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Lee CY, Wu MH, Huang TJ, Wang PY, Wu ATH. Hypertrophic Ligamentum Flavum in Lumbar Spine Stenosis Is Associated With the Increased Expression of Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine. Global Spine J 2024; 14:1248-1256. [PMID: 36355427 DOI: 10.1177/21925682221138766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Basic research. OBJECTIVES Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a critical pro-fibrotic mediator. This study aims to characterize the role of SPARC in hypertrophic ligamentum flavum (LF) and fibrosis. METHODS Hypertrophic LF samples were obtained from 8 patients with L4/5 lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) during the decompressive laminectomy. Non-hypertrophic LF from age- and sex-matched 8 patients with L4/5 lumbar disc herniation was selected as control. An in vitro model of fibrosis in human LF cells was established by interleukin 6 (IL-6) to assess SPARC expression. RESULTS Hypertrophic LF samples had higher fibrosis scores than control samples by Masson's trichrome staining (3.6 vs. 1.3, P < .001). Hypertrophic LF samples had significantly more positive staining for collagen and SPARC. Collagen III (Col3), α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and SPARC mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in hypertrophic LF samples than in control samples by qPCR. SPARC expression and fibrotic and inflammatory makers (collagen I, Col3, IL-6, interleukin 1β) were significantly upregulated in IL-6 stimulation of normal LF in vitro. CONCLUSION SPARC was detected in human LF and significantly upregulated in the clinical samples of hypertrophic LF compared to their normal counterparts. We also demonstrated an increased level of SPARC in an in vitro fibrosis model of LF. Thus, SPARC could be a crucial biomarker for the pathogenesis of hypertrophic LF and a therapeutic target for LSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Lee
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University
| | - Meng-Huang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jen Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alexander T H Wu
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- The PhD Program of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Jiang S, Sun HF, Li S, Zhang N, Chen JS, Liu JX. SPARC: a potential target for functional nanomaterials and drugs. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1235428. [PMID: 37577749 PMCID: PMC10419254 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1235428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), also termed osteonectin or BM-40, is a matricellular protein which regulates cell adhesion, extracellular matrix production, growth factor activity, and cell cycle. Although SPARC does not perform a structural function, it, however, modulates interactions between cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix due to its anti-proliferative and anti-adhesion properties. The overexpression of SPARC at sites, including injury, regeneration, obesity, cancer, and inflammation, reveals its application as a prospective target and therapeutic indicator in the treatment and assessment of disease. This article comprehensively summarizes the mechanism of SPARC overexpression in inflammation and tumors as well as the latest research progress of functional nanomaterials in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and tumors by manipulating SPARC as a new target. This article provides ideas for using functional nanomaterials to treat inflammatory diseases through the SPARC target. The purpose of this article is to provide a reference for ongoing disease research based on SPARC-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Hui-Feng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- College Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Ji-Song Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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3
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Kim MH, Lim SH. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Glaucoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101368. [PMID: 36291577 PMCID: PMC9599265 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that decompose extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. MMPs are thought to play important roles in cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, migration, apoptosis, and host defense. MMPs are distributed in almost all intraocular tissues and are involved in physiological and pathological mechanisms of the eye. MMPs are also associated with glaucoma, a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the eyes. MMP activity affects intraocular pressure control and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells, which are the pathological mechanisms of glaucoma. It also affects the risk of glaucoma development based on genetic pleomorphism. In addition, MMPs may affect the treatment outcomes of glaucoma, including the success rate of surgical treatment and side effects on the ocular surface due to glaucoma medications. This review discusses the various relationships between MMP and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daegu Premier Eye Center, Suseong-ro 197, Suseong-Gu, Daegu 42153, Korea
| | - Su-Ho Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daegu Veterans Health Service Medical Center, 60 Wolgok-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42835, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-630-7572
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4
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Chun YY, Tan WWR, Vos MIG, Chan WK, Tey HL, Tan NS, Tan TTY. Scar prevention through topical delivery of gelatin-tyramine-siSPARC nanoplex loaded in dissolvable hyaluronic acid microneedle patch across skin barrier. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3963-3971. [PMID: 35708018 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is no effective method to prevent the formation of hypertrophic scars and keloids, which can cause severe physical and psychological burdens to patients. Secreted protein acidic and cysteine-rich (SPARC) is involved in wound fibrosis by modulating fibroblast functions, causing excessive collagen deposition during wound healing. Thus, the reduction in SPARC gene expression after wounding can contribute to the downstream reduction in collagen production at the wound site and prevent scar formation. In this study, a dissolvable and biocompatible hyaluronic acid (HA) microneedle patch loaded with nanoplexes containing tyramine-modified gelatin and siRNA for SPARC (siSPARC/Gtn-Tyr) was investigated for topical scar prevention. Tyramine-modified gelatin (Gtn-Tyr) provides electrostatic protection and enhances cell internalization for siSPARC. In vitro studies using human dermal fibroblasts showed that both siSPARC/Gtn-Tyr nanoplexes and siSPARC/Gtn-Tyr-loaded microneedle patches can significantly reduce SPARC gene expression (P < 0.05) and do not cause discernable cytotoxic effects. Further studies using a mouse wound model demonstrate that the siSPARC/Gtn-Tyr-loaded microneedle patch can reduce collagen production during wound healing without triggering an immune response. When Gtn-Tyr-siSPARC is administered transdermally at the wound site, effective collagen reduction is achieved through silencing of the matricellular SPARC protein, thus promising the reduction of scar formation. Overall, the siSPARC/Gtn-Tyr loaded microneedle patch can potentially provide an effective transdermal anti-fibrotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yao Chun
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637459.
| | - William Wei Ren Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232
| | - Marcus Ivan Gerard Vos
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232
| | - Wen Kiat Chan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637459.
| | - Hong Liang Tey
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232.,National Skin Centre, 1 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308205.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637551
| | - Timothy Thatt Yang Tan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637459.
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Valproic acid modulates collagen architecture in the postoperative conjunctival scar. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:947-961. [PMID: 35583819 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA), widely used for the treatment of neurological disorders, has anti-fibrotic activity by reducing collagen production in the postoperative conjunctiva. In this study, we investigated the capacity of VPA to modulate the postoperative collagen architecture. Histochemical examination revealed that VPA treatment was associated with the formation of thinner collagen fibers in the postoperative days 7 and 14 scars. At the micrometer scale, measurements by quantitative multiphoton microscopy indicated that VPA reduced mean collagen fiber thickness by 1.25-fold. At the nanometer scale, collagen fibril thickness and diameter measured by transmission electron microscopy were decreased by 1.08- and 1.20-fold, respectively. Moreover, delicate filamentous structures in random aggregates or closely associated with collagen fibrils were frequently observed in VPA-treated tissue. At the molecular level, VPA reduced Col1a1 but induced Matn2, Matn3, and Matn4 in the postoperative day 7 conjunctival tissue. Elevation of matrilin protein expression induced by VPA was sustained till at least postoperative day 14. In primary conjunctival fibroblasts, Matn2 expression was resistant to both VPA and TGF-β2, Matn3 was sensitive to both VPA and TGF-β2 individually and synergistically, while Matn4 was modulable by VPA but not TGF-β2. MATN2, MATN3, and MATN4 localized in close association with COL1A1 in the postoperative conjunctiva. These data indicate that VPA has the capacity to reduce collagen fiber thickness and potentially collagen assembly, in association with matrilin upregulation. These properties suggest potential VPA application for the prevention of fibrotic progression in the postoperative conjunctiva. KEY MESSAGES: VPA reduces collagen fiber and fibril thickness in the postoperative scar. VPA disrupts collagen fiber assembly in conjunctival wound healing. VPA induces MATN2, MATN3, and MATN4 in the postoperative scar.
