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Adomako-Bonsu AG, Jacobsen J, Maser E. Metabolic activation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene; a case for ROS-induced cell damage. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103082. [PMID: 38527399 PMCID: PMC10979124 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The explosive compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is well known as a major component of munitions. In addition to its potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity in humans, recent reports have highlighted TNT toxicities in diverse organisms due to its occurrence in the environment. These toxic effects have been linked to the intracellular metabolism of TNT, which is generally characterised by redox cycling and the generation of noxious reactive molecules. The reactive intermediates formed, such as nitroso and hydroxylamine compounds, also interact with oxygen molecules and cellular components to cause macromolecular damage and oxidative stress. The current review aims to highlight the crucial role of TNT metabolism in mediating TNT toxicity, via increased generation of reactive oxygen species. Cellular proliferation of reactive species results in depletion of cellular antioxidant enzymes, DNA and protein adduct formation, and oxidative stress. While TNT toxicity is well known, its ability to induce oxidative stress, resulting from its reductive activation, suggests that some of its toxic effects may be caused by its reactive metabolites. Hence, further research on TNT metabolism is imperative to elucidate TNT-induced toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amma Gyapomah Adomako-Bonsu
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jana Jacobsen
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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2
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Su L, Sha H, Liu J, Yu L, Li H, Wang R. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) exposure induces liver developmental damage and perturbs lipid metabolism and oxygen transport gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27843-z. [PMID: 37233937 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dinitrotoluene (2, 4-DNT) is a common environmental pollutant. The toxic effect on mammals of 2,4-DNT has been well studied, but its toxicity on aquatic organisms is little known. In this study, 126 healthy female zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to different concentrations of 2,4-DNT (0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 mg/L) to determine 96-h semi-lethal concentrations (LC50). And then, 90 female zebrafish were exposed to 0, 2, 4 and 8 mg/L 2,4-DNT for 5 days to study liver toxicity. Exposed zebrafish developed hypoxia features, such as floating head and breathing rapidly, and then died. 96-h LC50 of 2,4-DNT in zebrafish was 9.36 mg/L. Histological data revealed that 2,4-DNT severely damaged the liver tissues, following with the round nucleus, dense interstitial tissue, dense arranged hepatocyte cords and more inflammatory cells. Additionally, the further result showed that the lower levels of lipid transport and metabolism (apoα2, mtp, ppar-α and acox) were noticed. But, exposed to 2,4-DNT for 5 days significantly upregulated the expression levels of genes involved in respiration (hif1a, tfa and ho1, p < 0.05). These results indicated that 2,4-DNT exposure disturbed lipid transport and metabolism and oxygen supply in zebrafish, which could contribute to severe damage in liver and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxia Su
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Hang Sha
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Le Yu
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
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Zhang H, Zhu Y, Wang S, Zhao S, Nie Y, Liao X, Cao H, Yin H, Liu X. Contamination characteristics of energetic compounds in soils of two different types of military demolition range in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118654. [PMID: 34890741 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of energetic compounds (ECs) in military ranges has become the focus of worldwide attention. However, few studies on the contamination of ECs at Chinese military ranges have been reported to date. In this study, two different types of military demolition range in China, Dunhua (DH) and Taiyuan (TY), were investigated and the ECs in their soils were determined. 10 ECs were detected at both ranges. While all the contamination characteristics were distinct, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was the most abundant contamination source in soils at DH range, with an average concentration of 1106 mg kg-1 and a maximum concentration of 34,083 mg kg-1. Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and two mono-amino degradation products of TNT were also found to have high concentrations, with potential ecological and human health risks. In contrast, the concentrations of ECs in soils of TY range were much lower. The content of RDX was most significant, with average and maximum concentrations of 7.8 and 158 mg kg-1, respectively. However, the potential threat to human health of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene in soils at both ranges should not be ignored. The differences in pollution characteristics of the ECs at DH and TY are closely related to the types and amounts of the munitions destroyed. Moreover, the spatial distribution of ECs at the demolition ranges was extremely heterogeneous, which may be attributed to the use of open burning / open detonation and the non-homogeneous composition of the munitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yongbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Sanping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Instruments' Center for Physical Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
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4
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Yu Z, Fu Y, Ai J, Zhang J, Huang G, Deng Y. Development of predicitve models to distinguish metals from non-metal toxicants, and individual metal from one another. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:239. [PMID: 33272211 PMCID: PMC7712572 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-3525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluating the toxicity of chemical mixture and their possible mechanism of action is still a challenge for humans and other organisms. Microarray classifier analysis has shown promise in the toxicogenomic area by identifying biomarkers to predict unknown samples. Our study focuses on identifying gene markers with better sensitivity and specificity, building predictive models to distinguish metals from non-metal toxicants, and individual metal from one another, and furthermore helping understand underlying toxic mechanisms. RESULTS Based on an independent dataset test, using only 15 gene markers, we were able to distinguish metals from non-metal toxicants with 100% accuracy. Of these, 6 and 9 genes were commonly down- and up-regulated respectively by most of the metals. 8 out of 15 genes belong to membrane protein coding genes. Function well annotated genes in the list include ADORA2B, ARNT, S100G, and DIO3. Also, a 10-gene marker list was identified that can discriminate an individual metal from one another with 100% accuracy. We could find a specific gene marker for each metal in the 10-gene marker list. Function well annotated genes in this list include GSTM2, HSD11B, AREG, and C8B. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that using a microarray classifier analysis, not only can we create diagnostic classifiers for predicting an exact metal contaminant from a large scale of contaminant pool with high prediction accuracy, but we can also identify valuable biomarkers to help understand the common and underlying toxic mechanisms induced by metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongtao Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Taihe Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shiyan, 442000 Hubei China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shiyan Taihe Hospital, College of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 Hubei China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Junmei Ai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Jicai Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shiyan Taihe Hospital, College of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 Hubei China
