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Tong H, Yang T, Xu S, Li X, Liu L, Zhou G, Yang S, Yin S, Li XJ, Li S. Huntington's Disease: Complex Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3845. [PMID: 38612657 PMCID: PMC11011923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) arises from the abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene (HTT), resulting in the production of the mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) with a polyglutamine stretch in its N-terminus. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying HD are complex and not yet fully elucidated. However, mHTT forms aggregates and accumulates abnormally in neuronal nuclei and processes, leading to disruptions in multiple cellular functions. Although there is currently no effective curative treatment for HD, significant progress has been made in developing various therapeutic strategies to treat HD. In addition to drugs targeting the neuronal toxicity of mHTT, gene therapy approaches that aim to reduce the expression of the mutant HTT gene hold great promise for effective HD therapy. This review provides an overview of current HD treatments, discusses different therapeutic strategies, and aims to facilitate future therapeutic advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Research, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.T.); (T.Y.); (S.X.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (G.Z.); (S.Y.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shihua Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Research, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (H.T.); (T.Y.); (S.X.); (X.L.); (L.L.); (G.Z.); (S.Y.); (S.Y.)
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Esmaeili A, Eteghadi A, Landi FS, Yavari SF, Taghipour N. Recent approaches in regenerative medicine in the fight against neurodegenerative disease. Brain Res 2024; 1825:148688. [PMID: 38042394 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases arise due to slow and gradual loss of structure and/or function of neurons and glial cells and cause different degrees of loss of cognition abilities and sensation. The little success in developing effective treatments imposes a high and regressive economic impact on society, patients and their families. In recent years, regenerative medicine has provided a great opportunity to research new innovative strategies with strong potential to treatleva these diseases. These effects are due to the ability of suitable cells and biomaterials to regenerate damaged nerves with differentiated cells, creating an appropriate environment for recovering or preserving existing healthy neurons and glial cells from destruction and damage. Ultimately, a better understanding and thus a further investigation of stem cell technology, tissue engineering, gene therapy, and exosomes allows progress towards practical and effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, in this review, advances currently being developed in regenerative medicine using animal models and human clinical trials in neurological disorders are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Esmaeili
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Eteghadi
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Saeedi Landi
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadnaz Fakhteh Yavari
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Taghipour
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Liang XS, Sun ZW, Thomas AM, Li S. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Huntington Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:1109967. [PMID: 37168444 PMCID: PMC10164866 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1109967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been explored in Huntington disease (HD) as a potential therapeutic approach; however, a complete synthesis of these results is lacking. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of MSCs on HD. Method Eligible studies published before November 2022 were screened from Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and Cochrane in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. ClinicalTrial.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were also searched for registered clinical trials. The outcomes in rodent studies evaluated included morphological changes (striatal volume and ventricular volume), motor function (rotarod test, wire hang test, grip strength test, limb-clasping test, apomorphine-induced rotation test, and neuromuscular electromyography activity), cognition (Morris water maze test), and body weight. Result The initial search returned 362 records, of which 15 studies incorporating 346 HD rodents were eligible for meta-analysis. Larger striatal and smaller ventricular volumes were observed in MSC-treated animals compared to controls. MSCs transplanted before the occurrence of motor dysfunction rescued the motor incoordination of HD. Among different MSC sources, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were the most investigated cells and were effective in improving motor coordination. MSC therapy improved muscle strength, neuromuscular electromyography activity, cortex-related motor function, and striatum-related motor function, while cognition was not changed. The body weight of male HD rodents increased after MSC transplantation, while that of females was not affected. Conclusion Meta-analysis showed a positive effect of MSCs on HD rodents overall, as reflected in morphological changes, motor coordination, muscle strength, neuromuscular electromyography activity, cortex-related motor function, and striatum-related motor function, while cognition was not changed by MSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Liang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Wu Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Aline M. Thomas
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Saha S, Dey MJ, Promon SK, Araf Y. Pathogenesis and potential therapeutic application of stem cells transplantation in Huntington’s disease. Regen Ther 2022; 21:406-412. [PMID: 36196447 PMCID: PMC9513215 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which is caused due to repetitive CAG or glutamine expression along the coding region of the Huntington gene. This disease results in certain movement abnormalities, affective disturbances, dementia and cognitive impairments. To this date, there is no proper cure for this rare and fatal neurological condition but there have been certain advancements in the field of genetic animal model research studies to elucidate the understanding of the pathogenesis of this condition. Currently, HD follows a certain therapeutic approach which just relieves the symptoms but doesn't cure the underlying cause of the disease. Stem cell therapy can be a breakthrough in developing a potential cure for this condition. In this review, we have discussed the pathogenesis and the efficacy and clinical practicality of the therapeutic application of stem cell transplantation in Huntington's disease. The application of this groundbreaking therapy on genetically altered animal models has been listed and analyzed in brief.