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6
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van Mechelen RJS, Wolters JE, Bertens CJF, Webers CAB, van den Biggelaar FJHM, Gorgels TGMF, Beckers HJM. Animal models and drug candidates for use in glaucoma filtration surgery: A systematic review. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108972. [PMID: 35114212 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a degenerative disease of the optic nerve, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Currently, there is no curative treatment. The only proven treatment is lowering intraocular pressure (IOP), the most important risk factor. Glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) can effectively lower IOP. However, approximately 10% of all surgeries fail yearly due to excessive wound healing, leading to fibrosis. GFS animal models are commonly used for the development of novel treatment modalities. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of available animal models and anti-fibrotic drug candidates. MEDLINE and Embase were systematically searched. Manuscripts until September 1st, 2021 were included. Studies that used animal models of GFS were included in this review. Additionally, the snowball method was used to identify other publications which had not been identified through the systematic search. Two hundred articles were included in this manuscript. Small rodents (e.g. mice and rats) are often used to study the fibrotic response after GFS and to test drug candidates. Due to their larger eyes, rabbits are better suited to develop medical devices. Novel drugs aim to inhibit specific pathways, e.g. through the use of modulators, monoclonal antibodies, aqueous suppressants or gene therapy. Although most newly studied drugs offer a higher safety profile compared to antimetabolites, their efficacy is in most cases lower when compared to MMC. Current literature on animal models and potential drug candidates for GFS were summarized in this review. Future research should focus on refining current animal models (for example through the induction of glaucoma prior to undertaking GFS) and standardizing animal research to ensure a higher reproducibility and reliability across different research groups. Lastly, novel therapies need to be further optimized, e.g. by conducting more research on the dosage, administration route, application frequency, the option of creating combination therapies, or the development of drug delivery systems for sustained release of anti-fibrotic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph J S van Mechelen
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), 6202 AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), 6229 GS, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jarno Ej Wolters
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), 6202 AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), 6229 GS, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christian J F Bertens
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), 6202 AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Chemelot Institute for Science and Technology (InSciTe), 6229 GS, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carroll A B Webers
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), 6202 AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J H M van den Biggelaar
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), 6202 AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo G M F Gorgels
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), 6202 AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Henny J M Beckers
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), 6202 AZ, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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7
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Chew ACY, Seet LF, Chu SWL, Lwin NC, Wong TT. Effect of peripheral iridectomy on VEGF-A and TGF-β levels in rabbit aqueous humour. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:23. [PMID: 35031016 PMCID: PMC8759248 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral iridectomy (PI), routinely performed during glaucoma filtration surgery, may contribute to scarring. This study aims to determine whether PI alters the concentrations of VEGF-A and TGF-β isoforms in the rabbit aqueous humour. Methods Anterior chamber paracentesis (ACP) was performed in both eyes of six New Zealand white rabbits, with additional surgical PI performed in the right eyes. Eyes were examined on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 7, 30 and 60 by means of the tonopen, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and bead-based cytokine assays for TGF-β and VEGF-A concentrations in the aqueous humor. Results ACP caused a significant reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) from mean preoperative 11.47 ± 1.01 mmHg to 5.67 ± 1.63 mmHg on POD 1 while PI did not cause further IOP reduction. Limbal conjunctival vasculature appeared slightly increased on POD 1 in both ACP and PI eyes with PI also causing mild bleeding from damaged iris vessels. Two PI eyes developed fibrinous anterior chamber reaction and/ or peripheral anterior synechiae. Aqueous VEGF-A levels were not significantly different between eyes treated with ACP and PI. Aqueous TGF-β concentrations distributed in the ratio of 4:800:1 for TGF-β1:TGF-β2:TGF-β3 respectively. While aqueous TGF-β2 was not significantly induced by either procedure at any time point, TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 were significantly induced above baseline levels by PI on POD 1. Conclusion PI increases the risk of inflammation. The combined induction of aqueous TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 by PI in glaucoma surgery may impact surgery success in glaucoma subtypes sensitive to these isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel C Y Chew
- Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li-Fong Seet
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Nyein C Lwin
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tina T Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Singapore. .,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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8
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Yap ZL, Seet LF, Chu SW, Toh LZ, Ibrahim FI, Wong TT. Effect of valproic acid on functional bleb morphology in a rabbit model of minimally invasive surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 106:1028-1036. [PMID: 34266858 PMCID: PMC9234410 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-318691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effect of valproic acid (VPA) on bleb morphology and scar characteristics in a rabbit model of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS). Methods Nine New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to MIGS with intraoperative implantation of the PreserFlo MicroShunt. Rabbits were then administered with subconjunctival injections of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (n=4) or with VPA (n=5). Bleb morphology was examined by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and in vivo confocal microscopy. Postoperative day 28 tissues were examined by immunohistochemical evaluation and label-free multiphoton microscopy to visualise the collagen matrix, by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling assay and immunofluorescent labelling for Ki67 expression to detect apoptosis and cell growth, and by real-time quantitative PCR to measure Col1a1, Fn, and Smad6 transcript expression. Results VPA-treated blebs were detectable on day 28, while the PBS-treated blebs were not detectable by day 14. VPA-treated blebs were diffuse, extended posteriorly with near normal conjunctival vascularity and featured a combination of reticular/blurred stromal pattern with evidence of relatively large stromal cysts. Instead of the deposition of thick, disorganised collagen fibres characteristic of the PBS bleb, the VPA bleb contained conspicuously thinner collagen fibres which were associated with similarly thinner fibronectin fibres. In corroboration, Col1a1 and Fn mRNA expression was reduced in the VPA blebs, while increased Smad6 expression implicated the disruption of the transforming growth factor beta pathway. Apoptosis and cell growth profiles appeared similar with both treatments. Conclusions The results support the application of VPA to enhance bleb morphology associated with good bleb function in MIGS with no apparent cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Li Yap
- Department of Ophthalmology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Li-Fong Seet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Stephanie Wl Chu
- Ocular Therapeutics & Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Li Zhen Toh
- Ocular Therapeutics & Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | | | - Tina T Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
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Pouw AE, Greiner MA, Coussa RG, Jiao C, Han IC, Skeie JM, Fingert JH, Mullins RF, Sohn EH. Cell-Matrix Interactions in the Eye: From Cornea to Choroid. Cells 2021; 10:687. [PMID: 33804633 PMCID: PMC8003714 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in all parts of the eye, from maintaining clarity and hydration of the cornea and vitreous to regulating angiogenesis, intraocular pressure maintenance, and vascular signaling. This review focuses on the interactions of the ECM for homeostasis of normal physiologic functions of the cornea, vitreous, retina, retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane, and choroid as well as trabecular meshwork, optic nerve, conjunctiva and tenon's layer as it relates to glaucoma. A variety of pathways and key factors related to ECM in the eye are discussed, including but not limited to those related to transforming growth factor-β, vascular endothelial growth factor, basic-fibroblastic growth factor, connective tissue growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases (including MMP-2 and MMP-9, and MMP-14), collagen IV, fibronectin, elastin, canonical signaling, integrins, and endothelial morphogenesis consistent of cellular activation-tubulogenesis and cellular differentiation-stabilization. Alterations contributing to disease states such as wound healing, diabetes-related complications, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, angiogenesis, fibrosis, age-related macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and posteriorly inserted vitreous base are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Pouw
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mark A. Greiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Razek G. Coussa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Chunhua Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ian C. Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jessica M. Skeie
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
| | - John H. Fingert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Robert F. Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Elliott H. Sohn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (A.E.P.); (M.A.G.); (R.G.C.); (C.J.); (I.C.H.); (J.M.S.); (J.H.F.); (R.F.M.)
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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10
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Chong RS, Crowston JG, Wong TT. Experimental models of glaucoma filtration surgery. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:9-15. [PMID: 32715621 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma filtration surgery plays an important role in achieving intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction in patients who have high IOP despite maximum medical therapy. Preclinical experimental models of glaucoma filtration surgery contribute a great deal to our knowledge of the wound healing processes that predispose to scarring and may lead to poor outcomes. However, this research needs to be interpreted in the light of the specific study design, animal model and methods used. We review the existing literature addressing various models of experimental glaucoma filtration surgery, discuss the considerations in assessing these models and describe future steps in evaluating potential therapeutics and bleb characteristics that could impact translational research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Chong
- Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore Singapore
- Duke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore Singapore
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore Singapore
- Duke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
| | - Tina T Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore Singapore
- Duke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
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Chun YY, Yap ZL, Seet LF, Chan HH, Toh LZ, Chu SWL, Lee YS, Wong TT, Tan TTY. Positive-charge tuned gelatin hydrogel-siSPARC injectable for siRNA anti-scarring therapy in post glaucoma filtration surgery. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1470. [PMID: 33446775 PMCID: PMC7809290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy is a promising epigenetic silencing strategy. However, its widespread adoption has been severely impeded by its ineffective delivery into the cellular environment. Here, a biocompatible injectable gelatin-based hydrogel with positive-charge tuned surface charge is presented as an effective platform for siRNA protection and delivery. We demonstrate a two-step synthesis of a gelatin-tyramine (Gtn-Tyr) hydrogel with simultaneous charge tunability and crosslinking ability. We discuss how different physiochemical properties of the hydrogel interact with siSPARC (siRNA for secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine), and study the positive-charge tuned gelatin hydrogel as an effective delivery platform for siSPARC in anti-fibrotic treatment. Through in vitro studies using mouse tenon fibroblasts, the positive-charge tuned Gtn-Tyr hydrogel shows sustained siSPARC cellular internalization and effective SPARC silencing with excellent biocompatibility. Similarly, the same hydrogel platform delivering siSPARC in an in vivo assessment employing a rabbit model shows an effective reduction in subconjunctival scarring in post glaucoma filtration surgery, and is non-cytotoxic compared to a commonly used anti-scarring agent, mitomycin-C. Overall, the current siRNA delivery strategy involving the positive-charge tuned gelatin hydrogel shows effective delivery of gene silencing siSPARC for anti-fibrotic treatment. The current charge tunable hydrogel delivery system is simple to fabricate and highly scalable. We believe this delivery platform has strong translational potential for effective siRNA delivery and epigenetic silencing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yao Chun
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- Ocular Imaging, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Zhu Li Yap
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
| | - Li Fong Seet
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Hiok Hong Chan
- Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
| | - Li Zhen Toh
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Stephanie W L Chu
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Ying Shi Lee
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
| | - Tina T Wong
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road Discovery Tower Level 6, The Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
- Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore, 168751, Singapore.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Faculty Ave, Singapore, 639977, Singapore.
