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Shi Y, Tan Q, Gong T, Li QY, Zhu Y, Duan X, Yang C, Ding JW, Li S, Xie H, Li Y, Chen L. Cascaded signal amplification strategy for ultra-specific, ultra-sensitive, and visual detection of Shigella flexneri. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:271. [PMID: 38632191 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Pathogen infections including Shigella flexneri have posed a significant threat to human health for numerous years. Although culturing and qPCR were the gold standards for pathogen detection, time-consuming and instrument-dependent restrict their application in rapid diagnosis and economically less-developed regions. Thus, it is urgently needed to develop rapid, simple, sensitive, accurate, and low-cost detection methods for pathogen detection. In this study, an immunomagnetic beads-recombinase polymerase amplification-CRISPR/Cas12a (IMB-RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a) method was built based on a cascaded signal amplification strategy for ultra-specific, ultra-sensitive, and visual detection of S. flexneri in the laboratory. Firstly, S. flexneri was specifically captured and enriched by IMB (Shigella antibody-coated magnetic beads), and the genomic DNA was released and used as the template in the RPA reaction. Then, the RPA products were mixed with the pre-loaded CRISPR/Cas12a for fluorescence visualization. The results were observed by naked eyes under LED blue light, with a sensitivity of 5 CFU/mL in a time of 70 min. With no specialized equipment or complicated technical requirements, the IMB-RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a diagnostic method can be used for visual, rapid, and simple detection of S. flexneri and can be easily adapted to monitoring other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoqiang Shi
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya Zhu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Duan
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia-Wei Ding
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650051, Yunnan, China
| | - Shilin Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - He Xie
- The Hospital of Xidian Group, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - Yujia Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China.
| | - Limin Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China.
- The Joint Laboratory On Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases (TTDs) Between Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Nanning Blood Center, Nanning Blood Center, Nanning, 530007, China.
- The Hospital of Xidian Group, Xi'an, 710077, China.
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Hossain MA, Al Amin M, Khan MA, Refat MRR, Sohel M, Rahman MH, Islam A, Hoque MN. Genome-Wide Investigation Reveals Potential Therapeutic Targets in Shigella spp. Biomed Res Int 2024; 2024:5554208. [PMID: 38595330 PMCID: PMC11003385 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5554208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Shigella stands as a major contributor to bacterial dysentery worldwide scale, particularly in developing countries with inadequate sanitation and hygiene. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains exacerbates the challenge of treating Shigella infections, particularly in regions where access to healthcare and alternative antibiotics is limited. Therefore, investigations on how bacteria evade antibiotics and eventually develop resistance could open new avenues for research to develop novel therapeutics. The aim of this study was to analyze whole genome sequence (WGS) of human pathogenic Shigella spp. to elucidate the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and their mechanism of resistance, gene-drug interactions, protein-protein interactions, and functional pathways to screen potential therapeutic candidate(s). We comprehensively analyzed 45 WGS of Shigella, including S. flexneri (n = 17), S. dysenteriae (n = 14), S. boydii (n = 11), and S. sonnei (n = 13), through different bioinformatics tools. Evolutionary phylogenetic analysis showed three distinct clades among the circulating strains of Shigella worldwide, with less genomic diversity. In this study, 2,146 ARGs were predicted in 45 genomes (average 47.69 ARGs/genome), of which only 91 ARGs were found to be shared across the genomes. Majority of these ARGs conferred their resistance through antibiotic efflux pump (51.0%) followed by antibiotic target alteration (23%) and antibiotic target replacement (18%). We identified 13 hub proteins, of which four proteins (e.g., tolC, acrR, mdtA, and gyrA) were detected as potential hub proteins to be associated with antibiotic efflux pump and target alteration mechanisms. These hub proteins were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in biological process, molecular function, and cellular components. Therefore, the finding of this study suggests that human pathogenic Shigella strains harbored a wide range of ARGs that confer resistance through antibiotic efflux pumps and antibiotic target modification mechanisms, which must be taken into account to devise and formulate treatment strategy against this pathogen. Moreover, the identified hub proteins could be exploited to design and develop novel therapeutics against MDR pathogens like Shigella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Arju Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Al Amin
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Arif Khan
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Md. Rashedur Rahman Refat
- Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sohel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Primeasia University, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
- Center for Advanced Bioinformatics and Artificial Intelligence Research, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Ariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - M. Nazmul Hoque
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
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3
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Mahmoudjanlou H, Saberpour M, Bakhshi B. Antimicrobial, anti-adhesive, and anti-invasive effects of condition media derived from adipose mesenchymal stem cells against Shigella flexneri. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:142. [PMID: 38441673 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03860-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to examine the antimicrobial, anti-adhesion, and anti-invasion properties of various concentrations of condition media obtained from adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs CM) against Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri). AD-MSCs characterization and antimicrobial assay were performed using flow cytometry and microdilution by colony counting, respectively. For evaluating adhesion and invasion, Caco-2 cells were infected by S. flexneri at three different multiplicities of infection (MOIs of 1, 10, and 50) and then treated with DMEM medium and AD-MSCs CM. The inhibitory effect of AD-MSCs CM was assessed after 24 and 48 h of treatment by CFU (colony-forming unit) counting. A total of 84, 65, and 56% reduction in the adhesion rate of S. flexneri to Caco-2 cells treated with AD-MSCs CM were observed at MOIs of 1, 10, and 50, respectively. While S. flexneri at MOI:1 had no invasive effect on Caco-2 cells, convincing invasion was detected at MOIs of 10 and 50, showing a significant decrease following treatment with AD-MSCs CM. The current study results open new insights into AD-MSCs CM as a new non-antibiotic therapeutic candidate for S. flexneri infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodiseh Mahmoudjanlou
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal-Ale-Ahmad Ave, Tehran, 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Saberpour
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal-Ale-Ahmad Ave, Tehran, 14117-13116, Iran.
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Song Y, Sun M, Mu G, Tuo Y. Exopolysaccharide secreted by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y12 showed inhibitory effect on the pathogenicity of Shigella flexneri in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129478. [PMID: 38237822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is a prevalent foodborne and waterborne pathogen that threatens human health. Our previous research indicated that the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y12 exopolysaccharide (L-EPS) potentially inhibited the pathogenicity of S. flexneri. The in vitro results of this study demonstrated that L-EPS effectively mitigated the symptoms induced by S. flexneri in HT-29 cells, including inhibited gene expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, TLR 2/4, and NOD1/2; decreased apoptosis ratio; and alleviated damage degree of intestinal barrier function (Zona occludens 1, Occludin, and Claudin-1). The in vivo results demonstrated that S. flexneri treated with L-EPS elicited mild adverse physiological manifestations, an inflammatory response, and tissue damage. The infection of S. flexneri caused significant alterations in the abundance of phylum (Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, and Proteobacteria), family (Lachnospiraceae, Muribaculaceae, Rikenellaceae, Prevotellaceaea, Ruminococcaceae, and Lactobaillaceae), and genus (Escherichia Shigella and Lachnospirillaceae NK4A136 group) within the cecal microbiota. These changes were accompanied by perturbations in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, arginine biosynthesis, and histidine metabolic pathways. However, intervention with L-EPS attenuated the dysbiosis of cecal microbiota and metabolic disturbances. In summary, our research suggested a potential application of L-EPS as a functional food additive for mitigating S. flexneri infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglong Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Mengying Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Guangqing Mu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
| | - Yanfeng Tuo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
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5
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Zhang Q, Xian W, Li Z, Lu Q, Chen X, Ge J, Tang Z, Liu B, Chen Z, Gao X, Hottiger MO, Zhang P, Qiu J, Shao F, Liu X. Shigella induces stress granule formation by ADP-riboxanation of the eIF3 complex. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113789. [PMID: 38368608 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Under stress conditions, translationally stalled mRNA and associated proteins undergo liquid-liquid phase separation and condense into cytoplasmic foci called stress granules (SGs). Many viruses hijack SGs for their pathogenesis; however, whether pathogenic bacteria also exploit this pathway remains unknown. Here, we report that members of the OspC family of Shigella flexneri induce SG formation in infected cells. Mechanistically, the OspC effectors target multiple subunits of the host translation initiation factor 3 complex by ADP-riboxanation. The modification of eIF3 leads to translational arrest and thus the formation of SGs. Furthermore, OspC-mediated SGs are beneficial for S. flexneri replication within infected host cells, and bacterial strains unable to induce SGs are attenuated for virulence in a murine model of infection. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which bacterial pathogens induce SG assembly by inactivating host translational machinery and promote bacterial proliferation in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Xian
