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Pilling OA, Reis-Cunha JL, Grace CA, Berry ASF, Mitchell MW, Yu JA, Malekshahi CR, Krespan E, Go CK, Lombana C, Song YS, Amorim CF, Lago AS, Carvalho LP, Carvalho EM, Brisson D, Scott P, Jeffares DC, Beiting DP. Selective whole-genome amplification reveals population genetics of Leishmania braziliensis directly from patient skin biopsies. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011230. [PMID: 36940219 PMCID: PMC10063166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, Leishmania braziliensis is the main causative agent of the neglected tropical disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). CL presents on a spectrum of disease severity with a high rate of treatment failure. Yet the parasite factors that contribute to disease presentation and treatment outcome are not well understood, in part because successfully isolating and culturing parasites from patient lesions remains a major technical challenge. Here we describe the development of selective whole genome amplification (SWGA) for Leishmania and show that this method enables culture-independent analysis of parasite genomes obtained directly from primary patient skin samples, allowing us to circumvent artifacts associated with adaptation to culture. We show that SWGA can be applied to multiple Leishmania species residing in different host species, suggesting that this method is broadly useful in both experimental infection models and clinical studies. SWGA carried out directly on skin biopsies collected from patients in Corte de Pedra, Bahia, Brazil, showed extensive genomic diversity. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated that SWGA data can be integrated with published whole genome data from cultured parasite isolates to identify variants unique to specific geographic regions in Brazil where treatment failure rates are known to be high. SWGA provides a relatively simple method to generate Leishmania genomes directly from patient samples, unlocking the potential to link parasite genetics with host clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A. Pilling
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - João L. Reis-Cunha
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Cooper A. Grace
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S. F. Berry
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Mitchell
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jane A. Yu
- Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Clara R. Malekshahi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elise Krespan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christina K. Go
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cláudia Lombana
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yun S. Song
- Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Camila F. Amorim
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexsandro S. Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz Bahia, Brazil
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Jeffares
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P. Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Hernández-Ramírez VI, Estrada-Figueroa LA, Medina Y, Lizarazo-Taborda MR, Toledo-Leyva A, Osorio-Trujillo C, Morales-Mora D, Talamás-Rohana P. A monoclonal antibody against a Leishmania mexicana COX-like enzymatic activity also recognizes similar proteins in different protozoa of clinical importance. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:479-492. [PMID: 36562799 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In Leishmania mexicana, the protease gp63 has been documented as the protein responsible for cyclooxygenase (COX) activity. The present work aimed to obtain a monoclonal antibody capable of recognizing this protein without blocking the COX-like enzymatic activity. The antibody produced by the selected hybridoma was named D12 mAb. The antigen recognized by the D12 mAb was characterized by the determination of COX activity associated with immune complexes in the presence of exogenous arachidonic acid (AA) using the commercial Activity Assay Abcam kit. LSM-SMS analysis validated the identity of the antigen associated with the D12 mAb as the L. mexicana protease gp63. Confocal microscopy assays with the D12 mAb detected, by cross-recognition, similar proteins in other protozoan parasites. COX-like molecules are located in vesicular structures, homogeneously distributed throughout the cytoplasm in amastigotes (intracellular infectious phase) and promastigotes of L. mexicana, and trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica, Acanthamoeba castellanii, and Naegleria fowleri. However, in Giardia duodenalis trophozoites, the distribution of the COX-like molecule was also in perinuclear areas. In comparison, in Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes, the distribution was mainly observed in the plasma membrane. Structural analyses of COX-2-like antigens revealed continuous and discontinuous epitopes for B cells, which could be relevant in the cross-reaction of D12 mAb with the analyzed parasites. These results indicate that the D12 mAb against the L. mexicana gp63 also recognizes a COX-like molecule in several protozoan parasites, suggesting that this D12 mAb could potentially be used in combined therapies against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica I Hernández-Ramírez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, CP, 07360, México
| | - Luis A Estrada-Figueroa
- Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial, Arenal Número 550, Primer piso, Pueblo Santa María, Ciudad de México, CP16020, México
| | - Yolanda Medina
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Monoclonales Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico e Investigación Molecular INDRE, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Lomas de Plateros, Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad México, CP 01480, México
| | - Mélida R Lizarazo-Taborda
- Programa de Maestría en Microbiología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Alfredo Toledo-Leyva
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología., Av. San Fernando 22, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, CP 14080, México
| | - Carlos Osorio-Trujillo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, CP, 07360, México
| | - Daniel Morales-Mora
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, CP, 07360, México
| | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV-IPN, Ciudad de México, CP, 07360, México.
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3
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Transcriptome Analysis of Intracellular Amastigotes of Clinical Leishmania infantum Lines from Therapeutic Failure Patients after Infection of Human Macrophages. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071304. [PMID: 35889023 PMCID: PMC9324091 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is considered to be one of the most neglected tropical diseases affecting humans and animals around the world. Due to the absence of an effective vaccine, current treatment is based on chemotherapy. However, the continuous appearance of drug resistance and therapeutic failure (TF) lead to an early obsolescence of treatments. Identification of the factors that contribute to TF and drug resistance in leishmaniasis will constitute a useful tool for establishing future strategies to control this disease. In this manuscript, we evaluated the transcriptomic changes in the intracellular amastigotes of the Leishmania infantum parasites isolated from patients with leishmaniasis and TF at 96 h post-infection of THP-1 cells. The adaptation of the parasites to their new environment leads to expression alterations in the genes involved mainly in the transport through cell membranes, energy and redox metabolism, and detoxification. Specifically, the gene that codes for the prostaglandin f2α synthase seems to be relevant in the pathogenicity and TF since it appears substantially upregulated in all the L. infantum lines. Overall, our results show that at the late infection timepoint, the transcriptome of the parasites undergoes significant changes that probably improve the survival of the Leishmania lines in the host cells, contributing to the TF phenotype as well as drug therapy evasion.
