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Cooper JM, Lathuiliere A, Su EJ, Song Y, Torrente D, Jo Y, Weinrich N, Sales JD, Migliorini M, Sisson TH, Lawrence DA, Hyman BT, Strickland DK. SORL1 is a receptor for tau that promotes tau seeding. J Biol Chem 2024:107313. [PMID: 38657864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) is an intracellular sorting receptor genetically implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) that impacts amyloid precursor protein trafficking. The objective of these studies was to test the hypothesis that SORL1 binds tau, modulates its cellular trafficking and impacts the aggregation of cytoplasmic tau induced by pathological forms of tau. Using surface plasmon resonance measurements, we observed high-affinity binding of tau to SORL1 and the vacuolar protein sorting 10 (VPS10) domain of SORL1. Interestingly, unlike LRP1, SORL1 binds tau at both pH 7.4 and pH 5.5, revealing its ability to bind tau at endosomal pH. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed that exogenously added tau colocalized with SORL1 in H4 neuroglioma cells, while overexpression of SORL1 in LRP1-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells resulted in a marked increase in the internalization of tau, indicating that SORL1 can bind and mediate the internalization of monomeric forms of tau. We further demonstrated that SORL1 mediates tau seeding when tau RD P301S FRET biosensor cells expressing SORL1 were incubated with high molecular weight forms of tau isolated from the brains of patients with AD. Seeding in H4 neuroglioma cells is significantly reduced when SORL1 is knocked down with siRNA. Finally, we demonstrate that the N1358S mutant of SORL1 significantly increases tau seeding when compared to WT SORL1, identifying for the first time a potential mechanism that connects this specific SORL1 mutation to Alzheimer's disease. Together, these studies identify SORL1 as a receptor that contributes to trafficking and seeding of pathogenic tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Cooper
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Aurelien Lathuiliere
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA; Memory Center, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enming J Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yuyu Song
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Daniel Torrente
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Youhwa Jo
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Nicholas Weinrich
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jennifer Diaz Sales
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Mary Migliorini
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Daniel A Lawrence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA.
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- The Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; Departments of Physiology and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; Departments of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201.
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Mishra S, Jayadev S, Young JE. Differential effects of SORL1 deficiency on the endo-lysosomal network in human neurons and microglia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220389. [PMID: 38368935 PMCID: PMC10874699 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The endosomal gene SORL1 is a strong Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene that harbours loss-of-function variants causative for developing AD. The SORL1 protein SORL1/SORLA is an endosomal receptor that interacts with the multi-protein sorting complex retromer to traffic various cargo through the endo-lysosomal network (ELN). Impairments in endo-lysosomal trafficking are an early cellular symptom in AD and a novel therapeutic target. However, the cell types of the central nervous system are diverse and use the ELN differently. If this pathway is to be effectively therapeutically targeted, understanding how key molecules in the ELN function in various cell types and how manipulating them affects cell-type specific responses relative to AD is essential. Here, we discuss an example where deficiency of SORL1 expression in a human model leads to stress on early endosomes and recycling endosomes in neurons, but preferentially leads to stress on lysosomes in microglia. The differences observed in these organelles could relate to the unique roles of these cells in the brain as neurons are professional secretory cells and microglia are professional phagocytic cells. Experiments to untangle these differences are fundamental to advancing the understanding of cell biology in AD and elucidating important pathways for therapeutic development. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell models are a valuable platform for such experiments. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Deparment of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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3
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Fazeli E, Fazeli E, Fojtík P, Holstege H, Andersen OM. Functional characterization of SORL1 variants in cell-based assays to investigate variant pathogenicity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220377. [PMID: 38368933 PMCID: PMC10874698 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
SORLA, the protein encoded by the SORL1 gene, has an important role in recycling cargo proteins to the cell surface. While SORLA loss-of-function variants occur almost exclusively in Alzheimer's disease cases, the majority of SORL1 variants are missense variants that are individually rare and can have individual mechanisms how they impair SORLA function as well as have individual effect size on disease risk. However, since carriers mostly come from small pedigrees, it is challenging to determine variant penetrance, leaving clinical significance associated with most missense variants unclear. In this article, we present functional approaches to evaluate the pathogenicity of a SORL1 variant, p.D1105H. First, we generated our mutant receptor by inserting the D1105H variant into the full-length SORLA-WT receptor. Then using western blot analysis we quantified the effect of the mutation on maturation and shedding of the receptor for transfected cells, and finally applied a flow cytometry approach to quantify SORLA expression at the cell surface. The results showed decreased maturation, decreased shedding, and decreased cell surface expression of D1105H compared with wild-type SORLA. We propose how these approaches can be used to functionally assess the pathogenicity of SORL1 variants in the future. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Fazeli
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Elham Fazeli
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Petr Fojtík
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Henne Holstege
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neurosocience, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olav M. Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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4
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Maninger JK, Nowak K, Goberdhan S, O'Donoghue R, Connor-Robson N. Cell type-specific functions of Alzheimer's disease endocytic risk genes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220378. [PMID: 38368934 PMCID: PMC10874703 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a key cellular pathway required for the internalization of cellular nutrients, lipids and receptor-bound cargoes. It is also critical for the recycling of cellular components, cellular trafficking and membrane dynamics. The endocytic pathway has been consistently implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) through repeated genome-wide association studies and the existence of rare coding mutations in endocytic genes. BIN1 and PICALM are two of the most significant late-onset AD risk genes after APOE and are both key to clathrin-mediated endocytic biology. Pathological studies also demonstrate that endocytic dysfunction is an early characteristic of late-onset AD, being seen in the prodromal phase of the disease. Different cell types of the brain have specific requirements of the endocytic pathway. Neurons require efficient recycling of synaptic vesicles and microglia use the specialized form of endocytosis-phagocytosis-for their normal function. Therefore, disease-associated changes in endocytic genes will have varied impacts across different cell types, which remains to be fully explored. Given the genetic and pathological evidence for endocytic dysfunction in AD, understanding how such changes and the related cell type-specific vulnerabilities impact normal cellular function and contribute to disease is vital and could present novel therapeutic opportunities. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Nowak
- Cardiff University, Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University¸ Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Srilakshmi Goberdhan
- Cardiff University, Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University¸ Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Rachel O'Donoghue
- Cardiff University, Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University¸ Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- Cardiff University, Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University¸ Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
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Bøgh N, Sørensen CB, Alstrup AKO, Hansen ESS, Andersen OM, Laustsen C. Mice and minipigs with compromised expression of the Alzheimer's disease gene SORL1 show cerebral metabolic disturbances on hyperpolarized [1- 13C]pyruvate and sodium MRI. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae114. [PMID: 38650831 PMCID: PMC11034025 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) gene, encoding the cellular endosomal sorting-related receptor with A-type repeats (SORLA), is now established as a causal gene for Alzheimer's disease. As the latest addition to the list of causal genes, the pathophysiological effects and biomarker potential of SORL1 variants remain relatively undiscovered. Metabolic dysfunction is, however, well described in patients with Alzheimer's disease and is used as an imaging biomarker in clinical diagnosis settings. To understand the metabolic consequences of loss-of-function SORL1 mutations, we applied two metabolic MRI technologies, sodium (23Na) MRI and MRI with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate, in minipigs and mice with compromised expression of SORL1. At the age analysed here, both animal models display no conventional imaging evidence of neurodegeneration but show biochemical signs of elevated amyloid production, thus representing the early preclinical disease. With hyperpolarized MRI, the exchange from [1-13C]pyruvate to [1-13C]lactate and 13C-bicarbonate was decreased by 32 and 23%, respectively, in the cerebrum of SORL1-haploinsufficient minipigs. A robust 11% decrease in the sodium content was observed with 23Na-MRI in the same minipigs. Comparably, the brain sodium concentration gradually decreased from control to SORL1 haploinsufficient (-11%) to SORL1 knockout mice (-23%), suggesting a gene dose dependence in the metabolic dysfunction. The present study highlights that metabolic MRI technologies are sensitive to the functional, metabolic consequences of Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease-linked genotypes. Further, the study suggests a potential avenue of research into the mechanisms of metabolic alterations by SORL1 mutations and their potential role in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Bøgh
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- A&E, Gødstrup Hospital, 7400 Herning, Denmark
| | | | - Aage K O Alstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben S S Hansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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McDiarmid AH, Gospodinova KO, Elliott RJR, Dawson JC, Graham RE, El-Daher MT, Anderson SM, Glen SC, Glerup S, Carragher NO, Evans KL. Morphological profiling in human neural progenitor cells classifies hits in a pilot drug screen for Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae101. [PMID: 38576795 PMCID: PMC10994270 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60-70% of dementia cases. Current treatments are inadequate and there is a need to develop new approaches to drug discovery. Recently, in cancer, morphological profiling has been used in combination with high-throughput screening of small-molecule libraries in human cells in vitro. To test feasibility of this approach for Alzheimer's disease, we developed a cell morphology-based drug screen centred on the risk gene, SORL1 (which encodes the protein SORLA). Increased Alzheimer's disease risk has been repeatedly linked to variants in SORL1, particularly those conferring loss or decreased expression of SORLA, and lower SORL1 levels are observed in post-mortem brain samples from individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Consistent with its role in the endolysosomal pathway, SORL1 deletion is associated with enlarged endosomes in neural progenitor cells and neurons. We, therefore, hypothesized that multi-parametric, image-based cell phenotyping would identify features characteristic of SORL1 deletion. An automated morphological profiling method (Cell Painting) was adapted to neural progenitor cells and used to determine the phenotypic response of SORL1-/- neural progenitor cells to treatment with compounds from a small internationally approved drug library (TargetMol, 330 compounds). We detected distinct phenotypic signatures for SORL1-/- neural progenitor cells compared to isogenic wild-type controls. Furthermore, we identified 16 compounds (representing 14 drugs) that reversed the mutant morphological signatures in neural progenitor cells derived from three SORL1-/- induced pluripotent stem cell sub-clones. Network pharmacology analysis revealed the 16 compounds belonged to five mechanistic groups: 20S proteasome, aldehyde dehydrogenase, topoisomerase I and II, and DNA synthesis inhibitors. Enrichment analysis identified DNA synthesis/damage/repair, proteases/proteasome and metabolism as key pathways/biological processes. Prediction of novel targets revealed enrichment in pathways associated with neural cell function and Alzheimer's disease. Overall, this work suggests that (i) a quantitative phenotypic metric can distinguish induced pluripotent stem cell-derived SORL1-/- neural progenitor cells from isogenic wild-type controls and (ii) phenotypic screening combined with multi-parametric high-content image analysis is a viable option for drug repurposing and discovery in this human neural cell model of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina H McDiarmid
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Katerina O Gospodinova
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard J R Elliott
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Rebecca E Graham
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Marie-Therese El-Daher
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Susan M Anderson
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sophie C Glen
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Simon Glerup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kathryn L Evans
