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Mahyar A, Mahyar S, Oveisi S, Khajeh B, Khamenehpour K, Chegini V, Dalirani R, Enadi M, Esmaeili S. Risk Factors of Seizure in Childhood Shigellosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2024; 18:43-53. [PMID: 38617397 PMCID: PMC11015730 DOI: 10.22037/ijcn.v18i2.43652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Shigellosis is one of the common causes of bacterial diarrhea in children. Seizures are common in shigellosis. It is essential to identify the risk factors of seizure in this disease. Materials & Methods This study was conducted on 224 children with shigellosis. The patients were divided into: With (case groups = 63 cases) and without seizures (control group = 161 cases). Groups were compared regarding different variables such as age, gender, clinical symptoms, and laboratory findings. Data analysis was done using statistical tests and SPSS software. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors of seizures. Results Out of 224 cases of children with shigellosis, 107 (47.8%) were male and 117 (52.2%) female. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, history of febrile convulsions, frequency of bloody diarrhea, frequency of fever, duration of diarrhea before hospitalization, abdominal pain, increase in BUN, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, and red blood cell count in stool (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that a history of febrile seizure, fever, and hyponatremia are the risk factors for seizures in shigellosis. Conclusion This study concluded that a history of febrile seizure, fever, and hyponatremia are risk factors for seizure in childhood shigellosis, thus rapid diagnosis and treatment of childhood shigellosis with risk factors is very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mahyar
- Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shifteh Mahyar
- Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sonia Oveisi
- Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Bahman Khajeh
- Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Victoria Chegini
- Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Reza Dalirani
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Mofid Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Enadi
- Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shiva Esmaeili
- Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Muzembo BA, Kitahara K, Mitra D, Ohno A, Khatiwada J, Dutta S, Miyoshi SI. Burden of Shigella in South Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Travel Med 2023; 30:6798401. [PMID: 36331282 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella remains one of the most common causes of diarrhoea in South Asia. Current estimates of the prevalence of Shigella are critical for guiding control measures. We estimated the prevalence of Shigella species and serogroups in South Asia. METHODS We performed a systematic review using PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Web of Science for peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 19 June 2022. We also manually searched the reference lists of the reviewed studies to identify additional studies. We included studies that detected the presence of Shigella in stool by culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Studies associated with outbreaks were excluded. Two investigators independently reviewed the studies, extracted the data and performed quality assessment. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to determine the pooled prevalence of Shigella. RESULTS Our search yielded 5707 studies, of which 91 studies from five South Asian countries were included in the systematic review, 79 in the meta-analysis of Shigella prevalence and 63 in the meta-analysis of Shigella serogroups prevalence. The pooled prevalence of Shigella was 7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 6-7%], with heterogeneity (I2 = 98.7; P < 0.01). The prevalence of Shigella was higher in children aged <5 years (10%; 95% CI: 8-11%), in rural areas (12%; 95% CI: 10-14%) and in studies using PCR (15%; 95% CI: 11-19%). Shigella flexneri (58%) was the most abundant serogroup, followed by Shigella sonnei (19%), Shigella boydii (10%) and Shigella dysenteriae (9%). Shigella flexneri 2a was the most frequently isolated serotype (36%), followed by serotype 3a (12%), serotype 6 (12%) and serotype 1b (6%). The prevalence of non-typeable Shigella was 10.0%. CONCLUSIONS Although the prevalence of Shigella in South Asia remains generally high, it varies by age group and geographical area, with data lacking in some countries. Effective Shigella vaccines would be advantageous for both endemic communities and travellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilua Andre Muzembo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kei Kitahara
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Debmalya Mitra
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Ayumu Ohno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Park YJ, Kang GU, Jeong M, Singh V, Kim J, Lee K, Choi EJ, Kim HJ, Lee S, Lee SY, Oem JK, Shin JH. Bacterial Profiles of Brain in Downer Cattle with Unknown Etiology. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010098. [PMID: 36677388 PMCID: PMC9862898 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Downer cow can be caused by muscular paralysis, neurological damage, metabolic disorder, and/or the complication of microbial infection. However, downer cow with unknown etiology is issued because of the non-detection of its bacterial etiological agent. In this study, differences in the bacterial community in brain tissues between downer cattle with unknown etiology and healthy slaughtered cattle are investigated. Bacterial diversity and representative genera between downer and normal cattle were significantly different (p < 0.05). There are significant differences in representative genera of downer and normal cattle, especially the significance, fold change, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve score (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the prediction of functional genes in brain microbiota between the downer and normal cattle revealed differences in the cluster of orthologous gene categories, such as lipid transport and metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and signal transduction (p < 0.05). This study revealed a significant difference in microbiota between the downer and normal cattle. Thus, we demonstrate that representative genera from downer cattle through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and microbiota analysis have the potential as candidates for bacterial etiological agents for downer cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Jun Park
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ung Kang
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Jeong
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Vineet Singh
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Kimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghyun Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Kimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Kimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Heui-Jin Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Kimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Young Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ku Oem
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si 54596, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-K.O.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-K.O.); (J.-H.S.)