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Muñoz-Durango N, Gómez A, García-Valencia N, Roldán M, Ochoa M, Bautista-Erazo DE, Ramírez-Pineda JR. A Mouse Model of Ulcerative Cutaneous Leishmaniasis by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis to Investigate Infection, Pathogenesis, Immunity, and Therapeutics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:907631. [PMID: 35770175 PMCID: PMC9234518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.907631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis (L(V)p) that reproduces the characteristics of the human disease remains elusive. Here we report the development of a CL model that uses a mouse-adapted L(V)p isolate to reproducibly induce a dermal disease with a remarkable similarity to human CL. BALB/c mice infected intradermally in the ear with 105 stationary UA-946 L(V)p promastigotes develop a progressive cutaneous disease that exhibits the typical ulcerated lesions with indurated borders observed in CL patients. Although most of parasites in the inoculum die within the first week of infection, the survivors vigorously multiply at the infection site during the following weeks, paralleling disease appearance and aggravation. Regional lymphadenopathy as well as lymphatic dissemination of parasites to draining lymph nodes (dLN) was evidenced early after infection. Viable parasites were also isolated from spleen at later timepoints indicating systemic parasitic dissemination, but, strikingly, no signs of systemic disease were observed. Increasing numbers of myeloid cells and T lymphocytes producing IFNγ and IL-4 were observed in the dLN as disease progressed. A mixed adaptive L(V)p-specific T cell-mediated response was induced, since ex vivo recall experiments using dLN cells and splenocytes revealed the production of type 1 (IFNγ, IL-2), type 2 (IL-4, IL-13), regulatory (IL-10), and inflammatory (GM-CSF, IL-3) cytokines. Humoral adaptive response was characterized by early production of IgG1- followed by IgG2a-type of L(V)p-specific antibodies. IFNγ/IL-4 and IgG2a/IgG1 ratios indicated that the initial non-protective Th2 response was redirected toward a protective Th1 response. In situ studies revealed a profuse recruitment of myeloid cells and of IFNγ- and IL-4-producing T lymphocytes to the site of infection, and the typical histopathological changes induced by dermotropic Leishmania species. Evidence that this model is suitable to investigate pharmacological and immunomodulatory interventions, as well as for antigen discovery and vaccine development, is also presented. Altogether, these results support the validity and utility of this novel mouse model to study the pathogenesis, immunity, and therapeutics of L(V)p infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alexander Gómez
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia García-Valencia
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Miguel Roldán
- Instituto de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marcela Ochoa
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - David E. Bautista-Erazo
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - José R. Ramírez-Pineda
- Grupo Inmunomodulación (GIM), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de Patologías Tropicales (CAEPT), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- *Correspondence: José R. Ramírez-Pineda,
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5
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Rey-Stolle F, Dudzik D, Gonzalez-Riano C, Fernández-García M, Alonso-Herranz V, Rojo D, Barbas C, García A. Low and high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for untargeted metabolomics: A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1210:339043. [PMID: 35595356 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
GC-MS for untargeted metabolomics is a well-established technique. Small molecules and molecules made volatile by derivatization can be measured and those compounds are key players in main biological pathways. This tutorial provides ready-to-use protocols for GC-MS-based metabolomics, using either the well-known low-resolution approach (GC-Q-MS) with nominal mass or the more recent high-resolution approach (GC-QTOF-MS) with accurate mass, discussing their corresponding strengths and limitations. Analytical procedures are covered for different types of biofluids (plasma/serum, bronchoalveolar lavage, urine, amniotic fluid) tissue samples (brain/hippocampus, optic nerve, lung, kidney, liver, pancreas) and samples obtained from cell cultures (adipocytes, macrophages, Leishmania promastigotes, mitochondria, culture media). Together with the sample preparation and data acquisition, data processing strategies are described specially focused on Agilent equipments, including deconvolution software and database annotation using spectral libraries. Manual curation strategies and quality control are also deemed. Finally, considerations to obtain a semiquantitative value for the metabolites are also described. As a case study, an illustrative example from one of our experiments at CEMBIO Research Centre, is described and findings discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Danuta Dudzik
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Carolina Gonzalez-Riano
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández-García
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Alonso-Herranz
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rojo
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia García
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities. Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla Del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Lage DP, Machado AS, Vale DL, Freitas CS, Linhares FP, Cardoso JMO, Pereira IAG, Ramos FF, Tavares GSV, Ludolf F, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Bandeira RS, Silva AM, Simões LC, Reis TAR, Oliveira JS, Christodoulides M, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Roatt BM, Martins VT, Coelho EAF. Recombinant guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein associated with Poloxamer 407-based polymeric micelles protects against Leishmania infantum infection. Cytokine 2022; 153:155865. [PMID: 35339043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania virulence proteins should be considered as vaccine candidates against disease, since they are involved in developing infection in mammalian hosts. In a previous study, a Leishmania guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein was identified as a potential parasite virulence factor. In the present work, the gene encoding GTP was cloned and the recombinant protein (rGTP) was evaluated as a vaccine candidate against Leishmania infantum infection. The protein was associated with saponin (rGTP/Sap) or Poloxamer 407-based micelles (rGTP/Mic) as adjuvants, and protective efficacy was investigated in BALB/c mice after parasite challenge. Both rGTP/Sap and rGTP/Mic compositions induced a Th1-type immune response in vaccinated animals, with significantly higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, TNF-α, GM-CSF, nitrite, specific IgG2a isotype antibody and positive lymphoproliferation, when compared to the control groups. This response was accompanied by significantly lower parasite load in the spleens, livers, bone marrows and draining lymph nodes of the animals. Immunological and parasitological evaluations indicated that rGTP/Mic induced a more polarized Th1-type response and higher reduction in the organ parasitism, and with lower hepatotoxicity, when compared to the use of rGTP/Sap. In conclusion, our preliminary data suggest that rGTP could be considered for further development as a vaccine candidate to protect against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danniele L Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia P Linhares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamille M O Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabela A G Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João A Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Bandeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana C Simões
