1
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Hong T, McBride E, Dufour BD, Falcone C, Doan M, Noctor SG, Martínez-Cerdeño V. Synaptic boutons are smaller in chandelier cell cartridges in autism. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281477. [PMID: 37097993 PMCID: PMC10128992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chandelier (Ch) cells are cortical interneurons with axon terminal structures known as cartridges that synapse on the axon initial segment of excitatory pyramidal neurons. Previous studies indicate that the number of Ch cells is decreased in autism, and that GABA receptors are decreased in the Ch cell synaptic target in the prefrontal cortex. To further identify Ch cell alterations, we examined whether the length of cartridges, and the number, density, and size of Ch cell synaptic boutons, differed in the prefrontal cortex of cases with autism versus control cases. We collected samples of postmortem human prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Area (BA) 9, 46, and 47) from 20 cases with autism and 20 age- and sex-matched control cases. Ch cells were labeled using an antibody against parvalbumin, a marker that labeles soma, cartridges, and synaptic boutons. We found no significant difference in the average length of cartridges, or in the total number or density of boutons in control subjects vs. subjects with autism. However, we found a significant decrease in the size of Ch cell boutons in those with autism. The reduced size of Ch cell boutons may result in reduced inhibitory signal transmission and impact the balance of excitation to inhibition in the prefrontal cortex in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Erin McBride
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Brett D. Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Carmen Falcone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Mai Doan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Stephen G. Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
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2
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Perumal MB, Sah P. A protocol to investigate cellular and circuit mechanisms generating sharp wave ripple oscillations in rodent basolateral amygdala using ex vivo slices. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101085. [PMID: 35072114 PMCID: PMC8761775 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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3
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Burns TF, Rajan R. Sensing and processing whisker deflections in rodents. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10730. [PMID: 33665005 PMCID: PMC7906041 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical view of sensory information mainly flowing into barrel cortex at layer IV, moving up for complex feature processing and lateral interactions in layers II and III, then down to layers V and VI for output and corticothalamic feedback is becoming increasingly undermined by new evidence. We review the neurophysiology of sensing and processing whisker deflections, emphasizing the general processing and organisational principles present along the entire sensory pathway—from the site of physical deflection at the whiskers to the encoding of deflections in the barrel cortex. Many of these principles support the classical view. However, we also highlight the growing number of exceptions to these general principles, which complexify the system and which investigators should be mindful of when interpreting their results. We identify gaps in the literature for experimentalists and theorists to investigate, not just to better understand whisker sensation but also to better understand sensory and cortical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Burns
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Gouwens NW, Sorensen SA, Baftizadeh F, Budzillo A, Lee BR, Jarsky T, Alfiler L, Baker K, Barkan E, Berry K, Bertagnolli D, Bickley K, Bomben J, Braun T, Brouner K, Casper T, Crichton K, Daigle TL, Dalley R, de Frates RA, Dee N, Desta T, Lee SD, Dotson N, Egdorf T, Ellingwood L, Enstrom R, Esposito L, Farrell C, Feng D, Fong O, Gala R, Gamlin C, Gary A, Glandon A, Goldy J, Gorham M, Graybuck L, Gu H, Hadley K, Hawrylycz MJ, Henry AM, Hill D, Hupp M, Kebede S, Kim TK, Kim L, Kroll M, Lee C, Link KE, Mallory M, Mann R, Maxwell M, McGraw M, McMillen D, Mukora A, Ng L, Ng L, Ngo K, Nicovich PR, Oldre A, Park D, Peng H, Penn O, Pham T, Pom A, Popović Z, Potekhina L, Rajanbabu R, Ransford S, Reid D, Rimorin C, Robertson M, Ronellenfitch K, Ruiz A, Sandman D, Smith K, Sulc J, Sunkin SM, Szafer A, Tieu M, Torkelson A, Trinh J, Tung H, Wakeman W, Ward K, Williams G, Zhou Z, Ting JT, Arkhipov A, Sümbül U, Lein ES, Koch C, Yao Z, Tasic B, Berg J, Murphy GJ, Zeng H. Integrated Morphoelectric and Transcriptomic Classification of Cortical GABAergic Cells. Cell 2020; 183:935-953.e19. [PMID: 33186530 PMCID: PMC7781065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are frequently classified into distinct types on the basis of structural, physiological, or genetic attributes. To better constrain the definition of neuronal cell types, we characterized the transcriptomes and intrinsic physiological properties of over 4,200 mouse visual cortical GABAergic interneurons and reconstructed the local morphologies of 517 of those neurons. We find that most transcriptomic types (t-types) occupy specific laminar positions within visual cortex, and, for most types, the cells mapping to a t-type exhibit consistent electrophysiological and morphological properties. These properties display both discrete and continuous variation among t-types. Through multimodal integrated analysis, we define 28 met-types that have congruent morphological, electrophysiological, and transcriptomic properties and robust mutual predictability. We identify layer-specific axon innervation pattern as a defining feature distinguishing different met-types. These met-types represent a unified definition of cortical GABAergic interneuron types, providing a systematic framework to capture existing knowledge and bridge future analyses across different modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Agata Budzillo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brian R Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tim Jarsky