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Garcia Jareño P, Bartley OJM, Precious SV, Rosser AE, Lelos MJ. Challenges in progressing cell therapies to the clinic for Huntington's disease: A review of the progress made with pluripotent stem cell derived medium spiny neurons. Int Rev Neurobiol 2022; 166:1-48. [PMID: 36424090 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a triad of symptoms: motor, cognitive and psychiatric. HD is caused by a genetic mutation, expansion of the CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene, which results in loss of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum. Cell replacement therapy (CRT) has emerged as a possible therapy for HD, aiming to replace those cells lost to the disease process and alleviate its symptoms. Initial pre-clinical studies used primary fetal striatal cells to provide proof-of-principal that CRT can bring about functional recovery on some behavioral tasks following transplantation into HD models. Alternative donor cell sources are required if CRT is to become a viable therapeutic option and human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) sources, which have undergone differentiation toward the MSNs lost to the disease process, have proved to be strong candidates. The focus of this chapter is to review work conducted on the functional assessment of animals following transplantation of hPSC-derived MSNs. We discuss different ways that graft function has been assessed, and the results that have been achieved to date. In addition, this chapter presents and discusses challenges that remain in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver J M Bartley
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie V Precious
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Rosser
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Cardiff University Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (B.R.A.I.N.) Biomedical Research Unit, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mariah J Lelos
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Barros I, Marcelo A, Silva TP, Barata J, Rufino-Ramos D, Pereira de Almeida L, Miranda CO. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells' Therapy for Polyglutamine Disorders: Where Do We Stand and Where Should We Go? Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:584277. [PMID: 33132851 PMCID: PMC7573388 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.584277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders caused by the expansion of the cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat. This mutation encodes extended glutamine (Q) tract in the disease protein, resulting in the alteration of its conformation/physiological role and in the formation of toxic fragments/aggregates of the protein. This group of heterogeneous disorders shares common molecular mechanisms, which opens the possibility to develop a pan therapeutic approach. Vast efforts have been made to develop strategies to alleviate disease symptoms. Nonetheless, there is still no therapy that can cure or effectively delay disease progression of any of these disorders. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are promising tools for the treatment of polyQ disorders, promoting protection, tissue regeneration, and/or modulation of the immune system in animal models. Accordingly, data collected from clinical trials have so far demonstrated that transplantation of MSC is safe and delays the progression of some polyQ disorders for some time. However, to achieve sustained phenotypic amelioration in clinics, several treatments may be necessary. Therefore, efforts to develop new strategies to improve MSC's therapeutic outcomes have been emerging. In this review article, we discuss the current treatments and strategies used to reduce polyQ symptoms and major pre-clinical and clinical achievements obtained with MSC transplantation as well as remaining flaws that need to be overcome. The requirement to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), together with a short rate of cell engraftment in the lesioned area and low survival of MSC in a pathophysiological context upon transplantation may contribute to the transient therapeutic effects. We also review methods like pre-conditioning or genetic engineering of MSC that can be used to increase MSC survival in vivo, cellular-free approaches-i.e., MSC-conditioned medium (CM) or MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a way of possibly replacing the use of MSC and methods required to standardize the potential of MSC/MSC-derived products. These are fundamental questions that need to be addressed to obtain maximum MSC performance in polyQ diseases and therefore increase clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Barros
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,III-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adriana Marcelo
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa P Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Barata
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David Rufino-Ramos
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Viravector-Viral Vector for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina O Miranda
