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Penilla-Navarro P, Solis-Santoyo F, Lopez-Solis A, Rodriguez AD, Vera-Maloof F, Lozano S, Contreras-Mejía E, Vázquez-Samayoa G, Torreblanca-Lopez R, Perera R, Black IV WC, Saavedra-Rodriguez K. Pyrethroid susceptibility reversal in Aedes aegypti: A longitudinal study in Tapachula, Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011369. [PMID: 38166129 PMCID: PMC10786364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti has become widespread after almost two decades of frequent applications to reduce the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. Because few insecticide classes are available for public health use, insecticide resistance management (IRM) is proposed as a strategy to retain their use. A key hypothesis of IRM assumes that negative fitness is associated with resistance, and when insecticides are removed from use, susceptibility is restored. In Tapachula, Mexico, pyrethroids (PYRs) were used exclusively by dengue control programs for 15 years, thereby contributing to selection for high PYR resistance in mosquitoes and failure in dengue control. In 2013, PYRs were replaced by organophosphates-insecticides from a class with a different mode of action. To test the hypothesis that PYR resistance is reversed in the absence of PYRs, we monitored Ae. aegypti's PYR resistance from 2016 to 2021 in Tapachula. We observed significant declining rates in the lethal concentration 50 (LC50), for permethrin and deltamethrin. For each month following the discontinuation of PYR use by vector control programs, we observed increases in the odds of mosquitoes dying by 1.5% and 8.4% for permethrin and deltamethrin, respectively. Also, knockdown-resistance mutations (kdr) in the voltage-gated sodium channel explained the variation in the permethrin LC50s, whereas variation in the deltamethrin LC50s was only explained by time. This trend was rapidly offset by application of a mixture of neonicotinoid and PYRs by vector control programs. Our results suggest that IRM strategies can be used to reverse PYR resistance in Ae. aegypti; however, long-term commitment by operational and community programs will be required for success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Francisco Solis-Santoyo
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Alma Lopez-Solis
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Americo D. Rodriguez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Farah Vera-Maloof
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Saul Lozano
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Elsa Contreras-Mejía
- Jurisdiccion Sanitaria VII, Tapachula Chiapas, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Geovanni Vázquez-Samayoa
- Jurisdiccion Sanitaria VII, Tapachula Chiapas, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rene Torreblanca-Lopez
- Jurisdiccion Sanitaria VII, Tapachula Chiapas, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rushika Perera
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - William C. Black IV
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Ratnayake OC, Chotiwan N, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Perera R. The buzz in the field: the interaction between viruses, mosquitoes, and metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1128577. [PMID: 37360524 PMCID: PMC10289420 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1128577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Among many medically important pathogens, arboviruses like dengue, Zika and chikungunya cause severe health and economic burdens especially in developing countries. These viruses are primarily vectored by mosquitoes. Having surmounted geographical barriers and threat of control strategies, these vectors continue to conquer many areas of the globe exposing more than half of the world's population to these viruses. Unfortunately, no medical interventions have been capable so far to produce successful vaccines or antivirals against many of these viruses. Thus, vector control remains the fundamental strategy to prevent disease transmission. The long-established understanding regarding the replication of these viruses is that they reshape both human and mosquito host cellular membranes upon infection for their replicative benefit. This leads to or is a result of significant alterations in lipid metabolism. Metabolism involves complex chemical reactions in the body that are essential for general physiological functions and survival of an organism. Finely tuned metabolic homeostases are maintained in healthy organisms. However, a simple stimulus like a viral infection can alter this homeostatic landscape driving considerable phenotypic change. Better comprehension of these mechanisms can serve as innovative control strategies against these vectors and viruses. Here, we review the metabolic basis of fundamental mosquito biology and virus-vector interactions. The cited work provides compelling evidence that targeting metabolism can be a paradigm shift and provide potent tools for vector control as well as tools to answer many unresolved questions and gaps in the field of arbovirology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshani C. Ratnayake
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Nunya Chotiwan
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Rushika Perera
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Hernandez JR, Liu S, Fredregill CL, Pietrantonio PV. Impact of the V410L kdr mutation and co-occurring genotypes at kdr sites 1016 and 1534 in the VGSC on the probability of survival of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) to Permanone in Harris County, TX, USA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011033. [PMID: 36689414 PMCID: PMC9870149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Harris County, TX, is the third most populous county in the USA and upon detection of arboviruses Harris County Public Health applies insecticides (e.g., pyrethroid-based Permanone 31-66) against adults of Culex quinquefasciatus to prevent disease transmission. Populations of Aedes aegypti, while not yet a target of public health control, are likely affected by pyrethroid exposure. As this species is a vector of emerging arboviruses, its resistance status to Permanone and the kdr mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) associated with pyrethroid resistance were