| | - Gang Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318 China
| | - Youping Deng
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
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5
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Gust KA, Ji Q, Luo X. Example of Adverse Outcome Pathway Concept Enabling Genome-to-Phenome Discovery in Toxicology. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:375-384. [PMID: 32516358 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The following article represents a mini-review of an intensive 10-year progression of genome-to-phenome (G2P) discovery guided by the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept. This example is presented as a means to stimulate crossover of this toxicological concept to enhance G2P discovery within the broader biological sciences community. The case study demonstrates the benefits of the AOP approach for establishing causal linkages across multiple levels of biological organization ultimately linking molecular initiation (often at the genomic scale) to organism-level phenotypes of interest. The case study summarizes a US military effort to identify the mechanism(s) underlying toxicological phenotypes of lethargy and weight loss in response to nitroaromatic munitions exposures, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Initial key discoveries are described including the toxicogenomic results that nitrotoluene exposures inhibited expression within the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) pathway. We channeled the AOP concept to test the hypothesis that inhibition of PPARα signaling in nitrotoluene exposures impacted lipid metabolic processes, thus affecting systemic energy budgets, ultimately resulting in body weight loss. Results from a series of transcriptomic, proteomic, lipidomic, in vitro PPARα nuclear signaling, and PPARα knock-out investigations ultimately supported various facets of this hypothesis. Given these results, we next proceeded to develop a formalized AOP description of PPARα antagonism leading to body weight loss. This AOP was refined through intensive literature review and polished through multiple rounds of peer-review leading to final international acceptance as an Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development-approved AOP. Briefly, that AOP identifies PPARα antagonist binding as the molecular initiating event (MIE) leading to a series of key events including inhibition of nuclear transactivation for genes controlling lipid metabolism and ketogenesis, inhibition of fatty acid beta-oxidation and ketogenesis dynamics, negative energy budget, and ultimately the adverse outcome (AO) of body-weight loss. Given that the PPARα antagonism MIE represented a reliable indicator of AO progression within the pathway, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted which indicated that PPARα amino acid relatedness generally tracked species relatedness. Additionally, PPARα amino acid relatedness analysis using the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility predicted susceptibility to the MIE across vertebrates providing context for AOP extrapolation across species. Overall, we hope this illustrative example of how the AOP concept has benefited toxicology sows a seed within the broader biological sciences community to repurpose the concept to facilitate enhanced G2P discovery in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Qing Ji
- Bennett Aerospace Inc, 1100 Crescent Green #250, Cary, NC 27518, USA
| | - Xiao Luo
- Bennett Aerospace Inc, 1100 Crescent Green #250, Cary, NC 27518, USA
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6
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Xiong J, Sha H, Zhou H, Peng L, Wu L, Qiu Y, Wang R, Hu X. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT) Perturbs Yolk Absorption, Liver Development and Lipid Metabolism/Oxygen Transport Gene Expression in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3632. [PMID: 31349543 PMCID: PMC6695736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) is a common environmental pollutant, and was classified as a group 2B human carcinogenic compound by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This study determined the toxic effects of 2,4-DNT exposure on zebrafish at the embryo-larvae stage, in terms of organ morphogenesis and the expression pattern of selected target genes related to lipid metabolism and oxygen transportation. The results showed that the 120-h post-fertilization LC50 of 2,4-DNT was 9.59 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval of 8.89-10.44 mg/L. The larvae treated with 2,4-DNT showed toxic symptoms including smaller body, less skin pigment production, yolk malabsorption, and disordered liver development. Further studies on the expression of genes related to lipid transport and metabolism, and respiration indicated that they were significantly affected by 2,4-DNT. It is concluded that 2,4-DNT exposure perturbed liver development and yolk absorption in early-life zebrafish, and disturbed the lipid metabolism /oxygen transport gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Hang Sha
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Hualin Zhou
- Agricultural College, Xiangyang Vocational and Technical College, Xiangyang 441050, China
| | - Lijuan Peng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Lingying Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Xianqin Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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7
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Yamaguchi T, Gi M, Fujioka M, Tago Y, Kakehashi A, Wanibuchi H. A chronic toxicity study of diphenylarsinic acid in the drinking water of C57BL/6J mice for 52 weeks. J Toxicol Pathol 2019; 32:127-134. [PMID: 31404369 PMCID: PMC6682552 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2018-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA), a neurotoxic organic arsenical, is present in the
groundwater and soil in some regions of Japan due to illegal dumping. The purpose of the
present study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of DPAA when administered to mice in
their drinking water for 52 weeks. DPAA was administered to mice at concentrations of 0,
6.25, 12.5, and 25 ppm in their drinking water for 52 weeks. There were no significant
differences in final body weights between the control groups and the DPAA treatment groups
in male or female mice. Relative liver weights were significantly increased in males
treated with 25 ppm DPAA, and absolute liver weights were significantly decreased in
female mice treated with 25 ppm DPAA. In female mice, cholangitis and simple bile duct
hyperplasia were observed in the 12.5 and 25 ppm DPAA groups, and focal necrosis of
hepatocytes was observed in the 25 ppm DPAA group. Proteomic analysis and Ingenuity
Pathway Analysis identified 18 proteins related to hepatotoxicity that were overexpressed
in the female 25 ppm group. The phase I metabolic enzyme CYP2E1 was one of these
overexpressed proteins. Immunostaining confirmed high expression of CYP2E1 in the livers
of females in the 25 ppm group. These results suggest that DPAA is toxic to the
intrahepatic bile duct epithelium and hepatocytes in female mice and that CYP2E1 might be
involved in DPAA-associated toxicity. The no-observed-adverse-effect levels of DPAA were
12.5 ppm (1.6 mg/kg bw/day) for males and 6.25 ppm (1.1 mg/kg bw/day) for females under
the conditions of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tago