- Centre for Genomic & Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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Fazeli E, Child DD, Bucks SA, Stovarsky M, Edwards G, Rose SE, Yu CE, Latimer C, Kitago Y, Bird T, Jayadev S, Andersen OM, Young JE. A familial missense variant in the Alzheimer's disease gene SORL1 impairs its maturation and endosomal sorting. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:20. [PMID: 38244079 PMCID: PMC10799806 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The SORL1 gene has recently emerged as a strong Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk gene. Over 500 different variants have been identified in the gene and the contribution of individual variants to AD development and progression is still largely unknown. Here, we describe a family consisting of 2 parents and 5 offspring. Both parents were affected with dementia and one had confirmed AD pathology with an age of onset > 75 years. All offspring were affected with AD with ages at onset ranging from 53 years to 74 years. DNA was available from the parent with confirmed AD and 5 offspring. We identified a coding variant, p.(Arg953Cys), in SORL1 in 5 of 6 individuals affected by AD. Notably, variant carriers had severe AD pathology, and the SORL1 variant segregated with TDP-43 pathology (LATE-NC). We further characterized this variant and show that this Arginine substitution occurs at a critical position in the YWTD-domain of the SORL1 translation product, SORL1. Functional studies further show that the p.R953C variant leads to retention of the SORL1 protein in the endoplasmic reticulum which leads to decreased maturation and shedding of the receptor and prevents its normal endosomal trafficking. Together, our analysis suggests that p.R953C is a pathogenic variant of SORL1 and sheds light on mechanisms of how missense SORL1 variants may lead to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Fazeli
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Daniel D Child
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Stephanie A Bucks
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Miki Stovarsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gabrielle Edwards
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shannon E Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yu Kitago
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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Mishra S, Knupp A, Kinoshita C, Williams CA, Rose SE, Martinez R, Theofilas P, Young JE. Pharmacologic enhancement of retromer rescues endosomal pathology induced by defects in the Alzheimer's gene SORL1. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2434-2450. [PMID: 37949073 PMCID: PMC10724056 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The SORL1 gene (SORLA) is strongly associated with risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). SORLA is a regulator of endosomal trafficking in neurons and interacts with retromer, a complex that is a "master conductor" of endosomal trafficking. Small molecules can increase retromer expression in vitro, enhancing its function. We treated hiPSC-derived cortical neurons that are either fully deficient, haploinsufficient, or that harbor one copy of SORL1 variants linked to AD with TPT-260, a retromer-enhancing molecule. We show significant increases in retromer subunit VPS26B expression. We tested whether endosomal, amyloid, and TAU pathologies were corrected. We observed that the degree of rescue by TPT-260 treatment depended on the number of copies of functional SORL1 and which SORL1 variant was expressed. Using a disease-relevant preclinical model, our work illuminates how the SORL1-retromer pathway can be therapeutically harnessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Andrew Williams
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shannon E Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Refugio Martinez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Panos Theofilas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Bauer C, Duplan E, Saint-George-Hyslop P, Checler F. Potentially Pathogenic SORL1 Mutations Observed in Autosomal-Dominant Cases of Alzheimer's Disease Do Not Modulate APP Physiopathological Processing. Cells 2023; 12:2802. [PMID: 38132122 PMCID: PMC10742224 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The SORL1 gene encodes LR11/SorLA, a protein that binds β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and drives its intracellular trafficking. SORL1 mutations, occurring frequently in a subset of familial cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD), have been documented, but their pathogenic potential is not yet clear and questions remain concerning their putative influence on the physiopathological processing of APP. We have assessed the influence of two SORL1 mutations that were described as likely disease-causing and that were associated with either benign (SorLA924) or severe (SorLA511) AD phenotypes. We examined the influence of wild-type and mutants SorLA in transiently transfected HEK293 cells expressing either wild-type or Swedish mutated APP on APP expression, secreted Aβ and sAPPα levels, intracellular Aβ 40 and Aβ42 peptides, APP-CTFs (C99 and C83) expressions, α-, β- and γ-secretases expressions and activities as well as Aβ and CTFs-degrading enzymes. These paradigms were studied in control conditions or after pharmacological proteasomal modulation. We also established stably transfected CHO cells expressing wild-type SorLA and established the colocalization of APP and either wild-type or mutant SorLA. SorLA mutations partially disrupt co-localization of wild-type sorLA with APP. Overall, although we mostly confirmed previous data concerning the influence of wild-type SorLA on APP processing, we were unable to evidence significant alterations triggered by our set of SorLA mutants, whatever the cells or pharmacological conditions examined. Our study , however, does not rule out the possibility that other AD-linked SORL1 mutations could indeed affect APP processing, and that pathogenic mutations examined in the present study could interfere with other cellular pathways/triggers in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bauer
- INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Team Labeled “Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz”, Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (C.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Eric Duplan
- INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Team Labeled “Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz”, Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (C.B.); (E.D.)
| | - Peter Saint-George-Hyslop
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada;
| | - Frédéric Checler
- INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, Team Labeled “Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) Distalz”, Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (C.B.); (E.D.)
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Fazeli E, Child DD, Bucks SA, Stovarsky M, Edwards G, Rose SE, Yu CE, Latimer C, Kitago Y, Bird T, Jayadev S, Andersen OM, Young JE. A familial missense variant in the Alzheimer's Disease gene SORL1 impairs its maturation and endosomal sorting. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.01.547348. [PMID: 37461597 PMCID: PMC10349966 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.01.547348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The SORL1 gene has recently emerged as a strong Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk gene. Over 500 different variants have been identified in the gene and the contribution of individual variants to AD development and progression is still largely unknown. Here, we describe a family consisting of 2 parents and 5 offspring. Both parents were affected with dementia and one had confirmed AD pathology with an age of onset >75 years. All offspring were affected with AD with ages at onset ranging from 53yrs-74yrs. DNA was available from the parent with confirmed AD and 5 offspring. We identified a coding variant, p.(Arg953Cys), in SORL1 in 5 of 6 individuals affected by AD. Notably, variant carriers had severe AD pathology, and the SORL1 variant segregated with TDP-43 pathology (LATE-NC). We further characterized this variant and show that this Arginine substitution occurs at a critical position in the YWTD-domain of the SORL1 translation product, SORL1. Functional studies further show that the p.R953C variant leads to retention of the SORL1 protein in the endoplasmic reticulum which leads to decreased maturation and shedding of the receptor and prevents its normal endosomal trafficking. Together, our analysis suggests that p.R953C is a pathogenic variant of SORL1 and sheds light on mechanisms of how missense SORL1 variants may lead to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Fazeli
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK8000 AarhusC, Denmark
| | - Daniel D. Child
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Stephanie A. Bucks
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Miki Stovarsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Gabrielle Edwards
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Shannon E. Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Yu Kitago
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Thomas Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Health Care System
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Olav M. Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK8000 AarhusC, Denmark
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington USA
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Yang Y, Bagyinszky E, An SSA. Patient with PSEN1 Glu318Gly and Other Possible Disease Risk Mutations, Diagnosed with Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15461. [PMID: 37895139 PMCID: PMC10607718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we introduced a French EOAD patient in Korea who carried the presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Glu318Gly mutations with four possible risk variants, including sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) Glu270Lys, ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 7 (ABCA7) Val1946Met, translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOMM40) Arg239Trp, and granulin (GRN) Ala505Gly. The patient started to present memory decline and behavioral dysfunction in his early 60s. His brain imaging presented amyloid deposits by positron emission tomography (PET-CT). The multimer detection system (MDS) screening test for plasma for amyloid oligomers was also positive, which supported the AD diagnosis. It was verified that PSEN1 Glu318Gly itself may not impact amyloid production. However, additional variants were found in other AD and non-AD risk genes, as follows: SORL1 Glu270Lys was suggested as a risk mutation for AD and could increase amyloid peptide production and impair endosome functions. ABCA7 Val1946Met was a novel variant that was predicted to be damaging. The GRN Ala505Gly was a variant with uncertain significance; however, it may reduce the granulin levels in the plasma of dementia patients. Pathway analysis revealed that PSEN1 Glu318Gly may work as a risk factor along with the SORL1 and ABCA7 variants since pathway analysis revealed that PSEN1 could directly interact with them through amyloid-related and lipid metabolism pathways. TOMM40 and PSEN1 could have common mechanisms through mitochondrial dysfunction. It may be possible that PSEN1 Glu318Gly and GRN Ala505Gly would impact disease by impairing immune-related pathways, including microglia and astrocyte development, or NFkB-related pathways. Taken together, the five risk factors may contribute to disease-related pathways, including amyloid and lipid metabolism, or impair immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungSoon Yang
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Environment, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, College of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
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12
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Lee H, Aylward AJ, Pearse RV, Lish AM, Hsieh YC, Augur ZM, Benoit CR, Chou V, Knupp A, Pan C, Goberdhan S, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Bennett DA, Taga MF, Huynh K, Arnold M, Meikle PJ, De Jager PL, Menon V, Young JE, Young-Pearse TL. Cell-type-specific regulation of APOE and CLU levels in human neurons by the Alzheimer's disease risk gene SORL1. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112994. [PMID: 37611586 PMCID: PMC10568487 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
SORL1 is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through genetic studies. To interrogate the roles of SORL1 in human brain cells, SORL1-null induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were differentiated to neuron, astrocyte, microglial, and endothelial cell fates. Loss of SORL1 leads to alterations in both overlapping and distinct pathways across cell types, with the greatest effects in neurons and astrocytes. SORL1 loss induces a neuron-specific reduction in apolipoprotein E (APOE) and clusterin (CLU) and altered lipid profiles. Analyses of iPSCs derived from a large cohort reveal a neuron-specific association between SORL1, APOE, and CLU levels, a finding validated in postmortem brain. Enhancement of retromer-mediated trafficking rescues tau phenotypes observed in SORL1-null neurons but does not rescue APOE levels. Pathway analyses implicate transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling in SORL1 function, and modulating SMAD signaling in neurons alters APOE RNA levels in a SORL1-dependent manner. Taken together, these data provide a mechanistic link between strong genetic risk factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aimee J Aylward
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard V Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra M Lish
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Chen Hsieh
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary M Augur
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Courtney R Benoit
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vicky Chou
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cheryl Pan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Srilakshmi Goberdhan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mariko F Taga
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthias Arnold
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Fan J, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Yang C, Li X, Chen K, Chen X, Zhang Z. SORL1 rs1699102 Moderates the Effect of Sex on Language Network. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221133. [PMID: 37212098 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Language ability differs between the sexes. However, it is unclear how this sex difference is moderated by genetic factors and how the brain interacts with genetics to support this specific language capacity. Previous studies have demonstrated that the sorting protein-related receptor (SORL1) polymorphism influences cognitive function and brain structure differently in males and females and is associated with Alzheimer's disease risk. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex and the SORL1 rs1699102 (CC versus T carriers) genotype on language. METHODS 103 non-demented Chinese older adults from Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) database were included in this study. Participants completed language tests, T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state functional MRI. Language test performance, gray matter volume, and network connections were compared between genotype and sex groups. RESULTS The rs1699102 polymorphism moderated the effects of sex on language performance, with the female having reversed language advantages in T carriers. The T allele carriers had lower gray matter volume in the left precentral gyrus. The effect of sex on language network connections was moderated by rs1699102; male CC homozygotes and female T carriers had higher internetwork connections, which were negatively correlated with language performance. CONCLUSION These results suggest that SORL1 moderates the effects of sex on language, with T being a risk allele, especially in females. Our findings underscore the importance of considering the influence of genetic factors when examining sex effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yaojing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Caishui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kewei Chen