investigated. We examined females of known genotype at the V1016I and F1534C sites (N = 716) for their genotype at the 410 amino acid position in the VGSC, and for the influence of their kdr genotype on survival to Permanone at three different distances from the insecticide source in field tests. Most females (81.8%) had at least one resistant L allele at the 410 position, being the first report of the V410L mutation in Ae. aegypti for Texas. When only genotypes at the 410 position were analyzed, the LL genotype exhibited higher survivorship than VL or VV. Out of 27 possible tri-locus kdr genotypes only 23 were found. Analyses of the probability of survival of tri-locus genotypes and for the V410L genotype using a multivariate logistic regression model including area, distance, and genotype found significant interactions between distance and genotype. When only the most common tri-locus genotypes were analyzed (LL/II/CC, 48.2%; VL/II/CC, 19.1%; and VV/II/CC, 10.1%) genotype had no effect on survival, but significant interactions of distance and genotype were found. This indicated that the V410L kdr allele increased survival probability at certain distances. Genotypes did not differ in survivorship at 7.62-m, but LL/II/CC had higher survivorship than VL/II/CC at 15.24- and 22.86-m. The model also identified differences in survivorship among the operational areas investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Hernandez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shuling Liu
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chris L. Fredregill
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito and Vector Control Division (HCPH-MVCD), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patricia V. Pietrantonio
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Althoff RA, Huijben S. Comparison of the variability in mortality data generated by CDC bottle bioassay, WHO tube test, and topical application bioassay using Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:476. [PMID: 36539831 PMCID: PMC9769033 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05583-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance remains a major public health problem. Resistance surveillance is critical for effective vector control and resistance management planning. Commonly used insecticide susceptibility bioassays for mosquitoes are the CDC bottle bioassay and the WHO tube test. Less commonly used in the field but considered the gold standard for assessing insecticide susceptibility in the development of novel insecticides is the topical application bioassay. Each of these bioassays has critical differences in how they assess insecticide susceptibility that impacts their ability to differentiate between resistant and susceptible populations or determine different levels of resistance intensity. METHODS We compared the CDC bottle bioassay, the WHO tube test, and the topical application bioassay in establishing the dose-response against deltamethrin (DM) using the DM-resistant Aedes aegypti strain MC1. Mosquitoes were exposed to a range of insecticide concentrations to establish a dose-response curve and assess variation around model predictions. In addition, 10 replicates of 20-25 mosquitoes were exposed to a fixed dose with intermediate mortality to assess the degree of variation in mortality. RESULTS The topical application bioassay exhibited the lowest amount of variation in the dose-response data, followed by the WHO tube test. The CDC bottle bioassay had the highest level of variation. In the fixed-dose experiment, a higher variance was similarly found for the CDC bottle bioassay compared with the WHO tube test and topical application bioassay. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the CDC bottle bioassay has the lowest power and the topical application bioassay the highest power to differentiate between resistant and susceptible populations and assess changes over time and between populations. This observation has significant implications for the interpretation of surveillance results from different assays. Ultimately, it will be important to discuss optimal insecticide resistance surveillance tools in terms of the surveillance objective, practicality in the field, and accuracy of the tool to reach that objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Althoff
- grid.215654.10000 0001 2151 2636The Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Silvie Huijben
- grid.215654.10000 0001 2151 2636The Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA ,grid.215654.10000 0001 2151 2636Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
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5
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Vang A, White AV, Balanay JAG, Tutor Marcom R, Richards SL. Evaluation of surface versus total permethrin content in permethrin-treated clothing: Implications for protection against mosquitoes. Pathog Glob Health 2022; 116:365-375. [PMID: 35038971 PMCID: PMC9387339 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2028377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used to treat uniforms (e.g. military, foresters) and other clothing to protect people against pests (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks). Pests contacting the surface of permethrin-treated clothing (PTC) are repelled and/or killed, depending on the dose and duration of exposure. Hence, it is important to assess the amount of permethrin on the surface of clothing. Fabric swatches prepared using two commercially available permethrin treatments (Insect Shield® & Sawyer Repellant) and one laboratory created treatment (4g permethrin/L) were tested. A Martindale Abrasion and Pilling Tester (MAPT) and gas chromatography were used to assess surface permethrin content (SPC) and total permethrin content (TPC). Sawyer PTC had the highest SPC (mean ± standard error) (32.68±14.55µg/g), followed by Insect Shield® (23.35±2.71µg/g) and lab-created 4g/L permethrin (8.7±0.78µg/g). SPC (after 1000 rubs on MAPT) for Insect Shield®, Sawyer, and 4g/L permethrin groups was significantly lower than TPC (P=0.011, P<0.001, and P=0.001, respectively). The SPC/TPC relationship varied widely between permethrin treatment methods and practical implications for this are discussed. Mosquito repellency tests indicate that Insect Shield®, Sawyer, and lab-created (4g/L) permethrin-treated fabrics showed a significantly higher repellency rate than control (untreated) fabrics (P=0.001, P<0.0001, P<0.0001, respectively). While Insect Shield® had the highest repellency rate against susceptible (53%) and exposed (48%) mosquitoes, differences between groups were not significant. Repellency rates indicate SPC plus other factors (e.g. treatment method) may contribute to mosquito repellency and should be considered in risk assessments for protection against pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Vang
