1
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Felsl A, Brokatzky D, Kröger C, Heermann R, Fuchs TM. Hierarchic regulation of a metabolic pathway: H-NS, CRP, and SsrB control myo-inositol utilization by Salmonella enterica. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0272423. [PMID: 38095474 PMCID: PMC10783015 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02724-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The capacity to utilize myo-inositol (MI) as sole carbon and energy source is widespread among bacteria, among them the intestinal pathogen S. Typhimurium. This study elucidates the complex and hierarchical regulation that underlies the utilization of MI by S. Typhimurium under substrate limitation. A total of seven regulatory factors have been identified so far, allowing the pathogen an environment-dependent, efficient, and fine-tuned regulation of a metabolic property that provides growth advantages in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Felsl
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, School of Life Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Dominik Brokatzky
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, School of Life Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Carsten Kröger
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ralf Heermann
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Molecular Physiology (imP), Biocenter II, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thilo M. Fuchs
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, School of Life Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
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2
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Robertin S, Brokatzky D, Lobato-Márquez D, Mostowy S. Regulation of integrin α5β1-mediated Staphylococcus aureus cellular invasion by the septin cytoskeleton. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151359. [PMID: 37683588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen, is an urgent health threat causing a wide range of clinical infections. Originally viewed as a strict extracellular pathogen, accumulating evidence has revealed S. aureus to be a facultative intracellular pathogen subverting host cell signalling to support invasion. The majority of clinical isolates produce fibronectin-binding proteins A and B (FnBPA and FnBPB) to interact with host integrin α5β1, a key component of focal adhesions. S. aureus binding of integrin α5β1 promotes its clustering on the host cell surface, triggering activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and cytoskeleton rearrangements to promote bacterial invasion into non-phagocytic cells. Here, we discover that septins, a component of the cytoskeleton that assembles on membranes, are recruited as collar-like structures with actin to S. aureus invasion sites engaging integrin α5β1. To investigate septin recruitment to the plasma membrane in a bacteria-free system, we used FnBPA-coated latex beads and showed that septins are recruited upon activation of integrin α5β1. SEPT2 depletion reduced S. aureus invasion, but increased surface expression of integrin α5 and adhesion of S. aureus to host cells. Consistent with this, SEPT2 depletion increased cellular protein levels of integrin α5 and β1 subunits, as well as FAK. Collectively, these results provide insights into regulation of integrin α5β1 and invasion of S. aureus by the septin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevens Robertin
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Brokatzky
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Damián Lobato-Márquez
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
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3
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Torraca V, Brokatzky D, Miles SL, Chong CE, De Silva PM, Baker S, Jenkins C, Holt KE, Baker KS, Mostowy S. Shigella Serotypes Associated With Carriage in Humans Establish Persistent Infection in Zebrafish. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1108-1118. [PMID: 37556724 PMCID: PMC10582909 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella represents a paraphyletic group of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. More than 40 Shigella serotypes have been reported. However, most cases within the men who have sex with men (MSM) community are attributed to 3 serotypes: Shigella sonnei unique serotype and Shigella flexneri 2a and 3a serotypes. Using the zebrafish model, we demonstrate that Shigella can establish persistent infection in vivo. Bacteria are not cleared by the immune system and become antibiotic tolerant. Establishment of persistent infection depends on the O-antigen, a key constituent of the bacterial surface and a serotype determinant. Representative isolates associated with MSM transmission persist in zebrafish, while representative isolates of a serotype not associated with MSM transmission do not. Isolates of a Shigella serotype establishing persistent infections elicited significantly less macrophage death in vivo than isolates of a serotype unable to persist. We conclude that zebrafish are a valuable platform to illuminate factors underlying establishment of Shigella persistent infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Torraca
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Brokatzky
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sydney L Miles
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E Chong
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - P Malaka De Silva
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacterial Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate S Baker
- Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Gomes MC, Brokatzky D, Bielecka MK, Wardle FC, Mostowy S. Shigella induces epigenetic reprogramming of zebrafish neutrophils. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadf9706. [PMID: 37672585 PMCID: PMC10482349 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf9706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Trained immunity is a long-term memory of innate immune cells, generating an improved response upon reinfection. Shigella is an important human pathogen and inflammatory paradigm for which there is no effective vaccine. Using zebrafish larvae, we demonstrate that after Shigella training, neutrophils are more efficient at bacterial clearance. We observe that Shigella-induced protection is nonspecific and has differences with training by BCG and β-glucan. Analysis of histone ChIP-seq on trained neutrophils revealed that Shigella training deposits the active H3K4me3 mark on promoter regions of 1612 genes, dramatically changing the epigenetic landscape of neutrophils toward enhanced microbial recognition and mitochondrial ROS production. Last, we demonstrate that mitochondrial ROS plays a key role in enhanced antimicrobial activity of trained neutrophils. It is envisioned that signals and mechanisms we discover here can be used in other vertebrates, including humans, to suggest new therapeutic strategies involving neutrophils to control bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida C. Gomes