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Clugston RD, Gao MA, Blaner WS. The Hepatic Lipidome: A Gateway to Understanding the Pathogenes is of Alcohol-Induced Fatty Liver. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2019; 10:195-206. [PMID: 26278391 DOI: 10.2174/1874467208666150817111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to the development of alcoholic fatty liver disease. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms however, have not been fully elucidated. Here, we review the current state of the art regarding the application of lipidomics to study alcohol's effect on hepatic lipids. It is clear that alcohol has a profound effect on the hepatic lipidome, with documented changes in the major lipid categories (i.e. fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids and prenol lipids). Alcohol's most striking effect is the marked change in the hepatic fatty acyl pool. This effect includes increased levels of 18-carbon fatty acyl chains incorporated into multiple lipid species, as well as a general shift toward increased unsaturation of fatty acyl moieties. In addition to our literature review, we also make several recommendations to consider when designing lipidomic studies into alcohol's effects. These recommendations include integration of lipidomic data with other measures of lipid metabolism, inclusion of multiple experimental time points, and presentation of quantitative data. We believe rigorous analysis of the hepatic lipidome can yield new insight into the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced fatty liver. While the existing literature has been largely descriptive, the field is poised to apply lipidomics to yield a new level of understanding on alcohol's effects on hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Clugston
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7. Canada
| | - Madeleine A Gao
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032. United States
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032. United States
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9
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Gust KA, Chaitankar V, Ghosh P, Wilbanks MS, Chen X, Barker ND, Pham D, Scanlan LD, Rawat A, Talent LG, Quinn MJ, Vulpe CD, Elasri MO, Johnson MS, Perkins EJ, McFarland CA. Multiple environmental stressors induce complex transcriptomic responses indicative of phenotypic outcomes in Western fence lizard. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:877. [PMID: 30518325 PMCID: PMC6282355 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health and resilience of species in natural environments is increasingly challenged by complex anthropogenic stressor combinations including climate change, habitat encroachment, and chemical contamination. To better understand impacts of these stressors we examined the individual- and combined-stressor impacts of malaria infection, food limitation, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) exposures on gene expression in livers of Western fence lizards (WFL, Sceloporus occidentalis) using custom WFL transcriptome-based microarrays. RESULTS Computational analysis including annotation enrichment and correlation analysis identified putative functional mechanisms linking transcript expression and toxicological phenotypes. TNT exposure increased transcript expression for genes involved in erythropoiesis, potentially in response to TNT-induced anemia and/or methemoglobinemia and caused dose-specific effects on genes involved in lipid and overall energy metabolism consistent with a hormesis response of growth stimulation at low doses and adverse decreases in lizard growth at high doses. Functional enrichment results were indicative of inhibited potential for lipid mobilization and catabolism in TNT exposures which corresponded with increased inguinal fat weights and was suggestive of a decreased overall energy budget. Malaria infection elicited enriched expression of multiple immune-related functions likely corresponding to increased white blood cell (WBC) counts. Food limitation alone enriched functions related to cellular energy production and decreased expression of immune responses consistent with a decrease in WBC levels. CONCLUSIONS Despite these findings, the lizards demonstrated immune resilience to malaria infection under food limitation with transcriptional results indicating a fully competent immune response to malaria, even under bio-energetic constraints. Interestingly, both TNT and malaria individually increased transcriptional expression of immune-related genes and increased overall WBC concentrations in blood; responses that were retained in the TNT x malaria combined exposure. The results demonstrate complex and sometimes unexpected responses to multiple stressors where the lizards displayed remarkable resiliency to the stressor combinations investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- National Institute of Health - National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Engineering, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Mitchell S Wilbanks
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- IFXworks LLC, 2915 Columbia Pike, Arlington, VA, 22204, USA
| | | | - Don Pham
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Carlsbad Unified School District, Carlsbad, CA, 92009, USA
| | - Leona D Scanlan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA, 95812, USA
| | - Arun Rawat
- Sidra Medicine, Education City (North Campus), Doha, 26999, Qatar
| | - Larry G Talent
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Michael J Quinn
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Christopher D Vulpe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mohamed O Elasri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406-5018, USA
| | - Mark S Johnson
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Edward J Perkins
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Craig A McFarland
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA
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10
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Dunnick JK, Shockley KR, Pandiri AR, Kissling GE, Gerrish KE, Ton TV, Wilson RE, Brar SS, Brix AE, Waidyanatha S, Mutlu E, Morgan DL. PBDE-47 and PBDE mixture (DE-71) toxicities and liver transcriptomic changes at PND 22 after in utero/postnatal exposure in the rat. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3415-3433. [PMID: 30206662 PMCID: PMC6706773 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pentabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE) are found in human tissue, in household dust, and in the environment, and a particular concern is the potential for the induction of cancer pathways from these fat-soluble persistent organic pollutants. Only one PBDE cancer study has been conducted and that was for a PBDE mixture (DE-71). Because it is not feasible to test all PBDE congeners in the environment for cancer potential, it is important to develop a set of biological endpoints that can be used in short-term toxicity studies to predict disease outcome after long-term exposures. In this study, PBDE-47 was selected as the test PBDE congener to evaluate and compare toxicity to that of the carcinogenic PBDE mixture. The toxicities of PBDE-47 and the PBDE mixture were evaluated at PND 22 in Wistar Han rat (Crl: WI (Han)) pups after in utero/postnatal exposure (0, 0.1, 15, or 50 mg/kg; dams, GD6-21; pups, PND 12-PND 21; oral gavage daily dosing). By PND 22, PBDE-47 caused centrilobular hypertrophy and fatty change in liver, and reduced serum thyroxin (T4) levels; similar effects were also observed after PBDE mixture exposure. Transcriptomic changes in the liver included induction of cytochrome p450 transcripts and up-regulation of Nrf2 antioxidant pathway transcripts and ABC membrane transport transcripts. Decreases in other transport transcripts (ABCG5 & 8) provided a plausible mechanism for lipid accumulation, characterized by a treatment-related liver fatty change after PBDE-47 and PBDE mixture exposure. The benchmark dose calculation based on liver transcriptomic data was generally lower for PBDE-47 than for the PBDE mixture. The up-regulation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and changes in metabolic transcripts after PBDE-47 and PBDE mixture exposure suggest that PBDE-47, like the PBDE mixture (NTP 2016, TR 589), could be a liver toxin/carcinogen after long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Dunnick
- Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2233, USA.