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,III-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Colpo GD, Furr Stimming E, Teixeira AL. Stem cells in animal models of Huntington disease: A systematic review. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 95:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Smatlikova P, Juhas S, Juhasova J, Suchy T, Hubalek Kalbacova M, Ellederova Z, Motlik J, Klima J. Adipogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Pig Transgenic Model Expressing Human Mutant Huntingtin. J Huntingtons Dis 2018; 8:33-51. [PMID: 30584151 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-180303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the highest expression of mutant huntingtin (mtHtt) was observed in the brain, its negative effects were also apparent in other tissues. Specifically, mtHtt impairs metabolic homeostasis and causes transcriptional dysregulation in adipose tissue. Adipogenic differentiation can be induced by the activation of two transcription factors: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). These same transcription factors were found to be compromised in some tissues of Huntington's disease (HD) mouse models and in lymphocytes of HD patients. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the adipogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from transgenic Huntington's disease (TgHD) minipigs expressing human mtHtt (1-548aa) containing 124 glutamines. Two differentiation conditions were used, employing PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone or indomethacin. METHODS Bone marrow MSCs were isolated from TgHD and WT minipig siblings and compared by their cluster of differentiation using flow cytometry. Their adipogenic potential in vitro was analyzed using quantitative immunofluorescence and western blot analysis of transcription factors and adipogenic markers. RESULTS Flow cytometry analysis did not reveal any significant difference between WT and TgHD MSCs. Nevertheless, following differentiation into adipocytes, the expression of CEBPα nuclear, PPARγ and adipogenic marker FABP4/AP2 were significantly lower in TgHD cells compared to WT cells. In addition, we proved both rosiglitazone and indomethacin to be efficient for adipogenic differentiation of porcine MSCs, with rosiglitazone showing a better adipogenic profile. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a negative influence of mtHtt on adipogenic differentiation of porcine MSCs in vitro associated with compromised expression of adipogenic transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Smatlikova
- PIGMOD Centre, Laboratory of Cell Regeneration and Plasticity, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Juhas
- PIGMOD Centre, Laboratory of Cell Regeneration and Plasticity, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Juhasova
- PIGMOD Centre, Laboratory of Cell Regeneration and Plasticity, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Suchy
- Department of Composites and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Hubalek Kalbacova
- Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Institute of Pathological Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Ellederova
- PIGMOD Centre, Laboratory of Cell Regeneration and Plasticity, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Motlik
- PIGMOD Centre, Laboratory of Cell Regeneration and Plasticity, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Klima
- PIGMOD Centre, Laboratory of Cell Regeneration and Plasticity, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
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Holley SM, Kamdjou T, Reidling JC, Fury B, Coleal-Bergum D, Bauer G, Thompson LM, Levine MS, Cepeda C. Therapeutic effects of stem cells in rodent models of Huntington's disease: Review and electrophysiological findings. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:329-342. [PMID: 29512295 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal symptoms of Huntington's disease (HD), chorea, cognitive deficits, and psychiatric symptoms are associated with the massive loss of striatal and cortical projection neurons. As current drug therapies only partially alleviate symptoms, finding alternative treatments has become peremptory. Cell replacement using stem cells is a rapidly expanding field that offers such an alternative. In this review, we examine recent studies that use mesenchymal cells, as well as pluripotent, cell-derived products in animal models of HD. Additionally, we provide further electrophysiological characterization of a human neural stem cell line, ESI-017, which has already demonstrated disease-modifying properties in two mouse models of HD. Overall, the field of regenerative medicine represents a viable and promising avenue for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders including HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Holley
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Talia Kamdjou
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jack C Reidling
- Institute for Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brian Fury
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dane Coleal-Bergum
