolution OCT imaging of biological tissues. With DOP<1, the depth resolution can be quickly degraded by either birefringence or scattering in the sample. Adjusting polarization controllers can only improve the depth resolution at a certain depth in a sample if the polarization state of light changes along the depth. When DOP=1, uniform resolution along the depth of a sample can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Jiao
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, 1638 NW 10th Ave., Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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30
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Lee SW, Kang JH, Yoo JY, Kang MS, Oh JT, Kim BM. Quantification of scattering changes using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:054032. [PMID: 19021412 DOI: 10.1117/1.2976430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that changes in the degree of polarization (DOP) depend on changes in the scattering coefficient, and they can be quantified by using a polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) system. We test our hypothesis using liquid and solid phantoms made from Intralipid suspensions and gelatin, respectively. We also quantify the DOP changes with depth caused by changes in the concentration of scatterers in the liquid and solid phantoms. It is clearly shown that the DOP change has a linear relationship with the scattering change. In our previous study, we showed that the axial slope of the DOP is different between normal and pathologic cervical tissues. Our results demonstrate that the quantification of the axial DOP slope can be used for the systematic diagnosis of certain tissue pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Lee
- Yonsei University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wonju, South Korea
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31
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Adie SG, Hillman TR, Sampson DD. Detection of multiple scattering in optical coherence tomography using the spatial distribution of Stokes vectors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2007; 15:18033-49. [PMID: 19551101 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.018033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple scattering is one of the main degrading influences in optical coherence tomography, but to date its presence in an image can only be indirectly inferred. We present a polarization-sensitive method that shows the potential to detect it more directly, based on the degree to which the detected polarization state at any given image point is correlated with the mean state over the surrounding region. We report the validation of the method in microsphere suspensions, showing a strong dependence of the degree of correlation upon the extent to which multiply scattered light is coherently detected. We demonstrate the method's utility in various tissues, including chicken breast ex vivo and human skin and nailfold in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Adie
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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32
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Pircher M, Götzinger E, Leitgeb R, Sattmann H, Findl O, Hitzenberger C. Imaging of polarization properties of human retina in vivo with phase resolved transversal PS-OCT. OPTICS EXPRESS 2004; 12:5940-51. [PMID: 19488235 DOI: 10.1364/opex.12.005940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we developed a phase resolved polarization sensitive OCT system based on transversal scanning. This system was now improved and adapted for retinal imaging in vivo. We accelerated the image acquisition speed by a factor of 10 and adapted the system for light sources emitting at 820nm. The improved instrument records 1000 transversal lines per second. Two different scanning modes enable either the acquisition of high resolution B-scan images containing 1600x500 pixels in 500ms or the recording of 3D data sets by C-scan mode imaging. This allows acquiring a 3D-data set containing 1000x100x100 pixels in 10 seconds. We present polarization sensitive B-scan images and to the best of our knowledge, the first 3D-data sets of retardation and fast axis orientation of fovea and optic nerve head region in vivo. The polarizing and birefringence properties of different retinal layers: retinal pigment epithelium, Henle's fiber layer, and retinal nerve fiber layer are studied.