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dominik Brokatzky
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Magdalena K. Bielecka
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fiona C. Wardle
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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5
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Torraca V, Bielecka MK, Gomes MC, Brokatzky D, Busch‐Nentwich EM, Mostowy S. Zebrafish null mutants of Sept6 and Sept15 are viable but more susceptible to Shigella infection. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:266-274. [PMID: 36855298 PMCID: PMC10952258 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Septins are evolutionarily conserved GTP-binding proteins known for their roles in cell division and host defence against Shigella infection. Although septin group members are viewed to function as hetero-oligomeric complexes, the role of individual septins within these complexes or in isolation is poorly understood. Decades of work using mouse models has shown that some septins (including SEPT7) are essential for animal development, while others (including SEPT6) are dispensable, suggesting that some septins may compensate for the absence of others. The zebrafish genome encodes 19 septin genes, representing the full complement of septin groups described in mice and humans. In this report, we characterise null mutants for zebrafish Sept6 (a member of the SEPT6 group) and Sept15 (a member of the SEPT7 group) and test their role in zebrafish development and host defence against Shigella infection. We show that null mutants for Sept6 and Sept15 are both viable, and that expression of other zebrafish septins are not significantly affected by their mutation. Consistent with previous reports using knockdown of Sept2, Sept7b, and Sept15, we show that Sept6 and Sept15 are required for host defence against Shigella infection. These results highlight Shigella infection of zebrafish as a powerful system to study the role of individual septins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Torraca
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WestminsterLondonUK
| | | | - Margarida C. Gomes
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Dominik Brokatzky
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Elisabeth M. Busch‐Nentwich
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Science and EngineeringQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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6
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Van Ngo H, Robertin S, Brokatzky D, Bielecka MK, Lobato‐Márquez D, Torraca V, Mostowy S. Septins promote caspase activity and coordinate mitochondrial apoptosis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:254-265. [PMID: 35460543 PMCID: PMC10952901 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death essential for tissue homeostasis and embryonic development. Apoptosis also plays a key role during bacterial infection, yet some intracellular bacterial pathogens (such as Shigella flexneri, whose lipopolysaccharide can block apoptosis) can manipulate cell death programs as an important survival strategy. Septins are a component of the cytoskeleton essential for mitochondrial dynamics and host defense, however, the role of septins in regulated cell death is mostly unknown. Here, we discover that septins promote mitochondrial (i.e., intrinsic) apoptosis in response to treatment with staurosporine (a pan-kinase inhibitor) or etoposide (a DNA topoisomerase inhibitor). Consistent with a role for septins in mitochondrial dynamics, septins promote the release of mitochondrial protein cytochrome c in apoptotic cells and are required for the proteolytic activation of caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 (core components of the apoptotic machinery). Apoptosis of HeLa cells induced in response to infection by S. flexneri ΔgalU (a lipopolysaccharide mutant unable to block apoptosis) is also septin-dependent. In vivo, zebrafish larvae are significantly more susceptible to infection with S. flexneri ΔgalU (as compared to infection with wildtype S. flexneri), yet septin deficient larvae are equally susceptible to infection with S. flexneri ΔgalU and wildtype S. flexneri. These data provide a new molecular framework to understand the complexity of mitochondrial apoptosis and its ability to combat bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoan Van Ngo
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Stevens Robertin
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Dominik Brokatzky
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Magdalena K. Bielecka
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Damián Lobato‐Márquez
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WestminsterLondonUK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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7
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Abstract
Structure and integrity of the mitochondrial network play important roles in many cellular processes. Loss of integrity can lead to the activation of a variety of signalling pathways and affect the cell’s response to infections. The activation of such mitochondria-mediated cellular responses has implications for infection recognition, signal transduction and pathogen control. Although we have a basic understanding of mitochondrial factors such as mitochondrial DNA or RNA that may be involved in processes like pro-inflammatory signalling, the diverse roles of mitochondria in host defence remain unclear. Here we will first summarise the functions of mitochondria in the host cell and provide an overview of the major known mitochondrial stress responses. We will then present recent studies that have contributed to the understanding of the role of mitochondria in infectious diseases and highlight a number of recently investigated models of bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Brokatzky