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Gerhard Bauer
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Institute for Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology & Behavior and Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Levine
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Mendonça LS, Onofre I, Miranda CO, Perfeito R, Nóbrega C, de Almeida LP. Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Polyglutamine Diseases. Polyglutamine Disorders 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Connor B. Concise Review: The Use of Stem Cells for Understanding and Treating Huntington's Disease. Stem Cells 2017; 36:146-160. [PMID: 29178352 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two decades ago, researchers identified that a CAG expansion mutation in the huntingtin (HTT) gene was involved in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). However, since the identification of the HTT gene, there has been no advance in the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent or reduce the progression of HD. With the recent advances in stem cell biology and human cell reprogramming technologies, several novel and exciting pathways have emerged allowing researchers to enhance their understanding of the pathogenesis of HD, to identify and screen potential drug targets, and to explore alternative donor cell sources for cell replacement therapy. This review will discuss the role of compensatory neurogenesis in the HD brain, the use of stem cell-based therapies for HD to replace or prevent cell loss, and the recent advance of cell reprogramming to model and/or treat HD. These new technologies, coupled with advances in genome editing herald a promising new era for HD research with the potential to identify a therapeutic strategy to alleviate this debilitating disorder. Stem Cells 2018;36:146-160.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Tartaglione AM, Popoli P, Calamandrei G. Regenerative medicine in Huntington's disease: Strengths and weaknesses of preclinical studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:32-47. [PMID: 28223129 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by impairment in motor, cognitive and psychiatric domains. Currently, there is no specific therapy to act on the onset or progression of HD. The marked neuronal death observed in HD is a main argument in favour of stem cells (SCs) transplantation as a promising therapeutic perspective to replace the population of lost neurons and restore the functionality of the damaged circuitry. The availability of rodent models of HD encourages the investigation of the restorative potential of SCs transplantation longitudinally. However, the results of preclinical studies on SCs therapy in HD are so far largely inconsistent; this hampers the individuation of the more appropriate model and precludes the comparative analysis of transplant efficacy on behavioural end points. Thus, this review will describe the state of the art of in vivo research on SCs therapy in HD, analysing in a translational perspective the strengths and weaknesses of animal studies investigating the therapeutic potential of cell transplantation on HD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tartaglione
- Centre for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Popoli
- National Centre for Medicines Research and Preclinical/Clinical Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - G Calamandrei
- Centre for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Lee M, Ban JJ, Kim KY, Jeon GS, Im W, Sung JJ, Kim M. Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes alleviate pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;479:434-439. [PMID: 27641665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disorder that involves the death of motor neurons in the cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are considered as a perspective remedy for therapy of neurodegenerative diseases including ALS. Stem cells secrete various factors which can modulate a hostile environment, called paracrine effect. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles containing cell derived factors and mediate paracrine effect of cells. Thus, exosomes from ADSCs (ADSC-exo) can be a potential candidate of therapeutic effects of stem cells. To investigate the effect of ADSC-exo on the cellular phenotypes of ALS, we used neuronal stem cells (NSCs), which can be differentiated into neuronal cells, isolated from wild type or G93A ALS mice model. ADSC-exo was treated to neuronal cells from G93A ALS mice model. Immunocytochemistry and dot-blot assay result showed that ADSC-exo alleviated aggregation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Reduction of cytosolic SOD1 level by ADSC-exo was also confirmed by western blot. Mitochondria display various abnormalities in ALS and the decrease of phospho-CREB and PGC-1α were observed in the G93A cells. ADSC-exo treatment showed normalization of phospho-CREB/CREB ratio and PGC-1α expression level. Our results suggest that ADSC-exo modulates cellular phenotypes of ALS including SOD-1 aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction, and can be a therapeutic candidate for ALS.