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lauren Alfiler
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Eliza Barkan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kyla Berry
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Kris Bickley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jasmine Bomben
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thomas Braun
- Byte Physics, Schwarzastraße 9, Berlin 12055, Germany
| | - Krissy Brouner
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tamara Casper
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Tanya L Daigle
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rachel Dalley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tsega Desta
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Tom Egdorf
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Rachel Enstrom
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Luke Esposito
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Colin Farrell
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Olivia Fong
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rohan Gala
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Clare Gamlin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Amanda Gary
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Melissa Gorham
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lucas Graybuck
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hong Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kristen Hadley
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Alex M Henry
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - DiJon Hill
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Madie Hupp
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sara Kebede
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tae Kyung Kim
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lisa Kim
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthew Kroll
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Changkyu Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Rusty Mann
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Medea McGraw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Alice Mukora
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lindsay Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Aaron Oldre
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel Park
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hanchuan Peng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Osnat Penn
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thanh Pham
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alice Pom
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zoran Popović
- Center for Game Science, Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - Shea Ransford
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Augustin Ruiz
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Sandman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kimberly Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Josef Sulc
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Szafer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Tieu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Amy Torkelson
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jessica Trinh
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Herman Tung
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wayne Wakeman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katelyn Ward
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Grace Williams
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Anton Arkhipov
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Uygar Sümbül
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bosiljka Tasic
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jim Berg
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gabe J Murphy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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5
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Boccalaro IL, Cristiá-Lara L, Schwerdel C, Fritschy JM, Rubi L. Cell type-specific distribution of GABA A receptor subtypes in the mouse dorsal striatum. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2030-2046. [PMID: 30773633 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The striatum is the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia, mediating motor and cognitive functions. Striatal projection neurons are GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSN), expressing either the dopamine receptor type 1 (D1 -R MSN) and forming the direct, movement-promoting pathway, or dopamine receptor type 2 (D2 -R MSN), forming the indirect movement-suppressing pathway. Locally, activity and synchronization of MSN are modulated by several subtypes of GABAergic and cholinergic interneurons. Overall, GABAergic circuits in the striatum remain poorly characterized, and little is known about the intrastriatal connectivity of interneurons and the distribution of GABAA receptor (GABAA R) subtypes, distinguished by their subunit composition, in striatal synapses. Here, by using immunofluorescence in mouse tissue, we investigated the distribution of GABAA Rs containing the α1 , α2 , or α3 subunit in perisomatic synapses of striatal MSN and interneurons, as well as the innervation pattern of D1 R- and D2 R-MSN soma and axonal initial segment (AIS) by GABAergic and cholinergic interneurons. Our results show that perisomatic GABAergic synapses of D1 R- and D2 R-MSN contain the GABAA R α1 and/or α2 subunits, but not the α3 