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Chen JH, Chou MY, Pan CY, Wang LA. Fabrication and analysis of microfiber array platform for optogenetics with cellular resolution. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:4416-4423. [PMID: 27895984 PMCID: PMC5119584 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics has emerged as a revolutionary technology especially for neuroscience and has advanced continuously over the past decade. Conventional approaches for patterned in vivo optical illumination have a limitation on the implanted device size and achievable spatio-temporal resolution. In this work, we developed a fabrication process for a microfiber array platform. Arrayed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfibers were drawn from a polymer solution and packaged with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The exposed end face of a packaged microfiber was tuned to have a size corresponding to a single cell. To demonstrate its capability for single cell optogenetics, HEK293T cells expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) were cultured on the platform and excited with UV laser. We could then observe an elevation in the intracellular Ca2+ concentrations due to the influx of Ca2+ through the activated ChR2 into the cytosol. The statistical and simulation results indicate that the proposed microfiber array platform can be used for single cell optogenetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Chen
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ming-Yi Chou
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chien-Yuan Pan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lon A. Wang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liu Y, Jacques SL, Azimipour M, Rogers JD, Pashaie R, Eliceiri KW. OptogenSIM: a 3D Monte Carlo simulation platform for light delivery design in optogenetics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:4859-70. [PMID: 26713200 PMCID: PMC4679260 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.004859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing light delivery for optogenetics is critical in order to accurately stimulate the neurons of interest while reducing nonspecific effects such as tissue heating or photodamage. Light distribution is typically predicted using the assumption of tissue homogeneity, which oversimplifies light transport in heterogeneous brain. Here, we present an open-source 3D simulation platform, OptogenSIM, which eliminates this assumption. This platform integrates a voxel-based 3D Monte Carlo model, generic optical property models of brain tissues, and a well-defined 3D mouse brain tissue atlas. The application of this platform in brain data models demonstrates that brain heterogeneity has moderate to significant impact depending on application conditions. Estimated light density contours can show the region of any specified power density in the 3D brain space and thus can help optimize the light delivery settings, such as the optical fiber position, fiber diameter, fiber numerical aperture, light wavelength and power. OptogenSIM is freely available and can be easily adapted to incorporate additional brain atlases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Liu
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706,
USA
| | - Steven L. Jacques
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR 97239,
USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR 97239,
USA
| | - Mehdi Azimipour
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N Cramer St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211,
USA
| | - Jeremy D. Rogers
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706,
USA
| | - Ramin Pashaie
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N Cramer St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211,
USA
| | - Kevin W. Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706,
USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 North Orchard Street, Madison, WI 53715,
USA
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Satpathy S, Batabyal S, Dhakal KR, Lin J, Kim YT, Mohanty SK. Broad spectral excitation of opsin for enhanced stimulation of cells. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:2465-2468. [PMID: 26030533 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Optical stimulation of cells expressing light-sensitive proteins (opsins) has allowed targeted activation with cellular specificity. However, since narrow-band light has been used for excitation of these optogenetic probes, only active stimulation strategies are being attempted for clinical applications such as restoration of vision. Here, we report use of broad spectral excitation (white light) for optogenetic stimulation of opsin-sensitized cells. We found that ReaChR is optimally excited with white light offering significantly higher photocurrents compared to spectrally filtered narrow-band light stimulation. Our findings open up the possibility of passive stimulation strategy by use of natural sunlight for retinal stimulation, which could have benefits for ambient light stimulated vision restoration.
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Abstract
Optogenetics is an innovative technique for optical control of cells. This field has exploded over the past decade or so and has given rise to great advances in neuroscience. A variety of applications both from the basic and applied research have emerged, turning the early ideas into a powerful paradigm for cell biology, neuroscience and medical research. This review aims at highlighting the basic concepts that are essential for a comprehensive understanding of optogenetics and some important biological/biomedical applications. Further, emphasis is placed on advancement in optogenetics-associated light-based methods for controlling gene expression, spatially-controlled optogenetic stimulation and detection of cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarendra K. Mohanty
- Biophysics and Physiology Group, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, USA. Tel. 817-272-1177, Fax: +1-817-272-3637
| | - Vasudevan Lakshminarayananan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Departments of Physics and Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON Canada. Department of Physics, Unviersity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Dhakal KR, Gu L, Shivalingaiah S, Dennis TS, Morris-Bobzean SA, Li T, Perrotti LI, Mohanty SK. Non-scanning fiber-optic near-infrared beam led to two-photon optogenetic stimulation in-vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111488. [PMID: 25383687 PMCID: PMC4226470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of specific neurons expressing opsins in a targeted region to manipulate brain function has proved to be a powerful tool in neuroscience. However, the use of visible light for optogenetic stimulation is invasive due to low penetration depth and tissue damage owing to larger absorption and scattering. Here, we report, for the first time, in-depth non-scanning fiber-optic two-photon optogenetic stimulation (FO-TPOS) of neurons in-vivo in transgenic mouse models. In order to optimize the deep-brain stimulation strategy, we characterized two-photon activation efficacy at different near-infrared laser parameters. The significantly-enhanced in-depth stimulation efficiency of FO-TPOS as compared to conventional single-photon beam was demonstrated both by experiments and Monte Carlo simulation. The non-scanning FO-TPOS technology will lead to better understanding of the in-vivo neural circuitry because this technology permits more precise and less invasive anatomical delivery of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal R. Dhakal
- Biophysics and Physiology Lab, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ling Gu
- Biophysics and Physiology Lab, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shivaranjani Shivalingaiah
- Biophysics and Physiology Lab, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Torry S. Dennis
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samara A. Morris-Bobzean
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ting Li
- Key lab for Neuroinformatics of Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linda I. Perrotti
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samarendra K. Mohanty
- Biophysics and Physiology Lab, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
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Sample V, Mehta S, Zhang J. Genetically encoded molecular probes to visualize and perturb signaling dynamics in living biological systems. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1151-60. [PMID: 24634506 PMCID: PMC3953811 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.099994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this Commentary, we discuss two sets of genetically encoded molecular tools that have significantly enhanced our ability to observe and manipulate complex biochemical processes in their native context and that have been essential in deepening our molecular understanding of how intracellular signaling networks function. In particular, genetically encoded biosensors are widely used to directly visualize signaling events in living cells, and we highlight several examples of basic biosensor designs that have enabled researchers to capture the spatial and temporal dynamics of numerous signaling molecules, including second messengers and signaling enzymes, with remarkable detail. Similarly, we discuss a number of genetically encoded biochemical perturbation techniques that are being used to manipulate the activity of various signaling molecules with far greater spatial and temporal selectivity than can be achieved using standard pharmacological or genetic techniques, focusing specifically on examples of chemically driven and light-inducible perturbation strategies. We then describe recent efforts to combine these diverse and powerful molecular tools into a unified platform that can be used to elucidate the molecular details of biological processes that may potentially extend well beyond the realm of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedangi Sample
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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