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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14
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Zheng Z, Li X, Yang B, Xu Q, Zhu X, Hu L, Teng Y. SORL1 stabilizes ABCB1 to promote cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:147. [PMID: 37145301 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) has the worst prognosis among gynecological malignancies. Cisplatin (CDDP) is one of the most commonly used treatments for OC, but recurrence and metastasis are common due to endogenous or acquired resistance. High expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is an important mechanism of resistance to OC chemotherapy, but targeting ABC transporters in OC therapy remains a challenge. The expression of sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1; SorLA) in the response of OC to CDDP was determined by analysis of TCGA and GEO public datasets. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were utilized to evaluate the expression levels of SORL1 in OC tissues and cells that were sensitive or resistant to CDDP treatment. The in vitro effect of SORL1 on OC cisplatin resistance was proven by CCK-8 and cell apoptosis assays. The subcutaneous xenotransplantation model verified the in vivo significance of SORL1 in OC. Finally, the molecular mechanism by which SORL1 regulates OC cisplatin resistance was revealed by coimmunoprecipitation, gene set enrichment analysis and immunofluorescence analysis. This study demonstrated that SORL1 is closely related to CDDP resistance and predicts a poor prognosis in OC. In vivo xenograft experiments showed that SORL1 knockdown significantly enhanced the effect of CDDP on CDDP-resistant OC cells. Mechanistically, silencing of SORL1 inhibits the early endosomal antigen 1 (EEA1) pathway, which impedes the stability of ATP-binding cassette B subfamily member 1 (ABCB1), sensitizing CDDP-resistant OC cells to CDDP. The findings of this study suggest that targeting SORL1 may represent a promising therapeutic approach for overcoming CDDP resistance in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Bikang Yang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - QinYang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lipeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yincheng Teng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Jensen AMG, Kitago Y, Fazeli E, Vægter CB, Small SA, Petsko GA, Andersen OM. Dimerization of the Alzheimer's disease pathogenic receptor SORLA regulates its association with retromer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212180120. [PMID: 36652482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212180120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
SORL1, the gene encoding the large multidomain SORLA protein, has emerged as only the fourth gene that when mutated can by itself cause Alzheimer's disease (AD), and as a gene reliably linked to both the early- and late-onset forms of the disease. SORLA is known to interact with the endosomal trafficking regulatory complex called retromer in regulating the recycling of endosomal cargo, including the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the glutamate receptor GluA1. Nevertheless, SORLA's precise structural-functional relationship in endosomal recycling tubules remains unknown. Here, we address these outstanding questions by relying on crystallographic and artificial-intelligence evidence to generate a structural model for how SORLA folds and fits into retromer-positive endosomal tubules, where it is found to dimerize via both SORLA's fibronectin-type-III (3Fn)- and VPS10p-domains. Moreover, we identify a SORLA fragment comprising the 3Fn-, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains that has the capacity to form a dimer, and to enhance retromer-dependent recycling of APP by decreasing its amyloidogenic processing. Collectively, these observations generate a model for how SORLA dimer (and possibly polymer) formation can function in stabilizing and enhancing retromer function at endosome tubules. These findings can inform investigation of the many AD-associated SORL1 variants for evidence of pathogenicity and can guide discovery of novel drugs for the disease.
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Miguel L, Gervais J, Nicolas G, Lecourtois M. SorLA Protective Function Is Restored by Improving SorLA Protein Maturation in a Subset of Alzheimer's Disease-Associated SORL1 Missense Variants. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1343-1349. [PMID: 37424467 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
SORL1 loss of function is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk through increased Aβ peptide secretion. We expressed 10 maturation-defective rare missense SORL1 variants in HEK cells and showed that decreasing growing temperature led to a significant increase in the maturation of the encoded protein SorLA for 6/10. In edited hiPSC carrying two of these variants, maturation of the protein was restored partially by decreasing the culture temperature and was associated with concomitant decrease in Aβ secretion. Correcting SorLA maturation in the context of maturation-defective missense variants could thus be a relevant strategy to improve SorLA protective function against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Miguel
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Juliette Gervais
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Magalie Lecourtois
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F-76000 Rouen, France
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Gaweda-Walerych K, Sitek EJ, Borczyk M, Narożańska E, Brockhuis B, Korostyński M, Schinwelski M, Siemiński M, Sławek J, Zekanowski C. A Patient with Corticobasal Syndrome and Progressive Non-Fluent Aphasia (CBS-PNFA), with Variants in ATP7B, SETX, SORL1, and FOXP1 Genes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13. [PMID: 36553628 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to analyze the phenotypic-genetic correlations in a patient diagnosed with early onset corticobasal syndrome with progressive non-fluent aphasia (CBS-PNFA), characterized by predominant apraxia of speech, accompanied by prominent right-sided upper-limb limb-kinetic apraxia, alien limb phenomenon, synkinesis, myoclonus, mild cortical sensory loss, and right-sided hemispatial neglect. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) identified rare single heterozygous variants in ATP7B (c.3207C>A), SORL1 (c.352G>A), SETX (c.2385_2387delAAA), and FOXP1 (c.1762G>A) genes. The functional analysis revealed that the deletion in the SETX gene changed the splicing pattern, which was accompanied by lower SETX mRNA levels in the patient's fibroblasts, suggesting loss-of-function as the underlying mechanism. In addition, the patient's fibroblasts demonstrated altered mitochondrial architecture with decreased connectivity, compared to the control individuals. This is the first association of the CBS-PNFA phenotype with the most common ATP7B pathogenic variant p.H1069Q, previously linked to Wilson's disease, and early onset Parkinson's disease. This study expands the complex clinical spectrum related to variants in well-known disease genes, such as ATP7B, SORL1, SETX, and FOXP1, corroborating the hypothesis of oligogenic inheritance. To date, the FOXP1 gene has been linked exclusively to neurodevelopmental speech disorders, while our study highlights its possible relevance for adult-onset progressive apraxia of speech, which guarantees further study.
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18
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Ray A, Reho P, Shah Z, Scholz SW. Evaluation of SORL1 in Lewy Body Dementia Identifies No Significant Associations. Mov Disord 2022; 37:2312-2314. [PMID: 36026530 PMCID: PMC9669133 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Ray
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Reho
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zalak Shah
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Sonja W. Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Schramm C, Charbonnier C, Zaréa A, Lacour M, Wallon D, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Olaso R, Alarcon F, Campion D, Nuel G, Nicolas G. Penetrance estimation of Alzheimer disease in SORL1 loss-of-function variant carriers using a family-based strategy and stratification by APOE genotypes. Genome Med 2022; 14:69. [PMID: 35761418 PMCID: PMC9238165 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) is a common complex disorder with a high genetic component. Loss-of-function (LoF) SORL1 variants are one of the strongest AD genetic risk factors. Estimating their age-related penetrance is essential before putative use for genetic counseling or preventive trials. However, relative rarity and co-occurrence with the main AD risk factor, APOE-ε4, make such estimations difficult. METHODS We proposed to estimate the age-related penetrance of SORL1-LoF variants through a survival framework by estimating the conditional instantaneous risk combining (i) a baseline for non-carriers of SORL1-LoF variants, stratified by APOE-ε4, derived from the Rotterdam study (N = 12,255), and (ii) an age-dependent proportional hazard effect for SORL1-LoF variants estimated from 27 extended pedigrees (including 307 relatives ≥ 40 years old, 45 of them having genotyping information) recruited from the French reference center for young Alzheimer patients. We embedded this model into an expectation-maximization algorithm to accommodate for missing genotypes. To correct for ascertainment bias, proband phenotypes were omitted. Then, we assessed if our penetrance curves were concordant with age distributions of APOE-ε4-stratified SORL1-LoF variant carriers detected among sequencing data of 13,007 cases and 10,182 controls from European and American case-control study consortia. RESULTS SORL1-LoF variants penetrance curves reached 100% (95% confidence interval [99-100%]) by age 70 among APOE-ε4ε4 carriers only, compared with 56% [40-72%] and 37% [26-51%] in ε4 heterozygous carriers and ε4 non-carriers, respectively. These estimates were fully consistent with observed age distributions of SORL1-LoF variant carriers in case-control study data. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that SORL1-LoF variants should be interpreted in light of APOE genotypes for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Schramm
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, 22 boulevard Gambetta - CS 76183, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, 22 boulevard Gambetta - CS 76183, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - Aline Zaréa
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - Morgane Lacour
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - David Wallon
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | | | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Robert Olaso
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, 91057, Evry, France
| | | | - Flora Alarcon
- MAP5, UMR-CNRS 8145, Paris University, 75270, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, 22 boulevard Gambetta - CS 76183, Rouen, F-76000, France.,Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, 76681, Sotteville-Lès-Rouen, France
| | - Grégory Nuel
- LPSM, CNRS 8001, Sorbonne University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, FHU-G4 Génomique, 22 boulevard Gambetta - CS 76183, Rouen, F-76000, France.
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20
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Alvarez-Mora MI, Blanco-Palmero VA, Quesada-Espinosa JF, Arteche-Lopez AR, Llamas-Velasco S, Palma Milla C, Lezana Rosales JM, Gomez-Manjon I, Hernandez-Lain A, Jimenez Almonacid J, Gil-Fournier B, Ramiro-León S, González-Sánchez M, Herrero-San Martín AO, Pérez-Martínez DA, Gómez-Tortosa E, Carro E, Bartolomé F, Gomez-Rodriguez MJ, Sanchez-Calvin MT, Villarejo-Galende A, Moreno-Garcia M. Heterozygous and Homozygous Variants in SORL1 Gene in Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Clinical, Neuroimaging and Neuropathological Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084230. [PMID: 35457051 PMCID: PMC9024679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the SORL1 gene has been strongly implicated in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We performed whole-exome sequencing on 37 patients with early-onset dementia or family history suggestive of autosomal dominant dementia. Data analysis was based on a custom panel that included 46 genes related to AD and dementia. SORL1 variants were present in a high proportion of patients with candidate variants (15%, 3/20). We expand the clinical manifestations associated with the SORL1 gene by reporting detailed clinical and neuroimaging findings of six unrelated patients with AD and SORL1 mutations. We also present for the first time a patient with the homozygous truncating variant c.364C>T (p.R122*) in SORL1, who also had severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Furthermore, we report neuropathological findings and immunochemistry assays from one patient with the splicing variant c.4519+5G>A in the SORL1 gene, in which AD was confirmed by neuropathological examination. Our results highlight the heterogeneity of clinical presentation and familial dementia background of SORL1-associated AD and suggest that SORL1 might be contributing to AD development as a risk factor gene rather than as a major autosomal dominant gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Alvarez-Mora
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetic Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-932275400 (ext. 9940)
| | - Victor Antonio Blanco-Palmero
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (V.A.B.-P.); (S.L.-V.); (M.G.-S.); (A.O.H.-S.M.); (D.A.P.-M.); (A.V.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Quesada-Espinosa
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Rosa Arteche-Lopez
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Llamas-Velasco
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (V.A.B.-P.); (S.L.-V.); (M.G.-S.); (A.O.H.-S.M.); (D.A.P.-M.); (A.V.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Palma Milla
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Lezana Rosales
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gomez-Manjon
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hernandez-Lain
- Neuropathology Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-L.); (J.J.A.)