subunit; D2 R-MSN have significantly more α1 -GABAA Rs on their soma than D1 R-MSN. Further, interneurons have few perisomatic synapses containing α2 -GABAA Rs, whereas α3 -GABAA Rs (along with the α1 -GABAA Rs) are abundant in perisomatic synapses of CCK+ , NPY+ /SOM+ , and vAChT+ interneurons. Each MSN and interneuron population analyzed received a distinct pattern of GABAergic and cholinergic innervation, complementing this postsynaptic heterogeneity. In conclusion, intra-striatal GABAergic circuits are distinguished by cell-type specific innervation patterns, differential expression and postsynaptic targeting of GABAA R subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Luisa Boccalaro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Cornelia Schwerdel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Fritschy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Rubi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Buccino AP, Kordovan M, Ness TV, Merkt B, Häfliger PD, Fyhn M, Cauwenberghs G, Rotter S, Einevoll GT. Combining biophysical modeling and deep learning for multielectrode array neuron localization and classification. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:1212-1232. [PMID: 29847231 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00210.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits typically consist of many different types of neurons, and one faces a challenge in disentangling their individual contributions in measured neural activity. Classification of cells into inhibitory and excitatory neurons and localization of neurons on the basis of extracellular recordings are frequently employed procedures. Current approaches, however, need a lot of human intervention, which makes them slow, biased, and unreliable. In light of recent advances in deep learning techniques and exploiting the availability of neuron models with quasi-realistic three-dimensional morphology and physiological properties, we present a framework for automatized and objective classification and localization of cells based on the spatiotemporal profiles of the extracellular action potentials recorded by multielectrode arrays. We train convolutional neural networks on simulated signals from a large set of cell models and show that our framework can predict the position of neurons with high accuracy, more precisely than current state-of-the-art methods. Our method is also able to classify whether a neuron is excitatory or inhibitory with very high accuracy, substantially improving on commonly used clustering techniques. Furthermore, our new method seems to have the potential to separate certain subtypes of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The possibility of automatically localizing and classifying all neurons recorded with large high-density extracellular electrodes contributes to a more accurate and more reliable mapping of neural circuits. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We propose a novel approach to localize and classify neurons from their extracellularly recorded action potentials with a combination of biophysically detailed neuron models and deep learning techniques. Applied to simulated data, this new combination of forward modeling and machine learning yields higher performance compared with state-of-the-art localization and classification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio P Buccino
- Center for Integrative Neuroplasticity (CINPLA), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California , San Diego, California
| | - Michael Kordovan
- Bernstein Center Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Torbjørn V Ness
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Benjamin Merkt
- Bernstein Center Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Philipp D Häfliger
- Center for Integrative Neuroplasticity (CINPLA), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Marianne Fyhn
- Center for Integrative Neuroplasticity (CINPLA), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Gert Cauwenberghs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , San Diego, California
| | - Stefan Rotter
- Bernstein Center Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Gaute T Einevoll
- Center for Integrative Neuroplasticity (CINPLA), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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7
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Jiang L, Ni H, Wang QY, Huang L, Zhao SD, Yu JD, Ge RJ. Dual face of axonal inhibitory inputs in the modulation of neuronal excitability in cortical pyramidal neurons. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1079-1085. [PMID: 28852389 PMCID: PMC5558486 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.211186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited by the tiny structure of axons, the effects of these axonal hyperpolarizing inputs on neuronal activity have not been directly elucidated. Here, we imitated these processes by simultaneously recording the activities of the somas and proximal axons of cortical pyramidal neurons. We found that spikes and subthreshold potentials propagate between somas and axons with high fidelity. Furthermore, inhibitory inputs on axons have opposite effects on neuronal activity according to their temporal integration with upstream signals. Concurrent with somatic depolarization, inhibitory inputs on axons decrease neuronal excitability and impede spike generation. In addition, following action potentials, inhibitory inputs on an axon increase neuronal spike capacity and improve spike precision. These results indicate that inhibitory inputs on proximal axons have dual regulatory functions in neuronal activity (suppression or facilitation) according to neuronal network patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qi-Yi Wang
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shi-di Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jian-Dong Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rong-Jing Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