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago A R Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamil S Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, England
| | | | - Bruno M Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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7
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Parra-Muñoz M, Aponte S, Ovalle-Bracho C, Saavedra CH, Echeverry MC. Detection of Leishmania RNA Virus in Clinical Samples from Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients Varies according to the Type of Sample. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 104:233-239. [PMID: 33146111 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is a double-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Totiviridae family detected as cytoplasmic inclusions in some strains of the human parasite Leishmania spp. Experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that human coinfection with Leishmania spp.-LRV triggers an exacerbated immune response in the host that can be responsible for the observed complicated outcomes in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), such as mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) and treatment failure of CL. However, the reported frequencies of LRV associated with complicated outcomes in patient's series are highly variable, diminishing the relevance on the virus presence in the pathogenesis of the disease. To assess whether or not the inconsistent information about the frequency of LRV associated with CL complicated outcomes could be related to the virus detection approach, the present study evaluated the LRV presence in clinical samples using a diagnostic algorithm according to the type of the sample. In 36 samples with diagnosis of complicated forms of CL (15 of ML and 21 of CL antimony treatment failure) and six samples with non-Leishmania spp. infection, the LRV presence was assessed by RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, and nested RT-PCR. Viral load was estimated in parasite clinical isolates. By combining the methods, LRV1 presence was confirmed in 45% (9/20) of isolates and 37.5% (6/16) of the incisional biopsies. Remarkably, in some cases (4/8), LRV1 was undetectable in the isolates but present in their respective biopsies, and less frequently, the opposite was observed (1/8), suggesting the possibility of loss of parasites harboring LRV1 during the in vitro growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Parra-Muñoz
- 1Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Samanda Aponte
- 1Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Carlos H Saavedra
- 3Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María C Echeverry
- 1Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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8
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Patino LH, Muñoz M, Cruz-Saavedra L, Muskus C, Ramírez JD. Genomic Diversification, Structural Plasticity, and Hybridization in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:582192. [PMID: 33178631 PMCID: PMC7596589 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.582192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is an important Leishmania species circulating in several Central and South American countries. Among Leishmania species circulating in Brazil, Argentina and Colombia, L. braziliensis has the highest genomic variability. However, genomic variability at the whole genome level has been only studied in Brazilian and Peruvian isolates; to date, no Colombian isolates have been studied. Considering that in Colombia, L. braziliensis is a species with great clinical and therapeutic relevance, as well as the role of genetic variability in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis, we analyzed and evaluated intraspecific genomic variability of L. braziliensis from Colombian and Bolivian isolates and compared them with Brazilian isolates. Twenty-one genomes were analyzed, six from Colombian patients, one from a Bolivian patient, and 14 Brazilian isolates downloaded from public databases. The results obtained of Phylogenomic analysis showed the existence of four well-supported clades, which evidenced intraspecific variability. The whole-genome analysis revealed structural variations in the somy, mainly in the Brazilian genomes (clade 1 and clade 3), low copy number variations, and a moderate number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in all genomes analyzed. Interestingly, the genomes belonging to clades 2 and 3 from Colombia and Brazil, respectively, were characterized by low heterozygosity (~90% of SNP loci were homozygous) and regions suggestive of loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Additionally, we observed the drastic whole genome loss of heterozygosity and possible hybridization events in one genome belonging to clade 4. Unique/shared SNPs between and within the four clades were identified, revealing the importance of some of them in biological processes of L. braziliensis. Our analyses demonstrate high genomic variability of L. braziliensis in different regions of South America, mainly in Colombia and suggest that this species exhibits striking genomic diversity and a capacity of genomic hybridization; additionally, this is the first study to report whole-genome sequences of Colombian L. braziliensis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz H Patino
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lissa Cruz-Saavedra
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Muskus
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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9
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Ferreira TR, Dowle AA, Parry E, Alves-Ferreira EVC, Hogg K, Kolokousi F, Larson TR, Plevin MJ, Cruz AK, Walrad PB. PRMT7 regulates RNA-binding capacity and protein stability in Leishmania parasites. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:5511-5526. [PMID: 32365184 PMCID: PMC7261171 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are the primary gene regulators in kinetoplastids as transcriptional control is nearly absent, making Leishmania an exceptional model for investigating methylation of non-histone substrates. Arginine methylation is an evolutionarily conserved protein modification catalyzed by Protein aRginine Methyl Transferases (PRMTs). The chromatin modifier PRMT7 is the only Type III PRMT found in higher eukaryotes and a restricted number of unicellular eukaryotes. In Leishmania major, PRMT7 is a cytoplasmic protein implicit in pathogenesis with unknown substrates. Using comparative methyl-SILAC proteomics for the first time in protozoa, we identified 40 putative targets, including 17 RBPs hypomethylated upon PRMT7 knockout. PRMT7 can modify Alba3 and RBP16 trans-regulators (mammalian RPP25 and YBX2 homologs, respectively) as direct substrates in vitro. The absence of PRMT7 levels in vivo selectively reduces Alba3 mRNA-binding capacity to specific target transcripts and can impact the relative stability of RBP16 in the cytoplasm. RNA immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrate PRMT7-dependent methylation promotes Alba3 association with select target transcripts and thus indirectly stabilizes mRNA of a known virulence factor, δ-amastin surface antigen. These results highlight a novel role for PRMT7-mediated arginine methylation of RBP substrates, suggesting a regulatory pathway controlling gene expression and virulence in Leishmania. This work introduces Leishmania PRMTs as epigenetic regulators of mRNA metabolism with mechanistic insight into the functional manipulation of RBPs by methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago R Ferreira