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Fink KD, Deng P, Torrest A, Stewart H, Pollock K, Gruenloh W, Annett G, Tempkin T, Wheelock V, Nolta JA. Developing stem cell therapies for juvenile and adult-onset Huntington's disease. Regen Med 2016; 10:623-46. [PMID: 26237705 PMCID: PMC6785015 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies have been explored as a new avenue for the treatment of neurologic disease and damage within the CNS in part due to their native ability to mimic repair mechanisms in the brain. Mesenchymal stem cells have been of particular clinical interest due to their ability to release beneficial neurotrophic factors and their ability to foster a neuroprotective microenviroment. While early stem cell transplantation therapies have been fraught with technical and political concerns as well as limited clinical benefits, mesenchymal stem cell therapies have been shown to be clinically beneficial and derivable from nonembryonic, adult sources. The focus of this review will be on emerging and extant stem cell therapies for juvenile and adult-onset Huntington’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Fink
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - Peter Deng
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - Audrey Torrest
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - Heather Stewart
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - Kari Pollock
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - William Gruenloh
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - Geralyn Annett
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
| | - Teresa Tempkin
- GenomeCenter, Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of California, 451 Health Sciences Dr. Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Vicki Wheelock
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis Health Systems, 4860 Y Street Sacramento, CA, 95817 USA
| | - Jan A Nolta
- Stem Cell Program & Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Health Systems, 2921 Stockton Blvd. Sacramento, CA, USA 95817
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15
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André EM, Passirani C, Seijo B, Sanchez A, Montero-Menei CN. Nano and microcarriers to improve stem cell behaviour for neuroregenerative medicine strategies: Application to Huntington's disease. Biomaterials 2016; 83:347-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have two essential characteristics with regard to regenerative medicine: the convenient and efficient generation of large numbers of multipotent cells and in vitro proliferation without a loss of stemness. The implementation of clinical trials has prompted widespread concern regarding safety issues and has shifted research toward the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells in dealing with neural degeneration in cases such as stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, cavernous nerve injury, and traumatic brain injury. Most existing studies have reported that cell therapies may be able to replenish lost cells and promote neuronal regeneration, protect neuronal survival, and play a role in overcoming permanent paralysis and loss of sensation and the recovery of neurological function. The mechanisms involved in determining therapeutic capacity remain largely unknown; however, this concept can still be classified in a methodical manner by citing current evidence. Possible mechanisms include the following: 1) the promotion of angiogenesis, 2) the induction of neuronal differentiation and neurogenesis, 3) reductions in reactive gliosis, 4) the inhibition of apoptosis, 5) the expression of neurotrophic factors, 6) immunomodulatory function, and 7) facilitating neuronal integration. In this study, several human clinical trials using ADSCs for neuronal disorders were investigated. It is suggested that ADSCs are one of the choices among various stem cells for translating into clinical application in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Chuan Yeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Beigan Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Min Chan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, China Medical University Beigan Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, China Medical University-An-Nan Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Department of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Shui Chen
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Zung-Sheng Lin
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Beigan Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Beigan Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tainan Municipal An-Nan Hospital-China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
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17
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Abstract
Stem cell therapy has been noted as a novel strategy to various diseases including neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease that have no effective treatment available to date. The adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from adipose tissue, are well known for their pluripotency with the ability to differentiate into various types of cells and immuno-modulatory property. These biological features make ASCs a promising source for regenerative cell therapy in neurological disorders. Here we discuss the recent progress of regenerative therapies in various neurological disorders utilizing ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-A Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Korea
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18