| | | | - Belén Gil-Fournier
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, 28905 Madrid, Spain; (B.G.-F.); (S.R.-L.)
| | - Soraya Ramiro-León
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, 28905 Madrid, Spain; (B.G.-F.); (S.R.-L.)
| | - Marta González-Sánchez
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (V.A.B.-P.); (S.L.-V.); (M.G.-S.); (A.O.H.-S.M.); (D.A.P.-M.); (A.V.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Octavio Herrero-San Martín
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (V.A.B.-P.); (S.L.-V.); (M.G.-S.); (A.O.H.-S.M.); (D.A.P.-M.); (A.V.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Andrés Pérez-Martínez
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (V.A.B.-P.); (S.L.-V.); (M.G.-S.); (A.O.H.-S.M.); (D.A.P.-M.); (A.V.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eva Carro
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Bartolomé
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Gomez-Rodriguez
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Sanchez-Calvin
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Villarejo-Galende
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (V.A.B.-P.); (S.L.-V.); (M.G.-S.); (A.O.H.-S.M.); (D.A.P.-M.); (A.V.-G.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moreno-Garcia
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Mishra S, Knupp A, Szabo MP, Williams CA, Kinoshita C, Hailey DW, Wang Y, Andersen OM, Young JE. The Alzheimer's gene SORL1 is a regulator of endosomal traffic and recycling in human neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:162. [PMID: 35226190 PMCID: PMC8885486 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of the Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) gene seems to act as a causal event for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have established that loss of SORL1, as well as mutations in autosomal dominant AD genes APP and PSEN1/2, pathogenically converge by swelling early endosomes, AD's cytopathological hallmark. Acting together with the retromer trafficking complex, SORL1 has been shown to regulate the recycling of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) out of the endosome, contributing to endosomal swelling and to APP misprocessing. We hypothesized that SORL1 plays a broader role in neuronal endosomal recycling and used human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons (hiPSC-Ns) to test this hypothesis. We examined endosomal recycling of three transmembrane proteins linked to AD pathophysiology: APP, the BDNF receptor Tropomyosin-related kinase B (TRKB), and the glutamate receptor subunit AMPA1 (GLUA1). METHODS We used isogenic hiPSCs engineered to have SORL1 depleted or to have enhanced SORL1 expression. We differentiated neurons from these cell lines and mapped the trafficking of APP, TRKB and GLUA1 within the endosomal network using confocal microscopy. We also performed cell surface recycling and lysosomal degradation assays to assess the functionality of the endosomal network in both SORL1-depleted and -overexpressing neurons. The functional impact of GLUA1 recycling was determined by measuring synaptic activity. Finally, we analyzed alterations in gene expression in SORL1-depleted neurons using RNA sequencing. RESULTS We find that as with APP, endosomal trafficking of GLUA1 and TRKB is impaired by loss of SORL1. We show that trafficking of all three cargoes to late endosomes and lysosomes is affected by manipulating SORL1 expression. We also show that depletion of SORL1 significantly impacts the endosomal recycling pathway for APP and GLUA1 at the level of the recycling endosome and trafficking to the cell surface. This has a functional effect on neuronal activity as shown by multi-electrode array (MEA). Conversely, increased SORL1 expression enhances endosomal recycling for APP and GLUA1. Our unbiased transcriptomic data further support SORL1's role in endosomal recycling. We observe altered expression networks that regulate cell surface trafficking and neurotrophic signaling in SORL1-depleted neurons. CONCLUSION Collectively, and together with other recent observations, these findings suggest that one role for SORL1 is to contribute to endosomal degradation and recycling pathways in neurons, a conclusion that has both pathogenic and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Marcell P. Szabo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Charles A. Williams
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Dale W. Hailey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Olav M. Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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Qureshi YH, Berman DE, Marsh SE, Klein RL, Patel VM, Simoes S, Kannan S, Petsko GA, Stevens B, Small SA. The neuronal retromer can regulate both neuronal and microglial phenotypes of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110262. [PMID: 35045281 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of retromer-dependent endosomal trafficking is considered pathogenic in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, to investigate this disruption in the intact brain, we turn to a genetic mouse model where the retromer core protein VPS35 is depleted in hippocampal neurons, and then we replete VPS35 using an optimized viral vector protocol. The VPS35 depletion-repletion studies strengthen the causal link between the neuronal retromer and AD-associated neuronal phenotypes, including the acceleration of amyloid precursor protein cleavage and the loss of synaptic glutamate receptors. Moreover, the studies show that the neuronal retromer can regulate a distinct, dystrophic, microglia morphology, phenotypic of hippocampal microglia in AD. Finally, the neuronal and, in part, the microglia responses to VPS35 depletion were found to occur independent of tau. Showing that the neuronal retromer can regulate AD-associated pathologies in two of AD's principal cell types strengthens the link, and clarifies the mechanism, between endosomal trafficking and late-onset sporadic AD.
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23
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Benussi L, Longobardi A, Kocoglu C, Carrara M, Bellini S, Ferrari C, Nicsanu R, Saraceno C, Bonvicini C, Fostinelli S, Zanardini R, Catania M, Moisse M, Van Damme P, Di Fede G, Binetti G, Van Broeckhoven C, van der Zee J, Ghidoni R. Investigating the Endo-Lysosomal System in Major Neurocognitive Disorders Due to Alzheimer's Disease, Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Lewy Body Disease: Evidence for SORL1 as a Cross-Disease Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13633. [PMID: 34948429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctions in the endo-lysosomal system have been hypothesized to underlie neurodegeneration in major neurocognitive disorders due to Alzheimer's disease (AD), Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD), and Lewy body disease (DLB). The aim of this study is to investigate whether these diseases share genetic variability in the endo-lysosomal pathway. In AD, DLB, and FTLD patients and in controls (948 subjects), we performed a targeted sequencing of the top 50 genes belonging to the endo-lysosomal pathway. Genetic analyses revealed (i) four previously reported disease-associated variants in the SORL1 (p.N1246K, p.N371T, p.D2065V) and DNAJC6 genes (p.M133L) in AD, FTLD, and DLB, extending the previous knowledge attesting SORL1 and DNAJC6 as AD- and PD-related genes, respectively; (ii) three predicted null variants in AD patients in the SORL1 (p.R985X in early onset familial AD, p.R1207X) and PPT1 (p.R48X in early onset familial AD) genes, where loss of function is a known disease mechanism. A single variant and gene burden analysis revealed some nominally significant results of potential interest for SORL1 and DNAJC6 genes. Our data highlight that genes controlling key endo-lysosomal processes (i.e., protein sorting/transport, clathrin-coated vesicle uncoating, lysosomal enzymatic activity regulation) might be involved in AD, FTLD and DLB pathogenesis, thus suggesting an etiological link behind these diseases.
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Abramenko IV, Bilous NI, Chumak AA, Diagil IS, Martina ZV. THE EXPRESSION OF THE MAIN AND ALTERNATIVE TRANSCRIPT ( SORL1 Delta2) OF THE SORL1 GENE IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATIENTS AFFECTED BY THE CHORNOBYL ACCIDENT. Probl Radiac Med Radiobiol 2021; 26:273-283. [PMID: 34965554 DOI: 10.33145/2304-8336-2021-26-273-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to study clinical-hematological data and expression of the main and alternative transcripts of SORL1 genein chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients affected by the Chornobyl catastrophe. METHODS Analysis was performed in the main group of 34 CLL patients irradiated due to the Chornobyl NPP acci-dent (30 clean-up workers, and 4 evacuees) and in the control group of 27 non-irradiated CLL patients. Groups ofpatients were comparable by age, sex, stage of disease, mutational status of IGHV genes. Expression of the main andalternative transcripts of SORL1 gene was evaluated by Quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TheIGHV gene mutational status, TP53 and SF3B1 mutations were studied by PCR followed by direct sequencing. Data wereanalyzed with the SPSS software package, version 20.0. RESULTS Relative expression level of the main transcript of SORL1 gene was low (mean 1.71 ± 0.55, median 0.57),did not correlate with the IGHV gene mutational status, TP53 and SF3B1 mutations, stage of disease. The expressionof B transcript was not detected, F transcript was expressed at a very low level in 9 patients. The average relativeexpression level of SORL1-Δ2 transcript was 14.1 ± 6.04 (median 3.48; range 0.01-90.51). The expression of SORL1-Δ2transcript above the median was more frequent among patients on C stage (p = 0.001), and in patients with unmu-tated IGHV genes was associated with an extremely negative course of CLL (median of overall survival 9 months vs61 months at low expression). Relative expression levels of the main and alternative transcripts of SORL1 gene inpatients of the main and the control groups did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary data suggest that increased expression of SORL1-Δ2 transcript in CLL patients withunmutated IGHV genes can be considered as a negative prognostic marker.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- LDL-Receptor Related Proteins/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/physiopathology
- Male
- Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Occupational Exposure/adverse effects
- Radiation Exposure/adverse effects
- Radioactive Hazard Release
- Transcription, Genetic
- Ukraine
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Abramenko
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - N I Bilous
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - A A Chumak
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - I S Diagil
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Z V Martina
- State Institution National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 53 Yuriia Illienka Str., Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
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Korpioja A, Krüger J, Koivuluoma S, Pylkäs K, Moilanen V, Helisalmi S, Hiltunen M, Remes AM. Novel Rare SORL1 Variants in Early-Onset Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:761-770. [PMID: 34092641 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare variants of SORL1 have been associated with an increased risk of early-onset or late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, a lot remains to be clarified about their significance in the pathogenesis of the disease. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of SORL1 variants among Finnish patients with early-onset AD (EOAD). METHODS The rare SORL1variants were screened in a cohort of 115 Finnish EOAD patients (mean age at onset 58.3 years, range 46-65 years) by using the whole-exome sequencing. RESULTS We found one novel nonsense variant (p.Gln290*) and eight missense variants in SORL1. This is the first study reporting the SORL1 variants p.Lys80Arg, p.Ala789Val and p.Arg866Gln in EOAD patients. Furthermore, two of these three missense variants were overrepresented in EOAD patients compared to gnomAD non-neuro Finnish samples. CONCLUSION This study strengthens the earlier findings, that the rare variants in SORL1 are associated with EOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Korpioja
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Krüger
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Susanna Koivuluoma
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Virpi Moilanen
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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26
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Hung C, Tuck E, Stubbs V, van der Lee SJ, Aalfs C, van Spaendonk R, Scheltens P, Hardy J, Holstege H, Livesey FJ. SORL1 deficiency in human excitatory neurons causes APP-dependent defects in the endolysosome-autophagy network. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109259. [PMID: 34133918 PMCID: PMC8220253 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endolysosomal-autophagy network is emerging as an important pathogenic process in Alzheimer's disease. Mutations in the sorting receptor-encoding gene SORL1 cause autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease, and SORL1 variants increase risk for late-onset AD. To understand the contribution of SORL1 mutations to AD pathogenesis, we analyze the effects of a SORL1 truncating mutation on SORL1 protein levels and endolysosome function in human neurons. We find that truncating mutation results in SORL1 haploinsufficiency and enlarged endosomes in human neurons. Analysis of isogenic SORL1 wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous null neurons demonstrates that, whereas SORL1 haploinsufficiency results in endosome dysfunction, complete loss of SORL1 leads to additional defects in lysosome function and autophagy. Neuronal endolysosomal dysfunction caused by loss of SORL1 is relieved by extracellular antisense oligonucleotide-mediated reduction of APP protein, demonstrating that PSEN1, APP, and SORL1 act in a common pathway regulating the endolysosome system, which becomes dysfunctional in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Hung
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Eleanor Tuck
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Victoria Stubbs
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Cora Aalfs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John Hardy
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Henne Holstege
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Frederick J Livesey
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK.