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Adam A Dowle
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Lab, Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, UK
| | - Ewan Parry
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Karen Hogg
- Imaging and Cytometry Lab, Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, UK
| | - Foteini Kolokousi
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Tony R Larson
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Lab, Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, UK
| | - Michael J Plevin
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Angela K Cruz
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pegine B Walrad
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
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10
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Alves-Ferreira EVC, Ferreira TR, Walrad P, Kaye PM, Cruz AK. Leishmania braziliensis prostaglandin F 2α synthase impacts host infection. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:9. [PMID: 31915065 PMCID: PMC6950890 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostaglandins (PG) are lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid metabolism. They are involved in cellular processes such as inflammation and tissue homeostasis. PG production is not restricted to multicellular organisms. Trypanosomatids also synthesize several metabolites of arachidonic acid. Nevertheless, their biological role in these early-branching parasites and their role in host-parasite interaction are not well elucidated. Prostaglandin F2α synthase (PGF2S) has been observed in the Leishmania braziliensis secreted proteome and in L. donovani extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, we previously reported a positive correlation between L. braziliensis PGF2S (LbrPGF2S) expression and pathogenicity in mice. Methods LbrPGF2S gene expression and PGF2α synthesis in promastigotes were detected and quantified by western blotting and EIA assay kit, respectively. To investigate LbrPGF2S localization in amastigotes during bone marrow-derived macrophage infection, parasites expressing mCherry-LbrPGF2S were generated and followed by time-lapse imaging for 48 h post-infection. PGF2S homolog sequences from Leishmania and humans were analyzed in silico using ClustalW on Geneious v6 and EMBOSS Needle. Results Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes synthesize prostaglandin F2α in the presence of arachidonic acid, with peak production in the stationary growth phase under heat stress. LbrPGF2S is a cytoplasmic protein enriched in the secretory site of the parasite cell body, the flagellar pocket. It is an enzyme constitutively expressed throughout promastigote development, but overexpression of LbrPGF2S leads to an increase of infectivity in vitro. The data suggest that LbrPGF2S may be released from intracellular amastigotes into the cytoplasm of bone marrow-derived macrophages over a 48-hour infection period, using time-lapse microscopy and mCherry-PGF2S (mChPGF2S)-expressing parasites. Conclusions LbrPGF2S, a parasite-derived protein, is targeted to the host cell cytoplasm. The putative transfer of this enzyme, involved in pro-inflammatory lipid mediator synthesis, to the host cell suggests a potential role in host-parasite interaction and may partially explain the increased pathogenicity associated with overexpression of LbrPGF2S in L. braziliensis. Our data provide valuable insights to help understand the importance of parasite-derived lipid mediators in pathogenesis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago Rodrigues Ferreira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Prêto, Brazil
| | - Pegine Walrad
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Paul M Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Angela Kaysel Cruz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Prêto, Brazil.
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11
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Lymphocytes influence Leishmania major pathogenesis in a strain-dependent manner. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007865. [PMID: 31738761 PMCID: PMC6886877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of leishmaniasis and is caused by several species of Leishmania parasite. Clinical presentation of CL varies from a self-healing infection to a chronic form of the disease determined by the virulence of infecting Leishmania species and host immune responses to the parasite. Mouse models of CL show contradictory roles of lymphocytes in pathogenesis, while acquired immune responses are responsible for host protection from diseases. To reconcile the inconclusive roles of acquired immune responses in pathogenesis, we infected mice from various genetic backgrounds with two pathogenic strains of Leishmania major, Friedlin or 5ASKH, and assessed the outcome of the infections. Our findings showed that the genetic backgrounds of L. major determine the impact of lymphocytes for pathogenesis. In the absence of lymphocytes, L. major Friedlin induced the lowest inflammatory reaction and pathology at the site of infection, while 5ASKH infection induced a strong inflammatory reaction and severe pathology. Lymphocytes ameliorated 5ASKH mediated pathology, while it exacerbated pathology during Friedlin infection. Excess inflammatory reactions, like the recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, together with uncontrolled parasite growth in the absence of lymphocytes during 5ASKH infection may induce severe pathology development. Taken together our study provides insight into the impact of differences in the genetic background of Leishmania on CL pathogenesis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by different species and sub-species of the intracellular parasite Leishmania. It is prevalent mainly in tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world. Disease manifestations range from self-healing cutaneous lesions to chronic form of the disease, depending on the infecting species of Leishmania and host immune protection. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are largely unknown. Lymphocytes play a central role in the protection against Leishmania infection; however, their role in pathogenesis is poorly defined. Experimental infection studies showed the inconsistent role of lymphocytes in pathogenesis. Here, we compared disease outcomes in mice infected with different strains of Leishmania major, either Friedlin or 5ASKH. The pathogenesis caused by L. major 5ASKH infection was suppressed by the lymphocytes, while it was augmented by the lymphocytes during L. major Friedlin infection. Thus we found that the influence of lymphocytes in pathogenesis was determined by the genetic background of the parasites.
