1
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Waigi EW, Webb RC, Moss MA, Uline MJ, McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF. Soluble and insoluble protein aggregates, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. GeroScience 2023; 45:1411-1438. [PMID: 36823398 PMCID: PMC10400528 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia refers to a particular group of symptoms characterized by difficulties with memory, language, problem-solving, and other thinking skills that affect a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting about 6.2 million Americans aged 65 years and older. Likewise, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of disability and premature death, impacting 126.9 million adults in the USA, a number that increases with age. Consequently, CVDs and cardiovascular risk factors are associated with an increased risk of AD and cognitive impairment. They share important age-related cardiometabolic and lifestyle risk factors, that make them among the leading causes of death. Additionally, there are several premises and hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying the association between AD and CVD. Although AD and CVD may be considered deleterious to health, the study of their combination constitutes a clinical challenge, and investigations to understand the mechanistic pathways for the cause-effect and/or shared pathology between these two disease constellations remains an active area of research. AD pathology is propagated by the amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. These peptides give rise to small, toxic, and soluble Aβ oligomers (SPOs) that are nonfibrillar, and it is their levels that show a robust correlation with the extent of cognitive impairment. This review will elucidate the interplay between the effects of accumulating SPOs in AD and CVDs, the resulting ER stress response, and their role in vascular dysfunction. We will also address the potential underlying mechanisms, including the possibility that SPOs are among the causes of vascular injury in CVD associated with cognitive decline. By revealing common mechanistic underpinnings of AD and CVD, we hope that novel experimental therapeutics can be designed to reduce the burden of these devastating diseases. Graphical abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology leads to the release of Aβ peptides, and their accumulation in the peripheral organs has varying effects on various components of the cardiovascular system including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and vascular damage. Image created with BioRender.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Waigi
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Melissa A Moss
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mark J Uline
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Camilla Ferreira Wenceslau
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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2
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Migliore L, Coppedè F. Gene-environment interactions in Alzheimer disease: the emerging role of epigenetics. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:643-660. [PMID: 36180553 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the exception of a few monogenic forms, Alzheimer disease (AD) has a complex aetiology that is likely to involve multiple susceptibility genes and environmental factors. The role of environmental factors is difficult to determine and, until a few years ago, the molecular mechanisms underlying gene-environment (G × E) interactions in AD were largely unknown. Here, we review evidence that has emerged over the past two decades to explain how environmental factors, such as diet, lifestyle, alcohol, smoking and pollutants, might interact with the human genome. In particular, we discuss how various environmental AD risk factors can induce epigenetic modifications of key AD-related genes and pathways and consider how epigenetic mechanisms could contribute to the effects of oxidative stress on AD onset. Studies on early-life exposures are helping to uncover critical time windows of sensitivity to epigenetic influences from environmental factors, thereby laying the foundations for future primary preventative approaches. We conclude that epigenetic modifications need to be considered when assessing G × E interactions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Migliore
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabio Coppedè
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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3
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The Green Valley of Drosophila melanogaster Constitutive Heterochromatin: Protein-Coding Genes Involved in Cell Division Control. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193058. [PMID: 36231024 PMCID: PMC9563267 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive heterochromatin represents a significant fraction of eukaryotic genomes (10% in Arabidopsis, 20% in humans, 30% in D. melanogaster, and up to 85% in certain nematodes) and shares similar genetic and molecular properties in animal and plant species. Studies conducted over the last few years on D. melanogaster and other organisms led to the discovery of several functions associated with constitutive heterochromatin. This made it possible to revise the concept that this ubiquitous genomic territory is incompatible with gene expression. The aim of this review is to focus the attention on a group of protein-coding genes resident in D. melanogaster constitutive of heterochromatin, which are implicated in different steps of cell division.
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4
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Honkova K, Rossnerova A, Chvojkova I, Milcova A, Margaryan H, Pastorkova A, Ambroz A, Rossner P, Jirik V, Rubes J, Sram RJ, Topinka J. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation in Policemen Working in Cities Differing by Major Sources of Air Pollution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031666. [PMID: 35163587 PMCID: PMC8915177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is the most studied epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression, and it can serve as a useful biomarker of prior environmental exposure and future health outcomes. This study focused on DNA methylation profiles in a human cohort, comprising 125 nonsmoking city policemen (sampled twice), living and working in three localities (Prague, Ostrava and Ceske Budejovice) of the Czech Republic, who spent the majority of their working time outdoors. The main characterization of the localities, differing by major sources of air pollution, was defined by the stationary air pollution monitoring of PM2.5, B[a]P and NO2. DNA methylation was analyzed by a genome-wide microarray method. No season-specific DNA methylation pattern was discovered; however, we identified 13,643 differentially methylated CpG loci (DML) for a comparison between the Prague and Ostrava groups. The most significant DML was cg10123377 (log2FC = −1.92, p = 8.30 × 10−4) and loci annotated to RPTOR (total 20 CpG loci). We also found two hypomethylated loci annotated to the DNA repair gene XRCC5. Groups of DML annotated to the same gene were linked to diabetes mellitus (KCNQ1), respiratory diseases (PTPRN2), the dopaminergic system of the brain and neurodegenerative diseases (NR4A2). The most significant possibly affected pathway was Axon guidance, with 86 potentially deregulated genes near DML. The cluster of gene sets that could be affected by DNA methylation in the Ostrava groups mainly includes the neuronal functions and biological processes of cell junctions and adhesion assembly. The study demonstrates that the differences in the type of air pollution between localities can affect a unique change in DNA methylation profiles across the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Honkova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-775-406-170
| | - Andrea Rossnerova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Irena Chvojkova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Alena Milcova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Hasmik Margaryan
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Anna Pastorkova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (A.A.); (P.R.J.)
| | - Antonin Ambroz
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (A.A.); (P.R.J.)
