1
|
Binesh A, Devaraj Sivasitambaram N, Halagowder D. Monocytes treated with ciprofloxacin and oxyLDL express myristate, priming atherosclerosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22442. [PMID: 31926051 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are essential in many life-threatening diseases. On the other hand, improper use of antibiotics can be disastrous. Cell morphological changes were observed in the ciprofloxacin-treated cells starting at 48 hours. Changes in cell morphology were continuously observed up to 14 days, which showed gradual morphological changes from monocyte to plaque-like cells at day 12, and foam cell, which is an intermediate stage in atherosclerosis was observed at day 8, which was confirmed with Oil Red O staining. Flow cytometry data revealed that oxidized LDL (oxyLDL)-induced cells showed 60.16% of CD64 (proinflammatory macrophage markers) and no expression of CD23 (anti-inflammatory macrophage markers), whereas ciprofloxacin-treated cells expressed 67.97% of CD64 and 13.78% of CD23. Chemokine antibody array analysis revealed that ciprofloxacin exposed cells showed a proinflammatory role (ENA78, Eotaxin1, Eotaxin2, IP-10, MIG, MIP-3β, SDF-1β, TECK, CXCL16, and Fractalkine). Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed that myristic acid was incorporated into a protein with 68 kDa molecular mass in exposing oxyLDL-induced monocytes with ciprofloxacin, which could be a reason for the observed foam cells and in vitro plaque formation. As myristic acid primes atherosclerosis, it is better to limit the intake of antibiotics like ciprofloxacin for common illness, specifically the high-risk patients, which may contribute to atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Binesh
- Department of Basic Sciences - Biotechnology, Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, OMR Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Devaraj Halagowder
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Binesh A, Devaraj SN, Halagowder D. Molecular interaction of NFκB and NICD in monocyte-macrophage differentiation is a target for intervention in atherosclerosis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7040-7050. [PMID: 30478968 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The activation of two transcription factors, NFκB and NICD (notch intracellular domain), plays a crucial role in different stages of atherosclerotic disease progression, from early endothelial activation by modified lipids like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxyLDL) to the imminent rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque. Inflammatory mediators and the notch pathway proteins were upregulated in atherogenic diet-induced rats and the same was confirmed by the differentiation of monocyte to macrophage on exposure to oxyLDL. The inflammatory transcription factor NFκB and the notch signaling transcription factor NICD were analysed for their molecular interaction in monocyte to macrophage differentiation. Inhibition of NFκB by dexamethasone in monocyte to macrophage differentiation resulted in a concomitant downregulation of NICD, whereas inhibition of NICD by N-(N-[3, 5-difluorophenacetyl])-l-alanyl)-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT), a γ-secretase inhibitor, did not significantly influence the expression of NFκB, but downregulated macrophage differentiation. These findings revealed that NFκB inhibition using dexamethasone regulated NICD, which turned down macrophage differentiation. Thus, inhibition of both NFκB-NICD is a potential target for intervention in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Binesh
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Devaraj Halagowder
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perumal N, Perumal M, Kannan A, Subramani K, Halagowder D, Sivasithamparam N. Morin impedes Yap nuclear translocation and fosters apoptosis through suppression of Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signaling in Mst1 overexpressed HepG2 cells. Exp Cell Res 2017; 355:124-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
4
|
Perumal N, Perumal M, Halagowder D, Sivasithamparam N. Morin attenuates diethylnitrosamine-induced rat liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation by co-ordinated regulation of Hippo/Yap and TGF-β1/Smad signaling. Biochimie 2017; 140:10-19. [PMID: 28552397 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite great progress in understanding the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) during liver fibrosis, therapeutic approaches to inhibit HSC activation remain very limited. Recent reports highlight Yes-associated protein (Yap) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) as critical regulators of HSC activation and henceforth a compound targeting Hippo/Yap and TGF-β1/Smad pathways would be a potential anti-fibrotic candidate. Morin, a dietary flavonoid, was earlier reported to inhibit HSC proliferation and induction of apoptosis of cultured HSCs, mainly by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signaling, but its effect on Hippo/Yap and TGF-β1/Smad pathways was not determined. To address this concern, this study was carried out in cultured LX-2 cells and diethylnitrosamine-induced fibrotic rats. Morin activated hippo signaling through significantly increased expression of Mst1 and Lats1 with decreased expression of transcriptional effectors Yap/TAZ, thereby prevented HSC activation and also suppressed the expression of exacerbated TGF-β/Smad signaling molecules such as TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3, collagen-I, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in cultured LX-2 and DEN induced fibrotic rats. Both the in vitro and in vivo results clearly showed that, morin by acting on Hippo/Yap and TGF-β1/Smad pathways, ameliorated experimental liver fibrosis, indicating that morin has potential for effective treatment of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- NaveenKumar Perumal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - MadanKumar Perumal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Devaraj Halagowder
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ranganathan S, Halagowder D, Sivasithambaram ND. Quercetin Suppresses Twist to Induce Apoptosis in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141370. [PMID: 26491966 PMCID: PMC4619597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a dietary flavonoid which exerts anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-proliferative effect of quercetin in two breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), which differed in hormone receptor. IC50 value (37μM) of quercetin showed significant cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells, which was not observed in MDA-MB-231 cells even at 100μM of quercetin treatment. To study the response of cancer cells to quercetin, with respect to different hormone receptors, both the cell lines were treated with a fixed concentration (40μM) of quercetin. MCF-7 cells on quercetin treatment showed more apoptotic cells with G1 phase arrest. In addition, quercetin effectively suppressed the expression of CyclinD1, p21, Twist and phospho p38MAPK, which was not observed in MDA-MB-231 cells. To analyse the molecular mechanism of quercetin in exerting an apoptotic effect in MCF-7 cells, Twist was over-expressed and the molecular changes were observed after quercetin administration. Quercetin effectively regulated the expression of Twist, in turn p16 and p21 which induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, quercetin induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells through suppression of Twist via p38MAPK pathway.