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Wei Z, Qi X, Zhai S, Chen Y, Xia X, Zheng B, Sun X, Zhang G, Wang L, Zhang Q, Xu C, Jiang S, Li X, Xie B, Liao X, Ai Z, Li X. Down-regulation of SORL1 is associated with Alzheimer's disease through activating ABC transporter pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 76:187-192. [PMID: 33909958 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2019-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with high morbidity among elderly people. A genetic attribution has been extensively proved. Here, we propose to further prioritize genes that harbor single nucleotide variation (SNV) or structural variation (SV) for AD and explore the underlying potential mechanisms through exploiting their expression and methylation spectra. A high-confidence AD-associated candidate gene list was obtained from the ClinVar and Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD). Genome-wide methylation and expression profiles of AD and normal subjects were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Through comprehensive comparison of expression and methylation levels between AD and normal samples, as well as different stages of AD samples, SORL1 was identified as the most plausible gene for AD incidence and progression. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed significant activation of the ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporter with the aberrant up-regulation of SORL1 within AD samples. This study unfolds the expression and methylation spectra of previously probed genes with SNV or SV in AD for the first time, and reports an aberrant activation of the ABC transporter pathway that might contribute to AD progression. This should shed some light on AD diagnosis and precision treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, P.R. China
| | - Xingdi Qi
- Public Administration, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, P.R. China
| | - Shijun Zhai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai200060, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshuang Xia
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, P.R. China
| | - Boyu Zheng
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300211, P.R. China
| | - Xugang Sun
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300211, P.R. China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300211, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300211, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300211, P.R. China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300211, P.R. China
| | - Shihe Jiang
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300211, P.R. China
| | - Xiulian Li
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300211, P.R. China
| | - Bingxin Xie
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Liao
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300211, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Ai
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin300211, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, P.R. China
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Qiu G, Zhu FQ, Xu C. Identification of two pathogenic mutations in SORL1 in early-onset Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 89:243-248. [PMID: 34119275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) gene has been the subject of many studies focusing on frequent polymorphisms, which is associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). By whole-exome sequencing (WES), we identified two pathogenic missense mutations c.579C > G (p.F193L) and c.1397A > G (p.N466S) in SORL1. The two mutations were located in the same protein domain, and the two unrelated probands both had an onset of memory problems at less than 65 years of age, but their clinical manifestations and cranial imaging are different. The protein structure and function affected by these mutations were predicted using bioinformatics analysis, which suggested they were pathogenic. 3D protein structural analysis revealed that these amino acid substitutions might result in instability of protein structure and adverse intramolecular interactions. These findings suggest that both F193L and N466S should be thought as potential causative mutations in early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) patients. Further functional studies are warranted to evaluate their roles in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Qiu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Fei-Qi Zhu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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Herrera GA, del Pozo-Yauner L, Teng J, Zeng C, Shen X, Moriyama T, Ramirez Alcantara V, Liu B, Turbat-Herrera EA. Glomerulopathic Light Chain-Mesangial Cell Interactions: Sortilin-Related Receptor ( SORL1) and Signaling. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:1379-1396. [PMID: 34013116 PMCID: PMC8116754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deciphering the intricacies of the interactions of glomerulopathic Ig light chains with mesangial cells is key to delineate signaling events responsible for the mesangial pathologic alterations that ensue. METHODS Human mesangial cells, caveolin 1 (CAV1), wild type (WT) ,and knockout (KO), were incubated with glomerulopathic light chains purified from the urine of patients with light chain-associated (AL) amyloidosis or light chain deposition disease. Associated signaling events induced by surface interactions of glomerulopathic light chains with caveolins and other membrane proteins, as well as the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the capacity of mesangial cells to intracellularly process AL light chains were investigated using a variety of techniques, including chemical crosslinking with mass spectroscopy, immunofluorescence, and ultrastructural immunolabeling. RESULTS Crosslinking experiments provide evidence suggesting that sortilin-related receptor (SORL1), a transmembrane sorting receptor that regulates cellular trafficking of proteins, is a component of the receptor on mesangial cells for glomerulopathic light chains. Colocalization of glomerulopathic light chains with SORL1 in caveolae and also in lysosomes when light chain internalization occurred, was documented using double immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling ultrastructural techniques. It was found that EGCG directly blocks c-Fos cytoplasmic to nuclei signal translocation after interactions of AL light chains with mesangial cells, resulting in a decrease in amyloid formation. CONCLUSION Our findings document for the first time a role for SORL1 linked to glomerular pathology and signaling events that take place when certain monoclonal light chains interact with mesangial cells. This finding may lead to novel therapies for treating renal injury caused by glomerulopathic light chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo A. Herrera
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Correspondence: Guillermo A. Herrera, Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, 2451 USA Medical Center Drive, Mobile, Alabama 36617, USA.
| | - Luis del Pozo-Yauner
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Jiamin Teng
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Chun Zeng
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Xinggui Shen
- Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Takahito Moriyama
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Bing Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Elba A. Turbat-Herrera
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
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30
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Monti G, Kjolby M, Jensen AMG, Allen M, Reiche J, Møller PL, Comaposada-Baró R, Zolkowski BE, Vieira C, Jørgensen MM, Holm IE, Valdmanis PN, Wellner N, Vægter CB, Lincoln SJ, Nykjær A, Ertekin-Taner N, Young JE, Nyegaard M, Andersen OM. Expression of an alternatively spliced variant of SORL1 in neuronal dendrites is decreased in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:43. [PMID: 33726851 PMCID: PMC7962264 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SORL1 is strongly associated with both sporadic and familial forms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but a lack of information about alternatively spliced transcripts currently limits our understanding of the role of SORL1 in AD. Here, we describe a SORL1 transcript (SORL1-38b) characterized by inclusion of a novel exon (E38b) that encodes a truncated protein. We identified E38b-containing transcripts in several brain regions, with the highest expression in the cerebellum and showed that SORL1-38b is largely located in neuronal dendrites, which is in contrast to the somatic distribution of transcripts encoding the full-length SORLA protein (SORL1-fl). SORL1-38b transcript levels were significantly reduced in AD cerebellum in three independent cohorts of postmortem brains, whereas no changes were observed for SORL1-fl. A trend of lower 38b transcript level in cerebellum was found for individuals carrying the risk variant at rs2282649 (known as SNP24), although not reaching statistical significance. These findings suggest synaptic functions for SORL1-38b in the brain, uncovering novel aspects of SORL1 that can be further explored in AD research.