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (A.A.); (P.R.J.)
| | - Vitezslav Jirik
- Centre for Epidemiological Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiri Rubes
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Radim J. Sram
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
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5
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Coninx E, Chew YC, Yang X, Guo W, Coolkens A, Baatout S, Moons L, Verslegers M, Quintens R. Hippocampal and cortical tissue-specific epigenetic clocks indicate an increased epigenetic age in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:20817-20834. [PMID: 33082299 PMCID: PMC7655172 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic clocks are based on age-associated changes in DNA methylation of CpG-sites, which can accurately measure chronological age in different species. Recently, several studies have indicated that the difference between chronological and epigenetic age, defined as the age acceleration, could reflect biological age indicating functional decline and age-associated diseases. In humans, an epigenetic clock associated Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology with an acceleration of the epigenetic age. In this study, we developed and validated two mouse brain region-specific epigenetic clocks from the C57BL/6J hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Both clocks, which could successfully estimate chronological age, were further validated in a widely used mouse model for AD, the triple transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mouse. We observed an epigenetic age acceleration indicating an increased biological age for the 3xTg-AD mice compared to non-pathological C57BL/6J mice, which was more pronounced in the cortex as compared to the hippocampus. Genomic region enrichment analysis revealed that age-dependent CpGs were enriched in genes related to developmental, aging-related, neuronal and neurodegenerative functions. Due to the limited access of human brain tissues, these epigenetic clocks specific for mouse cortex and hippocampus might be important in further unravelling the role of epigenetic mechanisms underlying AD pathology or brain aging in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Coninx
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Yap Ching Chew
- Epigenetics Technologies, Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, CA 92614, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Epigenetics Technologies, Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, CA 92614, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Epigenetics Technologies, Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, CA 92614, USA
| | - Amelie Coolkens
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mieke Verslegers
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
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6
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Trajanoska K, Seppala LJ, Medina-Gomez C, Hsu YH, Zhou S, van Schoor NM, de Groot LCPGM, Karasik D, Richards JB, Kiel DP, Uitterlinden AG, Perry JRB, van der Velde N, Day FR, Rivadeneira F. Genetic basis of falling risk susceptibility in the UK Biobank Study. Commun Biol 2020; 3:543. [PMID: 32999390 PMCID: PMC7527955 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Both extrinsic and intrinsic factors predispose older people to fall. We performed a genome-wide association analysis to investigate how much of an individual’s fall susceptibility can be attributed to genetics in 89,076 cases and 362,103 controls from the UK Biobank Study. The analysis revealed a small, but significant SNP-based heritability (2.7%) and identified three novel fall-associated loci (Pcombined ≤ 5 × 10−8). Polygenic risk scores in two independent settings showed patterns of polygenic inheritance. Risk of falling had positive genetic correlations with fractures, identifying for the first time a pathway independent of bone mineral density. There were also positive genetic correlations with insomnia, neuroticism, depressive symptoms, and different medications. Negative genetic correlations were identified with muscle strength, intelligence and subjective well-being. Brain, and in particular cerebellum tissue, showed the highest gene expression enrichment for fall-associated variants. Overall, despite the highly heterogenic nature underlying fall risk, a proportion of the susceptibility can be attributed to genetics. Katerina Trajanoska et al. report a genome-wide association study of self-reported falls in UK Biobank participants. They identify three novel fall-associated loci and find that risk of falling shows patterns of polygenic inheritance and a SNP-based heritability of 2.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lotta J Seppala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA.,Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sirui Zhou
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, PO-box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Karasik
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - J Brent Richards
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John R B Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix R Day
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Li W, Tam KMV, Chan WWR, Koon AC, Ngo JCK, Chan HYE, Lau KF. Neuronal adaptor FE65 stimulates Rac1-mediated neurite outgrowth by recruiting and activating ELMO1. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7674-7688. [PMID: 29615491 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is a crucial process in developing neurons for neural network formation. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of neurite outgrowth is essential for developing strategies to stimulate neurite regeneration after nerve injury and in neurodegenerative disorders. FE65 is a brain-enriched adaptor that stimulates Rac1-mediated neurite elongation. However, the precise mechanism by which FE65 promotes the process remains elusive. Here, we show that ELMO1, a subunit of ELMO1-DOCK180 bipartite Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), interacts with the FE65 N-terminal region. Overexpression of FE65 and/or ELMO1 enhances, whereas knockdown of FE65 or ELMO1 inhibits, neurite outgrowth and Rac1 activation. The effect of FE65 alone or together with ELMO1 is attenuated by an FE65 double mutation that disrupts FE65-ELMO1 interaction. Notably, FE65 is found to activate ELMO1 by diminishing ELMO1 intramolecular autoinhibitory interaction and to promote the targeting of ELMO1 to the plasma membrane, where Rac1 is activated. We also show that FE65, ELMO1, and DOCK180 form a tripartite complex. Knockdown of DOCK180 reduces the stimulatory effect of FE65-ELMO1 on Rac1 activation and neurite outgrowth. Thus, we identify a novel mechanism by which FE65 stimulates Rac1-mediated neurite outgrowth by recruiting and activating ELMO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Ming Vincent Tam
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Wa Ray Chan
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Alex Chun Koon
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Jacky Chi Ki Ngo
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Yin Edwin Chan
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- From the School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin New Territories, Hong Kong
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8