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zilin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xindi Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinli Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhiheng Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bohao Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Michael O Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jiazhang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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Kago G, Turnbough CL, Salazar JC, Payne SM. (p)ppGpp is required for virulence of Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0033423. [PMID: 38099658 PMCID: PMC10790822 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00334-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection by the enteric pathogen Shigella flexneri requires transit through the gastrointestinal tract and invasion of and replication within the cells of the host colonic epithelium. This process exposes the pathogen to a range of diverse microenvironments. Furthermore, the unique composition and physical environment of the eukaryotic cell cytosol represents a stressful environment for S. flexneri, and extensive physiological adaptations are needed for the bacterium to thrive. In this work, we show that disrupting synthesis of the stringent response alarmone (p)ppGpp in S. flexneri diminished expression of key virulence genes, including ipaA, ipaB, ipaC, and icsA, and it reduced bacterial invasion and intercellular spread. Deletion of the (p)ppGpp synthase gene relA alone had no effect on S. flexneri virulence, but disruption of both relA and the (p)ppGpp synthase/hydrolase gene spoT resulted in loss of (p)ppGpp synthesis and virulence. While the relA spoT deletion mutant was able to invade a cultured human epithelial cell monolayer, albeit at reduced levels, it was unable to maintain the infection and spread to adjacent cells, as indicated by loss of plaque formation. Complementation with spoT on a plasmid vector restored plaque formation. Thus, SpoT alone is sufficient to provide the necessary level of (p)ppGpp for virulence. These results indicate that (p)ppGpp is required for S. flexneri virulence and adaptation to the intracellular environment, adding to the repertoire of signaling pathways that affect Shigella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kago
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Charles L. Turnbough
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Salazar
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shelley M. Payne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- John Ring LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Bradford C, Blossom J, Reiten K, Ragsdale J. MULTISPECIES SHIGELLA FLEXNERI OUTBREAK IN A ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION COINCIDING WITH A CLUSTER IN THE LOCAL HUMAN POPULATION. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:837-844. [PMID: 38252010 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is a nonmotile gram-negative bacillus that affects humans and nonhuman primates. In August 2021, 15 primates at the ABQ BioPark demonstrated clinical signs of Shigella infection: 3 out of 4 Sumatran and hybrid orangutans (Pongo abelii), 6 out of 8 gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), 2 out of 9 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and 4 out of 4 siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus). Three siamangs and one gorilla succumbed to complications of shigellosis during the initial outbreak and a chimpanzee died 10 mon later. Although it is well documented that Shigella may cause morbidity and mortality in nonhuman primates, the rapid and devastating nature of the outbreak, the difference from previous reports in zoological collections (enzootic vs outbreak), and the chronological overlap with the increase in human cases in the region makes discussion of this Shigella outbreak of significance. The cases presented here are significantly different than previous reports, because these were part of an outbreak that arose and subsided, versus other reports where the authors describe an enzootic disease with persistently infected animals. Close communication with the New Mexico Department of Health allowed for the investigation into possible sources of the outbreak, recommendations regarding biosecurity protocols, and staff education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim Reiten
- New Mexico Veterinary Diagnostic Services
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Song Y, Sun M, Mu G, Tuo Y. Exopolysaccharide produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y12 exhibits inhibitory effect on the Shigella flexneri genes expression related to biofilm formation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127048. [PMID: 37748596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Shigella is a specific enteric pathogen in humans, causing symptoms of bacterial dysentery. The biofilm formation of S. flexneri contributes to the emergence of multidrug resistance and facilitates the establishment of persistent chronic infections. This study investigated the regulatory effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y12 exopolysaccharide (L-EPS) on gene expression and its spatial hindrance effects in inhibiting the biofilm formation of S. flexneri. The transcriptome analysis revealed a significant impact of L-EPS on the gene expression profile of S. flexneri, with a total of 968 genes showing significant changes (507 up-regulated and 461 down-regulated). The significantly down-regulated KEGG metabolic pathway enriched in phosphotransferase system, Embden-Meyerhf-Parnas, Citrate cycle, Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, Cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance, Two-component system. Moreover, L-EPS significantly down-regulated the gene expression levels of fimbriae synthesis (fimF), lipopolysaccharide synthesis (lptE, lptB), anchor protein repeat domain (arpA), virulence factor (lpp, yqgB), antibiotic resistance (marR, cusB, mdtL, mdlB), heavy metal resistance (zraP), and polysaccharide synthesis (mtgA, mdoB, mdoC). The expression of biofilm regulator factor (bssS) and two-component system suppressor factor (mgrB) were significantly up-regulated. The RT-qPCR results indicated that a major component of L-EPS (L-EPS 2-1) exhibited the gene regulatory effect on the S. flexneri biofilm formation. Furthermore, electrophoresis and isothermal microtitration calorimetry demonstrated that the interaction between L-EPS 2-1 and eDNA is electrostatic dependent on the change in environmental pH, disrupting the stable spatial structure of S. flexneri biofilm. In conclusion, L-EPS inhibited the biofilm formation of S. flexneri through gene regulation and spatial obstruction effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglong Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Mengying Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Guangqing Mu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
| | - Yanfeng Tuo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
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Zhang C, Lin X, Lin D, Liang T, Huang L, Zheng L, Xu Y. Study on toxicity responses and their mechanisms in Xenopus tropicalis long-term exposure to Shigella flexneri and ciprofloxacin. Sci Total Environ 2023; 905:167040. [PMID: 37709083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The abuse and overuse of antibiotics increased not only the exposure of aquatic animals to antibiotics but also the development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria. To investigate the effects and mechanisms of exposure, a long-term experiment lasting 120 days was conducted in which Xenopus tropicalis was exposed to single and combined stress factors of multiresistant pathogenic Shigella flexneri and ciprofloxacin (CIP). The intestinal oxidative stress, immune factors and flora, as well as the brain-gut axis correlation factors of X. tropicalis, were tracked to account for the response of aquatic animals to the exogenous pollutants. SOD activity and MDA content were significantly increased in stressed X. tropicalis (p < 0.001), while the levels of proinflammatory factors (IL-1β, IFN-γ) were significantly reduced (p < 0.01). The content of intestinal beneficial bacteria decreased and that of harmful bacteria increased in the intestinal flora of the stressed X. tropicalis (p < 0.001). These results suggested that S. flexneri and CIP disturbed the intestinal flora and caused oxidative damage in the host, and the body produced a series of responses, such as oxidative stress responses and regulation of the expression of immune factors, to maintain the balance of antioxidant inflammation. Significant changes in the expression of intestinal neurotransmitters (5-HT, CGRP) and brain peptides (BDNF, NCAM, NPY) (p < 0.05) also indicated that the brain-gut axis interaction was disrupted. In addition, although the coexisting CIP could reduce intestinal toxicity caused by S. flexneri, the amount of intestinal pathogenic bacteria Desulfovibrio increased significantly. Moreover, compared with the single exposure group, SOD activity, CAT activity and MDA content were significantly reduced in the dual exposure group. Therefore, the health risks of multiresistant pathogenic bacteria on the intestinal and brain-gut axis interaction should be given more attention, and the interaction of brain-gut axis is more important when antibiotics coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dawu Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Taojie Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lu Huang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Li Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yanbin Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Perruzza L, Zagaglia C, Vitiello L, Sarshar M, Strati F, Pasqua M, Grassi F, Nicoletti M, Palamara AT, Ambrosi C, Scribano D. The Shigella flexneri virulence factor apyrase is released inside eukaryotic cells to hijack host cell fate. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0077523. [PMID: 37795996 PMCID: PMC10714728 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00775-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In this paper, we demonstrated that apyrase is released within the host cell cytoplasm during infection to target the intracellular ATP pool. By degrading intracellular ATP, apyrase contributes to prevent caspases activation, thereby inhibiting the activation of pyroptosis in infected cells. Our results show, for the first time, that apyrase is involved in the modulation of host cell survival, thereby aiding this pathogen to dampen the inflammatory response. This work adds a further piece to the puzzle of Shigella pathogenesis. Due to its increased spread worldwide, prevention and controlling strategies are urgently needed. Overall, this study highlighted apyrase as a suitable target for an anti-virulence therapy to tackle this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Perruzza
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Humabs BioMed, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Strati
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Pasqua
- Institute Pasteur Italy, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Nicoletti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Chronic-Neurodegenerative Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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11
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Chen Y, He Y, Jin T, Dai C, Xu Q, Wu Z. Bactericidal effect of low-temperature atmospheric plasma against the Shigella flexneri. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22:119. [PMID: 38071319 PMCID: PMC10709968 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) is a common intestinal pathogenic bacteria that mainly causes bacillary dysentery, especially in low socioeconomic countries. This study aimed to apply cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on S. flexneri directly to achieve rapid, efficient and environmentally friendly sterilization. METHODS The operating parameters of the equipment were determined by plasma diagnostics. The plate count and transmission electron microscope were employed to calculate bacterial mortality rates and observe the morphological damage of bacterial cells. Measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide anions were detected by 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) and Dihydroethidium fluorescence probes, respectively. The fluorescence intensity (a. u.) reflects the relative contents. Additionally, the experiment about the single effect of temperature, ultraviolet (UV), and ROS on bacteria was conducted. RESULTS The peak discharge voltage and current during plasma operation were 3.92kV and 66mA. After discharge, the bacterial mortality rate of 10, 20, 30 and 40 s of plasma treatment was 60.71%, 74.02%, 88.11% and 98.76%, respectively. It was shown that the intracellular ROS content was proportional to the plasma treatment time and ROS was the major contributor to bacterial death. CONCLUSION In summary, our results illustrated that the plasma treatment could inactivate S. flexneri efficiently, and the ROS produced by plasma is the leading cause of bacterial mortality. This highly efficient sterilization method renders plasma a highly promising solution for hospitals, clinics, and daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Joint Laboratory of Plasma Application Technology, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Jin
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chenwei Dai
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Qinghua Xu
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China.