| | - K R Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - A R Pandiri
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - G E Kissling
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - K E Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - T V Ton
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - R E Wilson
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - S S Brar
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - A E Brix
- EPL, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - S Waidyanatha
- Toxicology Operations Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - E Mutlu
- Toxicology Operations Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - D L Morgan
- Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2233, USA
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Saini N, Bakshi S, Sharma S. In-silico approach for drug induced liver injury prediction: Recent advances. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:288-295. [PMID: 29981923 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is the prime cause of liver disfunction which may lead to mild non-specific symptoms to more severe signs like hepatitis, cholestasis, cirrhosis and jaundice. Not only the prescription medications, but the consumption of herbs and health supplements have also been reported to cause these adverse reactions resulting into high mortality rates and post marketing withdrawal of drugs. Due to the continuously increasing DILI incidences in recent years, robust prediction methods with high accuracy, specificity and sensitivity are of priority. Bioinformatics is the emerging field of science that has been used in the past few years to explore the mechanisms of DILI. The major emphasis of this review is the recent advances of in silico tools for the diagnostic and therapeutic interventions of DILI. These tools have been developed and widely used in the past few years for the prediction of pathways induced from both hepatotoxic as well as hepatoprotective Chinese drugs and for the identification of DILI specific biomarkers for prognostic purpose. In addition to this, advanced machine learning models have been developed for the classification of drugs into DILI causing and non-DILI causing. Moreover, development of 3 class models over 2 class offers better understanding of multi-class DILI risks and at the same time providing authentic prediction of toxicity during drug designing before clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Shikha Bakshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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12
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Gust KA, Lotufo GR, Stanley JK, Wilbanks MS, Chappell P, Barker ND. Transcriptomics provides mechanistic indicators of mixture toxicology for IMX-101 and IMX-104 formulations in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 199:138-151. [PMID: 29625381 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Within the US military, new insensitive munitions (IMs) are rapidly replacing conventional munitions improving safety from unintended detonation. Toxicity data for IM chemicals are expanding rapidly, however IM constituents are typically deployed in mixture formulations, and very little is known about their mixture toxicology. In the present study we sought to characterize the mixture effects and toxicology of the two predominant IM formulations IMX-101 and IMX-104 in acute (48 h) larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposures. IMX-101 consists of a mixture of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ) while IMX-104 is composed of DNAN, NTO, and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). DNAN was the most potent constituent in IMX-101 eliciting an LC50 of 36.1 mg/L, whereas NTO and NQ did not elicit significant mortality in exposures up to 1040 and 2640 mg/L, respectively. Toxic unit calculations indicated that IMX-101 elicited toxicity representative of the component concentration of DNAN within the mixture. Toxicogenomic responses for the individual constituents of IMX-101 indicated unique transcriptional expression and functional responses characteristic of: oxidative stress, impaired energy metabolism, tissue damage and inflammatory responses in DNAN exposures; impaired steroid biosynthesis and developmental cell-signaling in NQ exposures; and altered mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in NTO exposures. Transcriptional responses to the IMX-101 mixture were driven by the effects of DNAN where expression and functional responses were nearly identical comparing DNAN alone versus the fractional equivalent of DNAN within IMX-101. Given that each individual constituent of the IMX-101 mixture elicited unique functional responses, and NTO and NQ did not interact with DNAN within the IMX-101 mixture exposure, the overall toxicity and toxicogenomic responses within acute exposures to the IMX-101 formulation are indicative of "independent" mixture toxicology. Alternatively, in the IMX-104 exposure both DNAN and RDX were each present at concentrations sufficient to elicit lethality (RDX LC50 = 28.9 mg/L). Toxic-unit calculations for IMX-104 mixture formulation exposures indicated slight synergistic toxicity (ΣTU LC50 = 0.82, 95% confidence interval = 0.73-0.90). Unique functional responses relative to DNAN were observed in the IMX-104 exposure including responses characteristic of RDX exposure. Based on previous transcriptomics responses to acute RDX exposures in fathead minnow larvae, we hypothesize that the potentially synergistic responses within the IMX-104 mixture are related to interactive effects of each DNAN and RDX on oxidative stress mitigation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Jacob K Stanley
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA; Stanley Environmental Consulting, Waynesboro, MS, USA
| | - Mitchell S Wilbanks
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA
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Liao HY, Chien CC, Tang P, Chen CC, Chen CY, Chen SC. The integrated analysis of transcriptome and proteome for exploring the biodegradation mechanism of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene by Citrobacter sp. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 349:79-90. [PMID: 29414755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Citrobacter sp. has been shown to degrade 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). However, the mechanism of its TNT biodegradation is poorly understood. An integrated proteome and transcriptome analysis was performed for investigating the differential genes and differential proteins in bacterial growth at the onset of experiments and after 12 h treatment with TNT. With the RNA sequencing, we found a total of 3792 transcripts and 569 differentially expressed genes (≥2 fold, P < 0.05) by. Genes for amino acid transport, cellular metabolism and stress-shock proteins were up-regulated, while carbohydrate transport and metabolism were down-regulated. A total of 42 protein spots (≥1.5 fold, P < 0.05) showed differential expression on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and these proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. The most prominent proteins up-regulated were involved in energy production and conversion, amino acid transport and metabolism, posttranslational modification, protein turnover and chaperones. Proteins involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism were down-regulated. Most notably, we observed that nemA encoding N-ethylmaleimide reductase was the most up-regulated gene involved in TNT degradation, and further proved that it can transform TNT to 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT). This study highlights the molecular mechanisms of Citrobacter sp. for TNT removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Liao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, No. 300, Jhing-da Rd., Jhongli City, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Chien
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, No. 135, Yuantung Rd., Jhongli City, Taoyuan, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Petrus Tang
- Department of Parasitology, Chang Gung University, No.259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dis., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, No.116, Heping 1st Rd., Lingya District, Kaohsiung City, 80201, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, No. 300, Jhing-da Rd., Jhongli City, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Ching Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, No. 300, Jhing-da Rd., Jhongli City, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan.