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Louwersheimer E, Cohn-Hokke PE, Pijnenburg YAL, Weiss MM, Sistermans EA, Rozemuller AJ, Hulsman M, van Swieten JC, van Duijn CM, Barkhof F, Koene T, Scheltens P, Van der Flier WM, Holstege H. Rare Genetic Variant in SORL1 May Increase Penetrance of Alzheimer's Disease in a Family with Several Generations of APOE-ɛ4 Homozygosity. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:63-74. [PMID: 27911290 PMCID: PMC5240543 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: The major genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the APOE-ɛ4 allele. However, APOE-ɛ4 homozygosity is not fully penetrant, suggesting co-occurrence of additional genetic variants. Objective: To identify genetic factors that, next to APOE-ɛ4 homozygosity, contribute to the development of AD. Methods: We identified a family with nine AD patients spanning four generations, with an inheritance pattern suggestive of autosomal dominant AD, with no variants in PSEN1, PSEN2, or APP. We collected DNA from four affected and seven unaffected family members and performed exome sequencing on DNA from three affected and one unaffected family members. Results: All affected family members were homozygous for the APOE-ɛ4 allele. Statistical analysis revealed that AD onset in this family was significantly earlier than could be expected based on APOE genotype and gender. Next to APOE-ɛ4 homozygosity, we found that all four affected family members carried a rare variant in the VPS10 domain of the SORL1 gene, associated with AβPP processing and AD risk. Furthermore, three of four affected family members carried a rare variant in the TSHZ3 gene, also associated with AβPP processing. Affected family members presented between 61 and 74 years, with variable presence of microbleeds/cerebral amyloid angiopathy and electroencephalographic abnormalities. Conclusion: We hypothesize that next to APOE-ɛ4 homozygosity, impaired SORL1 protein function, and possibly impaired TSHZ3 function, further disturbed Aβ processing. The convergence of these genetic factors over several generations might clarify the increased AD penetrance and the autosomal dominant-like inheritance pattern of AD as observed in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Louwersheimer
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E Cohn-Hokke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan M Weiss
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A Sistermans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marc Hulsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cock M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, UCL, London, UK
| | - Teddy Koene
- Alzheimer Center & Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M Van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henne Holstege
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Allocation of distinct organ fates from a precursor field requires a shift in expression and function of gene regulatory networks. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007185. [PMID: 29351292 PMCID: PMC5792024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A common occurrence in metazoan development is the rise of multiple tissues/organs from a single uniform precursor field. One example is the anterior forebrain of vertebrates, which produces the eyes, hypothalamus, diencephalon, and telencephalon. Another instance is the Drosophila wing disc, which generates the adult wing blade, the hinge, and the thorax. Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that are comprised of signaling pathways and batteries of transcription factors parcel the undifferentiated field into discrete territories. This simple model is challenged by two observations. First, many GRN members that are thought to control the fate of one organ are actually expressed throughout the entire precursor field at earlier points in development. Second, each GRN can simultaneously promote one of the possible fates choices while repressing the other alternatives. It is therefore unclear how GRNs function to allocate tissue fates if their members are uniformly expressed and competing with each other within the same populations of cells. We address this paradigm by studying fate specification in the Drosophila eye-antennal disc. The disc, which begins its development as a homogeneous precursor field, produces a number of adult structures including the compound eyes, the ocelli, the antennae, the maxillary palps, and the surrounding head epidermis. Several selector genes that control the fates of the eye and antenna, respectively, are first expressed throughout the entire eye-antennal disc. We show that during early stages, these genes are tasked with promoting the growth of the entire field. Upon segregation to distinct territories within the disc, each GRN continues to promote growth while taking on the additional roles of promoting distinct primary fates and repressing alternate fates. The timing of both expression pattern restriction and expansion of functional duties is an elemental requirement for allocating fates within a single field. A battery of transcription factors collectively called the retinal determination (RD) network controls the earliest steps in the specification of the fruit fly compound eye. Loss-of-function mutations lead to the loss of the compound eyes while over-expression of RD network members in non-retinal tissues induces the formation of ectopic eyes. These observations suggest that the network governs the growth, specification, and patterning of the eye field. Recent studies have also shown that the RD network represses the fates of the non-ocular tissues that are also derived from the disc such as the antenna, maxillary palp, and head epidermis. One inconsistency in the model for how this network controls eye specification is that many of its members are expressed throughout the entire eye-antennal disc. In this study, we show that early in development, the RD network is expressed throughout and promotes the growth of the entire eye-antennal disc. After the initial growth phase, the expression of these genes is restricted to just the eye field. This temporal and spatial limiting of the RD network to the developing eye is essential so that its role can expand to include promoting eye specification and repressing non-ocular fates.
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10
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MiR-338-5p Promotes Glioma Cell Invasion by Regulating TSHZ3 and MMP2. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:669-677. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Kajiwara Y, McKenzie A, Dorr N, Gama Sosa MA, Elder G, Schmeidler J, Dickstein DL, Bozdagi O, Zhang B, Buxbaum JD. The human-specific CASP4 gene product contributes to Alzheimer-related synaptic and behavioural deficits. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:4315-4327. [PMID: 27516385 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that innate immune signalling molecules are involved in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) risk. Amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulates in AD brain, and has been proposed to act as a trigger of innate immune responses. Caspase-4 is an important part of the innate immune response. We recently characterized transgenic mice carrying human CASP4, and observed that the mice manifested profound innate immune responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Since these inflammatory processes are important in the aetiology of AD, we have now analysed the correlation of expression of caspase-4 in human brain with AD risk genes, and studied caspase-4 effects on AD-related phenotypes in APPswe/PS1deltaE9 (APP/PS1) mice. We observed that the expression of caspase-4 was strongly correlated with AD risk genes including TYROBP, TREM2, CR1, PSEN1, MS4A4A and MS4A6A in LOAD brains. Caspase-4 expression was upregulated in CASP4/APP/PS1 mice in a region-specific manner, including hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In APP/PS1 mice, caspase-4 expression led to impairments in the reversal phase of a Barnes maze task and in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, without affecting soluble or aggregated Aβ levels. Caspase-4 was expressed predominantly in microglial cells, and in the presence of CASP4, more microglia were clustered around amyloid plaques. Furthermore, our data indicated that caspase-4 modulates microglial cells in a manner that increases proinflammatory processes. We propose that microglial caspase-4 expression contributes to the cognitive impairments in AD, and that further study of caspase-4 will enhance our understanding of AD pathogenesis and may lead to novel therapeutic targets in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew McKenzie