| | - Zhengwei Wu
- Joint Laboratory of Plasma Application Technology, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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12
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Skerniskyte J, Mulet C, André AC, Anderson MC, Injarabian L, Buck A, Prade VM, Sansonetti PJ, Reibel-Foisset S, Walch AK, Lebel M, Lykkesfeldt J, Marteyn BS. Ascorbate deficiency increases progression of shigellosis in guinea pigs and mice infection models. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2271597. [PMID: 37876025 PMCID: PMC10730169 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2271597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. are the causative agents of bacterial dysentery and shigellosis, mainly in children living in developing countries. The study of Shigella entire life cycle in vivo and the evaluation of vaccine candidates' protective efficacy have been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model of infection. None of the studies evaluated so far (rabbit, guinea pig, mouse) allowed the recapitulation of full shigellosis symptoms upon Shigella oral challenge. Historical reports have suggested that dysentery and scurvy are both metabolic diseases associated with ascorbate deficiency. Mammals, which are susceptible to Shigella infection (humans, non-human primates and guinea pigs) are among the few species unable to synthesize ascorbate. We optimized a low-ascorbate diet to induce moderate ascorbate deficiency, but not scurvy, in guinea pigs to investigate whether poor vitamin C status increases the progression of shigellosis. Moderate ascorbate deficiency increased shigellosis symptom severity during an extended period of time (up to 48 h) in all strains tested (Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri 5a, and 2a). At late time points, an important influx of neutrophils was observed both within the disrupted colonic mucosa and in the luminal compartment, although Shigella was able to disseminate deep into the organ to reach the sub-mucosal layer and the bloodstream. Moreover, we found that ascorbate deficiency also increased Shigella penetration into the colon epithelium layer in a Gulo-/- mouse infection model. The use of these new rodent models of shigellosis opens new doors for the study of both Shigella infection strategies and immune responses to Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurate Skerniskyte
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Mulet
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Antonin C. André
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mark C. Anderson
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Louise Injarabian
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Achim Buck
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Verena M. Prade
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Axel K. Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michel Lebel
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benoit S. Marteyn
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Unité de Pathogenèse des Infections Vasculaires, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1225, Paris, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France
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13
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Pastor Y, Calvo A, Salvador-Erro J, Gamazo C. Refining Immunogenicity through Intradermal Delivery of Outer Membrane Vesicles against Shigella flexneri in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16910. [PMID: 38069232 PMCID: PMC10706920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis remains a global health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Despite improvements in sanitation, the absence of a licensed vaccine for human use has prompted global health organizations to support the development of a safe and effective multivalent vaccine that is cost-effective and accessible for limited-resource regions. Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) have emerged in recent years as an alternative to live attenuated or whole-inactivated vaccines due to their immunogenicity and self-adjuvating properties. Previous works have demonstrated the safety and protective capacity of OMVs against Shigella flexneri infection in mouse models when administered through mucosal or intradermal routes. However, some immunological properties, such as the cellular response or cross-protection among different Shigella strains, remained unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that intradermal immunization of OMVs with needle-free devices recruits a high number of immune cells in the dermis, leading to a robust cellular response marked by antigen-specific cytokine release and activation of effector CD4 T cells. Additionally, functional antibodies are generated, neutralizing various Shigella serotypes, suggesting cross-protective capacity. These findings highlight the potential of OMVs as a promising vaccine platform against shigellosis and support intradermal administration as a simple and painless vaccination strategy to address this health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos Gamazo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Y.P.); (A.C.); (J.S.-E.)
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14
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Li S, Anvari S, Ptacek G, Upadhyay I, Kaminski RW, Sack DA, Zhang W. A broadly immunogenic polyvalent Shigella multiepitope fusion antigen protein protects against Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri lethal pulmonary challenges in mice. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0031623. [PMID: 37795982 PMCID: PMC10652900 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00316-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no licensed vaccines for Shigella, a leading cause of children's diarrhea and a common etiology of travelers' diarrhea. To develop a cross-protective Shigella vaccine, in this study, we constructed a polyvalent protein immunogen to present conserved immunodominant epitopes of Shigella invasion plasmid antigens B (IpaB) and D (IpaD), VirG, GuaB, and Shiga toxins on backbone protein IpaD, by applying an epitope- and structure-based multiepitope-fusion-antigen (MEFA) vaccinology platform, examined protein (Shigella MEFA) broad immunogenicity, and evaluated antibody function against Shigella invasion and Shiga toxin cytotoxicity but also protection against Shigella lethal challenge. Mice intramuscularly immunized with Shigella MEFA protein developed IgG responses to IpaB, IpaD, VirG, GuaB, and Shiga toxins 1 and 2; mouse sera significantly reduced invasion of Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri serotype 2a, 3a, or 6, Shigella boydii, and Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and neutralized cytotoxicity of Shiga toxins of Shigella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in vitro. Moreover, mice intranasally immunized with Shigella MEFA protein (adjuvanted with dmLT) developed antigen-specific serum IgG, lung IgG and IgA, and fecal IgA antibodies, and survived from lethal pulmonary challenge with S. sonnei or S. flexneri serotype 2a, 3a, or 6. In contrast, the control mice died, became unresponsive, or lost 20% of body weight in 48 h. These results indicated that this Shigella MEFA protein is broadly immunogenic, induces broadly functional antibodies, and cross-protects against lethal pulmonary challenges with S. sonnei or S. flexneri serotypes, suggesting a potential application of this polyvalent MEFA protein in Shigella vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Anvari
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Galen Ptacek
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ipshita Upadhyay
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert W. Kaminski
- Department of Enteric Infections, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - David A. Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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15
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Prasad RS, Chikhale RV, Rai N, Akojwar NS, Purohit RA, Sharma P, Kulkarni O, Laloo D, Gurav SS, Itankar PR, Prasad SK. Rutin from Begonia roxburghii modulates iNOS and Sep A activity in treatment of Shigella flexneri induced diarrhoea in rats: An in vitro, in vivo and computational analysis. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106380. [PMID: 37821049 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries, diarrhoea is a major issue of concern, where consistent use of antibiotics has resulted in several side effects along with development of resistance among pathogens against these antibiotics. Since natural products are becoming the treatment of choice, therefore present investigation involves mechanistic evaluation of antidiarrhoeal potential of Begonia roxburghii and its marker rutin against Shigella flexneri (SF) induced diarrhoea in rats following in vitro, in vivo and in silico protocols. The roots of the plant are used as vegetable in the North East India and are also used traditionally in treating diarrhoea. Phytochemically standardized ethanolic extract of B. roxburghii (EBR) roots and its marker rutin were first subjected to in vitro antibacterial evaluation against SF. Diarrhoea was induced in rats using suspension of SF and various diarrhoeagenic parameters were examined after first, third and fifth day of treatment at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, p.o. with EBR and 50 mg/kg, p.o. with rutin respectively. Additionally, density of SF in stools, stool water content, haematological and biochemical parameters, cytokine profiling, ion concentration, histopathology and Na+/K+-ATPase activity were also performed. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies of ligand rutin was studied against secreted extracellular protein A (Sep A, PDB: 5J44) from SF and Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, PDB: 1DD7) followed by network pharmacology. EBR and rutin demonstrated a potent antibacterial activity against SF and also showed significant recovery from diarrhoea (EBR: 81.29 ± 0.91% and rutin: 75.27 ± 0.89%) in rats after five days of treatment. EBR and rutin also showed significant decline in SF density in stools, decreased cytokine expression, potential antioxidant activity, cellular proliferative nature and recovered ion loss due to enhanced Na+/K+-ATPase activity, which was also supported by histopathology. Rutin showed a very high docking score of -11.61 and -9.98 kcal/mol against iNOS and Sep A respectively and their stable complex was also confirmed through dynamics, while network pharmacology suggested that, rutin is quite capable of modulating the pathways of iNOS and Sep A. Thus, we may presume that rutin played a key role in the observed antidiarrhoeal activity of B. roxburghii against SF induced diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali S Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Rupesh V Chikhale
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nitish Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Natasha S Akojwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Raksha A Purohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Pravesh Sharma
- Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpth, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Onkar Kulkarni
- Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpth, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Damiki Laloo
- Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Shailendra S Gurav
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Goa College of Pharmacy, Goa University, Panji, Goa, India
| | - Prakash R Itankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India.
| | - Satyendra K Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India.
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16
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Toapanta FR, Hu J, Meron-Sudai S, Mulard LA, Phalipon A, Cohen D, Sztein MB. Further characterization of Shigella-specific (memory) B cells induced in healthy volunteer recipients of SF2a-TT15, a Shigella flexneri 2a synthetic glycan-based vaccine candidate. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291664. [PMID: 38022674 PMCID: PMC10653583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is common worldwide, and it causes significant morbidity and mortality mainly in young children in low- and middle- income countries. To date, there are not broadly available licensed Shigella vaccines. A novel type of conjugate vaccine candidate, SF2a-TT15, was developed against S. flexneri serotype 2a (SF2a). SF2a-TT15 is composed of a synthetic 15mer oligosaccharide, designed to act as a functional mimic of the SF2a O-antigen and covalently linked to tetanus toxoid (TT). SF2a-TT15 was recently shown to be safe and immunogenic in a Phase 1 clinical trial, inducing specific memory B cells and sustained antibody response up to three years after the last injection. In this manuscript, we advance the study of B cell responses to parenteral administration of SF2a-TT15 to identify SF2a LPS-specific B cells (SF2a+ B cells) using fluorescently labeled bacteria. SF2a+ B cells were identified mainly within class-switched B cells (SwB cells) in volunteers vaccinated with SF2a-TT15 adjuvanted or not with aluminium hydroxide (alum), but not in placebo recipients. These cells expressed high levels of CXCR3 and low levels of CD21 suggesting an activated phenotype likely to represent the recently described effector memory B cells. IgG SF2a+ SwB cells were more abundant than IgA SF2a + SwB cells. SF2a+ B cells were also identified in polyclonally stimulated B cells (antibody secreting cells (ASC)-transformed). SF2a+ ASC-SwB cells largely maintained the activated phenotype (CXCR3 high, CD21 low). They expressed high levels of CD71 and integrin α4β7, suggesting a high proliferation rate and ability to migrate to gut associated lymphoid tissues. Finally, ELISpot analysis showed that ASC produced anti-SF2a LPS IgG and IgA antibodies. In summary, this methodology confirms the ability of SF2a-TT15 to induce long-lived memory B cells, initially identified by ELISpots, which remain identifiable in blood up to 140 days following vaccination. Our findings expand and complement the memory B cell data previously reported in the Phase 1 trial and provide detailed information on the immunophenotypic characteristics of these cells. Moreover, this methodology opens the door to future studies at the single-cell level to better characterize the development of B cell immunity to Shigella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin R. Toapanta
- Department of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jingping Hu
- Department of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shiri Meron-Sudai
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Unité Chimie des Biomolécules, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Phalipon
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Innovation: Vaccins, Paris, France
| | - Dani Cohen
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Department of Medicine and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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17