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12
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Capelli-Peixoto J, Mule SN, Tano FT, Palmisano G, Stolf BS. Proteomics and Leishmaniasis: Potential Clinical Applications. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 13:e1800136. [PMID: 31347770 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. They are endemic in 98 countries, affect around 12 million people worldwide and may present several distinct clinical forms. Unfortunately, there are only a few drugs available for treatment of leishmaniasis, which are toxic and not always effective. Different parasite species and different clinical forms require optimization of the treatment or more specific therapies, which are not available. The emergence of resistance is also a matter of concern. Besides, diagnosis can sometimes be complicated due to atypical manifestations and associations with other pathologies. In this review, proteomic data are presented and discussed in terms of their application in important issues in leishmaniasis such as parasite resistance to chemotherapy, diagnosis of active disease in patients and dogs, markers for different clinical forms, identification of virulence factors, and their potential use in vaccination. It is shown that proteomics has contributed to the discovery of potential biomarkers for prognosis, diagnosis, therapeutics, monitoring of disease progression, treatment follow-up and identification of vaccine candidates for specific diseases. However, the authors believe its capabilities have not yet been fully explored for routine clinical analysis for several reasons, which will be presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Capelli-Peixoto
- Leishmaniasis laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simon Ngao Mule
- GlycoProteomics laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabia Tomie Tano
- Leishmaniasis laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Simonsen Stolf
- Leishmaniasis laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Cataneo AHD, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Miranda-Sapla MM, Assolini JP, Panis C, Kian D, Yamauchi LM, Colado Simão AN, Casagrande R, Pinge-Filho P, Costa IN, Verri WA, Conchon-Costa I, Pavanelli WR. Quercetin promotes antipromastigote effect by increasing the ROS production and anti-amastigote by upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 expression, affecting iron availability. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 113:108745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Rojo D, Barbas C, López-Gonzálvez Á. Metabolomics Analysis of Leishmania by Capillary Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1859:253-260. [PMID: 30421234 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8757-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry is an analytical platform ideal for the analysis of ionic or polar metabolites. It constitutes a perfect complement to reversed-phase liquid chromatography, offering a good alternative to polar stationary phases where reproducibility is not guaranteed. Herein, we describe a robust standardized methodology for the fingerprinting analysis of Leishmania, a taxonomic genus which comprises more than 20 protozoa species.
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MESH Headings
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/instrumentation
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Chromatography, Reverse-Phase/instrumentation
- Chromatography, Reverse-Phase/methods
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods
- Leishmania/metabolism
- Metabolomics/instrumentation
- Metabolomics/methods
- Reproducibility of Results
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rojo
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanállisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanállisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles López-Gonzálvez
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanállisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Ávila LR, Gomes CM, Oliveira PG, Gomes RS, Vinaud MC, Dorta ML, Uliana SRB, Ribeiro-Dias F, Oliveira MAP. Promastigote parasites cultured from the lesions of patients with mucosal leishmaniasis are more resistant to oxidative stress than promastigotes from a cutaneous lesion. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:35-45. [PMID: 30196081 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis can be presented as localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) or mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). Macrophages kill parasites using nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of parasites obtained from patients with LCL or ML to produce and resist NO or ROS. Promastigotes and amastigotes from LCL or ML isolates produced similar amounts of NO in culture. Promastigotes from ML isolates were more resistant to NO and H2O2 than LCL parasites in a stationary phase, whereas amastigotes from LCL isolates were more resistant to NO. In addition, in the stationary phase, promastigote isolates from patients with ML expressed more thiol-specific antioxidant protein (TSA) than LCL isolates. Therefore it is suggested that infective promastigotes from ML isolates are more resistant to microbicidal mechanisms in the initial phase of infection. Subsequently, amastigotes lose this resistance. This behavior of ML parasites can decrease the number of parasites capable of stimulating the host immune response shortly after the infection establishment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/chemistry
- Antioxidants/metabolism
- Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology
- Culture Media/chemistry
- Female
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Immunity, Innate
- Leishmania braziliensis/drug effects
- Leishmania braziliensis/growth & development
- Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification
- Leishmania braziliensis/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/parasitology
- Life Cycle Stages/drug effects
- Life Cycle Stages/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Ribeiro Ávila
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Clayson Moura Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Av, Universitária 1069, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-010, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Guimarães Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Marina Clare Vinaud
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Miriam Leandro Dorta
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Silvia Reni Bortolin Uliana
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Milton Adriano Pelli Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil.
