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Balabanova L, Seitkalieva A, Yugay Y, Rusapetova T, Slepchenko L, Podvolotskaya A, Yatsunskaya M, Vasyutkina E, Son O, Tekutyeva L, Shkryl Y. Engineered Fungus Thermothelomyces thermophilus Producing Plant Storage Proteins. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020119. [PMID: 35205873 PMCID: PMC8877005 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation based on the plant binary vector pPZP-RCS2 was carried out for the multiple heterologous protein production in filamentous fungus Thermothelomyces thermophilus F-859 (formerly Myceliophthora thermophila F-859). The engineered fungus Th. thermophilus was able to produce plant storage proteins of Zea mays (α-zein Z19) and Amaranthus hypochondriacus (albumin A1) to enrich fungal biomass by valuable nutritional proteins and improved amino acid content. The mRNA levels of z19 and a1 genes were significantly dependent on their driving promoters: the promoter of tryptophan synthase (PtrpC) was more efficient to express a1, while the promoter of translation elongation factor (Ptef) provided much higher levels of z19 transcript abundance. In general, the total recombinant proteins and amino acid contents were higher in the Ptef-containing clones. This work describes a new strategy to improve mycoprotein nutritive value by overexpression of plant storage proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Balabanova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (L.B.); (A.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Seitkalieva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (L.B.); (A.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Yulia Yugay
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.Y.); (T.R.); (M.Y.); (E.V.)
| | - Tatiana Rusapetova
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.Y.); (T.R.); (M.Y.); (E.V.)
| | - Lubov Slepchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (L.B.); (A.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Anna Podvolotskaya
- Department of Bioeconomy and Food Security, Far Eastern Federal University, B417 Office, Bldg. 20, Ajax St., Russky Island, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.P.); (O.S.); (L.T.)
- ARNIKA, Territory of PDA Nadezhdinskaya, Centralnay St. 42, 692481 Volno-Nadezhdinskoye, Primorsky Krai, Russia
| | - Margarita Yatsunskaya
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.Y.); (T.R.); (M.Y.); (E.V.)
| | - Elena Vasyutkina
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.Y.); (T.R.); (M.Y.); (E.V.)
| | - Oksana Son
- Department of Bioeconomy and Food Security, Far Eastern Federal University, B417 Office, Bldg. 20, Ajax St., Russky Island, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.P.); (O.S.); (L.T.)
- ARNIKA, Territory of PDA Nadezhdinskaya, Centralnay St. 42, 692481 Volno-Nadezhdinskoye, Primorsky Krai, Russia
| | - Liudmila Tekutyeva
- Department of Bioeconomy and Food Security, Far Eastern Federal University, B417 Office, Bldg. 20, Ajax St., Russky Island, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.P.); (O.S.); (L.T.)
- ARNIKA, Territory of PDA Nadezhdinskaya, Centralnay St. 42, 692481 Volno-Nadezhdinskoye, Primorsky Krai, Russia
| | - Yury Shkryl
- Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (Y.Y.); (T.R.); (M.Y.); (E.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4232-312-129; Fax: +7-4232-310-193
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Development of Disease-Resistance-Associated Microsatellite DNA Markers for Selective Breeding of Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Farmed in Taiwan. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:genes13010099. [PMID: 35052439 PMCID: PMC8774982 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous means to improve the tilapia aquaculture industry, and one is to develop disease resistance through selective breeding using molecular markers. In this study, 11 disease-resistance-associated microsatellite markers including 3 markers linked to hamp2, 4 linked to hamp1, 1 linked to pgrn2, 2 linked to pgrn1, and 1 linked to piscidin 4 (TP4) genes were established for tilapia strains farmed in Taiwan after challenge with Streptococcus inae. The correlation analysis of genotypes and survival revealed a total of 55 genotypes related to survival by the chi-square and Z-test. Although fewer markers were found in B and N2 strains compared with A strain, they performed well in terms of disease resistance. It suggested that this may be due to the low potency of some genotypes and the combinatorial arrangement between them. Therefore, a predictive model was built by the genotypes of the parental generation and the mortality rate of different combinations was calculated. The results show the same trend of predicted mortality in the offspring of three new disease-resistant strains as in the challenge experiment. The present findings is a nonkilling method without requiring the selection by challenge with bacteria or viruses and might increase the possibility of utilization of selective breeding using SSR markers in farms.