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Gerson TM, Ott AM, Karney MMA, Socea JN, Ginete DR, Iyer LM, Aravind L, Gary RK, Wing HJ. VirB, a key transcriptional regulator of Shigella virulence, requires a CTP ligand for its regulatory activities. mBio 2023; 14:e0151923. [PMID: 37728345 PMCID: PMC10653881 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01519-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Shigella species cause bacillary dysentery, the second leading cause of diarrheal deaths worldwide. There is a pressing need to identify novel molecular drug targets. Shigella virulence phenotypes are controlled by the transcriptional regulator, VirB. We show that VirB belongs to a fast-evolving, plasmid-borne clade of the ParB superfamily, which has diverged from versions with a distinct cellular role-DNA partitioning. We report that, like classic members of the ParB family, VirB binds a highly unusual ligand, CTP. Mutants predicted to be defective in CTP binding are compromised in a variety of virulence attributes controlled by VirB, likely because these mutants cannot engage DNA. This study (i) reveals that VirB binds CTP, (ii) provides a link between VirB-CTP interactions and Shigella virulence phenotypes, (iii) provides new insight into VirB-CTP-DNA interactions, and (iv) broadens our understanding of the ParB superfamily, a group of bacterial proteins that play critical roles in many bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M. Gerson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Audrey M. Ott
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Monika M. A. Karney
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Jillian N. Socea
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Daren R. Ginete
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | | | - L. Aravind
- Computational Biology Branch, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald K. Gary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Helen J. Wing
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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18
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Miljkovic M, Lozano S, Castellote I, de Cózar C, Villegas-Moreno AI, Gamallo P, Jimenez-Alfaro Martinez D, Fernández-Álvaro E, Ballell L, Garcia GA. Novel inhibitors that target bacterial virulence identified via HTS against intra-macrophage survival of Shigella flexneri. mSphere 2023; 8:e0015423. [PMID: 37565760 PMCID: PMC10597453 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00154-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes shigellosis, a human diarrheal disease characterized by the destruction of the colonic epithelium. Novel antimicrobial compounds to treat infections are urgently needed due to the proliferation of bacterial antibiotic resistance and lack of new effective antimicrobials in the market. Our approach to find compounds that block the Shigella virulence pathway has three potential advantages: (i) resistance development should be minimized due to the lack of growth selection pressure, (ii) no resistance due to environmental antibiotic exposure should be developed since the virulence pathways are not activated outside of host infection, and (iii) the normal intestinal microbiota, which do not have the targeted virulence pathways, should be unharmed. We chose to utilize two phenotypic assays, inhibition of Shigella survival in macrophages and Shigella growth inhibition (minimum inhibitory concentration), to interrogate the 1.7 M compound screening collection subset of the GlaxoSmithKline drug discovery chemical library. A number of secondary assays on the hit compounds resulting from the primary screens were conducted, which, in combination with chemical, structural, and physical property analyses, narrowed the final hit list to 44 promising compounds for further drug discovery efforts. The rapid development of antibiotic resistance is a critical problem that has the potential of returning the world to a "pre-antibiotic" type of environment, where millions of people will die from previously treatable infections. One relatively newer approach to minimize the selection pressures for the development of resistance is to target virulence pathways. This is anticipated to eliminate any resistance selection pressure in environmental exposure to virulence-targeted antibiotics and will have the added benefit of not affecting the non-virulent microbiome. This paper describes the development and application of a simple, reproducible, and sensitive assay to interrogate an extensive chemical library in high-throughput screening format for activity against the survival of Shigella flexneri 2457T-nl in THP-1 macrophages. The ability to screen very large numbers of compounds in a reasonable time frame (~1.7 M compounds in ~8 months) distinguishes this assay as a powerful tool in further exploring new compounds with intracellular effect on S. flexneri or other pathogens with similar pathways of pathogenesis. The assay utilizes a luciferase reporter which is extremely rapid, simple, relatively inexpensive, and sensitive and possesses a broad linear range. The assay also utilized THP-1 cells that resemble primary monocytes and macrophages in morphology and differentiation properties. THP-1 cells have advantages over human primary monocytes or macrophages because they are highly plastic and their homogeneous genetic background minimizes the degree of variability in the cell phenotype (1). The intracellular and virulence-targeted selectivity of our methodology, determined via secondary screening, is an enormous advantage. Our main interest focuses on hits that are targeting virulence, and the most promising compounds with adequate physicochemical and drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) properties will be progressed to a suitable in vivo shigellosis model to evaluate the therapeutic potential of this approach. Additionally, compounds that act via a host-directed mechanism could be a promising source for further research given that it would allow a whole new, specific, and controlled approach to the treatment of diseases caused by some pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Miljkovic
- Department of Medical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- GSK Global Health Unit, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - George A. Garcia
- Department of Medical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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19
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Torraca V, Brokatzky D, Miles SL, Chong CE, De Silva PM, Baker S, Jenkins C, Holt KE, Baker KS, Mostowy S. Shigella Serotypes Associated With Carriage in Humans Establish Persistent Infection in Zebrafish. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1108-1118. [PMID: 37556724 PMCID: PMC10582909 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella represents a paraphyletic group of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. More than 40 Shigella serotypes have been reported. However, most cases within the men who have sex with men (MSM) community are attributed to 3 serotypes: Shigella sonnei unique serotype and Shigella flexneri 2a and 3a serotypes. Using the zebrafish model, we demonstrate that Shigella can establish persistent infection in vivo. Bacteria are not cleared by the immune system and become antibiotic tolerant. Establishment of persistent infection depends on the O-antigen, a key constituent of the bacterial surface and a serotype determinant. Representative isolates associated with MSM transmission persist in zebrafish, while representative isolates of a serotype not associated with MSM transmission do not. Isolates of a Shigella serotype establishing persistent infections elicited significantly less macrophage death in vivo than isolates of a serotype unable to persist. We conclude that zebrafish are a valuable platform to illuminate factors underlying establishment of Shigella persistent infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Torraca
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Brokatzky
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sydney L Miles
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E Chong
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - P Malaka De Silva
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacterial Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate S Baker
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Turbyfill KR, Clarkson KA, Oaks EV, Zurawski DV, Vortherms AR, Kaminski RW. Development of the Shigella flexneri 2a, 3a, 6, and S. sonnei artificial Invaplex (Invaplex AR) vaccines. mSphere 2023; 8:e0007323. [PMID: 37389412 PMCID: PMC10449495 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00073-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Shigella artificial invasin complex (InvaplexAR) vaccine is a subunit approach that effectively induces robust immunogenicity directed to serotype-specific lipopolysaccharide and the broadly conserved IpaB and IpaC proteins. One advantage of the vaccine approach is the ability to adjust the constituents to address suboptimal immunogenicity and to change the Shigella serotype targeted by the vaccine. As the vaccine moves through the product development pipeline, substantial modifications have been made to address manufacturing feasibility, acceptability to regulatory authorities, and developing immunogenic and effective products for an expanded list of Shigella serotypes. Modifications of the recombinant clones used to express affinity tag-free proteins using well-established purification methods, changes to detergents utilized in the assembly process, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of different Invaplex formulations have led to the establishment of a scalable, reproducible manufacturing process and enhanced immunogenicity of Invaplex products designed to protect against four of the most predominant Shigella serotypes responsible for global morbidity and mortality. These adjustments and improvements provide the pathway for the manufacture and clinical testing of a multivalent Invaplex vaccine. IMPORTANCE Shigella species are a major global health concern that cause severe diarrhea and dysentery in children and travelers to endemic areas of the world. Despite significant advancements in access to clean water, the increases in antimicrobial resistance and the risk of post-infection sequelae, including cognitive and physical stunting in children, highlight the urgent need for an efficacious vaccine. One promising vaccine approach, artificial Invaplex, delivers key antigens recognized by the immune system during infection, which results in increased resistance to re-infection. The work presented here describes novel modifications to a previously described vaccine approach resulting in improved methods for manufacturing and regulatory approvals, expansion of the breadth of coverage to all major Shigella serotypes, and an increase in the potency of artificial Invaplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ross Turbyfill
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristen A. Clarkson
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Edwin V. Oaks
- Patuxent Research and Consulting Group, Gambrills, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel V. Zurawski
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony R. Vortherms
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W. Kaminski
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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21
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Kelly M, Mandlik A, Charles RC, Verma S, Calderwood SB, Leung DT, Biswas R, Islam K, Kamruzzaman M, Chowdhury F, Khanam F, Vann WF, Khan AI, Bhuiyan TR, Qadri F, Vortherms AR, Kaminski R, Kováč P, Xu P, Ryan ET. Development of Shigella conjugate vaccines targeting Shigella flexneri 2a and S. flexneri 3a using a simple platform-approach conjugation by squaric acid chemistry. Vaccine 2023; 41:4967-4977. [PMID: 37400283 PMCID: PMC10529421 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for vaccines effective against shigella infection in young children in resource-limited areas. Protective immunity against shigella infection targets the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) component of lipopolysaccharide. Inducing immune responses to polysaccharides in young children can be problematic, but high level and durable responses can be induced by presenting polysaccharides conjugated to carrier proteins. An effective shigella vaccine will need to be multivalent, targeting the most common global species and serotypes such as Shigella flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, S. flexneri 6, and S. sonnei. Here we report the development of shigella conjugate vaccines (SCV) targeting S. flexneri 2a (SCV-Sf2a) and 3a (SCV-Sf3a) using squaric acid chemistry to result in single point sun-burst type display of OSP from carrier protein rTTHc, a 52 kDa recombinant protein fragment of the heavy chain of tetanus toxoid. We confirmed structure and demonstrated that these conjugates were recognized by serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies and convalescent sera of humans recovering from shigellosis in Bangladesh, suggesting correct immunological display of OSP. We vaccinated mice and found induction of serotype-specific OSP and LPS IgG responses, as well as rTTHc-specific IgG responses. Vaccination induced serotype-specific bactericidal antibody responses against S. flexneri, and vaccinated animals were protected against keratoconjunctivitis (Sereny test) and intraperitoneal challenge with virulent S. flexneri 2a and 3a, respectively. Our results support further development of this platform conjugation technology in the development of shigella conjugate vaccines for use in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anjali Mandlik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Smriti Verma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel T Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rajib Biswas
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrul Islam
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Khanam
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Willie F Vann
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ashraful Islam Khan
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anthony R Vortherms
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Kaminski
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pavol Kováč
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Taieb I, Ellafi A, Ben Younes S, Feriani A, Bakhrouf A, Elmzoughi R, Serrano JAA, Jabeur C. The occurrence and resistance of Shigella flexneri CECT4804 to acid stress in vitro and in vivo. Vet Ital 2023; 59. [PMID: 38376837 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.2529.18140.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The ability to maintain intra‑cellular pH is crucial for many microbes mainly the enterobacteria to survive in diverse environments, particularly those that undergo fluctuations in pH. In this context, the growth and survival of Shigella flexneri at different acid pH values were evaluated to explain the response strategies involved in the adaptation of S. flexneri CECT4804 in acid stress conditions. Furthermore, the capacity of this strain to produce slime on Congo Red Agar, biofilm formation on polystyrene plate and hydrophobicity are reported. In addition, the modification of the membrane fatty acids profiles has been studied. Moreover, an infection with the stressed strain was realized on rats in rates and examined for their toxicity in intestine tissue. The obtained results show that the strain survival is strongly influenced by acidity. Indeed, the stressed and unstressed strains became biofilm positive after acid stress. A significant increase in the hydrophobicity percentage compared to the values found under normal conditions, is also noticed. For the membrane fatty acids analysis, the acidity induces several modifications in the membrane composition. After the infection, the gravest lesion was registered in the intestine of rats administered with the bacteria stressed at the lowest pH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Ellafi
- Department of life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa.