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16
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Thakur L, Singh KK, Shanker V, Negi A, Jain A, Matlashewski G, Jain M. Atypical leishmaniasis: A global perspective with emphasis on the Indian subcontinent. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006659. [PMID: 30260957 PMCID: PMC6159859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the neglected tropical diseases, leishmaniasis continues to be prevalent in many tropical and subtropical countries despite international, national, and local efforts towards its control and elimination over the last decade. This warrants a critical evaluation of such factors as under-reporting, asymptomatic infections, post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) cases, and drug resistance. In this review, we highlight lesser-understood atypical presentations of the disease involving atypical parasite strains against a background of classical leishmaniasis with a focus on the Indian subcontinent. METHODS AND FINDINGS A literature review based on endemic areas, the nature of disease manifestation, and underlying causative parasite was performed with data collected from WHO reports for each country. Searches on PubMed included the term ''leishmaniasis" and "leishmaniasis epidemiology" alone and in combination with each of the endemic countries, Leishmania species, cutaneous, visceral, endemic, non-endemic, typical, classical, atypical, and unusual with no date limit and published in English up to September 2017. Our findings portray a scenario with a wider distribution of the disease in new endemic foci, with new discoveries of parasite-driven atypical disease manifestations in different regions of the world. Unlike the classical picture, some Leishmania species are associated with more than one disease presentation, e.g., the L. donovani complex, generally associated with the visceral form, is now also associated with a cutaneous disease presentation, while L. tropica species complex, known to cause cutaneous disease, can cause viscerotropic disease. This phenomenon points towards the discovery of novel parasite variants as etiologic agents of atypical disease manifestations and represents an excellent opportunity to identify and study genes that control disease virulence and tropism. CONCLUSIONS The increased recognition of atypical leishmaniasis as an outcome of parasite variants has major implications for leishmaniasis control and elimination. Identifying molecular correlates of parasite isolates from distinct regions associated with different disease phenotypes is required to understand the current epidemiology of leishmaniasis in regions with atypical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovlesh Thakur
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kiran K. Singh
- Department of Geography and Geology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Vinay Shanker
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Sultanpur, Kumarhatti, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajeet Negi
- Department of Dermatology, Indira Gandhi Medical Centre, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Greg Matlashewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manju Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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17
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Conceição-Silva F, Leite-Silva J, Morgado FN. The Binomial Parasite-Host Immunity in the Healing Process and in Reactivation of Human Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1308. [PMID: 29971054 PMCID: PMC6018218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by different species of protozoa from the Leishmania genus. Classically, the disease can be classified into two main clinical forms: Visceral (VL) and Tegumentary (TL) leishmaniasis. TL is a skin/mucosal granulomatous disease that manifests mainly as cutaneous localized or disseminated ulcers, papules diffusely distributed, mucosal lesions or atypical lesions. Once the etiology of the infection is confirmed, treatment can take place, and different drugs can be administered. It has already been shown that, even when the scar is clinically evident, inflammation is still present in the native tissue, and the decrease of the inflammatory process occurs slowly during the 1st years after clinical healing. The maintenance of residual parasites in the scar tissue is also well documented. Therefore, it is no longer a surprise that, under some circumstances, therapeutic failure and/or lesion reactivation occurs. All over the years, an impressive amount of data on relapses, treatment resistance and lesion reactivation after healing has been collected, and several factors have been pointed out as having a role in the process. Different factors such as Leishmania species, parasite variability, Leishmania RNA virus 1, parasite load, parasite persistence, age, nutritional status, gender, co-morbidities, co-infection, pregnancy, immunosuppression, lesion duration, number and localization of lesions, drug metabolism, irregular treatment and individual host cellular immune response were described and discussed in the present review. Unfortunately, despite this amount of information, a conclusive understanding remains under construction. In addition, multifactorial influence cannot be discarded. In this context, knowing why leishmaniasis has been difficult to treat and control can help the development of new approaches, such as drugs and immunotherapy in order to improve healing maintenance. In this sense, we would like to highlight some of the findings that may influence the course of Leishmania infection and the therapeutic response, with an emphasis on TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica Leite-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda N. Morgado
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Armitage EG, Alqaisi AQI, Godzien J, Peña I, Mbekeani AJ, Alonso-Herranz V, López-Gonzálvez Á, Martín J, Gabarro R, Denny PW, Barrett MP, Barbas C. Complex Interplay between Sphingolipid and Sterol Metabolism Revealed by Perturbations to the Leishmania Metabolome Caused by Miltefosine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e02095-17. [PMID: 29463533 PMCID: PMC5923112 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02095-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the World Health Organization reporting over 30,000 deaths and 200,000 to 400,000 new cases annually, visceral leishmaniasis is a serious disease affecting some of the world's poorest people. As drug resistance continues to rise, there is a huge unmet need to improve treatment. Miltefosine remains one of the main treatments for leishmaniasis, yet its mode of action (MoA) is still unknown. Understanding the MoA of this drug and parasite response to treatment could help pave the way for new and more successful treatments for leishmaniasis. A novel method has been devised to study the metabolome and lipidome of Leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes treated with miltefosine. Miltefosine caused a dramatic decrease in many membrane phospholipids (PLs), in addition to amino acid pools, while sphingolipids (SLs) and sterols increased. Leishmania major promastigotes devoid of SL biosynthesis through loss of the serine palmitoyl transferase gene (ΔLCB2) were 3-fold less sensitive to miltefosine than wild-type (WT) parasites. Changes in the metabolome and lipidome of miltefosine-treated L. major mirrored those of L. donovani A lack of SLs in the ΔLCB2 mutant was matched by substantial alterations in sterol content. Together, these data indicate that SLs and ergosterol are important for miltefosine sensitivity and, perhaps, MoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Armitage
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
- GSK I+D Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences & Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amjed Q I Alqaisi
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, United Kingdom
- University of Baghdad, College of Science, Biology Department, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Joanna Godzien
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Imanol Peña
- GSK I+D Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alison J Mbekeani
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Vanesa Alonso-Herranz
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles López-Gonzálvez
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Martín
- GSK I+D Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gabarro
- GSK I+D Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Parque Tecnológico de Madrid, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul W Denny