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Yu P, Mustata M, Peng L, Turek JJ, Melloch MR, French PMW, Nolte DD. Holographic optical coherence imaging of rat osteogenic sarcoma tumor spheroids. APPLIED OPTICS 2004; 43:4862-73. [PMID: 15449473 DOI: 10.1364/ao.43.004862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Holographic optical coherence imaging is a full-frame variant of coherence-domain imaging. An optoelectronic semiconductor holographic film functions as a coherence filter placed before a conventional digital video camera that passes coherent (structure-bearing) light to the camera during holographic readout while preferentially rejecting scattered light. The data are acquired as a succession of en face images at increasing depth inside the sample in a fly-through acquisition. The samples of living tissue were rat osteogenic sarcoma multicellular tumor spheroids that were grown from a single osteoblast cell line in a bioreactor. Tumor spheroids are nearly spherical and have radial symmetry, presenting a simple geometry for analysis. The tumors investigated ranged in diameter from several hundred micrometers to over 1 mm. Holographic features from the tumors were observed in reflection to depths of 500-600 microm with a total tissue path length of approximately 14 mean free paths. The volumetric data from the tumor spheroids reveal heterogeneous structure, presumably caused by necrosis and microcalcifications characteristic of some human avascular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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34
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Pircher M, Goetzinger E, Leitgeb R, Hitzenberger C. Three dimensional polarization sensitive OCT of human skin in vivo. OPTICS EXPRESS 2004; 12:3236-44. [PMID: 19483847 DOI: 10.1364/opex.12.003236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We present three dimensional images of backscattered intensity, and to the best of our knowledge, the first 3D-images of retardation and fast axis orientation of human skin in vivo. The images were recorded with a phase resolved, polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) system which is based on a fast transversal scanning of the sample. The three dimensional data sets were obtained by recording several en face images at different depths within the sample. Intensity and retardation images are combined to a 4 dimensional animation to enhance the visualization of the three dimensional data set. The three dimensional information enables a more accurate interpretation of the structural and birefringence information as compared to 2 dimensional B-scans. Birefringence properties of different skin regions are presented and discussed.
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35
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Feng Y, Wang RK, Elder JB. Theoretical model of optical coherence tomography for system optimization and characterization. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2003; 20:1792-1803. [PMID: 12968652 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.20.001792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed analytical model to describe optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems, which considers the propagation of the optical field within a scattering medium in the framework of the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle. The model includes use of the discrete-particle model and the fractal approach in treating biological tissue as being packed with scattering particles with a power-law distribution. In contrast to previous models, an imaginary lens proximal to the tissue surface is introduced that approximates the real focusing lens in the sample arm of the OCT system. This treatment avoids the consideration of backscattering light as traveling in the free space between the focusing lens and the tissue surface before mixing with the reference beam. Experiments on tissue phantoms were carried out to verify the validity of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinqi Feng
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, UK
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36
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Jiao S, Yu W, Stoica G, Wang LV. Contrast mechanisms in polarization-sensitive Mueller-matrix optical coherence tomography and application in burn imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2003; 42:5191-7. [PMID: 12962400 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.005191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the various contrast mechanisms provided by polarization-sensitive (PS) Mueller-matrix optical coherence tomography (OCT). Our PS multichannel Mueller-matrix OCT is the first, to our knowledge, to offer simultaneously comprehensive polarization-contrast mechanisms, including the amplitude of birefringence, the orientation of birefringence, and the diattenuation in addition to the polarization-independent intensity contrast, all of which can be extracted from the measured Jones or the equivalent Mueller matrix. Theoretical analysis shows that when diattenuation is negligible, the round-trip Jones matrix represents a linear retarder, which is the foundation of conventional PS-OCT, and can be calculated with a single incident polarization state, although the one-way Jones matrix generally represents an elliptical retarder; otherwise, two incident polarization states are needed. The experimental results obtained from rat skin samples, which conform well with the histology, show that Mueller OCT provides complementary structural and functional information on biological samples and reveal that polarization contrast is more sensitive to thermal degeneration of biological tissue than amplitude-based contrast. Thus, Mueller OCT has significant potential for application in the noninvasive assessment of burn depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Jiao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3120, USA
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37
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Park B, Pierce M, Cense B, de Boer J. Real-time multi-functional optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2003; 11:782-93. [PMID: 19461791 DOI: 10.1364/oe.11.000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate real-time acquisition, processing, and display of tissue structure, birefringence, and blood flow in a multi-functional optical coherence tomography (MF-OCT) system. This is accomplished by efficient data processing of the phase-resolved inteference patterns without dedicated hardware or extensive modification to the high-speed fiber-based OCT system. The system acquires images of 2048 depth scans per second, covering an area of 5 mm in width x 1.2 mm in depth with real-time display updating images in a rolling manner 32 times each second. We present a video of the system display as images from the proximal nail fold of a human volunteer are taken.