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Gregory Elder
- Department of Psychiatry.,Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology
| | | | - Dara L Dickstein
- Department of Neuroscience.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Department of Psychiatry .,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences.,Department of Neuroscience.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Jeong YJ, Kang GY, Kwon JH, Choi HD, Pack JK, Kim N, Lee YS, Lee HJ. 1950 MHz Electromagnetic Fields Ameliorate Aβ Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Mice. Curr Alzheimer Res 2016; 12:481-92. [PMID: 26017559 PMCID: PMC5445699 DOI: 10.2174/156720501205150526114448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in the neurodegenerative disease, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has received wide consideration, however, outcomes from several researches have not shown consistency. In this study, we determined whether RF-EMF influenced AD pathology in vivo using Tg-5xFAD mice as a model of AD-like amyloid β (Aβ) pathology. The transgenic (Tg)-5xFAD and wild type (WT) mice were chronically exposed to RF-EMF for 8 months (1950 MHz, SAR 5W/kg, 2 hrs/day, 5 days/week). Notably, chronic RF-EMF exposure significantly reduced not only Aβ plaques, APP, and APP carboxyl-terminal fragments (CTFs) in whole brain including hippocampus and entorhinal cortex but also the ratio of Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptide in the hippocampus of Tg-5xFAD mice. We also found that parenchymal expression of β-amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1(BACE1) and neuroinflammation were inhibited by RF-EMF exposure in Tg-5xFAD. In addition, RF-EMF was shown to rescue memory impairment in Tg-5xFAD. Moreover, gene profiling from microarray data using hippocampus of WT and Tg-5xFAD following RF-EMF exposure revealed that 5 genes (Tshz2, Gm12695, St3gal1, Isx and Tll1), which are involved in Aβ, are significantly altered inTg-5xFAD mice, exhibiting different responses to RF-EMF in WT or Tg-5xFAD mice; RF-EMF exposure in WT mice showed similar patterns to control Tg-5xFAD mice, however, RF-EMF exposure in Tg-5xFAD mice showed opposite expression patterns. These findings indicate that chronic RF-EMF exposure directly affects Aβ pathology in AD but not in normal brain. Therefore, RF-EMF has preventive effects against AD-like pathology in advanced AD mice with a high expression of Aβ, which suggests that RF-EMF can have a beneficial influence on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, 139-706, Korea.
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13
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Dominant and Protective Role of the CYTH4 Primate-Specific GTTT-Repeat Longer Alleles Against Neurodegeneration. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:593-6. [PMID: 25823437 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Primate-specific genes and regulatory mechanisms could provide insight into human brain functioning and disease. In a genome-scale analysis of the entire protein-coding genes listed in the GeneCards database, we have recently reported human genes that contain "exceptionally long" short tandem repeats (STRs) in their core promoter, which may be of adaptive/selective evolutionary advantage in this species. The longest tetra-nucleotide repeat identified in a human gene core promoter belongs to the CYTH4 gene. This GTTT-repeat is specific to Hominidae and Old World monkeys, and the shortest allele of this repeat, (GTTT)6, is linked with neural dysfunction and type I bipolar disorder in human. In the present study, we sought a possibly broader role for the CYTH4 gene core promoter GTTT-repeat in neural functioning and investigated its allelic distribution in a total of 949 human subjects, consisting of two neurodegenerative disorders, multiple sclerosis (MS) (n = 272) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 257), and controls (n = 420). The range of the alleles of this GTTT-repeat in the human sample studied was between 6- and 9-repeats. The shortest allele, (GTTT)6, was significantly in excess in the MS and AD patients in comparison with the controls (p < 0.004). The 6/6, 6/7, and 7/7 genotypes were in excess in the MS and AD patients, whereas the overall frequency of all other genotypes (consisting of at least one longer allele, i.e., 8- or 9-repeat) was higher in the controls (p < 0.005), indicating a dominant and protective effect for the longer alleles against neurodegeneration. This is the first indication of the involvement of a primate-specific STR in neurodegeneration in humans. We propose an adaptive evolutionary role for the expansion of the CYTH4 gene core promoter GTTT-repeat in the human brain, which is supported by a link between the shortest allele of this repeat with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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14
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Ryu S, Teles F, Minopoli G, Russo T, Rosenfeld MG, Suh Y. An epigenomic role of Fe65 in the cellular response to DNA damage. Mutat Res 2015; 776:40-7. [PMID: 26255939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous findings describe Fe65 as a key protein in the cellular response to genotoxic stress. However, the precise molecular mechanism by which Fe65 contributes to DNA damage signaling remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that the transcriptional activity of Fe65 may contribute to DNA damage pathways by regulating gene expression patterns activated in response to genotoxic stress. To address this hypothesis, we mapped the global binding profile of Fe65 by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing in the SK-N-SH cells exposed to genotoxic stress. Unexpectedly, the genome-wide location analysis showed a substantial enrichment of Fe65 in the promoter regions of coding genes linked to DNA damage signaling pathways. To further investigate the role of Fe65 in the transcriptional regulation of putative coding target genes identified by ChIP-seq, we performed microarray assays using wild-type (WT) or Fe65 deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exposed to oxidative stress with multiple recovery times. Gene ontology analysis of the Fe65-depedent transcriptome suggested that Fe65 modulates the expression of genes critical for DNA damage response. Motif enrichment analysis of regulatory regions occupied by Fe65 revealed a strong correlation with key transcription factors involved in DNA damage signaling pathways, including E2F1, p53, and Jun. Comparison of ChIP-sequencing results with microarray results ultimately identified 248 Fe65-depedent target genes, the majority of which were known regulators of cell cycle, cell death, and DNA replication and repair pathways. We validated the target genes identified by in silico analysis by qPCR experiments. Collectively, our results provide strong evidence that Fe65 plays a role in DNA damage response and cell viability by epigenomic regulation of specific transcriptional programs activated upon genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjin Ryu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Francesca Teles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Giuseppina Minopoli
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Tommaso Russo
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michael G Rosenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yousin Suh
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China.