| | | | | | - Amina Bakhrouf
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of the Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir
| | - Ridha Elmzoughi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of the Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir
| | | | - Chedia Jabeur
- High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
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23
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Wang KC, Lerche MH, Ardenkjær-Larsen JH, Jensen PR. Formate Metabolism in Shigella flexneri and Its Effect on HeLa Cells at Different Stages during the Infectious Process. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0063122. [PMID: 37042762 PMCID: PMC10269805 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00631-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis caused by Shigella is one of the most important foodborne illnesses in global health, but little is known about the metabolic cross talk between this bacterial pathogen and its host cells during the different stages of the infection process. A detailed understanding of the metabolism can potentially lead to new drug targets remedying the pressing problem of antibiotic resistance. Here, we use stable isotope-resolved metabolomics as an unbiased and fast method to investigate how Shigella metabolizes 13C-glucose in three different environments: inside the host cells, adhering to the host cells, and alone in suspension. We find that especially formate metabolism by bacteria is sensitive to these different environments. The role of formate in pathogen metabolism is sparsely described in the literature compared to the roles of acetate and butyrate. However, its metabolic pathway is regarded as a potential drug target due to its production in microorganisms and its absence in humans. Our study provides new knowledge about the regulatory effect of formate. Bacterial metabolism of formate is pH dependent when studied alone in culture medium, whereas this effect is less pronounced when the bacteria adhere to the host cells. Once the bacteria are inside the host cells, we find that formate accumulation is reduced. Formate also affects the host cells resulting in a reduced infection rate. This was correlated to an increased immune response. Thus, intriguingly formate plays a double role in pathogenesis by increasing the virulence of Shigella and at the same time stimulating the immune response of the host. IMPORTANCE Bacterial infection is a pressing societal concern due to development of resistance toward known antibiotics. Central carbon metabolism has been suggested as a potential new target for drug development, but metabolic changes upon infection remain incompletely understood. Here, we used a cellular infection model to study how the bacterial pathogen Shigella adapts its metabolism depending on the environment starting from the extracellular medium until Shigella successfully invaded and proliferated inside host cells. The mixed-acid fermentation of Shigella was the major metabolic pathway during the infectious process, and the glucose-derived metabolite formate surprisingly played a divergent role in the pathogen and in the host cell. Our data show reduced infection rate when both host cells and bacteria were treated with formate, which correlated with an upregulated immune response in the host cells. The formate metabolism in Shigella thus potentially provides a route toward alternative treatment strategies for Shigella prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Chuan Wang
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathilde Hauge Lerche
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan Henrik Ardenkjær-Larsen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pernille Rose Jensen
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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24
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Zhong X, Zeng H, Zhou Z, Su Y, Cheng H, Hou Y, She Y, Feng N, Wang J, Shao F, Ding J. Structural mechanisms for regulation of GSDMB pore-forming activity. Nature 2023; 616:598-605. [PMID: 36991125 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocyte-derived granzyme A (GZMA) cleaves GSDMB, a gasdermin-family pore-forming protein1,2, to trigger target cell pyroptosis3. GSDMB and the charter gasdermin family member GSDMD4,5 have been inconsistently reported to be degraded by the Shigella flexneri ubiquitin-ligase virulence factor IpaH7.8 (refs. 6,7). Whether and how IpaH7.8 targets both gasdermins is undefined, and the pyroptosis function of GSDMB has even been questioned recently6,8. Here we report the crystal structure of the IpaH7.8-GSDMB complex, which shows how IpaH7.8 recognizes the GSDMB pore-forming domain. We clarify that IpaH7.8 targets human (but not mouse) GSDMD through a similar mechanism. The structure of full-length GSDMB suggests stronger autoinhibition than in other gasdermins9,10. GSDMB has multiple splicing isoforms that are equally targeted by IpaH7.8 but exhibit contrasting pyroptotic activities. Presence of exon 6 in the isoforms dictates the pore-forming, pyroptotic activity in GSDMB. We determine the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the 27-fold-symmetric GSDMB pore and depict conformational changes that drive pore formation. The structure uncovers an essential role for exon-6-derived elements in pore assembly, explaining pyroptosis deficiency in the non-canonical splicing isoform used in recent studies6,8. Different cancer cell lines have markedly different isoform compositions, correlating with the onset and extent of pyroptosis following GZMA stimulation. Our study illustrates fine regulation of GSDMB pore-forming activity by pathogenic bacteria and mRNA splicing and defines the underlying structural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zhong
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huan Zeng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ya Su
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | | | - Yanjie Hou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang She
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Na Feng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Shao
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China.
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, PR China.
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Jingjin Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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25
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ma R, Sun W, Ji Z. Antibacterial Activity of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) against Shigella flexneri. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4676. [PMID: 36981585 PMCID: PMC10048926 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri), a major intestinal pathogen, is a global public health concern. The biofilms formed by S. flexneri threaten environmental safety, since they could promote the danger of environmental contamination and strengthen the disease-causing properties of bacteria. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is an important catechin in tea, which has a high antibacterial activity. However, its antibacterial mechanism is still unclear. This research aims to quantify the antibacterial function and investigate the possible mechanism of EGCG inhibition of S. flexneri. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EGCG against planktonic S. flexneri in the investigation was measured to be 400 μg/mL. Besides, SDS-PAGE and field emission scanning electron microscopy showed that EGCG interfered with protein synthesis and changed bacteria morphology. Through controlling the expression of the mdoH gene, EGCG was found to be able to prevent an S. flexneri biofilm extracellular polysaccharide from forming, according to experiments utilizing the real-time PCR test. Additional research revealed that EGCG might stimulate the response of S. flexneri to oxidative stress and prevent bacterial growth. These findings suggest that EGCG, a natural compound, may play a substantial role in S. flexneri growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yini Zhang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Centre of Shaanxi Province for Pollutants Exposure and Eco-Environmental Health, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Yeyue Zhang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Centre of Shaanxi Province for Pollutants Exposure and Eco-Environmental Health, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Ruiqing Ma
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Centre of Shaanxi Province for Pollutants Exposure and Eco-Environmental Health, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Wanting Sun
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Centre of Shaanxi Province for Pollutants Exposure and Eco-Environmental Health, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Zheng Ji
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- International Joint Research Centre of Shaanxi Province for Pollutants Exposure and Eco-Environmental Health, Xi’an 710119, China
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26
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Muzembo BA, Kitahara K, Mitra D, Ohno A, Khatiwada J, Dutta S, Miyoshi SI. Burden of Shigella in South Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Travel Med 2023; 30:6798401. [PMID: 36331282 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella remains one of the most common causes of diarrhoea in South Asia. Current estimates of the prevalence of Shigella are critical for guiding control measures. We estimated the prevalence of Shigella species and serogroups in South Asia. METHODS We performed a systematic review using PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Web of Science for peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 19 June 2022. We also manually searched the reference lists of the reviewed studies to identify additional studies. We included studies that detected the presence of Shigella in stool by culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Studies associated with outbreaks were excluded. Two investigators independently reviewed the studies, extracted the data and performed quality assessment. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to determine the pooled prevalence of Shigella. RESULTS Our search yielded 5707 studies, of which 91 studies from five South Asian countries were included in the systematic review, 79 in the meta-analysis of Shigella prevalence and 63 in the meta-analysis of Shigella serogroups prevalence. The pooled prevalence of Shigella was 7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 6-7%], with heterogeneity (I2 = 98.7; P < 0.01). The prevalence of Shigella was higher in children aged <5 years (10%; 95% CI: 8-11%), in rural areas (12%; 95% CI: 10-14%) and in studies using PCR (15%; 95% CI: 11-19%). Shigella flexneri (58%) was the most abundant serogroup, followed by Shigella sonnei (19%), Shigella boydii (10%) and Shigella dysenteriae (9%). Shigella flexneri 2a was the most frequently isolated serotype (36%), followed by serotype 3a (12%), serotype 6 (12%) and serotype 1b (6%). The prevalence of non-typeable Shigella was 10.0%. CONCLUSIONS Although the prevalence of Shigella in South Asia remains generally high, it varies by age group and geographical area, with data lacking in some countries. Effective Shigella vaccines would be advantageous for both endemic communities and travellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilua Andre Muzembo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kei Kitahara
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Debmalya Mitra
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - Ayumu Ohno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Li S, Han X, Upadhyay I, Zhang W. Characterization of Functional B-Cell Epitopes at the Amino Terminus of Shigella Invasion Plasmid Antigen B (IpaB). Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0038422. [PMID: 35856689 PMCID: PMC9361828 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00384-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella invasion plasmid antigen B (IpaB) plays an important role in causing shigellosis. While IpaB's protein structure, contribution to disease mechanism, and protective immunity against Shigella infection have been well studied, the significance of individual antigenic domains, especially at the N terminus, has not been systematically characterized. In an attempt to identify IpaB protein functional epitopes and to construct an optimized polyvalent multiepitope fusion antigen (MEFA) immunogen for development of a protein-based cross protective Shigella vaccine, in this study, we in silico identified immunodominant B-cell epitopes from the IpaB N terminus, fused each epitope to carrier protein CsaB (the major subunit of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli CS4 adhesin) for epitope fusion proteins, immunized mice with each epitope fusion protein, examined IpaB-specific antibody responses, and assessed antibody functional activity against Shigella bacterial invasion. A total of 10 B-cell continuous epitopes were identified from IpaB N terminus, and after being fused to carrier protein CsaB, each epitope induced anti-IpaB IgG responses in the intramuscularly immunized mice. While in vitro antibody invasion inhibition assays demonstrated that antibodies derived from each identified epitope were functional, epitopes 1 (LAKILASTELGDNTIQAA), 2 (HSTSNILIPELKAPKSL), and 4 (QARQQKNLEFSDKI) induced antibodies to inhibit Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri invasion at levels similar to those of recombinant IpaB protein, suggesting that these three IpaB epitopes can be used potentially as IpaB-representing antigens to induce protective anti-IpaB antibodies and for construction of an epitope-based polyvalent MEFA protein immunogen for Shigella vaccine development. IMPORTANCE Currently, there are no effective measures for control or prevention of Shigella infection, the most common cause of diarrhea in children 3 to 5 years of age in developing countries. Challenges in developing Shigella vaccines include virulence heterogeneity among species and serotypes. To overcome virulence heterogeneity challenge and to develop a protein-based multivalent Shigella vaccine, we targeted a panel of virulence factors, including invasion plasmid antigens, identified functional antigenic domains or epitopes as representative antigens, and applied the novel epitope- and structure-based vaccinology platform multiepitope fusion antigen (MEFA) to integrate functional antigenic domains or epitopes into a backbone immunogen to produce a polyvalent immunogen for cross protective antibodies. Identification of functional IpaB epitopes from this study enhances our understanding of IpaB immunogenicity and allows us to directly utilize IpaB epitopes for construction of a cross protective polyvalent Shigella immunogen and to accelerate development of a protein-based Shigella vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Xinfeng Han