| | - Timothy T Y Tan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
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Nox4 Facilitates TGFβ1-Induced Fibrotic Response in Human Tenon's Fibroblasts and Promotes Wound Collagen Accumulation in Murine Model of Glaucoma Filtration Surgery. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111126. [PMID: 33202904 PMCID: PMC7696451 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen accumulation in sub-conjunctival tissue at the surgical wound is one of the major complications associated with glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). This process often leads to unwanted fibrotic scar formation at the lesion site and dysfunction of tissues. Previously, we demonstrated that NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is implicated in transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ)-induced collagen production in ocular fibroblasts and scarring responses in a mouse model of corneal injury. Here, we propose that Nox4 is an important facilitator of TGFβ-induced responses. We tested this hypothesis in human Tenon’s fibroblasts (HTF) and also assessed a role of Nox4 in an experimental mouse model of GFS. TGFβ1 induced Nox4 mRNA expression but downregulated Nox5 in HTF. Targeting Nox4 gene expression with an adenovirus carrying a Nox4 small interfering RNA (siRNA) (Ad-Nox4i) or removal of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with EUK-134 (25 μM) in HTFs significantly reduced TGFβ1-induced Nox4 expression, H2O2 production, and collagen synthesis (p < 0.05, n = 3–6). SIS3 (5 μM) that prevents Smad3 phosphorylation is found to suppress TGFβ1-induced collagen production in HTFs. Furthermore, Ad-Nox4i and EUK-134 both abolished TGFβ1-stimulated proliferation of HTFs. We also compared collagen deposition at the wound arising from GFS between wildtype (WT) and Nox4 knockout (KO) mice. Both collagen deposition and fibrovascularization at the wound were significantly decreased in Nox4 KO mice at 14 days after GFS. Our results provide comprehensive evidence that Nox4 is an important mediator for TGFβ1-induced responses in HTFs and collagen deposition in surgical wound following GFS in mice. As such, pharmacological inhibition of Nox4 would be a viable therapeutic strategy for the control of scarring after glaucoma surgery.
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13
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Seet LF, Chu SWL, Teng X, Toh LZ, Wong TT. Assessment of progressive alterations in collagen organization in the postoperative conjunctiva by multiphoton microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6495-6515. [PMID: 33282504 PMCID: PMC7687938 DOI: 10.1364/boe.403555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) commonly fails due to excessive fibrosis. As collagen structure aberrations is implicated in adverse fibrotic progression, this study aims to uncover collagen organization alterations during postoperative scarring. Via quantitative second harmonic generation/two photon excitation multiphoton imaging, we reveal the scar development and phenotype in the mouse model of conjunctival scarring. We also show that multiphoton imaging corroborated the collagen ultrastructure anomaly characteristic of the SPARC-/- mouse postoperative conjunctiva. These data improve our understanding of postoperative conjunctival scarring and further enhance the utility of this model for the development of anti-fibrotic therapeutics for GFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fong Seet
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Co-corresponding authors
| | - Stephanie W L Chu
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | | | - Li Zhen Toh
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Tina T Wong
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Co-corresponding authors
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14
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Alteration of gene expression in mice after glaucoma filtration surgery. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15036. [PMID: 32929145 PMCID: PMC7490364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the early alterations of gene expression using a mouse model of glaucoma filtration surgery, we carried out microarray expression analysis. Using BALB/c mice, a filtration surgery model was made by incision of the limbal conjunctiva, followed by the insertion of a 33G needle tip into the anterior chamber, and 11-0 nylon sutures. Subgroups of mice were treated intraoperatively with 0.4 mg/ml mitomycin-C (MMC). At day 3 after surgery the bleb was maintained. The bleb region tissue was sampled 3 days after the filtration surgery, and gene expression analysis was carried out using a mouse Agilent 8 × 60 K array. We found 755 hyperexpressed transcripts in the bleb region compared to control conjunctiva. The hyperexpressed transcripts included epithelial cell metaplasia-related (Il1b, Krt16, Sprr1b), inflammation-related (Ccl2, Il6) and wound healing-related (Lox, Timp1) genes. We also found downregulation of a goblet cell marker gene (Gp2) in the bleb conjunctiva. MMC treatment suppressed elastin (Eln) gene expression and enhanced keratinization-related gene expression (Krt1, Lor) in the bleb region. Our results suggest the importance of epithelial wound healing after filtration surgery, and this filtration surgery model will be a useful tool for further pathophysiological analysis.
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15
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Germanova VN, Karlova EV, Zolotarev AV. [Medicated prevention of scarring after glaucoma surgery]. Vestn Oftalmol 2020; 136:130-137. [PMID: 32779467 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2020136041130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of wound healing is one of the main challenges in glaucoma surgery. Modern antiproliferative agents used to reduce postoperative scarring are either insufficiently effective or inadequate in terms of safety. In the search for novel agents devoid of such drawbacks, specialists directed their attention to selective inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors. The article reviews pathophysiologic basis of wound healing, characteristics of inflammatory mediators affecting fibroblast proliferation and scarring, and provides description of the currently used and new, potentially promising antiproliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Germanova
- Samara State Medical University, Department of Ophthalmology, Samara, Russia.,Samara Regional Clinical Ophthalmological Hospital named after T.I. Eroshevsky, Samara, Russia
| | - E V Karlova
- Samara State Medical University, Department of Ophthalmology, Samara, Russia.,Samara Regional Clinical Ophthalmological Hospital named after T.I. Eroshevsky, Samara, Russia
| | - A V Zolotarev
- Samara State Medical University, Department of Ophthalmology, Samara, Russia.,Samara Regional Clinical Ophthalmological Hospital named after T.I. Eroshevsky, Samara, Russia
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SPARC Levels Modulate the Capacity of Mitomycin to Inhibit the Proliferation of Human Tenon's Capsule Fibroblasts. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:5703286. [PMID: 32104594 PMCID: PMC7035548 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5703286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the role of SPARC in the antiproliferation effect of MMC on human Tenon's fibroblasts (HTF). Method Sixteen PACG patients aged 59 ± 10 years (31-72 years), including 6 males and 10 females, were recruited. Tenon tissue was harvested during filtering surgery. Cell density was evaluated after MMC application with different concentrations and application times, by which the optimized MMC application modality was determined. MMC, si-SPARC, or SPARC protein was used when needed to evaluate the cell densities under different conditions, by which the role of SPARC in MMC-mediated antifibrotic process was identified. Results Considering that the cell densities, as well as SPARC expression on mRNA and protein levels, are relatively stable when the MMC concentration is higher than 0.02% and exposure time longer than 90 s, we chose the MMC application pattern with 0.02% and 90 s as an optimized pattern for the downstream work. Compared to control, the si-SPARC and MMC downregulated the SPARC protein by 91% (P < 0.01) and 65% (P < 0.01) and 65% (P < 0.01) and 65% (P < 0.01) and 65% (P < 0.01) and 65% (P < 0.01) and 65% (P < 0.01) and 65% (P < 0.01) and 65% (. Conclusion This study demonstrates that in HTF, (1) MMC downregulates the expression of SPARC in protein and mRNA levels; (2) SPARC depletion has synergistic effect on the antifibrotic effect of MMC; and (3) reactive oxygen species are the possible mediator in the antifibrotic effect of MMC and si-SPARC.