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15
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Nensa FM, Neumann MHD, Schrötter A, Przyborski A, Mastalski T, Susdalzew S, Looβe C, Helling S, El Magraoui F, Erdmann R, Meyer HE, Uszkoreit J, Eisenacher M, Suh J, Guénette SY, Röhner N, Kögel D, Theiss C, Marcus K, Müller T. Amyloid beta a4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1 (FE65) interactomics revealed synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2) as new binding proteins in the human brain. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 13:475-88. [PMID: 24284412 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FE65 is a cytosolic adapter protein and an important binding partner of amyloid precursor protein. Dependent on Thr668 phosphorylation in amyloid precursor protein, which influences amyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein processing, FE65 undergoes nuclear translocation, thereby transmitting a signal from the cell membrane to the nucleus. As this translocation may be relevant in Alzheimer disease, and as FE65 consists of three protein-protein interaction domains able to bind and affect a variety of other proteins and downstream signaling pathways, the identification of the FE65 interactome is of central interest in Alzheimer disease research. In this study, we identified 121 proteins as new potential FE65 interacting proteins in a pulldown/mass spectrometry approach using human post-mortem brain samples as protein pools for recombinantly expressed FE65. Co-immunoprecipitation assays further validated the interaction of FE65 with the candidates SV2A and SERCA2. In parallel, we investigated the whole cell proteome of primary hippocampal neurons from FE65/FE65L1 double knockout mice. Notably, the validated FE65 binding proteins were also found to be differentially abundant in neurons derived from the FE65 knockout mice relative to wild-type control neurons. SERCA2 is an important player in cellular calcium homeostasis, which was found to be up-regulated in double knockout neurons. Indeed, knock-down of FE65 in HEK293T cells also evoked an elevated sensitivity to thapsigargin, a stressor specifically targeting the activity of SERCA2. Thus, our results suggest that FE65 is involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Whereas transfection of FE65 alone caused a typical dot-like phenotype in the nucleus, co-transfection of SV2A significantly reduced the percentage of FE65 dot-positive cells, pointing to a possible role for SV2A in the modulation of FE65 intracellular targeting. Given that SV2A has a signaling function at the presynapse, its effect on FE65 intracellular localization suggests that the SV2A/FE65 interaction might play a role in synaptic signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M Nensa
- Functional Proteomics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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16
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Moran MT, Tare M, Kango-Singh M, Singh A. Homeotic Gene teashirt (tsh) has a neuroprotective function in amyloid-beta 42 mediated neurodegeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80829. [PMID: 24282556 PMCID: PMC3840013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating age related progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of cognition, and eventual death of the affected individual. One of the major causes of AD is the accumulation of Amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) polypeptides formed by the improper cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the brain. These plaques disrupt normal cellular processes through oxidative stress and aberrant signaling resulting in the loss of synaptic activity and death of the neurons. However, the detailed genetic mechanism(s) responsible for this neurodegeneration still remain elusive. METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPLE FINDINGS We have generated a transgenic Drosophila eye model where high levels of human Aβ42 is misexpressed in the differentiating photoreceptor neurons of the developing eye, which phenocopy Alzheimer's like neuropathology in the neural retina. We have utilized this model for a gain of function screen using members of various signaling pathways involved in the development of the fly eye to identify downstream targets or modifiers of Aβ42 mediated neurodegeneration. We have identified the homeotic gene teashirt (tsh) as a suppressor of the Aβ42 mediated neurodegenerative phenotype. Targeted misexpression of tsh with Aβ42 in the differentiating retina can significantly rescue neurodegeneration by blocking cell death. We found that Tsh protein is absent/ downregulated in the neural retina at this stage. The structure function analysis revealed that the PLDLS domain of Tsh acts as an inhibitor of the neuroprotective function of tsh in the Drosophila eye model. Lastly, we found that the tsh paralog, tiptop (tio) can also rescue Aβ42 mediated neurodegeneration. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We have identified tsh and tio as new genetic modifiers of Aβ42 mediated neurodegeneration. Our studies demonstrate a novel neuroprotective function of tsh and its paralog tio in Aβ42 mediated neurodegeneration. The neuroprotective function of tsh is independent of its role in retinal determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Moran
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Meghana Tare
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
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17
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TSHZ3 and SOX9 regulate the timing of smooth muscle cell differentiation in the ureter by reducing myocardin activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63721. [PMID: 23671695 PMCID: PMC3646048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells are of key importance for the proper functioning of different visceral organs including those of the urogenital system. In the mouse ureter, the two transcriptional regulators TSHZ3 and SOX9 are independently required for initiation of smooth muscle differentiation from uncommitted mesenchymal precursor cells. However, it has remained unclear whether TSHZ3 and SOX9 act independently or as part of a larger regulatory network. Here, we set out to characterize the molecular function of TSHZ3 in the differentiation of the ureteric mesenchyme. Using a yeast-two-hybrid screen, we identified SOX9 as an interacting protein. We show that TSHZ3 also binds to the master regulator of the smooth muscle program, MYOCD, and displaces it from the coregulator SRF, thereby disrupting the activation of smooth muscle specific genes. We found that the initiation of the expression of smooth muscle specific genes in MYOCD-positive ureteric mesenchyme coincides with the down regulation of Sox9 expression, identifying SOX9 as a possible negative regulator of smooth muscle cell differentiation. To test this hypothesis, we prolonged the expression of Sox9 in the ureteric mesenchyme in vivo. We found that Sox9 does not affect Myocd expression but significantly reduces the expression of MYOCD/SRF-dependent smooth muscle genes, suggesting that down-regulation of Sox9 is a prerequisite for MYOCD activity. We propose that the dynamic expression of Sox9 and the interaction between TSHZ3, SOX9 and MYOCD provide a mechanism that regulates the pace of progression of the myogenic program in the ureter.