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Chan TM, Chen JYR, Ho LI, Lin HP, Hsueh KW, Liu DD, Chen YH, Hsieh AC, Tsai NM, Hueng DY, Tsai ST, Chou PW, Lin SZ, Harn HJ. ADSC Therapy in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:549-57. [PMID: 24816450 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, chronic diseases that can severely affect the patient's daily life, include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases. However, these diseases all have the common characteristic that they are due to degenerative irreversibility, and thus no efficient drugs or therapy methods can mitigate symptoms completely. Stem cell therapy, such as adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs), is a promising treatment for incurable disorders. In this review, we summarized the previous studies using ADSCs to treat neurodegenerative disorders, as well as their therapeutic mechanisms. We also suggested possible expectations for future human clinical trials involving minimized intracerebroventricular combined with intravenous administration, using different cell lineages to finish complementary therapy as well as change the extracellular matrix to create a homing niche. Depending on successful experiments in relevant neurodegenerative disorders models, this could form the theoretical basis for future human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Min Chan
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Everfront Biotech Inc., New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Li-Ing Ho
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ping Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Hsueh
- Ph.D. Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Demeral David Liu
- Department of Dentistry, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Cheng Hsieh
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nu-Man Tsai
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dueng-Yuan Hueng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Tzeng Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tzu Chi General Hospital/Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Chou
- Everfront Biotech Inc., New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Guang Li Biomedicine, Inc., New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Everfront Biotech Inc., New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tainan Municipal An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Department of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder. The most common symptom of HD is abnormal involuntary writhing movements, called chorea. Antipsychotics and tetrabenazine are used to alleviate the signs and symptoms of HD. Stem cells have been investigated for use in neurodegenerative disorders to develop cell therapy strategies. Recent evidence indicates that the beneficial effects of stem cell therapies are actually mediated by secretory molecules, as well as cell replacement. Although stem cell studies show that cell transplantation provides cellular improvement around lesions in in vivo models, further work is required to elucidate some issues before the clinical application of stem cells. These issues include the precise mechanism of action, delivery method, toxicity and safety. With a focus on HD, this review summarizes cell therapy strategies and the paracrine effect of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseok Im
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Manho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Maucksch C, Vazey EM, Gordon RJ, Connor B. Stem cell-based therapy for Huntington's disease. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:754-63. [PMID: 23097329 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of medium spiny neurons in the basal ganglia. The development of stem cell-based therapies for HD aims to replace lost neurons and/or to prevent cell death. This review will discuss pre-clinical studies which have utilized stem or progenitor cells for transplantation therapy using HD animal models. In several studies, neural stem and progenitor cells used as allotransplants and xenografts have been shown to be capable of surviving transplantation and differentiating into mature GABAergic neurons, resulting in behavioral improvements. Beneficial effects have also been reported for transplantation of stem cells derived from non-neural tissue, for example, mesenchymal- and adipose-derived stem cells, which have mainly been attributed to their secretion of growth and neurotrophic factors. Finally, we review studies using stem cells genetically engineered to over-express defined neurotrophic factors. While these studies prove the potential of stem cells for transplantation therapy in HD, it also becomes clear that technical and ethical issues regarding the availability of stem cells must be solved before human trials can be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Maucksch