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17
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Seet LF, Toh LZ, Chu SWL, Wong TT. RelB regulates basal and proinflammatory induction of conjunctival CCL2. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019; 29:29-42. [PMID: 31618101 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1662060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated the involvement of NF-kB in regulating postoperative conjunctival inflammation.Methods: Experimental surgery was performed as described for the mouse model of conjunctival scarring. Expression of NF-κB in postoperative conjunctival tissues or conjunctival fibroblasts were assessed by real-time PCR, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analyses. Downregulation of RelB was achieved using small interfering RNA. Cellular cytokine secretion was determined using multiplex cytokine assay.Results: RelB was the most highly induced member of the NF-kB family on day 2 post-surgery. Elevated RelB may be found associated with vimentin-positive cells and fibroblasts in vivo and in vitro. In conjunctival fibroblasts, RelB may be induced by TNF-α but not TGF-β2 while its silencing caused selective induction of CCL2 secretion by both basal and TNF-α-stimulated fibroblasts.Conclusions: High RelB induction in the inflammatory phase and the selective modulation of CCL2 suggest a specific anti-inflammatory role for RelB in the postoperative conjunctiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fong Seet
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Li Zhen Toh
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Stephanie W L Chu
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Tina T Wong
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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18
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Wen J, Lin X, Gao W, Qu B, Zuo Y, Liu R, Yu M. Inhibition of LPA1 Signaling Impedes Conversion of Human Tenon's Fibroblasts into Myofibroblasts Via Suppressing TGF-β/Smad2/3 Signaling. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:331-340. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianchai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuyou Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Minbin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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19
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Zhang Z, Miao Y, Wang J, Zhou M, Fu M, Wang Y. Matricellular Protein Levels in Aqueous Humor and Surgical Outcomes of Trabeculectomy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3906-3910. [PMID: 30073351 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to quantify levels of three matricellular proteins in the aqueous humor in patients with previous acute primary angle closure (APAC) and investigate their correlation with bleb morphology and surgical outcomes of trabeculectomy. Methods In this prospective study, aqueous humor samples were collected from 40 previous APAC eyes. Concentrations of three matricellular proteins-secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), thrombospondin-2, and osteopontin-were measured using multiplexed immunoassays kits. Intraocular pressure was measured using Goldmann application tonometry. Bleb morphology was assessed using anterior segment optical coherence tomography, and bleb score was calculated according to bleb size and reflectivity. Results When previous APAC eyes were divided according to surgical outcome 18 months after trabeculectomy, SPARC protein was significantly higher in aqueous humor in the failure group (P = 0.009). When previous APAC eyes were divided according to SPARC level, eyes with low SPARC levels had significantly higher overall success rate compared with eyes with high SPARC levels (P = 0.005 for complete success and P = 0.018 for qualified success). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that eyes with higher levels of SPARC were more likely to have a failed filtration surgery than were eyes with lower levels of SPARC. For complete success, P = 0.006 and odds ratio (OR) = 6.458; for qualified success, P = 0.033 and OR = 2.608. The level of SPARC was found to have a positive correlation with bleb score (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.471). Conclusions In previous APAC patients, the SPARC level in aqueous humor is a prognostic factor for surgical results of trabeculectomy. Modulation of SPARC expression may have potential clinical applications after filtration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyu Miao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minwen Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingshui Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
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20
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Valproic acid exerts specific cellular and molecular anti-inflammatory effects in post-operative conjunctiva. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 97:63-75. [PMID: 30456449 PMCID: PMC6326969 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor used clinically for neurological disorders. It is also potentially useful as anti-fibrotic therapy as it reduced collagen deposition in the post-operative conjunctiva. In this study, we further evaluated the effects of VPA on post-operative inflammation using the mouse model of conjunctival scarring. VPA, injected into the subconjunctiva immediately after surgery, did not cause any adverse tissue response when examined by live microscopy and produced an apparent reduction of proinflammatory and proangiogenic markers in immunohistological examinations. In-depth analyses of the treated operated tissues revealed that VPA selectively inhibited the CD45highF4/80low macrophage subset as well as the production of specific proinflammatory cytokines/ chemokines, including CXCL1, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 which were reduced by ≥ 2.0-fold. VPA also specifically reduced tissue NF-кB2 p100 protein by mean 3.87-fold. On conjunctival fibroblasts, VPA treatment resulted in decreased secretion of specific cytokines, including CCL2, VEGF-A, and IL-15. In the presence of TNF-α, VPA inhibited the induction of specific cytokines/chemokines, notably CCL5 and VEGF-A, as well as NF-кB2 p100. In corroboration, VPA suppressed TNF-α stimulation of NF-кB reporter transcription by 1.51-fold. These data indicate that VPA can modulate both proinflammatory cellular and molecular targets in a selective manner and may therefore attenuate surgery-induced conjunctival inflammation. These and previous findings suggest that, by suppressing key mediators of both inflammation and fibrosis, VPA is a useful therapeutic for improving surgical outcome involving the conjunctiva. KEY MESSAGES: VPA inhibited recruitment of a CD45highF4/80low macrophage subset. VPA reduced chemokine and cytokine levels in treated tissues. VPA selectively suppressed tissue NF-кB2 p100 levels. VPA suppressed TNF-α induction of chemokines, cytokines and NF-кB2 p100 expression. VPA suppressed TNF-α stimulation of NF-кB reporter.
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21
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Tan YF, Lee YS, Seet LF, Ng KW, Wong TT, Venkatraman S. Design and in vitro release study of siRNA loaded Layer by Layer nanoparticles with sustained gene silencing effect. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:937-949. [PMID: 30173580 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1518426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical translation of siRNA therapeutics has been severely limited due to the lack of stable and sustained siRNA delivery systems. Furthermore, when nanocarrier systems with siRNA are administered systemically to treat diseases, insufficient doses reach the target tissue. Here we report the successful development of a new nanocarrier system for the management of fibrosis. METHODS The new carrier has a hydroxyapatite core, with alternating layers of siRNA and a cationic peptide. The siRNA used here targets secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), a key matricellular protein involved in the regulation of collagen fibrillogenesis and assembly. We have also used FRET studies to elucidate the fate of the particles inside cells, including the mechanistic details of layer-by-layer detachment. RESULTS In vitro studies using murine conjunctiva fibroblasts show sustained release over 2 weeks, and that such released siRNA sustained SPARC knockdown without affecting cell growth, and maintained siRNA presence in the cells for at least two weeks with a single-dose treatment. Release studies of siRNA from particles in vitro gave insight on how the particles delivered prolonged gene-silencing effects. CONCLUSION A single treatment of the layer-by-layer nanoparticle designed can achieve sustained gene silencing over 2 weeks. Localized delivery of stabilized siRNA with sustained-release capabilities opens the door for many other applications of siRNA-based gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fei Tan
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Ying Shi Lee
- b Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery , Singapore Eye Research Institute , Singapore
| | - Li-Fong Seet
- b Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery , Singapore Eye Research Institute , Singapore.,c Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,d Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Tina T Wong
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore.,b Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery , Singapore Eye Research Institute , Singapore.,c Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,d Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore.,e Glaucoma Service , Singapore National Eye Centre , Singapore
| | - Subbu Venkatraman
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore.,b Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery , Singapore Eye Research Institute , Singapore.,f NTU-Northwestern University Institute for Nanomedicine , Singapore.,g MedTech , National Heart Centre , Singapore
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22
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Seet LF, Tan YF, Toh LZ, Chu SW, Lee YS, Venkatraman SS, Wong TT. Targeted therapy for the post-operative conjunctiva: SPARC silencing reduces collagen deposition. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 102:1460-1470. [PMID: 30021812 PMCID: PMC6173823 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-311937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To develop targeted antifibrotic therapy for glaucoma filtration surgery; this study determines the effectiveness of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to reduce in vivo secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) expression using the mouse model of conjunctival scarring. METHODS Experimental surgery was performed as described for the mouse model of conjunctival scarring. Scrambled (siScram) or Sparc (siSparc) siRNAs, loaded on layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoparticles, were injected into the conjunctiva immediately after surgery. Expression of Sparc, Col1a1, Fn1 and Mmp14 was measured by real-time PCR and immunoblotting on days 7 and 14 postsurgery. Live imaging of the operated eyes was performed using slit lamp, anterior segment-optical coherence tomography and confocal microscopy. Tissue pathology was evaluated by histochemical and immunofluorescent analyses of operated conjunctival cryosections. Tissue apoptosis was quantitated by annexin V assay. RESULTS : siSparc, delivered via expanded LbL nanoparticles, significantly inhibited Sparc transcription in both day 7 (2.04-fold) and day 14 (1.39-fold) treated tissues. Sparc suppression on day 7 was associated with a significant reduction of Col1a1 (2.52-fold), Fn1 (2.89-fold) and Mmp14 (2.23-fold) mRNAs. At the protein level, both SPARC and collagen 1A1 (COL1A1) were significantly reduced at both time points with siSparc treatment. Nanoparticles were visualised within cell-like structures by confocal microscopy, while overt tissue response or apoptosis was not observed. CONCLUSIONS : SPARC targeted therapy effectively reduced both SPARC and collagen production in the operated mouse conjunctiva. This proof-of-concept study suggests that targeted treatment of fibrosis in glaucoma surgery is safe and feasible, with the potential to extend to a range of potential genes associated with fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fong Seet
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Fei Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Zhen Toh
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephanie Wl Chu