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An in silico hierarchal approach for drug candidate mining and validation of natural product inhibitors against pyrimidine biosynthesis enzyme in the antibiotic-resistant Shigella flexneri. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105233. [PMID: 35104682 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is the main causative agent of the communicable diarrheal disease, shigellosis. It is estimated that about 80-165 million cases and > 1 million deaths occur every year due to this disease. S. flexneri causes dysentery mostly in young children, elderly and immunocompromised patients, all over the globe. Recently, due to the emergence of S. flexneri antibiotic resistance strains, it is a dire need to predict novel therapeutic drug targets in the bacterium and screen natural products against it, which could eliminate the curse of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, in current study, available antibiotic-resistant genomes (n = 179) of S. flexneri were downloaded from PATRIC database and a pan-genome and resistome analysis was conducted. Around 5059 genes made up the accessory, 2469 genes made up the core, and 1558 genes made up the unique genome fraction, with 44, 34, and 13 antibiotic-resistant genes in each fraction, respectively. Core genome fraction (27% of the pan-genome), which was common to all strains, was used for subtractive genomics and resulted in 384 non-homologous, and 85 druggable targets. Dihydroorotase was chosen for further analysis and docked with natural product libraries (Ayurvedic and Streptomycin compounds), while the control was orotic acid or vitamin B13 (which is a natural binder of this protein). Dynamics simulation of 50 ns was carried out to validate findings for top-scored inhibitors. The current study proposed dihydroorotase as a significant drug target in S. flexneri and 4-tritriacontanone & patupilone compounds as potent drugs against shigellosis. Further experiments are required to ascertain validity of our findings.
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Afroze F, Faruk MT, Kamal M, Kabir F, Sarmin M, Chakraborty M, Hossain MR, Shikha SS, Chowdhury VP, Islam MZ, Ahmed T, Chisti MJ. The Utility of Bedside Assessment Tools and Associated Factors to Avoid Antibiotic Overuse in an Urban PICU of a Diarrheal Disease Hospital in Bangladesh. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101255. [PMID: 34680835 PMCID: PMC8532929 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic exposure in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is very high, although 50% of all antibiotics may be unnecessary. We aimed to determine the utility of simple bedside screening tools and predicting factors to avoid antibiotic overuse in the ICU among children with diarrhea and critical illness. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, single-center, case-control study that included children aged 2-59 months who were admitted to PICU with diarrhea and critical illness between 2017 and 2020. RESULTS We compared young children who did not receive antibiotics (cases, n = 164) during ICU stay to those treated with antibiotics (controls, n = 346). For predicting the 'no antibiotic approach', the sensitivity of a negative quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) was similar to quick Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction-2 (qPELOD-2) and higher than Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). A negative qSOFA or qPELOD-2 score calculated during PICU admission is superior to SIRS to avoid antibiotic overuse in under-five children. The logistic regression analysis revealed that cases were more often older and independently associated with hypernatremia. Cases less often had severe underweight, altered mentation, age-specific fast breathing, lower chest wall in-drawing, adventitious sound on lung auscultation, abdominal distension, developmental delay, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, and microscopic evidence of invasive diarrhea (for all, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Antibiotic overuse could be evaded in PICU using simple bedside screening tools and clinical characteristics, particularly in poor resource settings among children with diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Afroze
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (M.J.C.); Tel.: +880-(0)2-2222-77001-10 (ext. 2187) (F.A.); +880-(0)2-2222-77001-10 (ext. 2334) (M.J.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (M.J.C.); Tel.: +880-(0)2-2222-77001-10 (ext. 2187) (F.A.); +880-(0)2-2222-77001-10 (ext. 2334) (M.J.C.)