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Sichuan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ipshita Upadhyay
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Wang Y, Ge P, Guo X, He Y, Han X, Peng X, Wang Y, Xia X, Shi C. Inactivation of Shigella flexneri by 405-nm Light-Emitting Diode Treatment and Possible Mechanism of Action. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:349-358. [PMID: 35443788 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri, a common Gram-negative foodborne pathogen, is widely distributed in fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, unpasteurized milk, and food processing environments. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial effects of 405-nm light-emitting diode (LED) treatment on S. flexneri and to investigate the possible mechanism. The results showed that LED irradiation (360 min) reduced the number of S. flexneri in phosphate-buffered saline by 3.29 log colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL (initial bacterial count: 6.81 log CFU/mL). The cells in reconstituted infant formula, cells on fresh-cut carrot slices, and biofilm-associated cells on stainless steel surfaces were reduced by 1.83 log CFU/mL, 7.00 log CFU/cm2, and 4.35 log CFU/cm2 following LED treatment for 360, 120, and 120 min, respectively. LED treatment damaged both DNA and cell wall of S. flexneri and changed cell morphology and cell membrane permeability. In addition, LED treatment decreased total cell protein concentration of S. flexneri. These results indicated that 405-nm LED treatment effectively controlled S. flexneri contamination of foods and food contact surfaces and that the bacterial inactivation may be the result of damage to multiple cellular components. These findings highlight the potential of LED technology in controlling S. flexneri during food processing, storage, and preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Ge
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yifei He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xintong Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yutang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Benkoulouche M, Ben Imeddourene A, Barel LA, Lefebvre D, Fanuel M, Rogniaux H, Ropartz D, Barbe S, Guieysse D, Mulard LA, Remaud-Siméon M, Moulis C, André I. Computer-aided engineering of a branching sucrase for the glucodiversification of a tetrasaccharide precursor of S. flexneri antigenic oligosaccharides. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20294. [PMID: 34645865 PMCID: PMC8514537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme engineering approaches have allowed to extend the collection of enzymatic tools available for synthetic purposes. However, controlling the regioselectivity of the reaction remains challenging, in particular when dealing with carbohydrates bearing numerous reactive hydroxyl groups as substrates. Here, we used a computer-aided design framework to engineer the active site of a sucrose-active [Formula: see text]-transglucosylase for the 1,2-cis-glucosylation of a lightly protected chemically synthesized tetrasaccharide, a common precursor for the synthesis of serotype-specific S. flexneri O-antigen fragments. By targeting 27 amino acid positions of the acceptor binding subsites of a GH70 branching sucrase, we used a RosettaDesign-based approach to propose 49 mutants containing up to 15 mutations scattered over the active site. Upon experimental evaluation, these mutants were found to produce up to six distinct pentasaccharides, whereas only two were synthesized by the parental enzyme. Interestingly, we showed that by introducing specific mutations in the active site of a same enzyme scaffold, it is possible to control the regiospecificity of the 1,2-cis glucosylation of the tetrasaccharide acceptor and produce a unique diversity of pentasaccharide bricks. This work offers novel opportunities for the development of highly convergent chemo-enzymatic routes toward S. flexneri haptens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Benkoulouche
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Akli Ben Imeddourene
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Louis-Antoine Barel
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523 Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dorian Lefebvre
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44316, Nantes, France
- INRAE, BIBS Facility, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44316, Nantes, France
- INRAE, BIBS Facility, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - David Ropartz
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44316, Nantes, France
- INRAE, BIBS Facility, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Barbe
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - David Guieysse
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Laurence A Mulard
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523 Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Claire Moulis
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France.
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31
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Ferrari ML, Charova SN, Sansonetti PJ, Mylonas E, Gazi AD. Structural Insights of Shigella Translocator IpaB and Its Chaperone IpgC in Solution. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:673122. [PMID: 33996640 PMCID: PMC8117225 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.673122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial Type III Secretion Systems (T3SSs) are specialized multicomponent nanomachines that mediate the transport of proteins either to extracellular locations or deliver Type III Secretion effectors directly into eukaryotic host cell cytoplasm. Shigella, the causing agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis, bears a set of T3SS proteins termed translocators that form a pore in the host cell membrane. IpaB, the major translocator of the system, is a key factor in promoting Shigella pathogenicity. Prior to secretion, IpaB is maintained inside the bacterial cytoplasm in a secretion competent folding state thanks to its cognate chaperone IpgC. IpgC couples T3SS activation to transcription of effector genes through its binding to MxiE, probably after the delivery of IpaB to the secretion export gate. Small Angle X-ray Scattering experiments and modeling reveal that IpgC is found in different oligomeric states in solution, as it forms a stable heterodimer with full-length IpaB in contrast to an aggregation-prone homodimer in the absence of the translocator. These results support a stoichiometry of interaction 1:1 in the IpgC/IpaB complex and the multi-functional nature of IpgC under different T3SS states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L. Ferrari
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Spyridoula N. Charova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1202, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Efstratios Mylonas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Anastasia D. Gazi
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1202, Paris, France
- UtechS Ultrastructural Bio-Imaging (UBI), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Abstract
Shigella commonly causes gastroenteritis but rarely spreads to the blood. During 2002–2012, we identified 11,262 Shigella infections through population-based active surveillance in Georgia; 72 (0.64%) were isolated from blood. Bacteremia was associated with age >18 years, black race, and S. flexneri. More than half of patients with bacteremia were HIV-infected.
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33
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Noman M, Ahmed T, Hussain S, Niazi MBK, Shahid M, Song F. Biogenic copper nanoparticles synthesized by using a copper-resistant strain Shigella flexneri SNT22 reduced the translocation of cadmium from soil to wheat plants. J Hazard Mater 2020; 398:123175. [PMID: 32768848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic role of green copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) in cadmium (Cd) toxicity alleviation in plants is poorly understood. Here, the CuNPs, synthesized by using a bacterium Shigella flexneri SNT22, were confirmed through UV-vis spectroscopy with a characteristic peak at 334.50 nm. Moreover, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TEM techniques revealed that the spherical shaped crystals of CuNPs with a size range of 17.24 nm to 38.03 nm were stabilized by coating proteins. Diff ;erent levels of CuNPs (e.g., 25, 50, and 100 mg kg-1 of soil) were examined in pots having Cd-mixed soil to evaluate their effect on wheat plants in a growth chamber under optimal environmental conditions. Treatment of soil with 100 mg kg-1 of CuNPs increased plant length by 44.4 %, shoot dry weight by 28.26 %, nitrogen contents by 41.60 %, and phosphorus contents by 58.79 %, whereas decreased the acropetal Cd translocation by 49.62 %. An increase in the N, P, K+, Ca2+, K+/Na+, and Ca2+/Na+ contents and decrease in the Na+ concentration in wheat plants treated with CuNPs was also recorded. Overall, the results are valuable to establish a green CuNPs-based approach for sustainable wheat growth in metal-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Noman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Temoor Ahmed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Sabir Hussain
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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Parmar KM, Sinha SK, Prasad RS, Jogi MS, Laloo D, Dhobi M, Gurav SS, Prasad SK. Identifying the mechanism of eriosematin E from Eriosema chinense Vogel. for its antidiarrhoeal potential against Shigella flexneri-induced diarrhoea using in vitro, in vivo and in silico models. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104582. [PMID: 33086104 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the present investigation was to mechanistically evaluate the potency of the root extract (EEC), its bioactive chloroform fraction (CEC) and eriosematin E (ECM) isolated from Eriosema chinense against Shigella flexneri-induced sub-chronic model of infectious diarrhoea using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods. The in vitro antibacterial activity against pathogenic strain of S. flexneri demonstrated maximum effect of ECM followed by CEC and EEC in inhibiting growth of bacteria. Further, for in vivo evaluation, was carried out by inducing diarrhoea to the rats by administering oral suspension of S. flexneri to the animals, which was followed by treatment for a period of 6 days. EEC at 200, CEC at 100 and ECM at 10 mg/kg, p.o. showed promising effect, where EEC and ECM were found to be more effective showing maximum % protection on 6th day. Results also demonstrated a significant restoration of altered antioxidants, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) expression, electrolyte balance, Na+/K+-ATPase activity and was also supported by histopathological examinations. Molecular docking study revealed that, eriosematin E inactivated the protease activity of SepA, a protein secreted by Shigella, which is responsible for disruption of epithelial barrier integrity. Thus, the overall observation confirmed the role of eriosematin E from E. chinense in treatment of Shigella flexneri-induced infectious diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal M Parmar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Saurabh K Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Shukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Rupali S Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Mohit S Jogi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Damiki Laloo
- Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mahaveer Dhobi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailendra S Gurav
- Goa College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Panaji, Goa University, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Satyendra K Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India.