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Barthelson K, Pederson SM, Newman M, Lardelli M. Brain transcriptome analysis reveals subtle effects on mitochondrial function and iron homeostasis of mutations in the SORL1 gene implicated in early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Mol Brain 2020; 13:142. [PMID: 33076949 PMCID: PMC7570131 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we must understand its molecular basis. The great majority of AD cases arise sporadically with a late onset after 65 years of age (LOAD). However, rare familial cases of AD can occur due to dominant mutations in a small number of genes that cause an early onset prior to 65 years of age (EOfAD). As EOfAD and LOAD share similar pathologies and disease progression, analysis of EOfAD genetic models may give insight into both subtypes of AD. Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) is genetically associated with both EOfAD and LOAD and provides a unique opportunity to investigate the relationships between both forms of AD. Currently, the role of SORL1 mutations in AD pathogenesis is unclear. To understand the molecular consequences of SORL1 mutation, we performed targeted mutagenesis of the orthologous gene in zebrafish. We generated an EOfAD-like mutation, V1482Afs, and a putatively null mutation, to investigate whether EOfAD-like mutations in sorl1 display haploinsufficiency by acting through loss-of-function mechanisms. We performed mRNA-sequencing on whole brains, comparing wild type fish with their siblings heterozygous for EOfAD-like or putatively loss-of-function mutations in sorl1, or transheterozygous for these mutations. Differential gene expression analysis identified a small number of differentially expressed genes due to the sorl1 genotypes. We also performed enrichment analysis on all detectable genes to obtain a more complete view on changes to gene expression by performing three methods of gene set enrichment analysis, then calculated an overall significance value using the harmonic mean p-value. This identified subtle effects on expression of genes involved in energy production, mRNA translation and mTORC1 signalling in both the EOfAD-like and null mutant brains, implying that these effects are due to sorl1 haploinsufficiency. Surprisingly, we also observed changes to expression of genes occurring only in the EOfAD-mutation carrier brains, suggesting gain-of-function effects. Transheterozygosity for the EOfAD-like and null mutations (i.e. lacking wild type sorl1), caused apparent effects on iron homeostasis and other transcriptome changes distinct from the single-mutation heterozygous fish. Our results provide insight into the possible early brain molecular effects of an EOfAD mutation in human SORL1. Differential effects of heterozygosity and complete loss of normal SORL1 expression are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Barthelson
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Stephen Martin Pederson
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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32
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Zhou X, Chen Y, Ip FCF, Lai NCH, Li YYT, Jiang Y, Zhong H, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Ma S, Lo RMN, Cheung K, Tong EPS, Ko H, Shoai M, Mok KY, Hardy J, Mok VCT, Kwok TCY, Fu AKY, Ip NY. Genetic and polygenic risk score analysis for Alzheimer's disease in the Chinese population. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2020; 12:e12074. [PMID: 32775599 PMCID: PMC7403835 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dozens of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated loci have been identified in European-descent populations, but their effects have not been thoroughly investigated in the Hong Kong Chinese population. METHODS TaqMan array genotyping was performed for known AD-associated variants in a Hong Kong Chinese cohort. Regression analysis was conducted to study the associations of variants with AD-associated traits and biomarkers. Lasso regression was applied to establish a polygenic risk score (PRS) model for AD risk prediction. RESULTS SORL1 is associated with AD in the Hong Kong Chinese population. Meta-analysis corroborates the AD-protective effect of the SORL1 rs11218343 C allele. The PRS is developed and associated with AD risk, cognitive status, and AD-related endophenotypes. TREM2 H157Y might influence the amyloid beta 42/40 ratio and levels of immune-associated proteins in plasma. DISCUSSION SORL1 is associated with AD in the Hong Kong Chinese population. The PRS model can predict AD risk and cognitive status in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopu Zhou
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHong Kong Science ParkHong KongChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceDisease and Drug DevelopmentHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain ScienceShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yu Chen
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceDisease and Drug DevelopmentHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain ScienceShenzhenGuangdongChina
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease InstituteShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Fanny C. F. Ip
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHong Kong Science ParkHong KongChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceDisease and Drug DevelopmentHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain ScienceShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Nicole C. H. Lai
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Yolanda Y. T. Li
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Yuanbing Jiang
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Huan Zhong
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Yuewen Chen
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceDisease and Drug DevelopmentHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain ScienceShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceDisease and Drug DevelopmentHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain ScienceShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Shuangshuang Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceDisease and Drug DevelopmentHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain ScienceShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Ronnie M. N. Lo
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Kit Cheung
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Estella P. S. Tong
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Ho Ko
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of Medicine and TherapeuticsLi Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesSchool of Biomedical SciencesGerald Choa Neuroscience CenterFaculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong KongChina
| | - Maryam Shoai
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Kin Y. Mok
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHong Kong Science ParkHong KongChina
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - John Hardy
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHong Kong Science ParkHong KongChina
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Institute for Advanced StudyThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Vincent C. T. Mok
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience CentreLui Che Woo Institute of Innovative MedicineTherese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of DementiaDivision of NeurologyDepartment of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong KongChina
| | - Timothy C. Y. Kwok
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of DementiaDivision of GeriatricsDepartment of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong KongChina
| | - Amy K. Y. Fu
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHong Kong Science ParkHong KongChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceDisease and Drug DevelopmentHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain ScienceShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Nancy Y. Ip
- Division of Life ScienceState Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience CenterThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHong Kong Science ParkHong KongChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain ScienceDisease and Drug DevelopmentHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain ScienceShenzhenGuangdongChina
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Knupp A, Mishra S, Martinez R, Braggin JE, Szabo M, Kinoshita C, Hailey DW, Small SA, Jayadev S, Young JE. Depletion of the AD Risk Gene SORL1 Selectively Impairs Neuronal Endosomal Traffic Independent of Amyloidogenic APP Processing. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107719. [PMID: 32492427 PMCID: PMC7409533 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SORL1/SORLA is a sorting receptor involved in retromer-related endosomal traffic and an Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we deplete SORL1 in hiPSCs to ask if loss of SORL1 contributes to AD pathogenesis by endosome dysfunction. SORL1-deficient hiPSC neurons show early endosome enlargement, a hallmark cytopathology of AD. There is no effect of SORL1 depletion on endosome size in hiPSC microglia, suggesting a selective effect on neuronal endosomal trafficking. We validate defects in neuronal endosomal traffic by showing altered localization of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in early endosomes, a site of APP cleavage by the β-secretase (BACE). Inhibition of BACE does not rescue endosome enlargement in SORL1-deficient neurons, suggesting that this phenotype is independent of amyloidogenic APP processing. Our data, together with recent findings, underscore how sporadic AD pathways regulating endosomal trafficking and autosomal-dominant AD pathways regulating APP cleavage independently converge on the defining cytopathology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Knupp
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Swati Mishra
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Refugio Martinez
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Marcell Szabo
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dale W Hailey
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Scott A Small
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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34
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Monti G, Jensen ML, Mehmedbasic A, Jørgensen MM, Holm IE, Barkholt P, Zole E, Vægter CB, Vorum H, Nyengaard JR, Andersen OM. SORLA Expression in Synaptic Plexiform Layers of Mouse Retina. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3106-3117. [PMID: 32472518 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01946-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sorting protein-related receptor containing LDLR class A repeats (SORLA; also known as LR11) exerts intraneuronal trafficking functions in the central nervous system. Recently, involvement of SORLA in retinogenesis was proposed, but no studies have examined yet in detail the expression pattern of this sorting receptor in the retina. Here, we provide a spatio-temporal characterization of SORL1 mRNA and its translational product SORLA in the postnatal mouse retina. Using stereological analysis, we confirmed previous studies showing that receptor depletion in knockout mice significantly reduces the number of cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL), suggesting that functional SORLA expression is essential for the development of this retinal strata. qPCR and Western blot analyses showed that SORL1/SORLA expression peaks at postnatal day 15, just after eye opening. Interestingly, we found that transcripts are somatically located in several neuronal populations residing in the INL and the ganglion cell layer, whereas SORLA protein is also present in the synaptic plexiform layers. In line with receptor expression in dendritic terminals, we found delayed stratification of the inner plexiform layer in knockout mice, indicating an involvement of SORLA in neuronal connectivity. Altogether, these data suggest a novel role of SORLA in synaptogenesis. Receptor dysfunctions may be implicated in morphological and functional impairments of retinal inner layer formation associated with eye disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Monti
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marianne L Jensen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Arnela Mehmedbasic
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Margarita Melnikova Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Ida E Holm
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Pernille Barkholt
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Egija Zole
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian B Vægter
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, DK-9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Li X, Xiong Z, Liu Y, Yuan Y, Deng J, Xiang W, Li Z. Case report of first-episode psychotic symptoms in a patient with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:128. [PMID: 32183776 PMCID: PMC7079379 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder featuring the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Patients with early-onset AD that exhibits first as psychotic symptoms usually lack obvious cognitive impairment, so they may be misdiagnosed with late-onset schizophrenia. CASE PRESENTATION We report a patient who had prominent psychotic symptoms at the age of 60 and was initially diagnosed with very-late-onset-schizophrenia-like psychosis. Psychotic symptoms disappeared rapidly after treatment with olanzapine, and the patient later showed extrapyramidal symptoms and decline in cognitive function. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed frontotemporal atrophy, and positron emission tomography (PET) showed extensive areas of hypometabolism in the frontal cortex and head of the caudate nucleus. The patient's SORL1 gene was found to carry a heterozygrous mutation (c.296A > G). The patient was eventually diagnosed with early-onset AD. CONCLUSIONS Our case suggests that clinicians should consider the possibility of early-onset AD in middle-aged or elderly patients whose first symptoms are the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. To distinguish early-onset AD from late-onset schizophrenia, clinicians should evaluate cognitive function, perform MRI and PET, and search for SORL1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Mental Health Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Zhenzhen Xiong
- grid.413856.d0000 0004 1799 3643School of Nursing, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610083 Sichuan China
| | - Yaya Liu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Mental Health Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,Zun Yi Psychiatric Hospital, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou China
| | - Yiwen Yuan
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Mental Health Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Junfeng Deng
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Mental Health Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Weiyi Xiang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581The West China College of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Zhe Li
- Mental Health Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Han W, Wei Z, Zhang H, Geng C, Dang R, Yang M, Zhang J, Wang C, Jiang P. The Association Between Sortilin and Inflammation in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:71-79. [PMID: 32104044 PMCID: PMC7020934 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s240421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammation is a key contributor to coronary heart disease (CHD). Sortilin is a sorting receptor and has been identified as a critical regulator of inflammatory response. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the link between circulating sortilin levels, proinflammatory cytokine levels, and the occurrence of CHD. Patients and Methods Our study included 227 CHD patients and 101 matched healthy individuals. Circulating serum levels of sortilin and proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, were assessed by a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). Linear regression and correlation analyses were used to estimate the associations between sortilin and proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the sortilin and SORL1 genes were genotyped. Results Elevated levels of sortilin (P=0.027) and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (P=0.013), IL-6 (P=0.000) and TNF-α (P=0.010) were observed in CHD patients compared to those in healthy controls. Furthermore, sortilin levels were significantly positively correlated with IL-1β (r=0.252, P=0.0001), IL-6 (r=0.250, P=0.0001) and TNF-α (r=0.180, P=0.0064) levels. Notably, sortilin polymorphisms were revealed to be associated with the occurrence of CHD and varying sortilin levels. Subjects with the rs599839 AA risk genotype for CHD had significantly higher sortilin levels than those with the GG and GA genotypes (P=0.000); the same tendency was also observed in the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (P=0.003) and TNF-α (P=0.000). Similarly, GG carriers of rs464218 with increased sortilin levels were found to be at increased risk for CHD (P=0.014). The levels of IL-1β (P=0.025) and IL-6 (P=0.015) were also increased in these patients. Conclusion Our findings reveal that high sortilin levels may interact with inflammatory response to contribute to the occurrence of CHD. Considering that our clinical evidence suggests for the first time that sortilin involves in inflammatory response in CHD, the mechanistic role of sortilin in the progression of CHD deserves detailed investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Wei
- Department of Medical Administration, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruili Dang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272011, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Introduction Women are at increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the reason why remains unknown. One hypothesis is that low estrogen levels at menopause increases vulnerability to AD, but this remains unproven. Methods We compared neuronal genes upregulated by estrogen in ovariectomized female rhesus macaques with a database of >17,000 diverse gene sets and applied a rare variant burden test to exome sequencing data from 1208 female AD patients with the age of onset < 75 years and 2162 female AD controls. Results We found a striking overlap between genes upregulated by estrogen in macaques and genes downregulated in the human postmortem AD brain, and we found that estrogen upregulates the APOE gene and that progesterone acts antagonistically to estrogen genome-wide. We also found that female patients with AD have excess rare mutations in the early menopause gene MCM8. Discussion We show with genomic data that the menopausal loss of estrogen could underlie the increased risk for AD in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirami Ratnakumar
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Samuel E Zimmerman
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bryen A Jordan
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jessica C Mar
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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Campion D, Charbonnier C, Nicolas G. SORL1 genetic variants and Alzheimer disease risk: a literature review and meta-analysis of sequencing data. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:173-186. [PMID: 30911827 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Massive parallel sequencing recently allowed the identification of three genes carrying a higher burden of rare, protein-truncating and missense predicted damaging variants in Alzheimer disease (AD) cases as compared to controls: TREM2, SORL1, and ABCA7. SORL1 encodes SorLA, a key protein involved in the processing of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) and the secretion of the Aβ peptide, the aggregation of which triggers AD pathophysiology. Common SORL1 single nucleotide polymorphisms had originally been associated with AD with modest odds ratios (ORs). The association of AD with rare SORL1 coding variants has been demonstrated at the gene level by aggregating protein-truncating (PTV) and rare predicted damaging missense variants. In addition to the loss of SorLA function induced by PTVs, a few missense variants were studied in vitro, showing diverse degrees of decreased SorLA function and leading to increased Aβ secretion. However, the exact functional consequences of most of the missense variants remain to be determined as well as corresponding levels of AD risk. Hereby we review the evidence of the association of SORL1 common and rare variants with AD risk and conduct a meta-analysis of published data on SORL1 rare variants in five large sequencing studies. We observe a significant enrichment in PTVs with ORs of 12.29 (95% confidence interval = [4.22-35.78]) among all AD cases and 27.50 [7.38-102.42] among early-onset cases. Rare [minor allele frequency (MAF) < 1%] and ultra-rare (MAF < 10-4) missense variants that are predicted damaging by 3/3 bioinformatics tools also show significant associations with corresponding ORs of 1.87 [1.54-2.28] and 3.14 [2.30-4.28], respectively. Per-domain analyses show significant association with the APP-binding CR cluster class A repeats and the Aβ-binding VPS10P domains, as well as the fibronectin type III domain, the function of which remains to be specified. These results further support a critical role for SORL1 rare coding variants in AD, although functional and segregation analyses are required to allow an accurate use in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Campion
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France.
- Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-Lès-Rouen, France.
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, 76000, Rouen, France.
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Du Y, Liu C, Ma C, Xu X, Zhou X, Zhou H, Huang C. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation: a case report presenting with a rare variant in SORL1 gene. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:97. [PMID: 31092209 PMCID: PMC6518661 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation (CAA-ri) is a rare clinical entity, characterized by headaches, seizures, rapidly progressive cognitive decline, behavioral changes and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings underlying the autoimmune and inflammatory reaction at the level of CAA-affected vessel. CAA-ri is likely responsive to corticosteroid. MRI shows asymmetric and multifocal white matter hyperintensity (WMH) lesions and multiple cerebral microbleeds. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 homozygosity is associated with CAA-ri strongly [Neurology 68(17):1411-1416, 2007, Ann Neurol 73(4):449-458, 2013, J Alzheimers Dis 44(4):1069-1074, 2015]. SORL1 processes a causal involvement in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as a proposed modulator of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). It is unclear whether SORL1 is involved with CAA-ri or not. Case presentation A 48-year-old woman suffered from a one-day history of a headache, nausea, and vomiting. Neurological examination revealed normal. We diagnosed this case as probable CAA-ri according to the clinic manifestations and MRI. Gene detection indicated a rare variant in SORL1 and ApoE ε4 homozygosity. When treated with corticosteroid, the patient’s clinical symptoms and MRI manifestations were almost relieved. However, when keeping the corticosteroid withdrawal for three months, the patient relapsed with a headache and typical images on MRI emerged. Corticosteroid therapy was effective again. Unfortunately, susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) showed increased microbleeds. With tapering corticosteroid slowly, no recurrence was found on this patient with four-month follow-up. Conclusion A variant of SORL1 may be associated with CAA-ri, recurrence of disease could be detected with MRI by an increased microbleeds. Our case report suggests that corticosteroid therapy might be effective for CAA-ri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Du
- Department of Neurology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, NO. 288, Middle Zhongzhou Road, Xigong Square, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, NO. 288, Middle Zhongzhou Road, Xigong Square, Luoyang, 471000, China.
| | - Congmin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, NO. 288, Middle Zhongzhou Road, Xigong Square, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Neurology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, NO. 288, Middle Zhongzhou Road, Xigong Square, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Xufeng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, NO. 288, Middle Zhongzhou Road, Xigong Square, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Haitao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, NO. 288, Middle Zhongzhou Road, Xigong Square, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Neurology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, NO. 288, Middle Zhongzhou Road, Xigong Square, Luoyang, 471000, China
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Le Guennec K, Tubeuf H, Hannequin D, Wallon D, Quenez O, Rousseau S, Richard AC, Deleuze JF, Boland A, Frebourg T, Gaildrat P, Campion D, Martins A, Nicolas G. Biallelic Loss of Function of SORL1 in an Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease Patient. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:821-831. [PMID: 29480197 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous SORL1 protein truncating variants (PTV) are a strong risk factor for early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). In case control studies performed at the genome-wide level, PTV definition is usually straightforward. Regarding splice site variants, only those affecting canonical sites are typically included. Some other variants, not annotated as PTV, could, however, affect splicing and hence result in a loss of SORL1 function. We took advantage of the whole exome sequencing data from the 9/484 patients with a previously reported SORL1 PTV in the French EOAD series and searched for a second variant which may affect splicing and eventually result in more than 50% loss of function overall. We found that one patient, known to carry a variant predicted to disrupt the canonical 5' splice site of exon 8, also carried a second novel intronic variant predicted to affect SORL1 splicing of exon 29. Segregation analysis showed that the second variant was located in trans from the known PTV. We performed ex vivo minigene splicing assays and showed that both variants led to the generation of transcripts containing a premature stop codon. This is therefore the first evidence of a human carrying biallelic SORL1 PTV. This patient had a family history of dementia in both maternal and paternal lineages with later ages of onset than the proband himself. However, his 55 years age at onset was in the same ranges as previously published SORL1 heterozygous PTV carriers. This suggests that biallelic loss of SORL1 function is an extremely rare event that was not associated with a dramatically earlier age at onset than heterozygous SORL1 loss-of-function variant carriers, in this single patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilan Le Guennec
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Hélène Tubeuf
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Rousseau
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Evry, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Evry, France
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Pascaline Gaildrat
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.,Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Alexandra Martins
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
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Blechingberg J, Poulsen ASA, Kjølby M, Monti G, Allen M, Ivarsen AK, Lincoln SJ, Thotakura G, Vægter CB, Ertekin-Taner N, Nykjær A, Andersen OM. An alternative transcript of the Alzheimer's disease risk gene SORL1 encodes a truncated receptor. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 71:266.e11-266.e24. [PMID: 30078640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SORL1 encodes a 250-kDa protein named sorLA, a functional sorting receptor for the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Several single nucleotide polymorphisms of the gene SORL1, encoding sorLA, are genetically associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the existing literature, SORL1 is insufficiently described at the transcriptional level, and there is very limited amount of functional data defining different transcripts. We have characterized a SORL1 transcript containing a novel exon 30B. The transcript is expressed in most brain regions with highest expression in the temporal lobe and hippocampus. Exon 30B is spliced to exon 31, leading to a mature transcript that encodes an 829 amino acid sorLA receptor. This receptor variant lacks the binding site for APP and is unlikely to function in APP sorting. This transcript is expressed in equal amounts in the cerebellum from AD and non-AD individuals. Our data describe a transcript that encodes a truncated sorLA receptor, suggesting novel neuronal functions for sorLA and that alternative transcription provides a mechanism for SORL1 activity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Blechingberg
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Kjølby
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Giulia Monti
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, FL, USA
| | - Anne Kathrine Ivarsen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Christian B Vægter
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Nykjær
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Aarhus, Denmark; The Danish Research Foundation Center PROMEMO, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Nordic-EMBL Partnership, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Guimas Almeida C, Sadat Mirfakhar F, Perdigão C, Burrinha T. Impact of late-onset Alzheimer's genetic risk factors on beta-amyloid endocytic production. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2577-2589. [PMID: 29704008 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The increased production of the 42 aminoacids long beta-amyloid (Aβ42) peptide has been established as a causal mechanism of the familial early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). In contrast, the causal mechanisms of the late-onset AD (LOAD), that affects most AD patients, remain to be established. Indeed, Aβ42 accumulation has been detected more than 30 years before diagnosis. Thus, the mechanisms that control Aβ accumulation in LOAD likely go awry long before pathogenesis becomes detectable. Early on, APOE4 was identified as the biggest genetic risk factor for LOAD. However, since APOE4 is not present in all LOAD patients, genome-wide association studies of thousands of LOAD patients were undertaken to identify other genetic variants that could explain the development of LOAD. PICALM, BIN1, CD2AP, SORL1, and PLD3 are now with APOE4 among the identified genes at highest risk in LOAD that have been implicated in Aβ42 production. Recent evidence indicates that the regulation of the endocytic trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and/or its secretases to and from sorting endosomes is determinant for Aβ42 production. Thus, here, we will review the described mechanisms, whereby these genetic risk factors can contribute to the enhanced endocytic production of Aβ42. Dissecting causal LOAD mechanisms of Aβ42 accumulation, underlying the contribution of each genetic risk factor, will be required to identify therapeutic targets for novel personalized preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Farzaneh Sadat Mirfakhar
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Perdigão
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Burrinha
- Neuronal Trafficking in Aging Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
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Zhang H, Zheng W, Hua L, Wang Y, Li J, Bai H, Wang S, Du M, Ma X, Xu C, Li X, Gong B, Wang Y. Interaction between PPAR γ and SORL1 gene with Late-Onset Alzheimer's disease in Chinese Han Population. Oncotarget 2017; 8:48313-20. [PMID: 28427149 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims To investigate the impact of sortilin-related receptor 1 gene 1 (SORL1) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR G) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene- gene and gene- environment interactions and haplotype on late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) risk. Methods Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), haplotype analysis and pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis were investigated by using SNPStats (available online at http://bioinfo.iconcologia.net/SNPstats). Logistic regression was performed to investigate association between SNPs and LOAD. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to investigate the interaction among gene- gene and gene- environment interaction. Results Logistic regression analysis showed that LOAD risk was significantly higher in carriers of the A allele of rs1784933 polymorphism than those with GG (GA+ AA versus GG), adjusted OR (95%CI) = 1.63(1.27-1.98), and higher in carriers of G allele of the rs1805192 polymorphism than those with CC (CG+ GG versus CC), adjusted OR (95%CI) = 1.70 (1.25-2.27). GMDR analysis suggested a significant two-locus model (p = 0.0010) involving rs1784933 and rs1805192, and a significant two-locus model (p = 0.0100) involving rs1784933 and alcohol drinking. Haplotype containing the rs1784933- A and rs689021- C alleles were associated with a statistically increased LOAD risk (OR = 1.86, 95%CI = 1.37– 2.52, p < 0.001). Conclusions We conclude that rs1784933 and rs1805192 minor alleles, gene- gene interaction between rs1784933 and rs1805192, gene- environment interaction between rs1784933 and alcohol drinking, and haplotype containing the rs1784933- A and rs689021- C alleles are all associated with increased LOAD risk.