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18
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Minopoli G, Gargiulo A, Parisi S, Russo T. Fe65 matters: new light on an old molecule. IUBMB Life 2012; 64:936-42. [PMID: 23129269 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that the main constituents of amyloid deposits, characteristic of Alzheimer neuropathology, derive from the proteolytic processing of the membrane precursor amyloid precursor protein (APP) is one of the milestones of the research history of this disease. Despite years of intense studies, the functions of APP and of its amyloidogenic processing are still under debate. One focus of these studies was the complex network of protein-protein interactions centered at the cytosolic domain of APP, which suggests the involvement of APP in a lively signaling pathway. Fe65 was the first protein to be demonstrated to interact with the APP cytodomain. Starting from this observation, a large body of data has been gathered, indicating that Fe65 is an adaptor protein, which binds numerous proteins, further than APP. Among these proteins, the crosstalk with Mena, mDab, and Abl suggested the involvement of the Fe65-APP complex in the regulation of cell motility, with a relevant role in differentiation and development. Other partners, like the histone acetyltransferase Tip60, indicated the possibility that the nuclear fraction of Fe65 could be involved in gene regulation and/or DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Minopoli
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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19
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Furgerson M, Fechheimer M, Furukawa R. Model Hirano bodies protect against tau-independent and tau-dependent cell death initiated by the amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44996. [PMID: 23028730 PMCID: PMC3445605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease are amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which are primarily composed of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau, respectively. These proteins and their role in the mechanism of neurodegeneration have been extensively studied. Hirano bodies are a frequently occurring pathology in Alzheimer's disease as well as other neurodegenerative diseases. However, the physiological role of Hirano bodies in neurodegenerative diseases has yet to be determined. We have established cell culture models to study the role of Hirano bodies in amyloid precursor protein and tau-induced cell death mechanisms. Exogenous expression of APP and either of its c-terminal fragments c31 or Amyloid Precursor Protein Intracellular Domain c58 (AICDc58) enhance cell death. The presence of tau is not required for this enhanced cell death. However, the addition of a hyperphosphorylated tau mimic 352PHPtau significantly increases cell death in the presence of both APP and c31 or AICDc58 alone. The mechanism of cell death induced by APP and its c-terminal fragments and tau was investigated. Fe65, Tip60, p53, and caspases play a role in tau-independent and tau-dependent cell death. In addition, apoptosis was determined to contribute to cell death. The presence of model Hirano bodies protected against cell death, indicating Hirano bodies may play a protective role in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Furgerson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marcus Fechheimer
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruth Furukawa
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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20
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Elkouby YM, Polevoy H, Gutkovich YE, Michaelov A, Frank D. A hindbrain-repressive Wnt3a/Meis3/Tsh1 circuit promotes neuronal differentiation and coordinates tissue maturation. Development 2012; 139:1487-97. [PMID: 22399680 DOI: 10.1242/dev.072934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During development, early inducing programs must later be counterbalanced for coordinated tissue maturation. In Xenopus laevis embryos, activation of the Meis3 transcription factor by a mesodermal Wnt3a signal lies at the core of the hindbrain developmental program. We now identify a hindbrain restricting circuit, surprisingly comprising the hindbrain inducers Wnt3a and Meis3, and Tsh1 protein. Functional and biochemical analyses show that upon Tsh1 induction by strong Wnt3a/Meis3 feedback loop activity, the Meis3-Tsh1 transcription complex represses the Meis3 promoter, allowing cell cycle exit and neuron differentiation. Meis3 protein exhibits a conserved dual-role in hindbrain development, both inducing neural progenitors and maintaining their proliferative state. In this regulatory circuit, the Tsh1 co-repressor controls transcription factor gene expression that modulates cell cycle exit, morphogenesis and differentiation, thus coordinating neural tissue maturation. This newly identified Wnt/Meis/Tsh circuit could play an important role in diverse developmental and disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv M Elkouby
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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21
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The amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain-fe65 multiprotein complexes: a challenge to the amyloid hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease? Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:353145. [PMID: 22506131 PMCID: PMC3296194 DOI: 10.1155/2012/353145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its proposal in 1994, the amyloid cascade hypothesis has prevailed as the mainstream research subject on the molecular mechanisms leading to the Alzheimer's disease (AD). Most of the field had been historically based on the role of the different forms of aggregation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). However, a soluble intracellular fragment termed amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain (AICD) is produced in conjunction with Aβ fragments. This peptide had been shown to be highly toxic in both culture neurons and transgenic mice models. With the advent of this new toxic fragment, the centerpiece for the ethiology of the disease may be changed. This paper discusses the potential role of multiprotein complexes between the AICD and its adapter protein Fe65 and how this could be a potentially important new agent in the neurodegeneration observed in the AD.