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Prawiro SR, Poeranto S, Amalia A, Widyani EL, Indraswari G, Soraya M, Dwi Pradipto SR, Prasetya A, Hidayat GR, Alitha Putri SN. Generating mucosal and systemic immune response following vaccination of vibrio cholerae adhesion molecule against shigella flexneri infection. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:37-45. [PMID: 32719207 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_19_411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies have shown 37.8 kDa pili subunit protein of Vibrio cholerae and 49.8 kDa pili subunit protein of Shigella flexneri can act as an adhesion molecule to initiate infection. These molecules also have the ability to agglutinate blood. The present study assessed mucosal and systemic immunity following vaccination using 37.8 kDa V. cholerae and protection against S. flexneri. Subjects and Methods Haemagglutination test was performed after purification of V. cholerae protein, followed by an anti-haemagglutination test. The intestinal weight and colony count were used to validate the protective effect on balb/c mice which were divided into the naive group, Shigella-positive control group, Vibrio-positive control group, V. cholerae infected-Vibrio-vaccinated group and S. flexneri-infected-Vibrio-vaccinated group. Th17, Treg, interleukin (IL) IL-17A, β-defensin and secretory-immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) were also measured to determine the systemic and mucosal immunity after vaccination. Results The haemagglutination and anti-haemagglutination tests showed that the 37.8 kDa protein could inhibit 49.8 kDa of the S. flexneri pili subunit. Decreased intestinal weight and colony count of vaccinated group compared to naive group also support cross reaction findings. Vaccination also generates higher level of Th17, Treg, IL-17A, β-defensin and s-IgA significantly. Conclusions 37.8 kDa subunit pili can act as a homologous vaccine candidate to prevent V. cholerae and S. flexneri infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumarno Reto Prawiro
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Sri Poeranto
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Aisyah Amalia
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Elsa Larissa Widyani
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Genitri Indraswari
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Merika Soraya
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Septha Rully Dwi Pradipto
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Adrian Prasetya
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Guntur Rizal Hidayat
- Bachelor Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
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Yoon WS, Seok SH, Won HS, Cho T, Lee SJ, Seo MD. Structural changes of antitoxin HigA from Shigella flexneri by binding of its cognate toxin HigB. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:99-108. [PMID: 30797012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In toxin-antitoxin systems, many antitoxin proteins that neutralize their cognate toxin proteins also bind to DNA to repress transcription, and the DNA-binding affinity of the antitoxin is affected by its toxin. We solved crystal structures of the antitoxin HigA (apo-SfHigA) and its complex with the toxin HigB (SfHigBA) from Shigella flexneri. The apo-SfHigA shows a distinctive V-shaped homodimeric conformation with sequestered N-domains having a novel fold. SfHigBA appears as a heterotetramer formed by N-terminal dimerization of SfHigB-bound SfHigA molecules. The conformational change in SfHigA upon SfHigB binding is mediated by rigid-body movements of its C-domains, which accompanied an overall conformational change from wide V-shaped to narrow V-shaped dimer. Consequently, the two putative DNA-binding helices (α7 in each subunit) are repositioned to a conformation more compatible with canonical homodimeric DNA-binding proteins containing HTH motifs. Collectively, this study demonstrates a conformational change in an antitoxin protein, which occurs upon toxin binding and is responsible for regulating antitoxin DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Su Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyeon Seok
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Won
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute (RIBHS) and College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Cho
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jae Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Duk Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Adamker G, Holzer T, Karakis I, Amitay M, Anis E, Singer SR, Barnett-Itzhaki Z. Prediction of Shigellosis outcomes in Israel using machine learning classifiers. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1445-1451. [PMID: 29880081 PMCID: PMC9133678 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818001498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis causes significant morbidity and mortality in developing and developed countries, mostly among infants and young children. The World Health Organization estimates that more than one million people die from Shigellosis every year. In order to evaluate trends in Shigellosis in Israel in the years 2002-2015, we analysed national notifiable disease reporting data. Shigella sonnei was the most commonly identified Shigella species in Israel. Hospitalisation rates due to Shigella flexenri were higher in comparison with other Shigella species. Shigella morbidity was higher among infants and young children (age 0-5 years old). Incidence of Shigella species differed among various ethnic groups, with significantly high rates of S. flexenri among Muslims, in comparison with Jews, Druze and Christians. In order to improve the current Shigellosis clinical diagnosis, we developed machine learning algorithms to predict the Shigella species and whether a patient will be hospitalised or not, based on available demographic and clinical data. The algorithms' performances yielded an accuracy of 93.2% (Shigella species) and 94.9% (hospitalisation) and may consequently improve the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Adamker
- Bioinformatics Department, School of Life and Health Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - T. Holzer
- Bioinformatics Department, School of Life and Health Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - I. Karakis
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
- Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - M. Amitay
- Bioinformatics Department, School of Life and Health Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - E. Anis
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S. R. Singer
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Z. Barnett-Itzhaki
- Bioinformatics Department, School of Life and Health Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
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Shin WG, Park BJ, Lee SJ, Kim JG. Infection of human intestinal epithelial cells by invasive bacteria activates NF-κB and increases ICAM-1 expression through NOD1. Korean J Intern Med 2018; 33:81-90. [PMID: 28092699 PMCID: PMC5768537 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2015.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) is required for primary intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to respond to natural mucopeptides secreted by gram-negative bacteria. Infection of human IECs with invasive bacteria up-regulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. However, the role of NOD family members in host defense has been largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a functional role for NOD1 in the up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression in invasive bacteria-infected IECs. METHODS ICAM-1 mRNA expression was compared between controls, Caco-2 or HT29 cells transfected with an empty vector, and IECs stably transfected with a dominant-negative (DN) NOD1. Expression was compared using qualitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time RT-PCR, and flow cytometry after infection with enteroinvasive Escherichia coli O29:NM or Shigella flexneri. Nuclear factor kB (NF-κB) activation was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. RESULTS DN NOD1 significantly inhibited the up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression in response to an enteroinvasive bacterial infection. The Caco-2 cells transfected with DN NOD1 manifested marked inhibition of NF-kB activation in response to E. coli O29:NM infection. CONCLUSIONS Signaling through NOD1 may play an essential role in neutrophil trafficking following infection with enteroinvasive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Geon Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum Joon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Gyu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Jae Gyu Kim, M.D. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea Tel: +82-2-6299-3147 Fax: +82-2-749-9150 E-mail:
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Lee E, Lee TA, Kim JH, Park A, Ra EA, Kang S, Choi HJ, Choi JL, Huh HD, Lee JE, Lee S, Park B. CNBP acts as a key transcriptional regulator of sustained expression of interleukin-6. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:3280-3296. [PMID: 28168305 PMCID: PMC5389554 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription of inflammatory genes is an essential step in host defense activation. Here, we show that cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP) acts as a transcription regulator that is required for activating the innate immune response. We identified specific CNBP-binding motifs present in the promoter region of sustained inflammatory cytokines, thus, directly inducing the expression of target genes. In particular, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cnbp expression through an NF-κB-dependent manner and a positive autoregulatory mechanism, which enables prolonged il-6 gene expression. This event depends strictly on LPS-induced CNBP nuclear translocation through phosphorylation-mediated dimerization. Consequently, cnbp-depleted zebrafish are highly susceptible to Shigella flexneri infection in vivo. Collectively, these observations identify CNBP as a key transcriptional regulator required for activating and maintaining the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to the paper as first authors
| | - Taeyun A. Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to the paper as first authors
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to the paper as first authors
| | - Areum Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Eun A. Ra
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Sujin Kang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyun jin Choi
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Junhee L. Choi
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyunbin D. Huh
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute (SGI), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +82 2 2123 5655; Fax: +82 2 312 5657; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Ji Eun Lee. Tel: +82 2 3410 6129; Fax: +82 2 3410 0534; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Sungwook Lee. Tel: +82 31 920 2537; Fax: +82 31 920 2542;
| | - Sungwook Lee
- Cancer Immunology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, South Korea
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +82 2 2123 5655; Fax: +82 2 312 5657; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Ji Eun Lee. Tel: +82 2 3410 6129; Fax: +82 2 3410 0534; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Sungwook Lee. Tel: +82 31 920 2537; Fax: +82 31 920 2542;
| | - Boyoun Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +82 2 2123 5655; Fax: +82 2 312 5657; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Ji Eun Lee. Tel: +82 2 3410 6129; Fax: +82 2 3410 0534; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Sungwook Lee. Tel: +82 31 920 2537; Fax: +82 31 920 2542;
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Ra EA, Lee TA, Won Kim S, Park A, Choi HJ, Jang I, Kang S, Hee Cheon J, Cho JW, Eun Lee J, Lee S, Park B. TRIM31 promotes Atg5/Atg7-independent autophagy in intestinal cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11726. [PMID: 27216961 PMCID: PMC4890305 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is responsible for the bulk degradation of cytosolic constituents and plays an essential role in the intestinal epithelium by controlling beneficial host-bacterial relationships. Atg5 and Atg7 are thought to be critical for autophagy. However, Atg5- or Atg7-deficient cells still form autophagosomes and autolysosomes, and are capable of removing proteins or bacteria. Here, we report that human TRIM31 (tripartite motif), an intestine-specific protein localized in mitochondria, is essential for promoting lipopolysaccharide-induced Atg5/Atg7-independent autophagy. TRIM31 directly interacts with phosphatidylethanolamine in a palmitoylation-dependent manner, leading to induction of autolysosome formation. Depletion of endogenous TRIM31 significantly increases the number of intestinal epithelial cells containing invasive bacteria. Crohn's disease patients display TRIM31 downregulation. Human cytomegalovirus-infected intestinal cells show a decrease in TRIM31 expression as well as a significant increase in bacterial load, reversible by the introduction of wild-type TRIM31. We provide insight into an alternative autophagy pathway that protects against intestinal pathogenic bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun A. Ra
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Taeyun A. Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Seung Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Areum Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyun jin Choi