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Shi Lee
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Subbu S Venkatraman
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,NTU - Northwestern University Institute for Nanomedicine, Singapore, Singapore.,MedTech, National Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tina T Wong
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore .,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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Guan T, Zhao G, Duan H, Liu Y, Zhao F. Activation of type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) by selective agonists regulates the deposition and remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1704-1709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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24
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Zada M, Pattamatta U, White A. Modulation of Fibroblasts in Conjunctival Wound Healing. Ophthalmology 2017; 125:179-192. [PMID: 29079272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating conjunctival wound healing has the potential to improve outcomes after glaucoma filtration surgery and for several ocular disorders, including ocular cicatrial pemphigoid, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and pterygium. Although anti-inflammatories and antimetabolites have been used with success, these nonspecific agents are not without their complications. The search for novel and more targeted means to control conjunctival fibrosis without such limitations has brought much attention to the regulation of fibroblast proliferation, differentiation, extracellular matrix production, and apoptosis. This review provides an update on where we stand with current antifibrotic agents and outlines the strategies that novel agents use, as they evolve from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zada
- Glaucoma Cell Biology Group, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ushasree Pattamatta
- Glaucoma Cell Biology Group, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew White
- Glaucoma Cell Biology Group, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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25
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At'kova EL, Reyn DA, Yartsev VD, Subbot AM. [Influence of TGF-β cytokine and a number of other biochemical factors on regenerative process]. Vestn Oftalmol 2017; 133:89-96. [PMID: 28980572 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2017133489-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Scarring is one of the main causes of surgical failure in a number of eye diseases, dacryologic conditions in particular. The process of wound healing, including postoperative wound healing, goes through several stages mediated by various biochemical factors, such as growth factors and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The balance between the latter directly influences the wound healing. However, current data on the effect of these factors on postoperative outcomes are few and contradictory. Thus, in dacryology as well as in other areas of ophthalmology, the role of cytokines and growth factors in healing of surgical wounds is being intensively researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L At'kova
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11, A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russia, 119021
| | - D A Reyn
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11, A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russia, 119021
| | - V D Yartsev
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11, A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russia, 119021
| | - A M Subbot
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11, A, B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russia, 119021
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26
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Yang J, Shi LK, Sun HM, Wang YM. Antiproliferative effect of double suicide gene delivery mediated by polyamidoamine dendrimers in human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5473-5479. [PMID: 29285078 PMCID: PMC5740715 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of a double suicide gene, thymidine kinase (TK) combined with cytosine deaminase (CD), mediated by generation of 5-polyamidoamine dendrimers (G5-PAMAM-D) on human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts (HTFs) as an anti-scarring agent. The pAcGFP1-Hyg-TK-CD plasmid was transfected into HTFs, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect TK-CD expression. MTT cell proliferation assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of ganciclovir (GCV) and 5-flurocytosine (5-FC) on HTFs. The optimal concentration of GCV and 5-FC in TK-CD transfected HTFs (HTF-TK-CD) was selected by accessing the lowest and highest cytotoxicity caused, respectively. The morphological changes of transfected HTFs following treatment with GCV and 5-FC were observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. Results demonstrated that the double suicide gene TK-CD mediated by the G5-PAMAM-D delivery system was successfully expressed in HTFs as determined by RT-PCR. A concentration of 3 µg/ml GCV and 200 µg/ml 5-FC was identified as optimal for these prodrugs. The growth rate and number of HTF-TK-CD cells decreased following treatment with GCV and 5-FC as revealed by light microscopy. Additionally, the prodrugs GCV and 5-FC not only demonstrated toxicity on transfected HTFs but also exerted a 'bystander effect'. The present study illustrated that the double suicide gene TK-CD delivery mediated by G5-PAMAM-D was effective in reducing HTF proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis. Furthermore, TK-CD delivery mediated by G5-PAMAM-D may be used as an anti-scarring agent and provide a therapeutic potential for patients requiring glaucoma filtration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Liu Kun Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Hui Min Sun
- Department of Glaucoma, College of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Yan Ming Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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27
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Rodriguez-Agirretxe I, Garcia I, Soria J, Suarez TM, Acera A. Custom RT-qPCR-array for glaucoma filtering surgery prognosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174559. [PMID: 28358901 PMCID: PMC5373565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive subconjunctival scarring is the main reason of failure of glaucoma filtration surgery. We analyzed conjunctival and systemic gene expression patterns after non penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS). To find expression patterns related to surgical failure and their correlation with the clinical outcomes. This study consisted of two consecutive stages. The first was a prospective analysis of wound-healing gene expression profile of six patients after NPDS. Conjunctival samples and peripheral blood samples were collected before and 15, 90,180, and 360 days after surgery. In the second stage, we conducted a retrospective analysis correlating the late conjunctival gene expression and the outcome of the NPDS for 11 patients. We developed a RT-qPCR Array for 88 key genes associated to wound healing. RT-qPCR Array analysis of conjunctiva samples showed statistically significant differences in 29/88 genes in the early stages after surgery, 20/88 genes between 90 and 180 days after surgery, and only 2/88 genes one year after surgery. In the blood samples, the most important changes occurred in 12/88 genes in the first 15 days after surgery. Correspondence analyses (COA) revealed significant differences between the expression of 20/88 genes in patients with surgical success and failure one year after surgery. Different expression patterns of mediators of the bleb wound healing were identified. Examination of such patterns might be used in surgery prognosis. RT-qPCR Array provides a powerful tool for investigation of differential gene expression wound healing after glaucoma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Rodriguez-Agirretxe
- Instituto Clínico Quirúrgico de Oftalmología, Bilbao, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
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Seet LF, Toh LZ, Chu SWL, Finger SN, Chua JLL, Wong TT. Upregulation of distinct collagen transcripts in post-surgery scar tissue: a study of conjunctival fibrosis. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:751-760. [PMID: 28331057 PMCID: PMC5483006 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of collagen is often used to assess the development of fibrosis. This study aims to identify collagen genes that define fibrosis in the conjunctiva following glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). Using the mouse model of GFS, we have identified collagen transcripts that were upregulated in the fibrotic phase of wound healing via RNA-seq. The collagen transcripts that were increased the most were encoded by Col8a1, Col11a1 and Col8a2. Further analysis of the Col8a1, Col11a1 and Col8a2 transcripts revealed their increase by 67-, 54- and 18-fold, respectively, in the fibrotic phase, compared with 12-fold for Col1a1, the most commonly evaluated collagen gene for fibrosis. However, only type I collagen was significantly upregulated at the protein level in the fibrotic phase. Type VIII and type I collagens colocalized in fibrous structures and in ACTA2-positive pericytes, and appeared to compensate for each other in expression levels. Type XI collagen showed low colocalization with both type VIII and type I collagens but can be found in association with macrophages. Furthermore, we show that both mouse and human conjunctival fibroblasts expressed elevated levels of the most highly expressed collagen genes in response to TGFβ2 treatment. Importantly, conjunctival tissues from individuals whose GF surgeries have failed due to scarring showed 3.60- and 2.78-fold increases in type VIII and I collagen transcripts, respectively, compared with those from individuals with no prior surgeries. These data demonstrate that distinct collagen transcripts are expressed at high levels in the conjunctiva after surgery and their unique expression profiles may imply differential influences on the fibrotic outcome. Summary: As well as providing an objective quantitative measure, distinct collagen genes may further aid in the characterization and definition of the development of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fong Seet
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856 .,Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074
| | - Li Zhen Toh
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856
| | - Stephanie W L Chu
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856
| | - Sharon N Finger
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856
| | - Jocelyn L L Chua
- Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751
| | - Tina T Wong
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856 .,Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074.,Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Faculty Ave, Singapore 639977
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29
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Liu Y, Kimura K, Orita T, Suzuki K, Teranishi S, Mori T, Sonoda KH. Inhibition by a retinoic acid receptor γ agonist of extracellular matrix remodeling mediated by human Tenon fibroblasts. Mol Vis 2015; 21:1368-77. [PMID: 26788029 PMCID: PMC4704771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Scar formation is most frequently responsible for the failure of glaucoma filtration surgery. Retinoic acids are vitamin A derivatives that play diverse roles in development, immunity, and tissue repair. The effects of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) γ agonist R667 on the contractility of human Tenon fibroblasts (HTFs) cultured in a three-dimensional collagen gel as well as on intraocular pressure (IOP) in a rat model of glaucoma filtration surgery were investigated. METHODS HTFs were cultured in a type I collagen gel, the contraction of which was evaluated by measurement of the gel diameter. The release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) into culture supernatants was assessed with immunoblot analysis and gelatin zymography. Phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was examined with immunoblot analysis, and production of fibronectin and type I collagen was measured with immunoassays. RESULTS R667 inhibited transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced collagen gel contraction mediated by HTFs in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, whereas an RARα agonist inhibited this process to a lesser extent and an RARβ agonist had no effect. TGF-β1-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 release, FAK phosphorylation, and fibronectin and type I collagen production in HTFs were also attenuated by R667. Furthermore, R667 lowered IOP in rats after glaucoma filtration surgery. CONCLUSIONS R667 inhibited TGF-β1-induced contraction and extracellular matrix synthesis in HTFs. Such effects might have contributed to the lowering of IOP by R667 in a rat model of glaucoma filtration surgery. RARγ agonists might thus prove effective for inhibition of scar formation after such surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Orita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Teranishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takuya Mori
- Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
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30
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Yamanaka O, Kitano-Izutani A, Tomoyose K, Reinach PS. Pathobiology of wound healing after glaucoma filtration surgery. BMC Ophthalmol 2015; 15 Suppl 1:157. [PMID: 26818010 PMCID: PMC4895697 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-015-0134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival and subconjunctival fibrogenesis and inflammation are sight compromising side effects that can occur subsequent to glaucoma filtration surgery. Despite initial declines in intraocular pressure resulting from increasing aqueous outflow, one of the activated responses includes marshalling of proinflammatory and pro-fibrogenic cytokine mediator entrance into the aqueous through a sclerostomy window and their release by local cells, as well as infiltrating activated immune cells. These changes induce dysregulated inflammation, edema and extracellular matrix remodeling, which occlude outflow facility. A number of therapeutic approaches are being taken to offset declines in outflow facility since the current procedure of inhibiting fibrosis with either mitomycin C (MMC) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injection is nonselective. One of them entails developing a new strategy for reducing fibrosis induced by wound healing responses including myofibroblast transdifferentiation and extracellular matrix remodeling in tissue surrounding surgically created shunts. The success of this endeavor is predicated on having a good understanding of conjunctival wound healing pathobiology. In this review, we discuss the roles of inappropriately activated growth factor and cytokine receptor linked signaling cascades inducing conjunctival fibrosis/scarring during post-glaucoma surgery wound healing. Such insight may identify drug targets for blocking fibrogenic signaling and excessive fibrosis which reduces rises in outflow facility resulting from glaucoma filtration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Ai Kitano-Izutani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Katsuo Tomoyose
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan.
| | - Peter S Reinach
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Optometry Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Van Bergen T, Vandewalle E, Moons L, Stalmans I. Complementary effects of bevacizumab and MMC in the improvement of surgical outcome after glaucoma filtration surgery. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:667-78. [PMID: 25988844 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the optimum administration route of bevacizumab after glaucoma filtering surgery (GFS) and to investigate whether a reduced dose of mitomycin-C (MMC) in combination with bevacizumab could improve surgical outcome with a reduced incidence of side-effects. METHODS Plasma levels of bevacizumab were determined via ELISA after intracameral (IC), subconjunctival (SC) and intravitreal (IV) injections in mice, subjected to a mouse model of GFS. Application of MMC was compared to bevacizumab (SC, 25 μg) and to the combined use of both adjuvants. Surgical sponges soaked in MMC 0.02% or 0.01% were exposed to the sclera for 1 or 2 min. Treatment outcome was studied by bleb investigation. RESULTS The three administration routes of bevacizumab equally improved surgical outcome. The VEGF antibody was detected at relatively high levels in plasma shortly after IV injection, whereas it was minimally absorbed after IC and SC injections. Both bevacizumab (SC) and MMC 0.02% (2 min) similarly increased bleb area. As compared to MMC, the combined injection with bevacizumab induced an additional effect on surgical outcome. Exposure of MMC 0.02% for 1 or 2 min together with bevacizumab equally improved surgical outcome, but 2 min application induced corneal toxicity. The combined use of bevacizumab and 1-min MMC 0.01% also improved surgical outcome compared to monotherapy, although to a lesser extent than the combination with 1-min MMC 0.02%. CONCLUSIONS Adjunctive bevacizumab not only enhances the beneficial effect of MMC on surgical outcome, but also allows reducing the administration time of MMC 0.02%, thereby eliminating its toxic effects on the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelien Vandewalle
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Unit of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology; Biology Department; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Stalmans
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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32
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Seet LF, Toh LZ, Finger SN, Chu SWL, Stefanovic B, Wong TT. Valproic acid suppresses collagen by selective regulation of Smads in conjunctival fibrosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 94:321-34. [PMID: 26507880 PMCID: PMC4803820 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of type I collagen is associated with a wide range of fibrotic diseases as well as surgical failure such as in glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). Its modulation is therefore of clinical importance. Valproic acid (VPA) is known to reduce collagen in a variety of tissues with unclear mechanism of action. In this report, we demonstrate that VPA inhibited collagen production in both conjunctival fibroblasts and the mouse model of GFS. In fibroblasts, VPA decreased type I collagen expression which intensified with longer drug exposure and suppressed steady-state type I collagen promoter activity. Moreover, VPA decreased Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 but increased Smad6 expression with a similar intensity-exposure profile. Reduction of Smad3 using small hairpin RNA and/or overexpression of Smad6 resulted in decreased collagen expression which was exacerbated when VPA was simultaneously present. Furthermore, fibrogenic TGF-β2 failed to induce collagen when VPA was present, as opposed to the myofibroblast markers, beta-actin, alpha-smooth muscle actin and tenascin-C, which were elevated by TGF-β2. VPA suppressed p3TP-Lux luciferase activity and selectively rescued Smad6 expression from suppression by TGF-β2. Notably, SMAD6 overexpression reduced the effectiveness of TGF-β2 in inducing collagen expression. In corroboration, VPA inhibited type I collagen but increased Smad6 expression in the late phase of wound healing in the mouse model of GFS. Taken together, our data indicate that VPA has the capacity to effectively suppress both steady-state and fibrogenic activation of type I collagen expression by modulating Smad expression. Hence, VPA is potentially applicable as an anti-fibrotic therapeutic by targeting collagen. Key message: • VPA modulates type I collagen expression via members of the Smad family. • VPA suppresses Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 but upregulates Smad6. • Smad3 and Smad6 are involved in VPA regulation of steady-state collagen expression. • Smad6 is involved in VPA modulation of TGF-β-stimulated collagen expression. • VPA reduces collagen and upregulates Smad6 in the mouse model of glaucoma filtration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fong Seet
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Li Zhen Toh
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon N Finger
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephanie W L Chu
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Branko Stefanovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Tina T Wong
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Center, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Singapore. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Yu-Wai-Man C, Khaw PT. Developing novel anti-fibrotic therapeutics to modulate post-surgical wound healing in glaucoma: big potential for small molecules. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 10:65-76. [PMID: 25983855 PMCID: PMC4364560 DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2015.983475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ocular fibrosis leads to significant visual impairment and blindness in millions of people worldwide, and is one of the largest areas of unmet need in clinical ophthalmology. The antimetabolites, mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil, are the current gold standards used primarily to prevent fibrosis after glaucoma surgery, but have potentially blinding complications like tissue damage, breakdown and infection. This review thus focuses on the development of new classes of small molecule therapeutics to prevent post-surgical fibrosis in the eye, especially in the context of glaucoma filtration surgery. We discuss recent advances and innovations in ophthalmic wound healing research, including antibodies, RNAi, gene therapy, nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, proteoglycans and small molecule inhibitors. We also review the challenges involved in terms of drug delivery, duration of action and potential toxicity of new anti-fibrotic agents in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Yu-Wai-Man
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Peng Tee Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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34
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Tan YF, Mundargi RC, Chen MHA, Lessig J, Neu B, Venkatraman SS, Wong TT. Layer-by-layer nanoparticles as an efficient siRNA delivery vehicle for SPARC silencing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1790-8. [PMID: 24510544 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and safe delivery systems for siRNA therapeutics remain a challenge. Elevated secreted protein, acidic, and rich in cysteine (SPARC) protein expression is associated with tissue scarring and fibrosis. Here we investigate the feasibility of encapsulating SPARC-siRNA in the bilayers of layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoparticles (NPs) with poly(L-arginine) (ARG) and dextran (DXS) as polyelectrolytes. Cellular binding and uptake of LbL NPs as well as siRNA delivery were studied in FibroGRO cells. siGLO-siRNA and SPARC-siRNA were efficiently coated onto hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. The multilayered NPs were characterized with regard to particle size, zeta potential and surface morphology using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The SPARC-gene silencing and mRNA levels were analyzed using ChemiDOC western blot technique and RT-PCR. The multilayer SPARC-siRNA incorporated nanoparticles are about 200 nm in diameter and are efficiently internalized into FibroGRO cells. Their intracellular fate was also followed by tagging with suitable reporter siRNA as well as with lysotracker dye; confocal microscopy clearly indicates endosomal escape of the particles. Significant (60%) SPARC-gene knock down was achieved by using 0.4 pmole siRNA/μg of LbL NPs in FibroGRO cells and the relative expression of SPARC mRNA reduced significantly (60%) against untreated cells. The cytotoxicity as evaluated by xCelligence real-time cell proliferation and MTT cell assay, indicated that the SPARC-siRNA-loaded LbL NPs are non-toxic. In conclusion, the LbL NP system described provides a promising, safe and efficient delivery platform as a non-viral vector for siRNA delivery that uses biopolymers to enhance the gene knock down efficiency for the development of siRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fei Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, 168751, Singapore
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35