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Arnold SLM. Target Product Profile and Development Path for Shigellosis Treatment with Antibacterials. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:948-958. [PMID: 33689318 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enteric infection with Shigella spp. can lead to symptoms ranging from acute watery diarrhea to sudden, severe dysentery. Approximately 212 000 diarrheal deaths annually are attributed to Shigella with a disproportionate impact in low-resource countries. The impact in under-resourced countries was illustrated by a reanalysis of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study which found that Shigella was the leading pathogen associated with moderate-to severe diarrhea in children under 5 years old. While recent studies have highlighted the burden of the disease, there has been a concurrent reduction in therapeutic options for the treatment of shigellosis as drug resistant strains increase in prevalence. In addition, increasing reports of drug resistant shigellosis cases in the men who have sex with men community confirm that the impact is not limited to low-resource countries. Despite the urgent need for new treatments, a target product profile (TPP) has not been established, and there is no clear development path for antibacterial treatments. To address this troubling concern, this manuscript describes a TPP for antishigellosis small molecule therapeutics and a development path that integrates currently available preclinical and clinical models of Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. M. Arnold
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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Factors Associated With Mortality in Toxic Encephalopathy Due to Shigellosis in Children. Indian Pediatr 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-020-2030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Afroze F, Das SK, Ahmed S, Sarmin M, Shaly NJ, Khan SH, Shahid ASMSB, Shahrin L, Saha H, Alam T, Faruque ASG, Shahunja KM, Chisti MJ, Ahmed T. Pathogen-specific risk of seizure in children with moderate-to-severe diarrhoea: Case control study with follow-up. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:1032-1042. [PMID: 32428974 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pathogen-specific risk of seizure in under-five children hospitalised with moderate-to-severe diarrhoea (MSD) in rural settings. METHOD This was a prospective case-control study with follow-up, conducted in a sentinel facility of Global Enteric Multicenter Study in Mirzapur, a rural community of Bangladesh between 2007 and 2010. Children aged 0-59 months who presented with MSD and seizure constituted the cases whereas those who did not have seizure comprised the controls. MSD was defined if the episodes were associated with dehydration or dysentery or required hospitalisation with diarrhoea or dysentery. All enrolled children were followed up at home within 50-90 days of enrolment. A total of 64 cases and 128 randomly selected controls formed the analysable dataset. RESULTS The result of logistic regression analysis after adjusting for potential confounders revealed that shigellosis (Shigella species, OR = 5.34, 95% CI = 2.37-12.04) particularly S. flexneri (OR = 3.34, 95% CI = 1.48-7.57), S. flexneri 6 (OR = 23.24, 95% CI = 2.79-193.85), S. sonnei (OR = 6.90, 95% CI = 2.34-19.85); norovirus (OR = 6.77, 95% CI = 1.69-27.11), fever (OR = 16.75, 95% CI = 1.81-154.70) and loss of consciousness (OR = 35.25, 95% CI = 1.71-726.20) were the independent risk factors for seizure in MSD children. At enrolment, cases had lower WHZ (P = 0.006) compared to their peers, follow-up anthropometrics showed significant improvement in WHZ (P < 0.001) and WAZ (P < 0.05), whereas deterioration in HAZ (P < 0.001) in both cases and controls. CONCLUSION Childhood MSD episodes particularly due to Shigella and norovirus are often associated with seizure. Prompt identification and appropriate management of children with shigellosis may reduce occurrence and adverse consequences of seizure linked with MSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Afroze
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sumon Kumar Das
- Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Australia.,Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | | | - Monira Sarmin
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jahan Shaly
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Soroar Hossain Khan
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Lubaba Shahrin
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Haimanti Saha
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Alam
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diarrhoea is a major global health problem, and recent studies have confirmed Shigella as a major contributor to this burden. Here, we review recent advances in Shigella research; focusing on their epidemiology, pathogenesis, antimicrobial resistance, and the role of the gut microbiome during infection. RECENT FINDINGS Enhanced epidemiological data, combined with new generation diagnostics, has highlighted a greater burden of Shigella disease than was previously estimated, which is not restricted to vulnerable populations in low-middle income countries. As we gain an ever more detailed insight into the orchestrated mechanisms that Shigella exploit to trigger infection, we can also begin to appreciate the complex role of the gut microbiome in preventing and inducing such infections. The use of genomics, in combination with epidemiological data and laboratory investigations, has unravelled the evolution and spread of various species. Such measures have identified resistance to antimicrobials as a key contributor to the success of specific clones. SUMMARY We need to apply novel findings towards sustainable approaches for treating and preventing Shigella infections. Vaccines and alternative treatments are under development and may offer an opportunity to reduce the burden of Shigella disease and restrict the mobility of antimicrobial resistant clones.