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Cisbani G, Saint-Pierre M, Cicchetti F. Single-cell suspension methodology favors survival and vascularization of fetal striatal grafts in the YAC128 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Cell Transplant 2013; 23:1267-78. [PMID: 23768945 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x668636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement therapies have yielded variable and short-lived benefits in Huntington's disease (HD) patients. This suboptimal outcome is likely due to the fact that graft survival is compromised long term because grafts are subjected to a host's microglial inflammatory response, to a lack of adequate trophic support, and possibly to cortical excitotoxicity. However, graft demise may also relate to more straightforward issues such as cell preparation methodology (solid grafts vs. cell suspension). Indeed, we recently reported that solid grafts are poorly revascularized in HD patients transplanted 9 and 12 years previously. To evaluate whether methodological issues relating to cell preparation may have an impact on graft viability, we implanted green fluorescent protein (GFP(+)) single-cell suspensions of fetal striatal neuronal cells into the striatum of YAC128 HD mice. Postmortem evaluation yielded comparable graft survival in YAC128 mice and their wild-type littermates (noncarrier) at 1 and 3 months posttransplantation. Additionally, the degrees of graft revascularization in the YAC128 and noncarrier mice were similar, with both capillaries and large-caliber vessels observable within the grafted tissue. Furthermore, GFP(+) cells interacted well with host blood vessels, indicating integration of the donor cells within the recipient brain. These observations, combined with our recent report of poor revascularization of solid grafts in the HD-transplanted patients, suggest that the success of cell transplantation can be improved by optimizing methodological aspects relating to cell preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cisbani
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Québec, QC, Canada
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22
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Sadan O, Melamed E, Offen D. Intrastriatal transplantation of neurotrophic factor-secreting human mesenchymal stem cells improves motor function and extends survival in R6/2 transgenic mouse model for Huntington's disease. PLoS Curr 2012; 4:e4f7f6dc013d4e. [PMID: 22953237 DOI: 10.1371/4f7f6dc013d4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based treatment for Huntington's disease (HD) is an expanding field of research. Although various stem cells have been shown to be beneficial in vivo, no long standing clinical effect has been demonstrated. To address this issue, we are developing a stem cell-based therapy designed to improve the microenvironment of the diseased tissue via delivery of neurotrophic factors (NTFs). Previously, we established that bone marrow derived human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be differentiated using medium based cues into NTF-secreting cells (NTF+ cells) that express astrocytic markers. NTF+ cells were shown to alleviate neurodegeneration symptoms in several disease models in vitro and in vivo, including the model for excitotoxicity. In the present study, we explored if the timing of intrastriatal transplantation of hNTF+ cells into the R6/2 transgenic mouse model for HD influences motor function and survival. One hundred thousand cells were transplanted bilaterally into the striatum of immune-suppressed mice at 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 weeks of age. Contrary to our expectations, early transplantation of NTF+ cells did not improve motor function or overall survival. However, late (6.5 weeks) transplantation resulted in a temporary improvement in motor function and an extension of life span relative to that observed for PBS treated mice. We conclude that late transplantation of NTF+ cells induces a beneficial effect in this transgenic model for HD. Since no transplanted NTF+ cells could be detected in vivo, we suspect that the temporary nature of the beneficial effect is due to poor survival of transplanted cells. In general, we submit that NTF+ cells should be further evaluated for the therapy of HD.
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23
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Olson SD, Pollock K, Kambal A, Cary W, Mitchell GM, Tempkin J, Stewart H, McGee J, Bauer G, Kim HS, Tempkin T, Wheelock V, Annett G, Dunbar G, Nolta JA. Genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells as a proposed therapeutic for Huntington's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 45:87-98. [PMID: 22161544 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is much interest in the use of mesenchymal stem cells/marrow stromal cells (MSC) to treat neurodegenerative disorders, in particular those that are fatal and difficult to treat, such as Huntington's disease. MSC present a promising tool for cell therapy and are currently being tested in FDA-approved phase I-III clinical trials for many disorders. In preclinical studies of neurodegenerative disorders, MSC have demonstrated efficacy, when used as delivery vehicles for neural growth factors. A number of investigators have examined the potential benefits of innate MSC-secreted trophic support and augmented growth factors to support injured neurons. These include overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial-derived neurotrophic factor, using genetically engineered MSC as a vehicle to deliver the cytokines directly into the microenvironment. Proposed regenerative approaches to neurological diseases using MSC include cell therapies in which cells are delivered via intracerebral or intrathecal injection. Upon transplantation, MSC in the brain promote endogenous neuronal growth, encourage synaptic connection from damaged neurons, decrease apoptosis, reduce levels of free radicals, and regulate inflammation. These abilities are primarily modulated through paracrine actions. Clinical trials for MSC injection into the central nervous system to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and stroke are currently ongoing. The current data in support of applying MSC-based cellular therapies to the treatment of Huntington's disease is discussed.
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