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Georg Häcker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Centre University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Abstract
Pyroptosis, a regulated form of pro-inflammatory cell death, is characterised by cell lysis and by the release of cytokines, damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. It plays an important role during bacterial infection, where it can promote an inflammatory response and eliminate the replicative niche of intracellular pathogens. Recent work, using a variety of bacterial pathogens, has illuminated the versatility of pyroptosis, revealing unexpected and important concepts underlying host defence. In this Review, we overview the molecular mechanisms underlying pyroptosis and discuss their role in host defence, from the single cell to the whole organism. We focus on recent studies using three cellular microbiology paradigms - Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri - that have transformed the field of pyroptosis. We compare insights discovered in tissue culture, zebrafish and mouse models, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of using these complementary infection models to investigate pyroptosis and for modelling human infection. Moving forward, we propose that in-depth knowledge of pyroptosis obtained from complementary infection models can better inform future studies using higher vertebrates, including humans, and help develop innovative host-directed therapies to combat bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Brokatzky
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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9
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Brokatzky D, Dörflinger B, Haimovici A, Weber A, Kirschnek S, Vier J, Metz A, Henschel J, Steinfeldt T, Gentle IE, Häcker G. A non-death function of the mitochondrial apoptosis apparatus in immunity. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2018100907. [PMID: 30979778 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a frequent form of programmed cell death, but the apoptotic signaling pathway can also be engaged at a low level, in the absence of cell death. We here report that such sub-lethal engagement of mitochondrial apoptosis signaling causes the secretion of cytokines from human epithelial cells in a process controlled by the Bcl-2 family of proteins. We further show that sub-lethal signaling of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway is initiated by infections with all tested viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens and causes damage to the genomic DNA. Epithelial cells infected with these pathogens secreted cytokines, and this cytokine secretion upon microbial infection was substantially reduced if mitochondrial sub-lethal apoptosis signaling was blocked. In the absence of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic signaling, the ability of epithelial cells to restrict intracellular bacterial growth was impaired. Triggering of the mitochondrial apoptosis apparatus thus not only causes apoptosis but also has an independent role in immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Brokatzky
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Dörflinger
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aladin Haimovici
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arnim Weber
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kirschnek
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Vier
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arlena Metz
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Henschel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Steinfeldt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ian E Gentle
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Häcker
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany .,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Kröger C, Rothhardt JE, Brokatzky D, Felsl A, Kary SC, Heermann R, Fuchs TM. The small RNA RssR regulates myo-inositol degradation by Salmonella enterica. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17739. [PMID: 30531898 PMCID: PMC6288124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) with putative regulatory functions in gene expression have been identified in the enteropathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Two sRNAs are encoded by the genomic island GEI4417/4436 responsible for myo-inositol (MI) degradation, suggesting a role in the regulation of this metabolic pathway. We show that a lack of the sRNA STnc2160, termed RssR, results in a severe growth defect in minimal medium (MM) with MI. In contrast, the second sRNA STnc1740 was induced in the presence of glucose, and its overexpression slightly attenuated growth in the presence of MI. Constitutive expression of RssR led to an increased stability of the reiD mRNA, which encodes an activator of iol genes involved in MI utilization, via interaction with its 5′-UTR. SsrB, a response regulator contributing to the virulence properties of salmonellae, activated rssR transcription by binding the sRNA promoter. In addition, the absence of the RNA chaperone Hfq resulted in strongly decreased levels of RssR, attenuated S. Typhimurium growth with MI, and reduced expression of several iol genes required for MI degradation. Considered together, the extrinsic RssR allows fine regulation of cellular ReiD levels and thus of MI degradation by acting on the reiD mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Kröger
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Johannes E Rothhardt
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Dominik Brokatzky
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Angela Felsl
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefani C Kary
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ralf Heermann
- Biozentrum, Bereich Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152, Martinsried/München, Germany
| | - Thilo M Fuchs
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354, Freising, Germany. .,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für molekulare Pathogenese, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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