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Chatterjee S, Deb U, Datta S, Walther C, Gupta DK. Common explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX) and their fate in the environment: Emphasizing bioremediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:438-451. [PMID: 28618276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Explosive materials are energetic substances, when released into the environment, contaminate by posing toxic hazards to environment and biota. Throughout the world, soils are contaminated by such contaminants either due to manufacturing operations, military activities, conflicts of different levels, open burning/open detonation (OB/OD), dumping of munitions etc. Among different forms of chemical explosives, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro- 1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) are most common. These explosives are highly toxic as USEPA has recommended restrictions for lifetime contact through drinking water. Although, there are several utilitarian aspects in anthropogenic activities, however, effective remediation of explosives is very important. This review article emphasizes the details of appropriate practices to ameliorate the contamination. Critical evaluation has also been made to encompass the recent knowledge and advancement about bioremediation and phytoremediation of explosives (especially TNT, RDX and HMX) along with the molecular mechanisms of biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Chatterjee
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Utsab Deb
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Sibnarayan Datta
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Clemens Walther
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Gebäude 4113, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dharmendra K Gupta
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Gebäude 4113, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Induces Apoptosis via ROS-Regulated Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in HepG2 and Hep3B Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8148. [PMID: 28811603 PMCID: PMC5557873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been reported to cause numerous adverse effects. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying TNT-induced liver toxicity need to be elucidated. In this study, we used HepG2 (p53wt) and Hep3B (p53null) cell lines to investigate the cytotoxic effects of TNT. At first, we found that TNT significantly decreased cell viability and induced DNA damage. Thereafter, through transcriptomic analysis, we observed that the diverse biological functions affected included mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction was evidenced by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased expression of cleaved-caspase-9&-3 and increased caspase-3/7 activity, indicating that apoptosis had occurred. In addition, the expressions of some ER stress-related proteins had increased. Next, we investigated the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in TNT-induced cellular toxicity. The levels of DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress and apoptosis were alleviated when the cells were pretreated with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). These results indicated that TNT caused the ROS dependent apoptosis via ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, the cells transfected with CHOP siRNA significantly reversed the TNT-induced apoptosis, which indicated that ER stress led to apoptosis. Overall, we examined TNT-induced apoptosis via ROS dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress in HepG2 and Hep3B cells.
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16
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Naumenko EA, Ahlemeyer B, Baumgart-Vogt E. Species-specific differences in peroxisome proliferation, catalase, and SOD2 upregulation as well as toxicity in human, mouse, and rat hepatoma cells induced by the explosive and environmental pollutant 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:989-1006. [PMID: 27322098 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been widely used as an explosive substance and its toxicity is still of interest as it persisted in polluted areas. TNT is metabolized in hepatocytes which are prone to its toxicity. Since analysis of the human liver or hepatocytes is restricted due to ethical reasons, we investigated the effects of TNT on cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, peroxisome proliferation, and antioxidative enzymes in human (HepG2), mouse (Hepa 1-6), and rat (H4IIEC3) hepatoma cell lines. Under control conditions, hepatoma cells of all three species were highly comparable exhibiting identical proliferation rates and distribution of their cell cycle phases. However, we found strong differences in TNT toxicity with the lowest IC50 values (highest cell death rate) for rat cells, whereas human and mouse cells were three to sevenfold less sensitive. Moreover, a strong decrease in cellular dehydrogenase activity (MTT assay) and increased ROS levels were noted. TNT caused peroxisome proliferation with rat hepatoma cells being most responsive followed by those from mouse and human. Under control conditions, rat cells contained fivefold higher peroxisomal catalase and mitochondrial SOD2 activities and a twofold higher capacity to reduce MTT than human and mouse cells. TNT treatment caused an increase in catalase and SOD2 mRNA and protein levels in human and mouse, but not in rat cells. Similarly, human and mouse cells upregulated SOD2 activity, whereas rat cells failed therein. We conclude that TNT induced oxidative stress, peroxisome proliferation and mitochondrial damage which are highest in rat cells rendering them most susceptible toward TNT. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 989-1006, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Anatolevna Naumenko
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 123, Giessen, 35385, Germany
| | - Barbara Ahlemeyer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 123, Giessen, 35385, Germany
| | - Eveline Baumgart-Vogt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 123, Giessen, 35385, Germany
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17
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Functional Genomics, Genetics, and Bioinformatics 2016. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2625831. [PMID: 27995138 PMCID: PMC5138440 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2625831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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18
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Song L, Wang Y, Wang J, Yang F, Li X, Wu Y. Trinitrotoluene Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis in HePG2 Cells. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:3434-41. [PMID: 26551326 PMCID: PMC4644021 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to describe trinitrotoluene (TNT)-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis in HePG2 cells. Material/Methods HePG2 cells were cultured in vitro with 0, 6, 12, or 24 μg/ml TNT solution for 12, 24, and 48 h. Western blotting was performed to detect intracellular ERS-related proteins, including glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78, GRP94, Caspase 4, p-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Real-time PCR was used to measure mRNA expression from the respective genes. Results The expressions of ERS-related proteins GRP78 and GRP94 as well as mRNA and protein expression of ERS signaling apoptotic CHOP in the TNT treatment group were significantly increased. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of ERS-induced apoptotic protein Caspase-4 were significantly increased. Flow cytometry revealed that after TNT treatment, the apoptosis rate also significantly increased. Conclusions TNT could increase the expression levels of GRP78, GRP94, Caspase-4, and CHOP in HePG2 cells; this increase in protein expression might be involved in HePG2 apoptosis through the induction of the ERS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Occupational Poisoning, Heilongjiang Institute of Labor, Health, and Occupational Disease, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Heilongjiang Institute of Labor, Health, and Occupational Disease, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
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19
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Gust KA, Nanduri B, Rawat A, Wilbanks MS, Ang CY, Johnson DR, Pendarvis K, Chen X, Quinn MJ, Johnson MS, Burgess SC, Perkins EJ. Systems toxicology identifies mechanistic impacts of 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2A-DNT) exposure in Northern Bobwhite. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:587. [PMID: 26251320 PMCID: PMC4545821 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A systems toxicology investigation comparing and integrating transcriptomic and proteomic results was conducted to develop holistic effects characterizations for the wildlife bird model, Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) dosed with the explosives degradation product 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2A-DNT). A subchronic 60d toxicology bioassay was leveraged where both sexes were dosed via daily gavage with 0, 3, 14, or 30 mg/kg-d 2A-DNT. Effects on global transcript expression were investigated in liver and kidney tissue using custom microarrays for C. virginianus in both sexes at all doses, while effects on proteome expression were investigated in liver for both sexes and kidney in males, at 30 mg/kg-d. Results As expected, transcript expression was not directly indicative of protein expression in response to 2A-DNT. However, a high degree of correspondence was observed among gene and protein expression when investigating higher-order functional responses including statistically enriched gene networks and canonical pathways, especially when connected to toxicological outcomes of 2A-DNT exposure. Analysis of networks statistically enriched for both transcripts and proteins demonstrated common responses including inhibition of programmed cell death and arrest of cell cycle in liver tissues at 2A-DNT doses that caused liver necrosis and death in females. Additionally, both transcript and protein expression in liver tissue was indicative of induced phase I and II xenobiotic metabolism potentially as a mechanism to detoxify and excrete 2A-DNT. Nuclear signaling assays, transcript expression and protein expression each implicated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) nuclear signaling as a primary molecular target in the 2A-DNT exposure with significant downstream enrichment of PPAR-regulated pathways including lipid metabolic pathways and gluconeogenesis suggesting impaired bioenergetic potential. Conclusion Although the differential expression of transcripts and proteins was largely unique, the consensus of functional pathways and gene networks enriched among transcriptomic and proteomic datasets provided the identification of many critical metabolic functions underlying 2A-DNT toxicity as well as impaired PPAR signaling, a key molecular initiating event known to be affected in di- and trinitrotoluene exposures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1798-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, EL-EP-P, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Institute for Digital Biology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Arun Rawat
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Mitchell S Wilbanks
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, EL-EP-P, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Choo Yaw Ang
- Badger Technical Services, San Antonio, TX, 71286, USA.