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22
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Faralli H, Martin E, Coré N, Liu QC, Filippi P, Dilworth FJ, Caubit X, Fasano L. Teashirt-3, a novel regulator of muscle differentiation, associates with BRG1-associated factor 57 (BAF57) to inhibit myogenin gene expression. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23498-510. [PMID: 21543328 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.206003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult muscles and under normal physiological conditions, satellite cells are found in a quiescent state but can be induced to enter the cell cycle by signals resulting from exercise, injury-induced muscle regeneration, or specific disease states. Once activated, satellite cells proliferate, self-renew, and differentiate to form myofibers. In the present study, we found that the zinc finger-containing factor Teashirt-3 (TSHZ3) was expressed in quiescent satellite cells of adult mouse skeletal muscles. We showed that following treatment with cardiotoxin TSHZ3 was strongly expressed in satellite cells of regenerating muscles. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis indicated that TSHZ3 was expressed in both quiescent and activated satellite cells on intact myofibers in culture. TSHZ3 expression was maintained in myoblasts but disappeared with myotube formation. In C2C12 myoblasts, we showed that overexpression of Tshz3 impaired myogenic differentiation and promoted the down-regulation of myogenin (Myog) and up-regulation of paired-box factor 7 (Pax7). Moreover, knockdown experiments revealed a selective effect of Tshz3 on Myog regulation, and transcriptional reporter experiments indicated that TSHZ3 repressed Myog promoter. We identified the BRG1-associated factor 57 (BAF57), a subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, as a partner of TSHZ3. We showed that TSHZ3 cooperated with BAF57 to repress MYOD-dependent Myog expression. These results suggest a novel mechanism for transcriptional repression by TSHZ3 in which TSHZ3 and BAF57 cooperate to modulate MyoD activity on the Myog promoter to regulate skeletal muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Faralli
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille Luminy, UMR 6216, CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée, Campus de Luminy, Case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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23
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Yamamoto M, Cid E, Bru S, Yamamoto F. Rare and frequent promoter methylation, respectively, of TSHZ2 and 3 genes that are both downregulated in expression in breast and prostate cancers. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17149. [PMID: 21423795 PMCID: PMC3056709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neoplastic cells harbor both hypomethylated and hypermethylated regions of
DNA. Whereas hypomethylation is found mainly in repeat sequences, regional
hypermethylation has been linked to the transcriptional silencing of certain
tumor suppressor genes. We attempted to search for candidate genes involved
in breast/prostate carcinogenesis, using the criteria that they should be
expressed in primary cultures of normal breast/prostate epithelial cells but
are frequently downregulated in breast/prostate cancer cell lines and that
their promoters are hypermethylated. Methodology/Principal Findings We identified several dozens of candidates among 194 homeobox and related
genes using Systematic Multiplex RT-PCR and among 23,000 known genes and
23,000 other expressed sequences in the human genome by DNA microarray
hybridization. An additional examination, by real-time
qRT-PCR of clinical specimens of breast cancer, further narrowed the list of
the candidates. Among them, the most frequently downregulated genes in
tumors were NP_775756 and ZNF537, from the homeobox gene search and the
genome-wide search, respectively. To our surprise, we later discovered that
these genes belong to the same gene family, the 3-member Teashirt family,
bearing the new names of TSHZ2 and TSHZ3. We subsequently determined the
methylation status of their gene promoters. The TSHZ3 gene promoter was
found to be methylated in all the breast/prostate cancer cell lines and some
of the breast cancer clinical specimens analyzed. The TSHZ2 gene promoter,
on the other hand, was unmethylated except for the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer
cell line. The TSHZ1 gene was always expressed, and its promoter was
unmethylated in all cases. Conclusions/Significance TSHZ2 and TSHZ3 genes turned out to be the most interesting candidates for
novel tumor suppressor genes. Expression of both genes is downregulated.
However, differential promoter methylation suggests the existence of
distinctive mechanisms of transcriptional inactivation for these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Yamamoto
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
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Teashirt 3 regulates development of neurons involved in both respiratory rhythm and airflow control. J Neurosci 2010; 30:9465-76. [PMID: 20631175 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1765-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal breathing in mammals involves multiple neuronal circuits, but its genetic basis remains unclear. Mice deficient for the zinc finger protein Teashirt 3 (TSHZ3) fail to breathe and die at birth. Tshz3 is expressed in multiple areas of the brainstem involved in respiration, including the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC), the embryonic parafacial respiratory group (e-pF), and cranial motoneurons that control the upper airways. Tshz3 inactivation led to pronounced cell death of motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguus and induced strong alterations of rhythmogenesis in the e-pF oscillator. In contrast, the preBötC oscillator appeared to be unaffected. These deficits result in impaired upper airway function, abnormal central respiratory rhythm generation, and altered responses to pH changes. Thus, a single gene, Tshz3, controls the development of diverse components of the circuitry required for breathing.
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Khalifa NB, Van Hees J, Tasiaux B, Huysseune S, Smith SO, Constantinescu SN, Octave JN, Kienlen-Campard P. What is the role of amyloid precursor protein dimerization? Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:268-72. [PMID: 20400860 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.2.11476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research efforts have been conducted over the past decades to understand the processing of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP). APP cleavage leads to the production of the beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta), which is the major constituent of the amyloid core of senile plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Abeta is produced by the sequential cleavage of APP by beta- and gamma-secretases. Cleavage of APP by gamma-secretase also generates the APP Intracellular C-terminal Domain (AICD) peptide, which might be involved in regulation of gene transcription. Up to now, our understanding of the mechanisms controlling APP processing has been elusive. Recently, APP was found to form homo- or hetero-complexes with the APP-like proteins (APLPs), which belong to the same family and share some important structural properties with receptors having a single membrane spanning domain. Homodimerization of APP is driven by motifs present in the extracellular domain and possibly in the juxtamembrane and transmembrane (JM/TM) domains of the protein. These striking observations raise important questions about APP processing and function: How and where is APP dimerizing? What is the role of dimerization in APP processing and function? Can dimerization be targeted by small molecule therapeutics?