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8
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Molnár G, Rózsa M, Baka J, Holderith N, Barzó P, Nusser Z, Tamás G. Human pyramidal to interneuron synapses are mediated by multi-vesicular release and multiple docked vesicles. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27536876 PMCID: PMC4999310 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic theories link cognitive abilities to synaptic properties and human-specific biophysical features of synapses might contribute to the unparalleled performance of the human cerebral cortex. Paired recordings and multiple probability fluctuation analysis revealed similar quantal sizes, but 4-times more functional release sites in human pyramidal cell to fast-spiking interneuron connections compared to rats. These connections were mediated on average by three synaptic contacts in both species. Each presynaptic active zone (AZ) contains 6.2 release sites in human, but only 1.6 in rats. Electron microscopy (EM) and EM tomography showed that an AZ harbors 4 docked vesicles in human, but only a single one in rats. Consequently, a Katz's functional release site occupies ~0.012 μm(2) in the human presynaptic AZ and ~0.025 μm(2) in the rat. Our results reveal a robust difference in the biophysical properties of a well-defined synaptic connection of the cortical microcircuit of human and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Molnár
- MTA-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton Rózsa
- MTA-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judith Baka
- MTA-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Noémi Holderith
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Barzó
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Nusser
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tamás
- MTA-SZTE Research Group for Cortical Microcircuits, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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9
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Inan M, Zhao M, Manuszak M, Karakaya C, Rajadhyaksha AM, Pickel VM, Schwartz TH, Goldstein PA, Manfredi G. Energy deficit in parvalbumin neurons leads to circuit dysfunction, impaired sensory gating and social disability. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:35-46. [PMID: 27105708 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing, fast spiking interneurons have high-energy demands, which make them particularly susceptible to energy impairment. Recent evidence suggests a link between mitochondrial dysfunction in fast spiking cortical interneurons and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction restricted to parvalbumin interneurons has not been directly addressed in vivo. To investigate the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction in parvalbumin interneurons in vivo, we generated conditional knockout mice with a progressive decline in oxidative phosphorylation by deleting cox10 gene selectively in parvalbumin neurons (PV-Cox10 CKO). Cox10 ablation results in defective assembly of cytochrome oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the electron transfer chain, and leads to mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction. PV-Cox10 CKO mice showed a progressive loss of cytochrome oxidase in cortical parvalbumin interneurons. Cytochrome oxidase protein levels were significantly reduced starting at postnatal day 60, and this was not associated with a change in parvalbumin interneuron density. Analyses of intrinsic electrophysiological properties in layer 5 primary somatosensory cortex revealed that parvalbumin interneurons could not sustain their typical high frequency firing, and their overall excitability was enhanced. An increase in both excitatory and inhibitory input onto parvalbumin interneurons was observed in PV-Cox10 CKO mice, resulting in a disinhibited network with an imbalance of excitation/inhibition. Investigation of network oscillations in PV-Cox10 CKO mice, using local field potential recordings in anesthetized mice, revealed significantly increased gamma and theta frequency oscillation power in both medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. PV-Cox10 CKO mice did not exhibit muscle strength or gross motor activity deficits in the time frame of the experiments, but displayed impaired sensory gating and sociability. Taken together, these data reveal that mitochondrial dysfunction in parvalbumin interneurons can alter their intrinsic physiology and network connectivity, resulting in behavioral alterations similar to those observed in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Inan
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mingrui Zhao
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Monica Manuszak
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cansu Karakaya
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anjali M Rajadhyaksha
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Virginia M Pickel
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Theodore H Schwartz
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter A Goldstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
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Barbas H. General Cortical and Special Prefrontal Connections: Principles from Structure to Function. Annu Rev Neurosci 2015; 38:269-89. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Barbas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences; Graduate Program in Neuroscience; School of Medicine; Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;