Collapse
|
6
|
Iyer SC, Gopal A, Halagowder D. Myricetin induces apoptosis by inhibiting P21 activated kinase 1 (PAK1) signaling cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 407:223-37. [PMID: 26104578 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and evidence suggests that Ras signaling regulates various hallmarks of cancer via regulating several effector pathways such as ERK and PI3K. The aim of the present study is to understand the efficacy of a flavonoid myricetin for the first time in inhibiting the downstream target p21 activated kinase 1 (PAK1) of Ras signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. The analysis of gene expression revealed that myricetin inhibits PAK1 by abrogating the Ras-mediated signaling by decelerating Wnt signaling, the downstream of Erk/Akt, thereby inducing intrinsic caspase-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis by downregulating the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and survivin and upregulating pro-apoptotic Bax. The results also provide striking evidence that the myricetin inhibits the development of HCC by inhibiting PAK1 via coordinate abrogation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT and their downstream signaling Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thus being a promising candidate for cancer prevention and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya C Iyer
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Poddar S, D’Cruze L, Halagowder D. Co-expression of CXCR4 and CD133 in gastric neoplastic tissue and their correlation with clinicopathological factors and prognosis in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer Ther Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.32.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
8
|
Kumaran S, Samantha K, Halagowder D. Does ß-Catenin Cross-Regulate NFκB Signalling in Pancreatic Cancer and Chronic Pancreatitis? Pathobiology 2015; 82:28-35. [DOI: 10.1159/000369887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
9
|
Gopal A, Iyer SC, Gopal U, Devaraj N, Halagowder D. Shigella dysenteriae modulates BMP pathway to induce mucin gene expression in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111408. [PMID: 25365201 PMCID: PMC4218725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal epithelial cells in the intestine act as the first line of host defense against pathogens by increasing mucin production for clearance. Despite this fact, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which Shigella dysenteriae transduce mucin gene expression remain poorly defined. The goal of this study was to determine the role of Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway in mucin gene expression during S. dysenteriae infection. In this study we demonstrate that S. dysenteriae activates BMP signaling to induce MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression in rat ileal loop model and in vitro. We also observed that BMP pathway regulates CDX2 expression which plays a critical role in induction of MUC2 gene during S. dysenteriae infection. In SMAD4 silenced cells S. dysenteriae infection did not abrogate MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression whereas in CDX2 silenced cells it induces differential expression of MUC5AC gene. These results suggest that SMAD4-CDX2 induces MUC2 gene expression whereas SMAD4 directly influences differential expression of MUC5AC gene. Altogether, our results show that during S. dysenteriae infection the BMP pathway modulates inflammatory transcription factors CDX2 and SMAD4 to induce MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression which plays a key role in the regulation of host mucosal defense thereby paving a cue for therapeutic application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashidha Gopal
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Soumya Chidambaram Iyer
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Udhayakumar Gopal
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Niranjali Devaraj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Devaraj Halagowder
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khan MS, Halagowder D, Devaraj SN. Methylated chrysin induces co-ordinated attenuation of the canonical Wnt and NF-kB signaling pathway and upregulates apoptotic gene expression in the early hepatocarcinogenesis rat model. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 193:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucins are critical cytoprotective glycoproteins and alterations of epithelial gastric mucins have been described in different pathological conditions. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the putative usefulness of mucins in understanding the progression of gastric cancer and gallstone formation in a better perspective. METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gastric biopsy specimens and surgically resected gallbladder tissue samples were sectioned. Alcian Blue (AB) staining was performed to identify sialomucins (staining blue at pH 2.5) and sulfomucins (staining brown at pH 1.0) and then Periodic acid-Schiff's (PAS) staining to visualize the neutral mucins (staining magenta). RESULTS In normal gastric and gallbladder mucosae, we found that neutral mucins were predominant, whereas in intestinal metaplasia, gastric carcinoma and stone-containing gallbladder, a significant increase of acidic mucins was found. CONCLUSION We suggest that the sulfomucins have a greater role in gallstone formation than the neutral mucins and also that the sialomucins and sulfomucins play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis. Our results challenge the glycobiologists to delve deeper in elucidating the role of mucins in gastric malignancy and in gallstone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iniya Meenakshi Ganesh