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, Greenville, USA
| | - Avian V. White
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, Greenville, USA
| | - Jo Anne G. Balanay
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, Greenville, USA
| | - Robin Tutor Marcom
- East Carolina University, North Carolina Agromedicine Institute, Greenville, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Richards
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, Greenville, USA,CONTACT Stephanie L. Richards Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, 3403 Carol Belk Building, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC27858, USA
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6
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Gonzalez-Santillan FJ, Contreras-Perera Y, Davila-Barboza JA, Juache-Villagrana AE, Gutierrez-Rodriguez SM, Ponce-Garcia G, Lopez-Monroy B, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Lenhart AE, Mackenzie-Impoinvil L, Flores AE. Fitness Cost of Sequential Selection with Deltamethrin in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:930-939. [PMID: 35389486 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In Mexico, Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary dengue vector, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. The continued use of synthetic pyrethroids has led to the development of resistance in target populations, which has diminished the effectiveness of vector control programs. Resistance has been associated with disadvantages that affect the biological parameters of resistant mosquitoes compared to susceptible ones. In the present study, the disadvantages were evaluated by parameters related to survival and reproduction ('fitness cost') after selection with deltamethrin for five generations. The parameters analyzed were the length of the development cycle, sex ratio, survival, longevity, fecundity, egg viability, preoviposition, oviposition and postoviposition periods, and growth parameters. In the deltamethrin-selected strain, there was a decrease in the development cycle duration, the percentage of pupae, the oviposition period, and eggs viability. Although mean daily fecundity was not affected after the selection process, this, together with the decrease in the survival and fecundity levels by specific age, significantly affected the gross reproductive rate (GRR), net reproductive rate (Ro), and intrinsic growth rate (rm) of the group selected for five generations with deltamethrin compared to the group without selection. Identifying the 'cost' of resistance in biological fitness represents an advantage if it is desired to limit the spread of resistant populations since the fitness cost is the less likely that resistant individuals will spread in the population. This represents an important factor to consider in designing integrated vector management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Gonzalez-Santillan
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Avenida Universidad s/n Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | | | - Jesus A Davila-Barboza
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Avenida Universidad s/n Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Alan E Juache-Villagrana
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Avenida Universidad s/n Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Selene M Gutierrez-Rodriguez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Avenida Universidad s/n Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Avenida Universidad s/n Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Avenida Universidad s/n Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Iram P Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Avenida Universidad s/n Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Audrey E Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Disease and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lucy Mackenzie-Impoinvil
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Disease and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Avenida Universidad s/n Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
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7
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Cosme LV, Lima JBP, Powell JR, Martins AJ. Genome-wide Association Study Reveals New Loci Associated With Pyrethroid Resistance in Aedes aegypti. Front Genet 2022; 13:867231. [PMID: 35480313 PMCID: PMC9035894 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.867231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) use genetic polymorphism across the genomes of individuals with distinct characteristics to identify genotype-phenotype associations. In mosquitoes, complex traits such as vector competence and insecticide resistance could benefit from GWAS. We used the Aedes aegypti 50k SNP chip to genotype populations with different levels of pyrethroid resistance from Northern Brazil. Pyrethroids are widely used worldwide to control mosquitoes and agricultural pests, and their intensive use led to the selection of resistance phenotypes in many insects including mosquitoes. For Ae. aegypti, resistance phenotypes are mainly associated with several mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel, known as knockdown resistance (kdr). We phenotyped those populations with the WHO insecticide bioassay using deltamethrin impregnated papers, genotyped the kdr alleles using qPCR, and determined allele frequencies across the genome using the SNP chip. We identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) directly associated with resistance and one epistatic SNP pair. We also observed that the novel SNPs correlated with the known kdr genotypes, although on different chromosomes or not in close physical proximity to the voltage gated sodium channel gene. In addition, pairwise comparison of resistance and susceptible mosquitoes from each population revealed differentiated genomic regions not associated with pyrethroid resistance. These new bi-allelic markers can be used to genotype other populations along with kdr alleles to understand their worldwide distribution. The functional roles of the genes near the newly discovered SNPs require new studies to determine if they act synergistically with kdr alleles or reduce the fitness cost of maintaining resistant alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano V. Cosme