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Kaasalainen S, Piironen J, Muinonen K, Karttunen H, Peltoniemi J. Laboratory experiments on backscattering from regolith samples. APPLIED OPTICS 2002; 41:4416-4420. [PMID: 12148774 DOI: 10.1364/ao.41.004416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the backscattering peak has applications in the surface texture characterization of asteroids and planetary surfaces. Laboratory experiments are important because they give an opportunity for systematic variation and comparison of samples. A backscattering experiment from regolith samples, which uses a laser light source and a beam splitter to reach the smallest phase angles, is presented. Measurements at zero and small phase angles for Sahara sand and meteorite rocks are made, and the preliminary results are presented in comparison with the phase curve observed for asteroid 69 Hesperia. The results are applicable to the further interpretation of the coherent backscattering opposition effect.
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39
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Wang X, Wang LV. Propagation of polarized light in birefringent turbid media: a Monte Carlo study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2002; 7:279-90. [PMID: 12175276 DOI: 10.1117/1.1483315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2001] [Revised: 03/20/2002] [Accepted: 03/29/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study, based on a Monte Carlo algorithm, of polarized light propagation in birefringent turbid media is presented in this paper. Linear birefringence, which results from the fibrous structures, changes the single scattering matrix and alters the polarization states of photons propagating in biological tissues. Some Mueller matrix elements of light backscattered from birefringent anisotropic turbid media present unusual intensity patterns compared with those for nonbirefringent isotropic turbid media. This result is in good agreement with the analytic results based on the double-scattering model. Degree of polarization, Stokes parameters, and diffuse reflectance as functions of linearly birefringent parameters based on numerical results and theoretical analysis are discussed and compared in an effort to understand the essential physical processes of polarized light propagation in fibrous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueding Wang
- Texas A&M University, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Program, 3120 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3120, USA
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40
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Zimnyakov DA, Sinichkin YP, Zakharov PV, Agafonov DN. Residual polarization of non-coherently backscattered linearly polarized light: the influence of the anisotropy parameter of the scattering medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0959-7174/11/4/303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Jiao S, Yao G, Wang LV. Depth-resolved two-dimensional stokes vectors of backscattered light and mueller matrices of biological tissue measured with optical coherence tomography. APPLIED OPTICS 2000; 39:6318-24. [PMID: 18354641 DOI: 10.1364/ao.39.006318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mueller matrices provide a complete characterization of the optical polarization properties of biological tissue. A polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was built and used to investigate the optical polarization properties of biological tissues and other turbid media. The apparent degree of polarization (DOP) of the backscattered light was measured with both liquid and solid scattering samples. The DOP maintains the value of unity within the detectable depth for the solid sample, whereas the DOP decreases with the optical depth for the liquid sample. Two-dimensional depth-resolved images of both the Stokes vectors of the backscattered light and the full Mueller matrices of biological tissue were measured with this system. These polarization measurements revealed some tissue structures that are not perceptible with standard OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jiao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University, 3120 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3120, USA
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42
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Jarry G, Henry F, Kaiser R. Anisotropy and multiple scattering in thick mammalian tissues. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2000; 17:149-53. [PMID: 10641850 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.17.000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A dual-channel Mach-Zehnder interferometer using heterodyne detection allowed us to measure simultaneously parallel and perpendicular polarization components through various mammalian tissues at a wavelength of lambda = 633 nm. By contrast with liver tissue, squeletic muscles of a few millimeters thickness exhibit strong anisotropic properties that change the direction of the linear polarization of the light. This rotation of the initial plane of polarization is to be distinguished from the depolarization that is due to the multiple light scattering that goes along with large temporal fluctuations. Complementary photos under linearly polarized light illustrate the behavior difference between liver (isotropic medium) and muscle (anisotropic medium).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jarry
- Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
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43
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Gorti S, Tone H, Imokawa G. Triangulation method for determining capillary blood flow and physical characteristics of the skin. APPLIED OPTICS 1999; 38:4914-4929. [PMID: 18323982 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.004914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A method capable of measuring blood flow at precise depths within the skin is described. The method determines the static and the dynamic properties of light that is backscattered to small areas on the surface of the skin at several contiguous locations along the expected trajectory of laser-light propagation. From observations the method has been shown to be capable of determining physical characteristics that are unique to the different layers of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gorti
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikaimachi, Haga, Tochigi 321-34, Japan.