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences & Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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Nunes S, Silva IB, Ampuero MR, de Noronha ALL, de Souza LCL, Correia TC, Khouri R, Boaventura VS, Barral A, Ramos PIP, Brodskyn C, Oliveira PRS, Tavares NM. Integrated Analysis Reveals That miR-193b, miR-671, and TREM-1 Correlate With a Good Response to Treatment of Human Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania braziliensis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:640. [PMID: 29670621 PMCID: PMC5893808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is a chronic disease characterized by ulcerated skin lesion(s) and uncontrolled inflammation. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of LCL are not completely understood, and little is known about posttranscriptional regulation during LCL. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding small RNAs that regulate gene expression and can be implicated in the pathogenesis of LCL. We investigated the involvement of miRNAs and their targets genes in human LCL using publicly available transcriptome data sets followed by ex vivo validation. Initial analysis highlighted that miRNA expression is altered during LCL, as patients clustered separately from controls. Joint analysis identified eight high confidence miRNAs that had altered expression (−1.5 ≤ fold change ≥ 1.5; p < 0.05) between cutaneous ulcers and uninfected skin. We found that the expression of miR-193b and miR-671 are greatly associated with their target genes, CD40 and TNFR, indicating the important role of these miRNAs in the expression of genes related to the inflammatory response observed in LCL. In addition, network analysis revealed that miR-193b, miR-671, and TREM1 correlate only in patients who show faster wound healing (up to 59 days) and not in patients who require longer cure times (more than 60 days). Given that these miRNAs are associated with control of inflammation and healing time, our findings reveal that they might influence the pathogenesis and prognosis of LCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nunes
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Icaro Bonyek Silva
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rosa Ampuero
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Khouri
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Viviane Sampaio Boaventura
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Pablo Ivan Pereira Ramos
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Brodskyn
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Pablo Rafael Silveira Oliveira
- Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Natalia Machado Tavares
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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20
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ELIKAEE S, MOHEBALI M, ESLAMI H, REZAEI S, NAJAFIAN HR, KAZEMI-RAD E, KESHAVARZ H, ESHRAGHIAN MR, HAJJARAN H, OSHAGHI MA, AYAZIAN MAVI S. Comparison of p27 Gene Expression of Promastigote and Amastigote Forms of Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) by Real-time RT-PCR. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 13:186-192. [PMID: 30069202 PMCID: PMC6068362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the world health problems. Leishmania major is the etiological agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). Promastigote and amastigote are two morphological forms of Leishmania parasites that express different proteins and p27 is an important gene encoding cytochrome c oxidase (COX) component. P27 gene expresses a 27 kDa protein that essential in ATP synthesis. This study aimed to compare p27 gene expression in promastigote and amastigote forms in Iranian strain of L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER). METHODS This study was conducted in 2015. Clinical isolates of CL patients from north, center, west and south parts of Iran were collected and identified by PCRRFLP. After RNA extraction of promastigotes and amastigotes and cDNA synthesis, the expression level of p27 gene was compared by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS By comparison of expression level between amastigote and promastigote forms of Iranian strain of L. major, up-regulation of p27 gene (2.73 fold) was observed in amastigotes. Moreover, there was no significant difference in p27 gene expression between L. major isolates. CONCLUSION p27 gene and protein can be considered as a target in recombinant vaccine production and treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira ELIKAEE
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi MOHEBALI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Center for Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence
| | - Hamid ESLAMI
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sassan REZAEI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza NAJAFIAN
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein KESHAVARZ
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza ESHRAGHIAN
- Dept. of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa HAJJARAN
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali OSHAGHI
- Dept. of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara AYAZIAN MAVI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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de Rezende E, Kawahara R, Peña MS, Palmisano G, Stolf BS. Quantitative proteomic analysis of amastigotes from Leishmania (L.) amazonensis LV79 and PH8 strains reveals molecular traits associated with the virulence phenotype. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006090. [PMID: 29176891 PMCID: PMC5720813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is an antropozoonosis caused by Leishmania parasites that affects around 12 million people in 98 different countries. The disease has different clinical forms, which depend mainly on the parasite genetics and on the immunologic status of the host. The promastigote form of the parasite is transmitted by an infected female phlebotomine sand fly, is internalized by phagocytic cells, mainly macrophages, and converts into amastigotes which replicate inside these cells. Macrophages are important cells of the immune system, capable of efficiently killing intracellular pathogens. However, Leishmania can evade these mechanisms due to expression of virulence factors. Different strains of the same Leishmania species may have different infectivity and metastatic phenotypes in vivo, and we have previously shown that analysis of amastigote proteome can give important information on parasite infectivity. Differential abundance of virulence factors probably accounts for the higher virulence of PH8 strain parasites shown in this work. In order to test this hypothesis, we have quantitatively compared the proteomes of PH8 and LV79 lesion-derived amastigotes using a label-free proteomic approach. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present work, we have compared lesion development by L. (L.) amazonensis PH8 and LV79 strains in mice, showing that they have different virulence in vivo. Viability and numbers of lesion-derived amastigotes were accordingly significantly different. Proteome profiles can discriminate parasites from the two strains and several proteins were differentially expressed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This work shows that PH8 strain is more virulent in mice, and that lesion-derived parasites from this strain are more viable and more infective in vitro. Amastigote proteome comparison identified GP63 as highly expressed in PH8 strain, and Superoxide Dismutase, Tryparedoxin Peroxidase and Heat Shock Protein 70 as more abundant in LV79 strain. The expression profile of all proteins and of the differential ones precisely classified PH8 and LV79 samples, indicating that the two strains have proteins with different abundances and that proteome profiles correlate with their phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloiza de Rezende
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Kawahara
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S. Peña
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S. Stolf
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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22