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Luciano V. Cosme,
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/ FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey R. Powell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/ FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, INCT-EM, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hemme RR, Smith EA, Felix G, White BJ, Diaz-Garcia MI, Rodriguez D, Ruiz-Valcarcel J, Acevedo V, Amador M, Barrera R. Multi-Year Mass-Trapping With Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps has Limited Influence on Insecticide Susceptibility in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) From Puerto Rico. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:314-319. [PMID: 34536077 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass-trapping has been used to control outbreaks of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Puerto Rico since 2011. We investigated the effect of multi-year, insecticide-free mass trapping had on the insecticide susceptibility profile of Ae. aegypti. Eggs collected in southern Puerto Rico were used to generate F1 populations that were tested for susceptibility to permethrin, sumethrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, and malathion according to CDC bottle bioassays protocols. All populations of Ae. aegypti were resistant to the synthetic pyrethroids and mosquitoes from two locations were partially resistant to malathion. Population genetic analysis, using a double digest restriction sites associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) approach, indicated a large amount of migration between study sites effectively homogenizing the mosquito populations. Mass-trapping using noninsecticidal autocidal gravid ovitraps did not restore susceptibility to five active ingredients that are found in commercial insecticides. Migration between communities was high and would have brought outside alleles, including resistant alleles to the treatment communities. Further investigation suggests that household use of commercially available insecticide products may continue to select for resistance in absence of public health space spraying of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Hemme
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Eric A Smith
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Diversigen, New Brighton, MN, USA
| | - Gilberto Felix
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Bradley J White
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Verily Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marta I Diaz-Garcia
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Damaris Rodriguez
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jose Ruiz-Valcarcel
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Veronica Acevedo
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Manuel Amador
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Roberto Barrera
- Dengue Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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9
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Hernandez JR, Longnecker M, Fredregill CL, Debboun M, Pietrantonio PV. Kdr genotyping (V1016I, F1534C) of the Nav channel of Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquito populations in Harris County (Houston), Texas, USA, after Permanone 31-66 field tests and its influence on probability of survival. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009833. [PMID: 34735439 PMCID: PMC8568202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (L.) is an important mosquito vector of emerging arboviruses such as Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya. To quell potential disease outbreaks, its populations are controlled by applying pyrethroid insecticides, which selection pressure may lead to the development of insecticide resistance. Target site insensitivity to pyrethroids caused by non-synonymous knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channel is a predominant mechanism of resistance in mosquitoes. To evaluate the potential impact of pyrethroid resistance on vector control, Ae. aegypti eggs were collected from eight mosquito control operational areas in Harris County, Texas, and emerged females were treated in field tests at four different distances from the pyrethroid Permanone 31-66 source. The females were genotyped by melting curve analyses to detect two kdr mutations (V1016I and F1534C) in the NaV channel. Harris County females had higher survivorship rates at each distance than the pyrethroid-susceptible Orlando strain females. Survivorship increased with distance from the pyrethroid source, with 39% of field-collected mosquitoes surviving at 7.62 m and 82.3% at 22.86 m from the treatment source. Both the V1016I and F1534C pyrethroid resistant genotypes were widely distributed and at high frequency, with 77% of the females being double homozygous resistant (II/CC), this being the first report of kdr mutations in Ae. aegypti in Harris County. Analysis of the probability of survival for each mutation site independently indicated that the CC genotype had similar probability of survival as the FC heterozygous, while the II genotype had higher survival than both the VI and VV, that did not differ. The double homozygous resistant genotype (II/CC) had the highest probability of survival. A linear model estimated probability of survival for areas and genotypes. The high frequency and widespread distribution of double-homozygote pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti may jeopardize disease vector control efforts in Harris County.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Hernandez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Longnecker
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chris L. Fredregill
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito and Vector Control Division (HCPH-MVCD), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mustapha Debboun