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Wallace DM, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Downs JC, O'Brien CJ. The role of matricellular proteins in glaucoma. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:174-82. [PMID: 24727033 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy affecting approximately 60million people worldwide and is the second most common cause of irreversible blindness. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main risk factor for developing glaucoma and is caused by impaired aqueous humor drainage through the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC). In primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), this elevation in IOP in turn leads to deformation at the optic nerve head (ONH) specifically at the lamina cribrosa (LC) region where there is also a deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules such as collagen and fibronectin. Matricellular proteins are non-structural secreted glycoproteins that help cells communicate with their surrounding ECM. This family of proteins includes connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), also known as CCN2, thrombospondins (TSPs), secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), periostin, osteonectin, and Tenascin-C and -X and other ECM proteins. All members appear to play a role in fibrosis and increased ECM deposition. Most are widely expressed in tissues particularly in the TM and ONH and deficiency of TSP1 and SPARC have been shown to lower IOP in mouse models of glaucoma through enhanced outflow facility. The role of these proteins in glaucoma is emerging as some have an association with the pathophysiology of the TM and LC regions and might therefore be potential targets for therapeutic intervention in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Wallace
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - J Crawford Downs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Ocular Biomechanics and Biotransport, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Colm J O'Brien
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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36
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Van Bergen T, Jonckx B, Hollanders K, Sijnave D, Van de Velde S, Vandewalle E, Moons L, Stassen JM, Stalmans I. Inhibition of placental growth factor improves surgical outcome of glaucoma surgery. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1632-43. [PMID: 24118824 PMCID: PMC3914639 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive post-operative wound healing with subsequent scarring frequently leads to surgical failure of glaucoma filtration surgery (trabeculectomy). We investigated the hypothesis that placental growth factor (PlGF) plays a role in post-operative scar formation, and that it therefore may be a target for improvement of filtration surgery outcome. ELISA experiments showed that PlGF levels were significantly increased in aqueous humour of glaucoma patients and after VEGF treatment, which may indicate an important contribution of this growth factor to wound healing after trabeculectomy. Using a mouse model of glaucoma filtration surgery, we were able to show that intracameral injection of a previously characterized anti-PlGF antibody (ThromboGenics NV) significantly improved surgical outcome by increasing bleb survival and bleb area. This was associated with a significant reduction in post-operative proliferation, inflammation and angiogenesis during the first post-operative days after surgery, and with a decrease in collagen deposition at later stages. Furthermore, inhibition of PlGF seemed to be more effective than anti-VEGF-R2 treatment in improving surgical outcome, possibly via its additional effect on inflammation. These results render PlGF an appealing target for ocular wound healing and point to potential therapeutic benefits of PlGF inhibition for the prevention of surgical failure.
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Li B, Li F, Chi L, Zhang L, Zhu S. The expression of SPARC in human intracranial aneurysms and its relationship with MMP-2/-9. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58490. [PMID: 23516489 PMCID: PMC3597740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective SPARC is a key determinant of invasion and metastasis in some tumors, such as gliomas, melanomas and prostate tumors. SPARC can change the composition and structure of the matrix and promote angiogenesis; these effects are closely related to clinical stage and the prognosis of tumors such as meningiomas. However, little is known about the expression of SPARC in intracranial aneurysms. The goal of this study was to establish the role of SPARC in human intracranial aneurysms. Methods Thirty-one intracranial aneurysms were immunohistochemically stained for SPARC, MMP-2 and MMP-9. As controls, normal Circle of Willis arteries were similarly immunostained. All specimens were retrieved during autopsies and were embedded in paraffin. To evaluate the expression levels of SPARC, MMP-2 and MMP-9, western blotting was also performed in three available intracranial aneurysm specimens. The limited availability of fresh intracranial aneurysm tissue was the result of the majority of patients choosing endovascular embolization. Results The results showed that SPARC, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were strongly expressed in intracranial aneurysm tissues; however, these proteins were expressed minimally or not at all in normal Circle of Willis arteries. The western blot results showed that the expression levels of SPARC, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly up-regulated in intracranial aneurysms relative to the expression levels in the normal Circle of Willis arteries. Data analysis showed that SPARC was significantly correlated with MMP-2 and MMP-9, also with age and risk factors but not with the Hunt-Hess grade or with sex. Conclusion The results indicate that SPARC is widely expressed in human intracranial aneurysms, and its expression correlates with MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, age and risk factors but not with the Hunt-Hess grade. The results of this study suggest that SPARC has a pathogenic role in the alteration of the extracellular matrix of intracranial arteries during aneurysm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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Seet LF, Su R, Toh LZ, Wong TT. In vitro analyses of the anti-fibrotic effect of SPARC silencing in human Tenon's fibroblasts: comparisons with mitomycin C. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1245-59. [PMID: 21801304 PMCID: PMC3823078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) is commonly attributed to scarring at the surgical site. The human Tenon’s fibroblasts (HTFs) are considered the major cell type contributing to the fibrotic response. We previously showed that SPARC (secreted protein, acidic, rich in cysteine) knockout mice had improved surgical success in a murine model of GFS. To understand the mechanisms of SPARC deficiency in delaying subconjunctival fibrosis, we used the gene silencing approach to reduce SPARC expression in HTFs and examined parameters important for wound repair and fibrosis. Mitomycin C-treated HTFs were used for comparison. We demonstrate that SPARC-silenced HTFs showed normal proliferation and negligible cellular necrosis but were impaired in motility and collagen gel contraction. The expression of pro-fibrotic genes including collagen I, MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-14, IL-8, MCP-1 and TGF-β2 were also reduced. Importantly, TGF-β2 failed to induce significant collagen I and fibronectin expressions in the SPARC-silenced HTFs. Together, these data demonstrate that SPARC knockdown in HTFs modulates fibroblast functions important for wound fibrosis and is therefore a promising strategy in the development of anti-scarring therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fong Seet
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.
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Trombetta-Esilva J, Bradshaw AD. The Function of SPARC as a Mediator of Fibrosis. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:146-55. [PMID: 22802913 PMCID: PMC3395844 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common end-point of a number of different diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, and those associated with chronic inflammation. Fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix that interferes with normal tissue architecture and function. Increased expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) in fibrotic tissues has been reported in numerous studies. SPARC is a 43 kDa collagen-binding protein secreted from several different cell types into the extracellular matrix and has been shown to be anti-proliferative and counter-adhesive in vitro. SPARC is a matricellular protein; meaning SPARC is secreted into the extracellular space but does not serve a structural function. Instead, SPARC modulates interactions between cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix. In animal models of fibrotic disease and in human fibrotic tissues, elevated expression of SPARC has been reported in many tissues including heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, dermis, intestine, and eyes. In this review, we will summarize current studies that have examined the expression and functional importance of SPARC in various animal models of fibrosis and in human tissues. Although cellular mechanisms of SPARC in fibrosis remain to be fully elucidated, the studies summarized here provide impetus to further explore the efficacy of SPARC as a potential target for reducing fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Trombetta-Esilva
- Department of Craniofacial Biology and Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Wei HY, Liu JL, Lv BJ, Xing L, Fu SY. SPARC modulates expression of extracellular matrix genes in human trabecular meshwork cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:e138-43. [PMID: 22136411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) on the expression of components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in cultured human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. METHODS Cultured human trabecular cells were transfected with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific for the human SPARC gene. Protein and mRNA expressions of fibronectin (FN) and the α1chains of collagen I and collagen III were quantified. RESULTS After silencing of the SPARC gene by transfection of cells with SPARC siRNA, the expression of COL1A1 and COL3A1 mRNAs and proteins was significantly enhanced, as compared to that in the control group (all, p < 0.001). In contrast, SPARC siRNA significantly reduced the expression of FN and SPARC mRNAs and FN protein, as compared to that in the control group (all, p < 0.001.). CONCLUSIONS SPARC modulates the expression of several ECM genes in cultured human TM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Wei
- Ophthalmology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province 150001, China
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Current concepts on primary open-angle glaucoma genetics: a contribution to disease pathophysiology and future treatment. Eye (Lond) 2011; 26:355-69. [PMID: 22173078 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2011.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common, complex, heterogenous disease and it constitutes the major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma in all populations. Most of the molecular mechanisms leading to POAG development are still unknown. Gene mutations in various populations have been identified by genetic studies and a genetic basis for glaucoma pathogenesis has been established. Linkage analysis and association studies are genetic approaches in the investigation of the genetic basis of POAG. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are more powerful compared with linkage analysis in discovering genes of small effect that might contribute to the development of the disease. POAG links to at least 20 genetic loci, but only 2 genes identified in these loci, myocilin and optineurin, are considered as well-established glaucoma-causing genes, whereas the role of other loci, genes, and variants implicated in the development of POAG remains controversial. Gene mutations associated with POAG result in retinal ganglion cell death, which is the common outcome of pathogenetic mechanisms in glaucoma. In future, if the sensitivity and specificity of genotyping increases, it may be possible to screen individuals routinely for disease susceptibility. This review is an update on the latest progress of genetic studies associated with POAG. It emphasizes the correlation of recent achievements in genetics with glaucoma pathophysiology, glaucoma treatment perspectives, and the possibility of future prevention of irreversible visual loss caused by the disease.