| | | | - Ken Pendarvis
- University of Arizona, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA. .,Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- IFXworks LLC, 2915 Columbia Pike, Arlington, VA, 22204, USA.
| | - Michael J Quinn
- US Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA.
| | - Mark S Johnson
- US Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA.
| | - Shane C Burgess
- University of Arizona, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Edward J Perkins
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, EL-EP-P, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
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Functional Genomics, Genetics, and Bioinformatics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:184824. [PMID: 25977917 PMCID: PMC4421104 DOI: 10.1155/2015/184824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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21
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Deng Y, Ai J, Guan X, Wang Z, Yan B, Zhang D, Liu C, Wilbanks MS, Escalon BL, Meyers SA, Yang MQ, Perkins EJ. MicroRNA and messenger RNA profiling reveals new biomarkers and mechanisms for RDX induced neurotoxicity. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 11:S1. [PMID: 25559034 PMCID: PMC4304176 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s11-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RDX is a well-known pollutant to induce neurotoxicity. MicroRNAs (miRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) profiles are useful tools for toxicogenomics studies. It is worthy to integrate MiRNA and mRNA expression data to understand RDX-induced neurotoxicity. Results Rats were treated with or without RDX for 48 h. Both miRNA and mRNA profiles were conducted using brain tissues. Nine miRNAs were significantly regulated by RDX. Of these, 6 and 3 miRNAs were up- and down-regulated respectively. The putative target genes of RDX-regulated miRNAs were highly nervous system function genes and pathways enriched. Fifteen differentially genes altered by RDX from mRNA profiles were the putative targets of regulated miRNAs. The induction of miR-71, miR-27ab, miR-98, and miR-135a expression by RDX, could reduce the expression of the genes POLE4, C5ORF13, SULF1 and ROCK2, and eventually induce neurotoxicity. Over-expression of miR-27ab, or reduction of the expression of unknown miRNAs by RDX, could up-regulate HMGCR expression and contribute to neurotoxicity. RDX regulated immune and inflammation response miRNAs and genes could contribute to RDX- induced neurotoxicity and other toxicities as well as animal defending reaction response to RDX exposure. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that integrating miRNA and mRNA profiles is valuable to indentify novel biomarkers and molecular mechanisms for RDX-induced neurological disorder and neurotoxicity.
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Garcia-Reyero N, Tingaud-Sequeira A, Cao M, Zhu Z, Perkins EJ, Hu W. Endocrinology: advances through omics and related technologies. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:262-73. [PMID: 24726988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of new omics technologies to measure changes at genetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomics levels together with the evolution of methods to analyze and integrate the data at a systems level are revolutionizing the study of biological processes. Here we discuss how new approaches using omics technologies have expanded our knowledge especially in nontraditional models. Our increasing knowledge of these interactions and evolutionary pathway conservation facilitates the use of nontraditional species, both invertebrate and vertebrate, as new model species for biological and endocrinology research. The increasing availability of technology to create organisms overexpressing key genes in endocrine function allows manipulation of complex regulatory networks such as growth hormone (GH) in transgenic fish where disregulation of GH production to produce larger fish has also permitted exploration of the role that GH plays in testis development, suggesting that it does so through interactions with insulin-like growth factors. The availability of omics tools to monitor changes at nearly any level in any organism, manipulate gene expression and behavior, and integrate data across biological levels, provides novel opportunities to explore endocrine function across many species and understand the complex roles that key genes play in different aspects of the endocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Institute for Genomics Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA.