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Becchetti A, Aracri P, Meneghini S, Brusco S, Amadeo A. The role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Front Physiol 2015; 6:22. [PMID: 25717303 PMCID: PMC4324070 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is a focal epilepsy with attacks typically arising in the frontal lobe during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. It is characterized by clusters of complex and stereotyped hypermotor seizures, frequently accompanied by sudden arousals. Cognitive and psychiatric symptoms may be also observed. Approximately 12% of the ADNFLE families carry mutations on genes coding for subunits of the heteromeric neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). This is consistent with the widespread expression of these receptors, particularly the α4β2* subtype, in the neocortex and thalamus. However, understanding how mutant nAChRs lead to partial frontal epilepsy is far from being straightforward because of the complexity of the cholinergic regulation in both developing and mature brains. The relation with the sleep-waking cycle must be also explained. We discuss some possible pathogenetic mechanisms in the light of recent advances about the nAChR role in prefrontal regions as well as the studies carried out in murine models of ADNFLE. Functional evidence points to alterations in prefrontal GABA release, and the synaptic unbalance probably arises during the cortical circuit maturation. Although most of the available functional evidence concerns mutations on nAChR subunit genes, other genes have been recently implicated in the disease, such as KCNT1 (coding for a Na+-dependent K+ channel), DEPD5 (Disheveled, Egl-10 and Pleckstrin Domain-containing protein 5), and CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone). Overall, the uncertainties about both the etiology and the pathogenesis of ADNFLE point to the current gaps in our knowledge the regulation of neuronal networks in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becchetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences and NeuroMi-Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Aracri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences and NeuroMi-Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Meneghini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences and NeuroMi-Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Brusco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences and NeuroMi-Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca Milano, Italy
| | - Alida Amadeo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano Milano, Italy
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Inan M, Anderson SA. The chandelier cell, form and function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 26:142-8. [PMID: 24556285 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Among γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons, the chandelier cell (ChC) has captured the interest of neuroscientists for a very long time as a subtype not described by Ramon y Cajal. ChCs feature an axonal arborization that selectively innervates the axon initial segments of pyramidal cells. Recent studies involving transgenic mice have identified intriguing features of ChCs, including a remarkably specific spatial and temporal origins, their capacity to have either excitatory or inhibitory influences on pyramidal neurons, and their synaptic alterations in schizophrenia. This review explores these and other developmental and functional aspects of this fascinating cortical neuronal subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Inan
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Ferrari E, Gu C, Niranjan D, Restani L, Rasetti-Escargueil C, Obara I, Geranton SM, Arsenault J, Goetze TA, Harper CB, Nguyen TH, Maywood E, O'Brien J, Schiavo G, Wheeler DW, Meunier FA, Hastings M, Edwardson JM, Sesardic D, Caleo M, Hunt SP, Davletov B. Synthetic self-assembling clostridial chimera for modulation of sensory functions. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1750-9. [PMID: 24011174 PMCID: PMC3901392 DOI: 10.1021/bc4003103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clostridial neurotoxins reversibly block neuronal communication for weeks and months. While these proteolytic neurotoxins hold great promise for clinical applications and the investigation of brain function, their paralytic activity at neuromuscular junctions is a stumbling block. To redirect the clostridial activity to neuronal populations other than motor neurons, we used a new self-assembling method to combine the botulinum type A protease with the tetanus binding domain, which natively targets central neurons. The two parts were produced separately and then assembled in a site-specific way using a newly introduced 'protein stapling' technology. Atomic force microscopy imaging revealed dumbbell shaped particles which measure ∼23 nm. The stapled chimera inhibited mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of inflammatory pain without causing either flaccid or spastic paralysis. Moreover, the synthetic clostridial molecule was able to block neuronal activity in a defined area of visual cortex. Overall, we provide the first evidence that the protein stapling technology allows assembly of distinct proteins yielding new biomedical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ferrari