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Jara M, Berg M, Caljon G, de Muylder G, Cuypers B, Castillo D, Maes I, Orozco MDC, Vanaerschot M, Dujardin JC, Arevalo J. Macromolecular biosynthetic parameters and metabolic profile in different life stages of Leishmania braziliensis: Amastigotes as a functionally less active stage. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180532. [PMID: 28742826 PMCID: PMC5526552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently hypothesized that Leishmania amastigotes could constitute a semi-quiescent stage characterized by low replication and reduced metabolic activity. This concept developed with Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana and Leishmania (Leishmania) major models might explain numerous clinical and sub-clinical features of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infections, like reactivation of the disease, non-response to chemotherapy or asymptomatic infections. We compared here in vitro the proliferative capability of L. (V.) braziliensis amastigotes and promastigotes, assessed the expression of key molecular parameters and performed metabolomic analysis. We found that contrary to the highly proliferative promastigotes, amastigotes (axenic and intracellular) do not show evidence of extensive proliferation. In parallel, amastigotes showed a significant decrease of (i) the kDNA mini-circle abundance, (ii) the intracellular ATP level, (iii) the ribosomal components: rRNA subunits 18S and 28S α and ribosomal proteins RPS15 and RPL19, (iv) total RNA and protein levels. An untargeted metabolomic study identified clear differences between the different life stages: in comparison to logarithmic promastigotes, axenic amastigotes showed (a) a strong decrease of 14 essential and non-essential amino acids and eight metabolites involved in polyamine synthesis, (b) extensive changes in the phospholipids composition and (c) increased levels of several endogenous and exogenous sterols. Altogether, our results show that L. (V.) braziliensis amastigotes can show a phenotype with negligible rate of proliferation, a lower capacity of biosynthesis, a reduced bio-energetic level and a strongly altered metabolism. Our results pave the way for further exploration of quiescence among amastigotes of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Jara
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maya Berg
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geraldine de Muylder
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Denis Castillo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Ilse Maes
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - María del Carmen Orozco
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Manu Vanaerschot
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jorge Arevalo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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23
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Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry as a tool for untargeted metabolomics. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:99-130. [PMID: 27921456 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly polar and ionic metabolites, such as sugars, most amino acids, organic acids or nucleotides are not retained by conventional reversed-phase LC columns and polar stationary phases and hydrophilic-interaction LC lacks of robustness, which is still limiting their applications for untargeted metabolomics where reproducibility is a must. Biological samples such as blood, urine or even tissues include many hydrophilic compounds secreted from cells, their analysis is essential for biomarker discovery, disease progression or treatment effects. This review focuses on CE coupled to MS as a mature technique for untargeted metabolomics including sample pretreatment, types of matrices, analytical methods, applications and data treatment strategies for polar compound analysis in biological matrices. The main applications and results of CE-MS in untargeted metabolomics are discussed and presented in a tabulated format.
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24
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Cruz AAV, Alves-Ferreira EVC, Milbratz-Moré G, Chahud F, Ruy PC, Duarte MIS, Cruz AK. Sclerosing Orbital Inflammation Caused by Leishmania braziliensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 96:197-199. [PMID: 27799649 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Orbital biopsy of nonspecific orbital inflammation, commonly referred to as "orbital pseudotumor," typically shows a combination of polyclonal lymphocytes, plasmocytes, leukocytes, macrophages, and variable degrees of collagen deposition. Herein, we report a patient with a positive history of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis who presented with an orbital mass with a histological profile of idiopathic orbital inflammation. Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of the orbital specimens demonstrated that the orbital inflammation was associated with the presence of antigens of Leishmania braziliensis and DNA from the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Augusto V Cruz
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Eliza V C Alves-Ferreira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gherusa Milbratz-Moré
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Chahud
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patricia C Ruy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Angela Kaysel Cruz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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25
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Dendritic Cells and Leishmania Infection: Adding Layers of Complexity to a Complex Disease. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3967436. [PMID: 26904694 PMCID: PMC4745329 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3967436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected diseases whose clinical manifestations depend on factors from the host and the pathogen. It is an important public health problem worldwide caused by the protozoan parasite from the Leishmania genus. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is the most frequent form of this disease transmitted by the bite of an infected sandfly into the host skin. The parasites can be uptook and/or recognized by macrophages, neutrophils, and/or dendritic cells (DCs). Initially, DCs were described to play a protective role in activating the immune response against Leishmania parasites. However, several reports showed a dichotomic role of DCs in modulating the host immune response to susceptibility or resistance in CL. In this review, we discuss (1) the interactions between DCs and parasites from different species of Leishmania and (2) the crosstalk of DCs and other cells during CL infection. The complexity of these interactions profoundly affects the adaptive immune response and, consequently, the disease outcome, especially from Leishmania species of the New World.
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26
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França-Costa J, Andrade BB, Khouri R, Van Weyenbergh J, Malta-Santos H, da Silva Santos C, Brodyskn CI, Costa JM, Barral A, Bozza PT, Boaventura V, Borges VM. Differential Expression of the Eicosanoid Pathway in Patients With Localized or Mucosal Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1143-7. [PMID: 26582954 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfettered inflammation is thought to play critical role in the development of different clinical forms of tegumentary leishmaniasis. Eicosanoids are potent mediators of inflammation and tightly associated with modulation of immune responses. In this cross-sectional exploratory study, we addressed whether targets from the eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway, assessed by multiplexed expression assays in lesion biopsy and plasma specimens, could highlight a distinct biosignature in patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) or localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL). Differences in immunopathogenesis between MCL and LCL may result from an imbalance between prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which may serve as targets for future host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Fundação José Silveira
| | - Ricardo Khouri
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hayna Malta-Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador
| | | | - Cláudia I Brodyskn
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo
| | - Jackson M Costa
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo
| | | | - Viviane Boaventura
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador
| | - Valeria M Borges
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador
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