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Goc A, Choudhary M, Byzova TV, Somanath PR. TGFβ- and bleomycin-induced extracellular matrix synthesis is mediated through Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3004-13. [PMID: 21302298 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of pro-fibrogenic stimuli, such as growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, involve Akt and its downstream substrates in mediating their effects. We previously reported that absence of Akt1, which is the predominant isoform of the three gene Akt family in vascular cells, resulted in impaired ECM remodeling in skin and vasculature. In the current study, we investigated the importance of Akt1 in TGFβ- and bleomycin-induced synthesis and secretion of ECM proteins by fibroblasts. We observed that both TGFβ and bleomycin stimulated the synthesis of ECM proteins in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment with TGFβ and bleomycin also resulted in increased phosphorylation of Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and their downstream signaling partners, p70S6 Kinase, Ribosomal S6 protein and 4E-BP1, resulting in the activation of this pathway. The effects of TGFβ and bleomycin on ECM synthesis were blunted by pre-treatment with an mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Whereas mTOR is responsible for the transcriptional regulation of a number of ECM proteins, adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), synthesis of major ECM proteins such as fibronectin and collagens (types I, II and V) by fibroblasts in response to TGFβ and bleomycin is regulated by mTOR at the translational level. These findings indicate the importance of the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in TGF-mediated fibrogenic events in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goc
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-2450, USA
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Fuchshofer R, Kottler UB, Ohlmann AV, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Jünemann A, Kruse FE, Ohlmann A. SPARC is expressed in scars of the Tenon's capsule and mediates scarring properties of human Tenon's fibroblasts in vitro. Mol Vis 2011; 17:177-85. [PMID: 21264231 PMCID: PMC3025095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression of the matricellular protein SPARC (secreted acidic cysteine-rich glycoprotein) in scarred human Tenon's capsule and in cultured human Tenon's fibroblasts (HTF), and to analyze the influence of SPARC on cell proliferation and collagen matrix contraction in vitro. METHODS Human Tenon's capsule scars obtained from surgical revisions after filtration surgery were analyzed for SPARC expression by immunohistochemistry. In cultured HTF cells, SPARC expression was assessed by northern and western blot analyses after incubation with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and TGF-β2. Cell proliferation was determined by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeling and HTF cells-mediated collagen matrix contraction by morphometric measurements of three-dimensional collagen lattices after treatment with SPARC and/or TGF-β1. RESULTS In scarred human Tenon's capsule specimens, an increased expression of SPARC was mainly localized to the extracellular matrix and to blood vessel walls as compared to healthy control Tenon's capsule. In cultured HTF cells, treatment with TGF-β1 more than TGF-β2 induced the expression of SPARC both on the mRNA and protein level. Incubation of HTF cells with SPARC resulted in an increase in collagen matrix contraction and cell proliferation. Moreover, a combined incubation of SPARC and TGF-β1 stimulated HTF cell proliferation significantly over the levels that were observed after single treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence that SPARC contributes to excessive wound healing and scar formation in human Tenon's capsules after filtration surgery and may thus represent a novel target for anti-fibrotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Fuchshofer
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike B. Kottler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anne V. Ohlmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Anselm Jünemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich E. Kruse
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ohlmann
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany,Department of Ophthalmology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Seet LF, Lee WS, Su R, Finger SN, Crowston JG, Wong TT. Validation of the glaucoma filtration surgical mouse model for antifibrotic drug evaluation. Mol Med 2011; 17:557-67. [PMID: 21229189 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy, which, if left untreated, leads to blindness. The most common and most modifiable risk factor in glaucoma is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), which can be managed surgically by filtration surgery. The postoperative subconjunctival scarring response, however, remains the major obstacle to achieving long-term surgical success. Antiproliferatives such as mitomycin C are commonly used to prevent postoperative scarring. Efficacy of these agents has been tested extensively on monkey and rabbit models of glaucoma filtration surgery. As these models have inherent limitations, we have developed a model of glaucoma filtration surgery in the mouse. We show, for the first time, that the mouse model typically scarred within 14 d, but when augmented with mitomycin C, more animals maintained lower intraocular pressures for a longer period of time concomitant with prolonged bleb survival to beyond 28 d. The morphology of the blebs following mitomycin C treatment also resembled well-documented clinical observations, thus confirming the validity and clinical relevance of this model. We demonstrate that the antiscarring response to mitomycin C is likely to be due to its effects on conjunctival fibroblast proliferation, apoptosis and collagen deposition and the suppression of inflammation. Indeed, we verified some of these properties on mouse conjunctival fibroblasts cultured in vitro. These data support the suitability of this mouse model for studying the wound healing response in glaucoma filtration surgery, and as a potentially useful tool for the in vivo evaluation of antifibrotic therapeutics in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fong Seet
- Ocular Wound Healing and Therapeutics, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.
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Chen LJ, Tam PO, Tham CC, Liang XY, Chiang SW, Canlas O, Ritch R, Rhee DJ, Pang CP. Evaluation of SPARC as a candidate gene of juvenile-onset primary open-angle glaucoma by mutation and copy number analyses. Mol Vis 2010; 16:2016-25. [PMID: 21042566 PMCID: PMC2965575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the involvement of SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) mutations and copy number variation in juvenile-onset primary open-angle glaucoma (JPOAG). METHODS This study involved the 27 family members from the GLC1M (glaucoma 1, open angle, M)-linked Philippine pedigree with JPOAG, 46 unrelated Chinese patients with JPOAG and 95 controls. Mutation screening of the SPARC sequence, covering the promoter, 5'-untranslated region (UTR), entire coding regions, exon-intron boundaries, and part of the 3'-UTR, was performed using polymerase chain reaction and direct DNA sequencing. Copy number of the gene was analyzed by three TaqMan copy number assays. RESULTS No putative SPARC mutation was detected in the Philippine family. In the Chinese participants, 11 sequence variants were detected. Two were novel: IVS2+8G>T and IVS2+32C>T. For the 9 known SNPs, one was synonymous (rs2304052, p.Glu22Glu) and the others were located in noncoding regions. No individual SNP was associated with JPOAG. Five of the most common SNPs, i.e., rs2116780, rs1978707, rs7719521, rs729853, and rs1053411, were contained in a LD (linkage disequilibrium) block. Haplotype-based analysis showed that no haplotype was associated with the disorder. Copy number analysis revealed that all study subjects had two copies of the gene, suggesting no correlation between the copy number of SPARC and JPOAG. CONCLUSIONS We have excluded SPARC as the causal gene at the GLC1M locus in the Philippine pedigree and, for the first time, revealed that the coding sequences, splice sites and copy number of SPARC do not contribute to JPOAG. Further investigations are warranted to unravel the involvement of SPARC in the pathogenesis of other forms of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pancy O.S. Tam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clement C.Y. Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao Ying Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sylvia W.Y. Chiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Oscar Canlas
- Jose B. Lingad Memorial Regional Hospital, San Fernando, Philippines
| | - Robert Ritch
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, NY
| | - Douglas J. Rhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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