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Lee J, Woo J, Favorov OV, Tommerdahl M, Lee CJ, Whitsel BL. Columnar distribution of activity dependent gabaergic depolarization in sensorimotor cortical neurons. Mol Brain 2012; 5:33. [PMID: 23006518 PMCID: PMC3520830 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-5-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS, has been demonstrated to paradoxically produce excitation even in mature brain. However activity-dependent form of GABA excitation in cortical neurons has not been observed. Here we report that after an intense electrical stimulation adult cortical neurons displayed a transient GABA excitation that lasted for about 30s. Results Whole-cell patch recordings were performed to evaluate the effects of briefly applied GABA on pyramidal neurons in adult rodent sensorimotor cortical slice before and after 1 s, 20 Hz suprathreshold electrical stimulation of the junction between layer 6 and the underlying white matter (L6/WM stimulation). Immediately after L6/WM stimulation, GABA puffs produced neuronal depolarization in the center of the column-shaped region. However, both prior to or 30s after stimulation GABA puffs produced hyperpolarization of neurons. 2-photon imaging in neurons infected with adenovirus carrying a chloride sensor Clomeleon revealed that GABA induced depolarization is due to an increase in [Cl-]i after stimulation. To reveal the spatial extent of excitatory action of GABA, isoguvacine, a GABAA receptors agonist, was applied right after stimulation while monitoring the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in pyramidal neurons. Isoguvacine induced an increase in [Ca2+]i in pyramidal neurons especially in the center of the column but not in the peripheral regions of the column. The global pattern of the Ca2+ signal showed a column-shaped distribution along the stimulation site. Conclusion These results demonstrate that the well-known inhibitory transmitter GABA rapidly switches from hyperpolarization to depolarization upon synaptic activity in adult somatosensory cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaekwang Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7575, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Merchant H, de Lafuente V, Peña-Ortega F, Larriva-Sahd J. Functional impact of interneuronal inhibition in the cerebral cortex of behaving animals. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:163-78. [PMID: 22960789 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews recent progress in understanding the functional roles of inhibitory interneurons in behaving animals and how they affect information processing in cortical microcircuits. Multiple studies have shown that the morphological subtypes of inhibitory cells show distinct electrophysiological properties, as well as different molecular and neurochemical identities, providing a large mosaic of inhibitory mechanisms for the dynamic processing of information in the cortex. However, it is only recently that some specific functions of different interneuronal subtypes have been described in behaving animals. In this regard, influential results have been obtained using the known differences of interneurons and pyramidal cells recorded extracellularly to dissociate the functional roles that these two classes of neurons may play in the cortical microcircuits during various behaviors. Neurons can be segregated into fast-spiking (FS) cells that show short action potentials, high discharge rates, and correspond to putative interneurons; and regular-spiking (RS) cells that show larger action potentials and correspond to pyramidal neurons. Using this classification strategy, it has been found that cortical inhibition is involved in sculpting the tuning to different stimulus or behavioral features across a wide variety of sensory, association, and motor areas. Recent studies have suggested that the increase in high-frequency synchronization during information processing and spatial attention may be mediated by FS activation. Finally, FS are active during motor planning and movement execution in different motor areas, supporting the notion that inhibitory interneurons are involved in shaping the motor command but not in gating the cortical output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Merchant
- Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico.
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Rojas P, Akrouh A, Eisenman LN, Mennerick S. Differential effects of axon initial segment and somatodendritic GABAA receptors on excitability measures in rat dentate granule neurons. J Neurophysiol 2010; 105:366-79. [PMID: 21068264 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00165.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA(A) receptors are found on the somatodendritic compartment and on the axon initial segment of many principal neurons. The function of axonal receptors remains obscure, although it is widely assumed that axonal receptors must have a strong effect on excitability. We found that activation of GABA(A) receptors on the dentate granule neuron axon initial segment altered excitability by depolarizing the voltage threshold for action potential initiation under conditions that minimally affected overall cell input resistance. In contrast, activation of somatic GABA(A) receptors strongly depressed the input resistance of granule neurons without affecting the voltage threshold of action potential initiation. Although these effects were observed over a range of intracellular chloride concentrations, average voltage threshold was unaffected when E(Cl) rendered GABA(A) axon initial segment responses explicitly excitatory. A compartment model of a granule neuron confirmed these experimental observations. Low ambient agonist concentrations designed to activate granule neuron tonic currents did not stimulate axonal receptors sufficiently to raise voltage threshold. Using excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC)-like depolarizations, we show physiological consequences of axonal versus somatic GABA(A) receptor activation. With axonal inhibition, individual excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) largely retained their amplitude and time course, but EPSPs that were suprathreshold under basal conditions failed to reach threshold with GABA(A) activation. By contrast, somatic inhibition depressed individual EPSPs because of strong shunting. Our results suggest that axonal GABA(A) receptors have a privileged effect on voltage threshold and that two major measures of neuronal excitability, voltage threshold and rheobase, are differentially affected by axonal and somatic GABA(A) receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Rojas
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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