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44
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de Boer JF, Srinivas SM, Park BH, Pham TH, Chen Z, Milner TE, Nelson JS. Polarization Effects in Optical Coherence Tomography of Various Biological Tissues. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 1999; 5:1200-1204. [PMID: 25774083 DOI: 10.1109/2944.796348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) was used to obtain spatially resolved ex vivo images of polarization changes in skeletal muscle, bone, skin and brain. Through coherent detection of two orthogonal polarization states of the signal formed by interference of light reflected from the biological sample and a mirror in the reference arm of a Michelson interferometer, the depth resolved change in polarization was measured. Inasmuch as any fibrous structure will influence the polarization of light, PS-OCT is a potentially powerful technique investigating tissue structural properties. In addition, the effects of single polarization state detection on OCT image formation is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F de Boer
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Shyam M Srinivas
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - B Hyle Park
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Tuan H Pham
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Thomas E Milner
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - J Stuart Nelson
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
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45
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de Boer JF, Srinivas SM, Park BH, Pham TH, Chen Z, Milner TE, Nelson JS. Polarization Effects in Optical Coherence Tomography of Various Biological Tissues. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 1999; 5:1200-1204. [PMID: 25774083 PMCID: PMC4358303 DOI: 10.1109/2944.796347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) was used to obtain spatially resolved ex vivo images of polarization changes in skeletal muscle, bone, skin and brain. Through coherent detection of two orthogonal polarization states of the signal formed by interference of light reflected from the biological sample and a mirror in the reference arm of a Michelson interferometer, the depth resolved change in polarization was measured. Inasmuch as any fibrous structure will influence the polarization of light, PS-OCT is a potentially powerful technique investigating tissue structural properties. In addition, the effects of single polarization state detection on OCT image formation is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F de Boer
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Shyam M Srinivas
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - B Hyle Park
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Tuan H Pham
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
| | - Thomas E Milner
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - J Stuart Nelson
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612 USA
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46
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Yao G, Wang LV. Two-dimensional depth-resolved Mueller matrix characterization of biological tissue by optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 1999; 24:537-9. [PMID: 18071564 DOI: 10.1364/ol.24.000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We built a polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomographic system and measured the two-dimensional depth-resolved full 4 x 4 Mueller matrix of biological tissue for what is believed to be the first time. The Mueller matrix measurements, which we made by varying the polarization states of the light source and the detector, yielded a complete characterization of the polarization property of the tissue sample. The initial experimental results indicated that this new approach reveals some tissue structures that are not perceptible in standard optical coherence tomography.
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Popescu G, Dogariu A. Optical path-length spectroscopy of wave propagation in random media. OPTICS LETTERS 1999; 24:442-4. [PMID: 18071533 DOI: 10.1364/ol.24.000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We propose optical path-length spectroscopy as a new approach to obtaining information from media that exhibit multiple light scattering. By using a backscattering technique based on low-coherence interferometry, we are able to determine the optical path-length distribution for light reflected from a random medium and to infer the value of the transport mean free path. We illustrate how a diffusion approximation model leads to a satisfactory description of depth-resolved profiles of the backscattered intensity and discuss potential applications of this technique.
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de Boer JF, Milner TE, Nelson JS. Determination of the depth-resolved Stokes parameters of light backscattered from turbid media by use of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 1999; 24:300-2. [PMID: 18071486 DOI: 10.1364/ol.24.000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) was used to characterize completely the polarization state of light backscattered from turbid media. Using a low-coherence light source, one can determine the Stokes parameters of backscattered light as a function of optical path in turbid media. To demonstrate the application of this technique we determined the birefringence and the optical axis in fibrous tissue (rodent muscle) and in vivo rodent skin. PS-OCT has potentially useful applications in biomedical optics by imaging simultaneously the structural properties of turbid biological materials and their effects on the polarization state of backscattered light. This method may also find applications in material science for investigation of polarization properties (e.g., birefringence) in opaque media such as ceramics and crystals.
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