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Insook Jang
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Sujin Kang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute (SGI), Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Sungwook Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Boyoun Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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Kim HN, An JG, Lee YS, Seok SH, Yoo HS, Seo MD. Overexpression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of SF173 from Shigella flexneri. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:54-6. [PMID: 25615969 PMCID: PMC4304748 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14025941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium in the genus Shigella that can cause diarrhoea in humans. SF173, a hypothetical protein from S. flexneri 5a strain M90T, has been cloned, overexpressed, purified and crystallized as a part of laboratory-scale structural genomics project. The SF173 protein was crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method in the presence of 0.8 M succinic acid pH 7.0 at 293 K. Preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the crystal diffracted to 1.47 Å resolution and belonged to space group I432, with unit-cell parameters a=b=c=110.245 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Neul Kim
- Department of Molecular Science andTechnology, Ajou University, Suwon, Kyeonggi 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Gi An
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Kyeonggi 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Sup Lee
- Department of Molecular Science andTechnology, Ajou University, Suwon, Kyeonggi 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyeon Seok
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Kyeonggi 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seop Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Kyeonggi 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Duk Seo
- Department of Molecular Science andTechnology, Ajou University, Suwon, Kyeonggi 443-749, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Kyeonggi 443-749, Republic of Korea
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Urbach C, Halila S, Guerreiro C, Driguez H, Mulard LA, Armand S. CGTase-catalysed cis-glucosylation of L-rhamnosides for the preparation of Shigella flexneri 2a and 3a haptens. Chembiochem 2014; 15:293-300. [PMID: 24376024 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report the enzymatic synthesis of α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside by using a wild-type transglucosidase in combination with glucoamylase and glucose oxidase. It was shown that Bacillus circulans 251 cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase, EC 2.1.4.19) can efficiently couple an α-L-rhamnosyl acceptor to a maltodextrin molecule with an α-(1→4) linkage, albeit in mixture with the α-(1→3) regioisomer, thus giving two glucosylated acceptors in a single reaction. Optimisation of the CGTase coupling reaction with β-cyclodextrin as the donor substrate and methyl or allyl α-L-rhamnopyranoside as acceptors resulted in good conversion yields (42-70%) with adjustable glycosylation regioselectivity. Moreover, the efficient chemical conversion of the products of CGTase-mediated cis-glucosylation into protected building blocks (previously used in the synthesis of O-antigen fragments of several Shigella flexneri serotypes) was substantiated. These novel chemoenzymatic strategies towards useful, convenient intermediates in the synthesis of S. flexneri serotypes 2a and 3a oligosaccharides might find applications in developments towards synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine candidates against bacillary dysentery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Urbach
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), Affiliated with Grenoble University and the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, Domaine Universitaire de Grenoble, 601 rue de la Chimie, B. P. 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9 (France)
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Marten F, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Giuggioli L. Bacterial secretion and the role of diffusive and subdiffusive first passage processes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41421. [PMID: 22879888 PMCID: PMC3412870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
By funneling protein effectors through needle complexes located on the cellular membrane, bacteria are able to infect host cells during type III secretion events. The spatio-temporal mechanisms through which these events occur are however not fully understood, due in part to the inherent challenges in tracking single molecules moving within an intracellular medium. As a result, theoretical predictions of secretion times are still lacking. Here we provide a model that quantifies, depending on the transport characteristics within bacterial cytoplasm, the amount of time for a protein effector to reach either of the available needle complexes. Using parameters from Shigella flexneri we are able to test the role that translocators might have to activate the needle complexes and offer semi-quantitative explanations of recent experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Marten
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luca Giuggioli
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Centre for Complexity Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Dautin N. Serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs): biogenesis and function. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1179-206. [PMID: 22069633 PMCID: PMC3153244 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine Protease Autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) constitute a large family of proteases secreted by Escherichia coli and Shigella. SPATEs exhibit two distinct proteolytic activities. First, a C-terminal catalytic site triggers an intra-molecular cleavage that releases the N-terminal portion of these proteins in the extracellular medium. Second, the secreted N-terminal domains of SPATEs are themselves proteases; each contains a canonical serine-protease catalytic site. Some of these secreted proteases are toxins, eliciting various effects on mammalian cells. Here, we discuss the biogenesis of SPATEs and their function as toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dautin
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Avenue N.E., Washington, DC, 20064, USA.
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Villarreal M, Brum P. [Rectal prolapse in a neonate with Shigella diarrhea]. ARCH ARGENT PEDIATR 2010; 108:e17-e19. [PMID: 20204227 DOI: 10.1590/s0325-00752010000100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A case of neonatal rectal prolapse during Shigella diarrhea is described. A 10 days neonate exclusively breast fed, whose 2 years old brother has had the same process 2 weeks ago. Medical treatment with intravenous ceftriaxone resolved rectal prolapse in 48 hours. Stool cultures showed the presence of Shigella flexneri II resistant to amoxicillin; blood and cerebrospinal fluid, cultures were negative. CONCLUSION Rectal prolapse is an uncommon complication seen in infants with Shigella diarrhea. It has been described in older children, but never before in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Villarreal
- Consultorio Externo, Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital General Lucio Molas.
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Coron E, Flamant M, Aubert P, Wedel T, Pedron T, Letessier E, Galmiche JP, Sansonetti PJ, Neunlist M. Characterisation of early mucosal and neuronal lesions following Shigella flexneri infection in human colon. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4713. [PMID: 19274103 PMCID: PMC2653194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shigella, an enteroinvasive bacteria induces a major inflammatory response responsible for acute rectocolitis in humans. However, early effect of Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) infection upon the human mucosa and its microenvironement, in particular the enteric nervous system, remains currently unknown. Therefore, in this study, we sought to characterize ex vivo the early events of shigellosis in a model of human colonic explants. In particular, we aimed at identifying factors produced by S. flexneri and responsible for the lesions of the barrier. We also aimed at determining the putative lesions of the enteric nervous system induced by S. flexneri. Methodology/Principal Findings We first showed that, following 3 h of infection, the invasive but not the non-invasive strain of S. flexneri induced significant desquamation of the intestinal epithelial barrier and a reduction of epithelial height. These changes were significantly reduced following infection with SepA deficient S. flexneri strains. Secondly, S. flexneri induced rapid neuronal morphological alterations suggestive of cell death in enteric submucosal neurones. These alterations were associated with a significant increase in the proportion of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactive (IR) neurons but not in total VIP levels. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 blocked neuronal morphological changes induced by S. flexneri, but not the increase in the proportion of VIP-IR. Conclusions/Significance This human explant model can be used to gain better insight into the early pathogenic events following S. flexneri infection and the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Coron
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - Mathurin Flamant
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Aubert
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - Thilo Wedel
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thierry Pedron
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire & Unité INSERM 786, Paris, France
| | - Eric Letessier
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - Jean P. Galmiche
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire & Unité INSERM 786, Paris, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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Lü Y, Xu HR, Yu QY, Bian XF. [Analysis on incidence of bacillary dysentery in Jinan municipality from 1951 to 2005]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2008; 42:342-344. [PMID: 18844085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the epidemic characteristics of bacterial dysentery in Jinan municipality, and to provide scientific basis for effective strategy for bacterial dysentery control. METHODS The epidemiological characteristics of bacillary dysentery in Jinan from 1951 to 2005 were analyzed. A total of 485,333 cases in the span of 50 years were recorded, while the population-based case distribution was less than the total cases due to the data incompleteness during the Cultural Revolution. RESULTS The incidence of bacillary dysentery in Jinan has been decreasing by years with average incidence rate of 283.10/100,000. The significant differences were observed among the incidence rates of various ages(chi2 = 14.99, P < 0.05). There were four epidemic peaks, and all the incidence rates were about 1000/100,000. Age of onset mainly concentrated in the 0-4 years old, 20-years old and 30-years old. In terms of occupational distribution, workers accounted for 30.31%, the living-scattered children accounted for 22.71%, and the farmers accounted for 17.90%. The incidence focus was from July to September, which accounted for 71.57%. The peak of incidence emerged in August. The highest incidence in urban was 550.94/100,000. CONCLUSION Through the efforts of several generations of health workers, the incidence of bacillary dysentery in Jinan has been basically brought under control. Further step should be taken for the control of bacterial dysentery in urban areas and the management of bacterial dysentery in rural areas. Moreover, the biological characteristics of F2a should be a focus for the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lü
- Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
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Casado Picón R, Barrios López M, Giangaspro Corradi E, Negreira Cepeda S. Brote intrafamiliar de gastroenteritis por Shigella flexneri en Madrid. An Pediatr (Barc) 2007; 67:178-80. [PMID: 17692266 DOI: 10.1016/s1695-4033(07)70581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Radhakrishnan P, Halagowder D, Devaraj SN. Altered expression of MUC2 and MUC5AC in response to Shigella infection, an in vivo study. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:884-9. [PMID: 17395379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mucosal epithelial cells by Shigella species leads to an intense and acute inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by watery diarrhea and purulent discharge. Mucin production is a common defense mechanism to protect the underlying mucosa against pathogens. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying mucin induction is unknown in Shigellosis. In this study, we have evaluated the relationship between Shigella infection, the expression of MUC2 and MUC5AC and the participation of signaling molecules TNF-alpha, PKC and ERK1/2. Shigella infection up-regulated MUC2 and MUC5AC expression in 6-8 h, through activation of TNF-alpha, PKC and ERK1/2. These results confirm that, in response to Shigella infection, the normal expression pattern of MUC-2 and MUC-5AC is altered. This in vivo study brings new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of Shigellosis and new potential therapeutic targets for Shigellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Radhakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, India
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