| | - Angèle Tingaud-Sequeira
- Laboratoire MRMG, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme, Université de Bordeaux, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Mengxi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Edward J Perkins
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Wilbanks MS, Gust KA, Atwa S, Sunesara I, Johnson D, Ang CY, Meyer SA, Perkins EJ. Validation of a genomics-based hypothetical adverse outcome pathway: 2,4-dinitrotoluene perturbs PPAR signaling thus impairing energy metabolism and exercise endurance. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:44-58. [PMID: 24893713 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) is a nitroaromatic used in industrial dyes and explosives manufacturing processes that is found as a contaminant in the environment. Previous studies have implicated antagonism of PPARα signaling as a principal process affected by 2,4-DNT. Here, we test the hypothesis that 2,4-DNT-induced perturbations in PPARα signaling and resultant downstream deficits in energy metabolism, especially from lipids, cause organism-level impacts on exercise endurance. PPAR nuclear activation bioassays demonstrated inhibition of PPARα signaling by 2,4-DNT whereas PPARγ signaling increased. PPARα (-/-) and wild-type (WT) female mice were exposed for 14 days to vehicle or 2,4-DNT (134 mg/kg/day) and performed a forced swim to exhaustion 1 day after the last dose. 2,4-DNT significantly decreased body weights and swim times in WTs, but effects were significantly mitigated in PPARα (-/-) mice. 2,4-DNT decreased transcript expression for genes downstream in the PPARα signaling pathway, principally genes involved in fatty acid transport. Results indicate that PPARγ signaling increased resulting in enhanced cycling of lipid and carbohydrate substrates into glycolytic/gluconeogenic pathways favoring energy production versus storage in 2,4-DNT-exposed WT and PPARα (-/-) mice. PPARα (-/-) mice appear to have compensated for the loss of PPARα by shifting energy metabolism to PPARα-independent pathways resulting in lower sensitivity to 2,4-DNT when compared with WT mice. Our results validate 2,4-DNT-induced perturbation of PPARα signaling as the molecular initiating event for impaired energy metabolism, weight loss, and decreased exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt A Gust
- Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180
| | - Sahar Atwa
- University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201
| | - Imran Sunesara
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - David Johnson
- Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180 Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, Dallas, Texas 75234
| | - Choo Yaw Ang
- Badger Technical Services, San Antonio, Texas 71286
| | - Sharon A Meyer
- University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201
| | - Edward J Perkins
- Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180
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24
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Wei X, Ai J, Deng Y, Guan X, Johnson DR, Ang CY, Zhang C, Perkins EJ. Identification of biomarkers that distinguish chemical contaminants based on gene expression profiles. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:248. [PMID: 24678894 PMCID: PMC4051169 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High throughput transcriptomics profiles such as those generated using microarrays have been useful in identifying biomarkers for different classification and toxicity prediction purposes. Here, we investigated the use of microarrays to predict chemical toxicants and their possible mechanisms of action. Results In this study, in vitro cultures of primary rat hepatocytes were exposed to 105 chemicals and vehicle controls, representing 14 compound classes. We comprehensively compared various normalization of gene expression profiles, feature selection and classification algorithms for the classification of these 105 chemicals into14 compound classes. We found that normalization had little effect on the averaged classification accuracy. Two support vector machine (SVM) methods, LibSVM and sequential minimal optimization, had better classification performance than other methods. SVM recursive feature selection (SVM-RFE) had the highest overfitting rate when an independent dataset was used for a prediction. Therefore, we developed a new feature selection algorithm called gradient method that had a relatively high training classification as well as prediction accuracy with the lowest overfitting rate of the methods tested. Analysis of biomarkers that distinguished the 14 classes of compounds identified a group of genes principally involved in cell cycle function that were significantly downregulated by metal and inflammatory compounds, but were induced by anti-microbial, cancer related drugs, pesticides, and PXR mediators. Conclusions Our results indicate that using microarrays and a supervised machine learning approach to predict chemical toxicants, their potential toxicity and mechanisms of action is practical and efficient. Choosing the right feature and classification algorithms for this multiple category classification and prediction is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Youping Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Kidston House, 630 S, Hermitage Ave, Room 408, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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25
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Stanley JK, Perkins EJ, Habib T, Sims JG, Chappell P, Escalon BL, Wilbanks M, Garcia-Reyero N. The good, the bad, and the toxic: approaching hormesis in Daphnia magna exposed to an energetic compound. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:9424-33. [PMID: 23898970 PMCID: PMC4120942 DOI: 10.1021/es401115q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A hormetic response is characterized by an opposite effect in small and large doses of chemical exposure, often resulting in seemingly beneficial effects at low doses. Here, we examined the potential mechanisms underlying the hormetic response of Daphnia magna to the energetic trinitrotoluene (TNT). Daphnia magna were exposed to TNT for 21 days, and a significant increase in adult length and number of neonates was identified at low concentrations (0.002-0.22 mg/L TNT), while toxic effects were identified at high concentrations (0.97 mg/L TNT and above). Microarray analysis of D. magna exposed to 0.004, 0.12, and 1.85 mg/L TNT identified effects on lipid metabolism as a potential mechanism underlying hormetic effects. Lipidomic analysis of exposed D. magna supported the hypothesis that TNT exposure affected lipid and fatty acid metabolism, showing that hormetic effects could be related to changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids known to be involved in Daphnia growth and reproduction. Our results show that Daphnia exposed to low levels of TNT presented hormetic growth and reproduction enhancement, while higher TNT concentrations had an opposite effect. Our results also show how a systems approach can help elucidate potential mechanisms of action and adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K. Stanley
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180
| | - Edward J. Perkins
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180
| | - Tanwir Habib
- Badger Technical Services, 12500 San Pedro Avenue, Suite 450, San Antonio, TX 78216
| | - Jerre G. Sims
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180
| | - Pornsawan Chappell
- Badger Technical Services, 12500 San Pedro Avenue, Suite 450, San Antonio, TX 78216
| | - B. Lynn Escalon
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180
| | - Mitchell Wilbanks
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180
| | - Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS
- Corresponding author: , phone: +1-601-634-3764; fax: 601-634-4017
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26
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Gnatenko DV, Xu X, Zhu W, Schmidt VA. Transcript profiling identifies iqgap2(-/-) mouse as a model for advanced human hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71826. [PMID: 23951254 PMCID: PMC3741273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is broadly accepted that genetically engineered animal models do not always recapitulate human pathobiology. Therefore identifying best-fit mouse models of human cancers that truly reflect the corresponding human disease is of vital importance in elucidating molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis and developing preventive and therapeutic approaches. A new hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mouse model lacking a novel putative tumor suppressor IQGAP2 has been generated by our laboratory. The aim of this study was to obtain the molecular signature of Iqgap2−/− HCC tumors and establish the relevance of this model to human disease. Here we report a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of Iqgap2−/− livers and a cross-species comparison of human and Iqgap2−/− HCC tumors using Significance Analysis of Microarray (SAM) and unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis. We identified the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as the top canonical pathway dysregulated in Iqgap2−/− livers. We also demonstrated that Iqgap2−/− hepatic tumors shared genetic signatures with HCC tumors from patients with advanced disease as evidenced by a 78% mouse-to-human microarray data set concordance rate with 117 out of 151 identified ortholog genes having similar expression profiles across the two species. Collectively, these results indicate that the Iqgap2 knockout mouse model closely recapitulates human HCC at the molecular level and supports its further application for the study of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V. Gnatenko