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito and Vector Control Division (HCPH-MVCD), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patricia V. Pietrantonio
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Solis-Santoyo F, Rodriguez AD, Penilla-Navarro RP, Sanchez D, Castillo-Vera A, Lopez-Solis AD, Vazquez-Lopez ED, Lozano S, Black WC, Saavedra-Rodriguez K. Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti from Tapachula, Mexico: Spatial variation and response to historical insecticide use. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009746. [PMID: 34570792 PMCID: PMC8475978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide use continues as the main strategy to control Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. In the city of Tapachula, Mexico, mosquito control programs switched from pyrethroids to organophosphates for outdoor spatial spraying in 2013. Additionally, the spraying scheme switched from total coverage to focused control, prioritizing areas with higher entomological-virological risk. Five years after this strategy had been implemented, we evaluated the status and variability of insecticide resistance among Ae. aegypti collected at 26 sites in Tapachula. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We determined the lethal concentrations at 50% of the tested populations (LC50) using a bottle bioassay, and then, we calculated the resistance ratio (RR) relative to the susceptible New Orleans strain. Permethrin and deltamethrin (pyrethroids), chlorpyrifos and malathion (organophosphates), and bendiocarb (carbamate) were tested. The frequencies of the substitutions V1016I and F1534C, which are in the voltage-gated sodium channel and confer knockdown-resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides, were calculated. Despite 5 years having passed since the removal of pyrethroids from the control programs, Ae. aegypti remained highly resistant to permethrin and deltamethrin (RR > 10-fold). In addition, following 5 years of chlorpyrifos use, mosquitoes at 15 of 26 sites showed moderate resistance to chlorpyrifos (5- to 10-fold), and the mosquitoes from one site were highly resistant. All sites had low resistance to malathion (< 5-fold). Resistance to bendiocarb was low at 19 sites, moderate at five, and high at two. Frequencies of the V1016I ranged from 0.16-0.71, while C1534 approached fixation at 23 sites (0.8-1). Resistance profiles and kdr allele frequencies varied across Tapachula. The variability was not associated with a spatial pattern at the scale of the sampling. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Mosquito populations respond to selection pressure at a focal scale in the field. Spatial variation across sites highlights the importance of testing multiple sites within geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Solis-Santoyo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Americo D. Rodriguez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - R. Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Daniel Sanchez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | | | - Alma D. Lopez-Solis
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Eduardo D. Vazquez-Lopez
- Jurisdicción Sanitaria VII, Tapachula Chiapas, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Saul Lozano
- Centers for Diseases Prevention and Control, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William C. Black
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Effect of Selection for Pyrethroid Resistance on Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Aedes aegypti from Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020124. [PMID: 33572520 PMCID: PMC7910840 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of major human pathogens, including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses. Vector control relies mostly on the use of pyrethroid insecticides that kill mosquitoes by disabling the nervous system through binding to the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc). Resistance mechanisms have evolved most commonly as mutations in the vgsc gene or in genes associated with detoxification. These mutations are thought to associate with fitness costs, such that the frequency of resistant genotypes should decrease in the absence of insecticide use, and this assumption is critical to managing resistance through insecticide rotation strategies. While most studies to date have investigated life history parameters such as fecundity, we sought to investigate whether environmental stress resistance traits might also vary with insecticide resistance. We found, contrary to our expectations, that a strain selected for enhanced insecticide resistance had higher thermotolerance than its sister insecticide susceptible counterpart. Overall, our results indicate that abiotic resistance traits can correlate with insecticide resistance in surprising and variable ways, potentially complicating the management of insecticide resistance in the field. Abstract The study of fitness costs of insecticide resistance mutations in Aedes aegypti has generally been focused on life history parameters such as fecundity, mortality, and energy reserves. In this study we sought to investigate whether trade-offs might also exist between insecticide resistance and other abiotic stress resistance parameters. We evaluated the effects of the selection for permethrin resistance specifically on larval salinity and thermal tolerance. A population of A. aegypti originally from Southern Mexico was split into two strains, one selected for permethrin resistance and the other not. Larvae were reared at different salinities, and the fourth instar larvae were subjected to acute thermal stress; then, survival to both stresses was compared between strains. Contrary to our predictions, we found that insecticide resistance correlated with significantly enhanced larval thermotolerance. We found no clear difference in salinity tolerance between strains. This result suggests that insecticide resistance does not necessarily carry trade-offs in all traits affecting fitness and that successful insecticide resistance management strategies must account for genetic associations between insecticide resistance and abiotic stress resistance, as well as traditional life history parameters.
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