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Krzeminski P, Corchete LA, García JL, López-Corral L, Fermiñán E, García EM, Martín AA, Hernández-Rivas JM, García-Sanz R, San Miguel JF, Gutiérrez NC. Integrative analysis of DNA copy number, DNA methylation and gene expression in multiple myeloma reveals alterations related to relapse. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80664-80679. [PMID: 27811368 PMCID: PMC5348347 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable despite the introduction of novel agents, and a relapsing course is observed in most patients. Although the development of genomic technologies has greatly improved our understanding of MM pathogenesis, the mechanisms underlying relapse have been less thoroughly investigated. In this study, an integrative analysis of DNA copy number, DNA methylation and gene expression was conducted in matched diagnosis and relapse samples from MM patients. Overall, the acquisition of abnormalities at relapse was much more frequent than the loss of lesions present at diagnosis, and DNA losses were significantly more frequent in relapse than in diagnosis samples. Interestingly, copy number abnormalities involving more than 100 Mb of DNA at relapse significantly affect the gene expression of these samples, provoking a particular deregulation of the IL-8 pathway. On the other hand, no significant modifications of gene expression were observed in those samples with less than 100 Mb affected by chromosomal changes. Although several statistical approaches were used to identify genes whose abnormal expression at relapse was regulated by methylation, only two genes that were significantly deregulated in relapse samples (SORL1 and GLT1D1) showed a negative correlation between methylation and expression. Further analysis revealed that DNA methylation was involved in regulating SORL1 expression in MM. Finally, relevant changes in gene expression observed in relapse samples, such us downregulation of CD27 and P2RY8, were most likely not preceded by alterations in the corresponding DNA. Taken together, these results suggest that the genomic heterogeneity described at diagnosis remains at relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Krzeminski
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis A Corchete
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan L García
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Lucía López-Corral
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Encarna Fermiñán
- Unidad de Genómica y Proteómica, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva M García
- Unidad de Genómica y Proteómica, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana A Martín
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús M Hernández-Rivas
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ramón García-Sanz
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús F San Miguel
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigaciones Médicas Aplicadas (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Norma C Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario, IBSAL, IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
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Louwersheimer E, Cohn-Hokke PE, Pijnenburg YAL, Weiss MM, Sistermans EA, Rozemuller AJ, Hulsman M, van Swieten JC, van Duijn CM, Barkhof F, Koene T, Scheltens P, Van der Flier WM, Holstege H. Rare Genetic Variant in SORL1 May Increase Penetrance of Alzheimer's Disease in a Family with Several Generations of APOE-ɛ4 Homozygosity. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:63-74. [PMID: 27911290 PMCID: PMC5240543 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: The major genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the APOE-ɛ4 allele. However, APOE-ɛ4 homozygosity is not fully penetrant, suggesting co-occurrence of additional genetic variants. Objective: To identify genetic factors that, next to APOE-ɛ4 homozygosity, contribute to the development of AD. Methods: We identified a family with nine AD patients spanning four generations, with an inheritance pattern suggestive of autosomal dominant AD, with no variants in PSEN1, PSEN2, or APP. We collected DNA from four affected and seven unaffected family members and performed exome sequencing on DNA from three affected and one unaffected family members. Results: All affected family members were homozygous for the APOE-ɛ4 allele. Statistical analysis revealed that AD onset in this family was significantly earlier than could be expected based on APOE genotype and gender. Next to APOE-ɛ4 homozygosity, we found that all four affected family members carried a rare variant in the VPS10 domain of the SORL1 gene, associated with AβPP processing and AD risk. Furthermore, three of four affected family members carried a rare variant in the TSHZ3 gene, also associated with AβPP processing. Affected family members presented between 61 and 74 years, with variable presence of microbleeds/cerebral amyloid angiopathy and electroencephalographic abnormalities. Conclusion: We hypothesize that next to APOE-ɛ4 homozygosity, impaired SORL1 protein function, and possibly impaired TSHZ3 function, further disturbed Aβ processing. The convergence of these genetic factors over several generations might clarify the increased AD penetrance and the autosomal dominant-like inheritance pattern of AD as observed in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Louwersheimer
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E Cohn-Hokke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan M Weiss
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A Sistermans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marc Hulsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cock M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, UCL, London, UK
| | - Teddy Koene
- Alzheimer Center & Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M Van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henne Holstege
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Luo J, Zhao Y, Xie J, Liu X, Lin F, Hou D. [Establishment of a new cell model mimicking Alzheimer's disease by knocking down SORL1 expression]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2018; 38:8-13. [PMID: 33177021 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a cell model mimicking Alzheimer's disease (AD) by knocking down SORL1 gene and compare the viability, apoptosis, and expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in this model with a traditional Alzheimer's disease cell model. METHODS A traditional cell model of AD was established by inducing N2a cells with Aβ25-35, and the optimal Aβ25-35 concentration was determined by assessing the cell viability changes. Another cell model of AD was established by transfecting N2a cells with SORL1-shRNA lentiviral vector, and SORL1 expression in the transfected cells were detected using Western blotting and qRT-PCR. With wild-type N2a cells without any treatment and cells transfected with a scramble shRNA as the control groups, the two cell models were examined for cell viability with MTT assay, cell apoptosis with flow cytometry, and TNF-α and IL -1β levels in the culture supernatant with ELISA. RESULTS The two cell models of AD showed obviously decreased viability and increased cell apoptosis compared with the untreated control cells or cells transfected with a scramble shRNA (P < 0.05); no significant difference was found in the cell viability and apoptosis rate between the two AD cell models or between the two control groups (P>0.05). Significantly increased expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β were observed in both of the two cell models compared with their respective control groups (P < 0.05) without significant differences between the two cell models or between the two control groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS A new AD cell model similar to Aβ25-35-induced AD model can be established by SORL1 knockdown in N2a cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jingwen Xie
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Fangbo Lin
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Deren Hou
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Bellenguez C, Charbonnier C, Grenier-Boley B, Quenez O, Le Guennec K, Nicolas G, Chauhan G, Wallon D, Rousseau S, Richard AC, Boland A, Bourque G, Munter HM, Olaso R, Meyer V, Rollin-Sillaire A, Pasquier F, Letenneur L, Redon R, Dartigues JF, Tzourio C, Frebourg T, Lathrop M, Deleuze JF, Hannequin D, Genin E, Amouyel P, Debette S, Lambert JC, Campion D; CNR MAJ collaborators. Contribution to Alzheimer's disease risk of rare variants in TREM2, SORL1, and ABCA7 in 1779 cases and 1273 controls. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 59:220.e1-9. [PMID: 28789839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We performed whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing in 927 late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) cases, 852 early-onset AD (EOAD) cases, and 1273 controls from France. We assessed the evidence for gene-based association of rare variants with AD in 6 genes for which an association with such variants was previously claimed. When aggregating protein-truncating and missense-predicted damaging variants, we found exome-wide significant association between EOAD risk and rare variants in SORL1, TREM2, and ABCA7. No exome-wide significant signal was obtained in the LOAD sample, and significance of the order of 10-6 was observed in the whole AD group for TREM2. Our study confirms previous gene-level results for TREM2, SORL1, and ABCA7 and provides a clearer insight into the classes of rare variants involved. Despite different effect sizes and varying cumulative minor allele frequencies, the rare protein-truncating and missense-predicted damaging variants in TREM2, SORL1, and ABCA7 contribute similarly to the heritability of EOAD and explain between 1.1% and 1.5% of EOAD heritability each, compared with 9.12% for APOE ε4.
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Thonberg H, Chiang HH, Lilius L, Forsell C, Lindström AK, Johansson C, Björkström J, Thordardottir S, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C, Rönnbäck A, Graff C. Identification and description of three families with familial Alzheimer disease that segregate variants in the SORL1 gene. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:43. [PMID: 28595629 PMCID: PMC5465543 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. The majority of AD cases are sporadic, while up to 5% are families with an early onset AD (EOAD). Mutations in one of the three genes: amyloid beta precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1) or presenilin 2 (PSEN2) can be disease causing. However, most EOAD families do not carry mutations in any of these three genes, and candidate genes, such as the sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1), have been suggested to be potentially causative. To identify AD causative variants, we performed whole-exome sequencing on five individuals from a family with EOAD and a missense variant, p.Arg1303Cys (c.3907C > T) was identified in SORL1 which segregated with disease and was further characterized with immunohistochemistry on two post mortem autopsy cases from the same family. In a targeted re-sequencing effort on independent index patients from 35 EOAD-families, a second SORL1 variant, c.3050-2A > G, was found which segregated with the disease in 3 affected and was absent in one unaffected family member. The c.3050-2A > G variant is located two nucleotides upstream of exon 22 and was shown to cause exon 22 skipping, resulting in a deletion of amino acids Gly1017- Glu1074 of SORL1. Furthermore, a third SORL1 variant, c.5195G > C, recently identified in a Swedish case control cohort included in the European Early-Onset Dementia (EU EOD) consortium study, was detected in two affected siblings in a third family with familial EOAD. The finding of three SORL1-variants that segregate with disease in three separate families with EOAD supports the involvement of SORL1 in AD pathology. The cause of these rare monogenic forms of EOAD has proven difficult to find and the use of exome and genome sequencing may be a successful route to target them.
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Felsky D, Xu J, Chibnik LB, Schneider JA, Knight J, Kennedy JL, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Voineskos AN; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Genetic epistasis regulates amyloid deposition in resilient aging. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13:1107-16. [PMID: 28322202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) interacts with important genetic Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factors. Specifically, variants within the SORL1 gene determine BDNF's ability to reduce amyloid β (Aβ) in vitro. We sought to test whether functional BDNF variation interacts with SORL1 genotypes to influence expression and downstream AD-related processes in humans. METHODS We analyzed postmortem brain RNA sequencing and neuropathological data for 441 subjects from the Religious Orders Study/Memory and Aging Project and molecular and structural neuroimaging data for 1285 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. RESULTS We found one SORL1 RNA transcript strongly regulated by SORL1-BDNF interactions in elderly without pathological AD and showing stronger associations with diffuse than neuritic Aβ plaques. The same SORL1-BDNF interactions also significantly influenced Aβ load as measured with [18F]Florbetapir positron emission tomography. DISCUSSION Our results bridge the gap between risk and resilience factors for AD, demonstrating interdependent roles of established SORL1 and BDNF functional genotypes.
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Shen J, Qin W, Xu Q, Xu L, Xu J, Zhang P, Liu H, Liu B, Jiang T, Yu C. Modulation of APOE and SORL1 genes on hippocampal functional connectivity in healthy young adults. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2877-89. [PMID: 28229235 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and sortilin-related receptor (SORL1) genes act on the same metabolic pathway and have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) characterized by hippocampal impairment. Although the effects of APOE on hippocampal resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) have been reported, the main effects of SORL1 and SORL1 × APOE interactions on hippocampal rsFC in healthy subjects remain largely unknown. Here, we systematically investigated the main effects of SORL1 rs2070045, and APOE, and their interaction effects on hippocampal rsFC in healthy young adults. The main effect of APOE showed that risk ε4 carriers had decreased positive hippocampal rsFC with the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, and increased positive hippocampal rsFC with the sensorimotor cortex compared with non-ε4 carriers. The main effect of SORL1 showed that risk G-allele carriers had decreased positive rsFC between the hippocampus and middle temporal gyrus compared with TT carriers. No significant additive interaction was observed. Instead, significant SORL1 × APOE non-additive interaction was found in negative rsFC between the hippocampus and inferior frontal gyrus. Compared with subjects with TT genotype, SORL1 G-allele carriers had a stronger negative rsFC in APOE ε4 carriers, but a weaker negative rsFC in APOE non-ε4 carriers. These findings suggest that SORL1 and APOE genes modulate different hippocampal rsFCs and have a complex interaction. The SORL1- and APOE-dependent hippocampal connectivity changes may at least partly account for their association with AD.
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