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Affiliation(s)
- Naouel Ben Khalifa
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Brussels, Belgium
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Franco DL, Rezával C, Cáceres A, Schinder AF, Ceriani MF. ENA/VASP downregulation triggers cell death by impairing axonal maintenance in hippocampal neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 44:154-64. [PMID: 20230896 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a broad variety of motor and cognitive disorders that are accompanied by death of specific neuronal populations or brain regions. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these complex disorders remain largely unknown. In a previous work we searched for novel Drosophila genes relevant for neurodegeneration and singled out enabled (ena), which encodes a protein involved in cytoskeleton remodeling. To extend our understanding on the mechanisms of ENA-triggered degeneration we now investigated the effect of silencing ena ortholog genes in mouse hippocampal neurons. We found that ENA/VASP downregulation led to neurite retraction and concomitant neuronal cell death through an apoptotic pathway. Remarkably, this retraction initially affected the axonal structure, showing no effect on dendrites. Reduction in ENA/VASP levels blocked the neuritogenic effect of a specific RhoA kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, thus suggesting that these proteins could participate in the Rho-signaling pathway. Altogether these observations demonstrate that ENA/VASP proteins are implicated in the establishment and maintenance of the axonal structure and that a change on their expression levels triggers neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lorena Franco
- Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas-Buenos Aires (IIB-BA, CONICET), Argentina
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27
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Salminen A, Kauppinen A, Suuronen T, Kaarniranta K, Ojala J. ER stress in Alzheimer's disease: a novel neuronal trigger for inflammation and Alzheimer's pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2009; 6:41. [PMID: 20035627 PMCID: PMC2806266 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-6-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in several crucial cellular functions, e.g. protein folding and quality control, maintenance of Ca2+ balance, and cholesterol synthesis. Many genetic and environmental insults can disturb the function of ER and induce ER stress. ER contains three branches of stress sensors, i.e. IRE1, PERK and ATF6 transducers, which recognize the misfolding of proteins in ER and activate a complex signaling network to generate the unfolded protein response (UPR). Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder involving misfolding and aggregation of proteins in conjunction with prolonged cellular stress, e.g. in redox regulation and Ca2+ homeostasis. Emerging evidence indicates that the UPR is activated in neurons but not in glial cells in AD brains. Neurons display pPERK, peIF2α and pIRE1α immunostaining along with abundant diffuse staining of phosphorylated tau protein. Recent studies have demonstrated that ER stress can also induce an inflammatory response via different UPR transducers. The most potent pathways are IRE1-TRAF2, PERK-eIF2α, PERK-GSK-3, ATF6-CREBH, as well as inflammatory caspase-induced signaling pathways. We will describe the mechanisms which could link the ER stress of neurons to the activation of the inflammatory response and the evolution of pathological changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Hagman R, Rönnberg E, Pejler G. Canine uterine bacterial infection induces upregulation of proteolysis-related genes and downregulation of homeobox and zinc finger factors. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8039. [PMID: 19956711 PMCID: PMC2777310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial infection with the severe complication of sepsis is a frequent and serious condition, being a major cause of death worldwide. To cope with the plethora of occurring bacterial infections there is therefore an urgent need to identify molecular mechanisms operating during the host response, in order both to identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention and to identify biomarkers for disease. Here we addressed this issue by studying global gene expression in uteri from female dogs suffering from spontaneously occurring uterine bacterial infection. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The analysis showed that almost 800 genes were significantly (p<0.05) upregulated (>2-fold) in the uteri of diseased animals. Among these were numerous chemokine and cytokine genes, as well as genes associated with inflammatory cell extravasation, anti-bacterial action, the complement system and innate immune responses, as well as proteoglycan-associated genes. There was also a striking representation of genes associated with proteolysis. Robust upregulation of immunoglobulin components and genes involved in antigen presentation was also evident, indicating elaboration of a strong adaptive immune response. The bacterial infection was also associated with a significant downregulation of almost 700 genes, of which various homeobox and zinc finger transcription factors were highly represented. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Together, these finding outline the molecular patterns involved in bacterial infection of the uterus. The study identified altered expression of numerous genes not previously implicated in bacterial disease, and several of these may be evaluated for potential as biomarkers of disease or as therapeutic targets. Importantly, since humans and dogs show genetic similarity and develop diseases that share many characteristics, the molecular events identified here are likely to reflect the corresponding situation in humans afflicted by similar disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnvi Hagman
- Division of Small Animals, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (RH); (GP)
| | - Elin Rönnberg
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (RH); (GP)
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SLITRK1 binds 14-3-3 and regulates neurite outgrowth in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:918-25. [PMID: 19640509 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare genetic variants of SLITRK1 have been previously associated with Tourette syndrome (TS), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. METHODS We studied SLITRK1 processing and phosphorylation. To explore potential signaling pathways of the cytoplasmic domain of SLITRK1, we made use of the yeast two-hybrid screen. RESULTS We observed that the extracellular domain of SLITRK1 is secreted in vitro and in vivo and that this process is activated by protein kinase C and inhibited by an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE). We observed that SLITRK1 undergoes gamma-secretase cleavage to release a SLITRK1 intracellular domain (SICD). We identified an interaction between SLITRK1 and 14-3-3 proteins and observed that these proteins co-localized in cortical neuronal cultures and were coprecipitated from rat brain lysates, consistent with an interaction in vivo. We mapped the binding site to the very COOH-terminus of SLITRK1, as deletion of the last six amino acids of SLITRK1 abolished the interaction. We demonstrated phosphorylation of SLITRK1 by protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and casein kinase II (CK2) and observed that CK2 phosphorylates SLITRK1 in the 14-3-3 binding site. Mutating the CK2 phosphorylation site of SLITRK1 decreased binding to 14-3-3 and inhibited SLITRK1-mediated neurite outgrowth. CONCLUSIONS Our results shed light on the cell biology of SLITRK1, including its protein phosphorylation and potential molecular pathways for SLITRK1 function, and should contribute to further understanding the role of SLIRTK1 in developmental neuropsychiatric conditions such TS, OCD, and ADHD.
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Huysseune S, Kienlen-Campard P, Hébert S, Tasiaux B, Leroy K, Devuyst O, Brion JP, De Strooper B, Octave JN. Epigenetic control of aquaporin 1 expression by the amyloid precursor protein. FASEB J 2009; 23:4158-67. [PMID: 19687153 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-140012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been extensively studied, but its precise function remains elusive. The intracellular domain of APP has been proposed to regulate expression of several genes by mechanisms that are largely unknown. We report that APP regulates expression of the aquaporin 1 (AQP1) gene in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and in transgenic mice. AQP1 mRNA and protein were down-regulated in fibroblasts lacking APP or presenilin 2 in which AQP1 expression was restored by stable expression of full-length APP or presenilin 2 but not by APP deleted from its carboxy-terminal domain. The transcriptional activity of the AQP1 gene promoter and the stability of AQP1 mRNA were identical in fibroblasts expressing or not expressing APP. Control of AQP1 expression by APP was sensitive to trichostatin A, an histone deacetylase inhibitor, and histone deacetylase activity coimmunoprecipitated with APP. Altogether, these data show that a presenilin-2-dependent gamma-secretase activity releases the intracellular domain of APP involved in the epigenetic control of AQP1 expression. Since AQP1 is found in astrocytes surrounding senile plaques, this epigenetic control of AQP1 expression could have important implications in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Huysseune
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, FARL5410, Ave. Hippocrate 54, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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