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Life Sciences Building, Guindy Campus, Chennai – 600025, India
| | - Duraibabu Subramani
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Life Sciences Building, Guindy Campus, Chennai – 600025, India
| | - Devaraj Halagowder
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Life Sciences Building, Guindy Campus, Chennai – 600025, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Radhakrishnan P, Halagowder D, Devaraj SN. Altered expression of MUC2 and MUC5AC in response to Shigella infection, an in vivo study. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:884-9. [PMID: 17395379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mucosal epithelial cells by Shigella species leads to an intense and acute inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by watery diarrhea and purulent discharge. Mucin production is a common defense mechanism to protect the underlying mucosa against pathogens. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying mucin induction is unknown in Shigellosis. In this study, we have evaluated the relationship between Shigella infection, the expression of MUC2 and MUC5AC and the participation of signaling molecules TNF-alpha, PKC and ERK1/2. Shigella infection up-regulated MUC2 and MUC5AC expression in 6-8 h, through activation of TNF-alpha, PKC and ERK1/2. These results confirm that, in response to Shigella infection, the normal expression pattern of MUC-2 and MUC-5AC is altered. This in vivo study brings new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of Shigellosis and new potential therapeutic targets for Shigellosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Radhakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kannan S, Lakku RA, Niranjali D, Jayakumar K, Steven AH, VV T, S C, Balakrishnan R, Schmidt C, Halagowder D. Expression of peanut agglutinin-binding mucin-type glycoprotein in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma as a marker. Mol Cancer 2003; 2:38. [PMID: 14613581 PMCID: PMC280694 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-2-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The TF (Thomson – Friedenreich) blood group antigen behaves as an onco-foetal carcinoma-associated antigen, showing increased expression in malignancies and its detection and quantification can be used in serologic diagnosis mainly in adenocarcinomas. This study was undertaken to analyze the sera and tissue level detectable mucin-type glycoprotein (TF-antigen) by Peanut agglutinin (PNA) and its diagnostic index in serum as well tissues of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma as marker. Results We examined 100 patients for serological analysis by Enzyme Linked Lectin Assay (ELISA) and demonstrated a sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 90% and a positive predictive value of 95%. The immuno-histochemical localization of TF antigen by Fluorescence Antigen Technique (FAT) in 25 specimens of normal esophageal squamous epithelium specimens and 92 specimens with different grades of, allowed a quicker and more precise identification of its increased expression and this did not correlate with gender and tumor size. There was a positive correlation between membrane bound TF antigen expression with different histological progression, from well differentiated to poorly differentiated, determined by PNA binding. Specimens showed morphological changes and a pronounced increase in PNA binding in Golgi apparatus, secretory granules of the cytosol of well differentiated and an increased cell membrane labeling in moderately and poorly differentiated, when compared with ESCC and normal tissues. Conclusion The authors propose that the expression of TF-antigen in human may play an important role during tumorigenesis establishing it as a chemically well-defined carcinoma-associated antigen. Identification of the circulating TF-antigen as a reactive form and as a cryptic form in the healthy individuals, using PNA-ELLA and Immunohistochemical analysis of TF antigen by FAT is positively correlated with the different histological grades as a simple and cost-effective method for the early diagnosis of ESCC. The present study reveals that, during tumorigenesis, an aberrant glycosylation takes place in Golgi apparatus leading to over secretion of TF antigen into the cytoplasm along with mucin granules and later into cell membrane. We suggest that the further characterization of TF antigen may unravel pathogenetic aspects of this silent disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sankaranarayanan Kannan
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, India
| | - Reddi A Lakku
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, India
| | - Devaraj Niranjali
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, India
| | - Kamala Jayakumar
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024, Inida
| | - Arulraj H Steven
- Barnard Institute of Radiology and Oncology, Madras Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, 600 003, India
| | - Taralakshmi VV
- Institute of Pathology, Madras Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai-600 003, India
| | - Chandramohan S
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Madras Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai-600 003, India
| | - Ramathilakam Balakrishnan
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology Madras Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai-600 003, India
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Molecular Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Devaraj Halagowder
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025, India
| |
Collapse
|