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Valentina A. Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chaillou T, Lee JD, England JH, Esser KA, McCarthy JJ. Time course of gene expression during mouse skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1065-74. [PMID: 23869057 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00611.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive transcriptome analysis during skeletal muscle hypertrophy to identify signaling pathways that are operative throughout the hypertrophic response. Global gene expression patterns were determined from microarray results on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 during plantaris muscle hypertrophy induced by synergist ablation in adult mice. Principal component analysis and the number of differentially expressed genes (cutoffs ≥2-fold increase or ≥50% decrease compared with control muscle) revealed three gene expression patterns during overload-induced hypertrophy: early (1 day), intermediate (3, 5, and 7 days), and late (10 and 14 days) patterns. Based on the robust changes in total RNA content and in the number of differentially expressed genes, we focused our attention on the intermediate gene expression pattern. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed a downregulation of genes encoding components of the branched-chain amino acid degradation pathway during hypertrophy. Among these genes, five were predicted by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis or previously shown to be regulated by the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor-15, which was also downregulated during hypertrophy. Moreover, the integrin-linked kinase signaling pathway was activated during hypertrophy, and the downregulation of muscle-specific micro-RNA-1 correlated with the upregulation of five predicted targets associated with the integrin-linked kinase pathway. In conclusion, we identified two novel pathways that may be involved in muscle hypertrophy, as well as two upstream regulators (Kruppel-like factor-15 and micro-RNA-1) that provide targets for future studies investigating the importance of these pathways in muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chaillou
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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28
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Zhao C, Mao J, Ai J, Shenwu M, Shi T, Zhang D, Wang X, Wang Y, Deng Y. Integrated lipidomics and transcriptomic analysis of peripheral blood reveals significantly enriched pathways in type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Med Genomics 2013; 6 Suppl 1:S12. [PMID: 23369247 PMCID: PMC3552685 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-6-s1-s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin resistance is a key element in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Plasma free fatty acids were assumed to mediate the insulin resistance, while the relationship between lipid and glucose disposal remains to be demonstrated across liver, skeletal muscle and blood. Methods We profiled both lipidomics and gene expression of 144 total peripheral blood samples, 84 from patients with T2D and 60 from healthy controls. Then, factor and partial least squares models were used to perform a combined analysis of lipidomics and gene expression profiles to uncover the bioprocesses that are associated with lipidomic profiles in type 2 diabetes. Results According to factor analysis of the lipidomic profile, several species of lipids were found to be correlated with different phenotypes, including diabetes-related C23:2CE, C23:3CE, C23:4CE, ePE36:4, ePE36:5, ePE36:6; race-related (African-American) PI36:1; and sex-related PE34:1 and LPC18:2. The major variance of gene expression profile was not caused by known factors and no significant difference can be directly derived from differential gene expression profile. However, the combination of lipidomic and gene expression analyses allows us to reveal the correlation between the altered lipid profile with significantly enriched pathways, such as one carbon pool by folate, arachidonic acid metabolism, insulin signaling pathway, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, propanoate metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. The genes in these pathways showed a good capability to classify diabetes samples. Conclusion Combined analysis of gene expression and lipidomic profiling reveals type 2 diabetes-associated lipid species and enriched biological pathways in peripheral blood, while gene expression profile does not show direct correlation. Our findings provide a new clue to better understand the mechanism of disordered lipid metabolism in association with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, PR China
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29
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McFarland CA, Talent LG, Quinn MJ, Bazar MA, Wilbanks MS, Nisanian M, Gogal RM, Johnson MS, Perkins EJ, Gust KA. Multiple environmental stressors elicit complex interactive effects in the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:2372-2390. [PMID: 22975894 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of multiple-stressor effects stemming from habitat degradation, climate change, and exposure to chemical contaminants is crucial for addressing challenges to ecological and environmental health. To assess the effects of multiple stressors in an understudied taxon, the western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis) was used to characterize the individual and combined effects of food limitation, exposure to the munitions constituent 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and Plasmodium mexicanum (lizard malaria) infection. Three experimental assays were conducted including: Experiment I--TNT × Food Limitation, Experiment II--Food Limitation × Malaria Infection, and Experiment III--TNT × Malaria Infection. All experiments had a 30 day duration, the malaria treatment included infected and non infected control lizards, food limitation treatments included an ad libitum control and at least one reduced food ration and TNT exposures consisting of daily oral doses of corn oil control or a corn oil-TNT suspension at 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg/day. The individual stressors caused a variety of effects including: reduced feeding, reduced testes mass, anemia, increased white blood cell (WBC) concentrations and increased mass of liver, kidney and spleen in TNT exposures; reduced cholesterol, WBC concentrations and whole body, testes and inguinal fat weights given food limitation; and increased WBC concentrations and spleen weights as well as decreased cholesterol and testes mass in malaria infected lizards. Additive and interactive effects were found among certain stressor combinations including elimination of TNT-induced hormesis for growth under food limitation. Ultimately, our study indicates the potential for effects modulation when environmental stressors are combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A McFarland
- Health Effects Research Program, Toxicology Portfolio, U.S. Army Institute of Public Health, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5403, USA.
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Garcia-Reyero N, Escalon BL, Loh PR, Laird JG, Kennedy AJ, Berger B, Perkins EJ. Assessment of chemical mixtures and groundwater effects on Daphnia magna transcriptomics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:42-50. [PMID: 21744839 DOI: 10.1021/es201245b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Small organisms can be used as biomonitoring tools to assess chemicals in the environment. Chemical stressors are especially hard to assess and monitor when present as complex mixtures. Here, fifteen polymerase chain reaction assays targeting Daphnia magna genes were calibrated to responses elicited in D. magna exposed for 24 h to five different doses each of the munitions constituents 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,6-dinitrotoluene, trinitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene, or 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane. A piecewise-linear model for log-fold expression changes in gene assays was used to predict response to munitions mixtures and contaminated groundwater under the assumption that chemical effects were additive. The correlations of model predictions with actual expression changes ranged from 0.12 to 0.78 with an average of 0.5. To better understand possible mixture effects, gene expression changes from all treatments were compared using high-density microarrays. Whereas mixtures and groundwater exposures had genes and gene functions in common with single chemical exposures, unique functions were also affected, which was consistent with the nonadditivity of chemical effects in these mixtures. These results suggest that, while gene behavior in response to chemical exposure can be partially predicted based on chemical exposure, estimation of the composition of mixtures from chemical responses is difficult without further understanding of gene behavior in mixtures. Future work will need to examine additive and nonadditive mixture effects using a much greater range of different chemical classes in order to clarify the behavior and predictability of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States
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