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Parajuli P, Rajput MI, Verma NK. Plasmids of Shigella flexneri serotype 1c strain Y394 provide advantages to bacteria in the host. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:86. [PMID: 31035948 PMCID: PMC6489325 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shigella flexneri has an extremely complex genome with a significant number of virulence traits acquired by mobile genetic elements including bacteriophages and plasmids. S. flexneri serotype 1c is an emerging etiological agent of bacillary dysentery in developing countries. In this study, the complete nucleotide sequence of two plasmids of S. flexneri serotype 1c strain Y394 was determined and analysed. Results The plasmid pINV-Y394 is an invasive or virulence plasmid of size 221,293 bp composed of a large number of insertion sequences (IS), virulence genes, regulatory and maintenance genes. Three hundred and twenty-eight open reading frames (ORFs) were identified in pINV-Y394, of which about a half (159 ORFs) were identified as IS elements. Ninety-seven ORFs were related to characterized genes (majority of which are associated with virulence and their regulons), and 72 ORFs were uncharacterized or hypothetical genes. The second plasmid pNV-Y394 is of size 10,866 bp and encodes genes conferring resistance against multiple antibiotics of clinical importance. The multidrug resistance gene cassette consists of tetracycline resistance gene tetA, streptomycin resistance gene strA-strB and sulfonamide-resistant dihydropteroate synthase gene sul2. Conclusions These two plasmids together play a key role in the fitness of Y394 in the host environment. The findings from this study indicate that the pathogenic S. flexneri is a highly niche adaptive pathogen which is able to co-evolve with its host and respond to the selection pressure in its environment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1455-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Parajuli
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Munazza I Rajput
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Naresh K Verma
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Tickell KD, Brander RL, Atlas HE, Pernica JM, Walson JL, Pavlinac PB. Identification and management of Shigella infection in children with diarrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2017; 5:e1235-e1248. [PMID: 29132613 PMCID: PMC5695759 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella infections are a leading cause of diarrhoeal death among children in low-income and middle-income countries. WHO guidelines reserve antibiotics for treating children with dysentery. Reliance on dysentery for identification and management of Shigella infection might miss an opportunity to reduce Shigella-associated morbidity and mortality. We aimed to systematically review and evaluate Shigella-associated and dysentery-associated mortality, the diagnostic value of dysentery for the identification of Shigella infection, and the efficacy of antibiotics for children with Shigella or dysentery, or both. METHODS We did three systematic reviews (for mortality, diagnostic value, and antibiotic treatment of Shigella and dysentery), and meta-analyses where appropriate, of studies in resource-limited settings. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS database for studies published before Jan 1, 2017, in English, French, and Spanish. We included studies of human beings with diarrhoea and accepted all study-specific definitions of dysentery. For the mortality and diagnostic value searches, we excluded studies that did not include an effect estimate or data necessary to calculate this estimate. The search for treatment included only randomised controlled trials that were done after Jan 1, 1980, and assessed antibiotics in children (aged <18 years) with dysentery or laboratory-confirmed Shigella. We extracted or calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for relative mortality and did random-effects meta-analysis to arrive at pooled ORs. We calculated 95% CIs assuming a binomial distribution and did random-effects meta-regression of log-transformed sensitivity and specificity estimates for diagnostic value. We assessed the heterogeneity of papers included in these meta-analyses using the I2 statistic and evaluated publication bias using funnel plots. This review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42017063896). FINDINGS 3649 papers were identified and 60 studies were included for analyses: 13 for mortality, 27 for diagnostic value, and 20 for treatment. Shigella infection was associated with mortality (pooled OR 2·8, 95% CI 1·6-4·8; p=0·000) whereas dysentery was not associated with mortality (1·3, 0·7-2·3; p=0·37). Between 1977 and 2016, dysentery identified 1·9-85·9% of confirmed Shigella infections, with sensitivity decreasing over time (p=0·04). Ten (50%) of 20 included antibiotic trials were among children with dysentery, none were placebo-controlled, and two (10%) evaluated antibiotics no longer recommended for acute infectious diarrhoea. Ciprofloxacin showed superior microbiological, but not clinical, effectiveness compared with pivmecillinam, and no superior microbiological and clinical effectiveness compared with gatifloxacin. Substantial heterogeneity was reported for meta-analyses of the Shigella-associated mortality studies (I2=78·3%) and dysentery-associated mortality studies (I2=73·2%). Too few mortality studies were identified to meaningfully test for publication bias. No evidence of publication bias was found in this analysis of studies of diagnostic value. INTERPRETATION Current WHO guidelines appear to manage dysentery effectively, but might miss opportunities to reduce mortality among children infected with Shigella who present without bloody stool. Further studies should quantify potential decreases in mortality and morbidity associated with antibiotic therapy for children with non-dysenteric Shigella infection. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Center for AIDS Research International Core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirkby D Tickell
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Brander
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannah E Atlas
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Pernica
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Judd L Walson
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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