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Shen Y, Zhang J. Tight Regulation of Major Histocompatibility Complex I for the Spatial and Temporal Expression in the Hippocampal Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:739136. [PMID: 34658795 PMCID: PMC8517433 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.739136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression and function of immune molecules, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC), within the developing and adult brain have been discovered over the past few years. Studies utilizing classical class I MHC knockout animals suggest that these molecules, in fact, play essential roles in the establishment, function, and modification of synapses in the CNS. Altered neuronal expression of class I MHC, as has been reported in pathological conditions, leads to aberrations in neuronal development and repair. In the hippocampus, cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate synaptic plasticity have heretofore been extensively studied. It is for this reason that multiple studies directed at better understanding the expression, regulation, and function of class I MHC within the hippocampus have been undertaken. Since several previous reviews have addressed the roles of class I MHC in the formation and function of hippocampal connections, the present review will focus on describing the spatial and temporal expression of class I MHC in developing, healthy adult, and aging hippocampus. Herein, we also review current literatures exploring mechanisms that regulate class I MHC expression in murine hippocampus. With this review, we aim to facilitate a deeper mechanistic understanding into the complex tight regulation of MHC I expression in hippocampus, which are needed as we explore the potential for targeting MHC I for therapeutic intervention in normal aging and in neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianqiong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Medical School, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Wang J, Shi K, Wu Z, Zhang C, Li Y, Deng H, Zhao S, Deng W. Disruption of the interaction between TFIIAαβ and TFIIA recognition element inhibits RNA polymerase II gene transcription in a promoter context-dependent manner. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194611. [PMID: 32745626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
General transcription factors and core promoter elements play a pivotal role in RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-mediated transcription initiation. In the previous work, we have defined a TFIIA recognition element (IIARE) that modulates Pol II-directed gene transcription in a promoter context-dependent manner. However, how TFIIA interacts with the IIARE and whether the interaction between TFIIA and the IIARE is involved in the regulation of gene transcription by Pol II are not fully understood. In the present study, we confirm that both K348 and K350 residues in TFIIAαβ are required for the interaction between TFIIAαβ and the IIARE. Disruption of the interaction between them by gene mutations dampens TFIIAαβ binding to the AdML-IIARE promoter and the transcriptional activation of the promoter containing a IIARE in vitro and in vivo. Stable expression of the TFIIAαβ mutant containing both K348A and K350A in the cell line with endogenous TFIIAαβ silence represses endogenous gene expression by reducing the occupancies of TFIIAαβ, TBP, p300, and Pol II at the promoters containing a IIARE. The findings from this study provide a novel insight into the regulatory mechanism of gene transcription mediated by TFIIA and the IIARE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Kaituo Shi
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Zihui Wu
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Huan Deng
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Shasha Zhao
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Wensheng Deng
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
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Yin B, Wang H, Zhu P, Weng S, He J, Li C. A Polymorphic (CT) n-SSR Influences the Activity of the Litopenaeus vannamei IRF Gene Implicated in Viral Resistance. Front Genet 2019; 10:1257. [PMID: 31921300 PMCID: PMC6915115 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) of short nucleotide motifs occur very frequently in the 5′ untranslated coding region (5′-UTR) of genes and have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression. In this study, we identified an SSR with a variable number of CT repeats in the 5′-UTR of the Litopenaeus vannamei IRF (LvIRF) gene that has been shown to mediate antiviral responses by inducing the expression of Vago, a functional homolog of mammalian IFN. We then explored the effects of varying the number of (CT)n repeats on the expression of LvIRF using both dual-luciferase reporter assays and Western blots. Our results demonstrate that the length of the (CT)n-SSR in this gene can influence the expressional level of LvIRF, in that a shorter (CT)n repeat had a stronger ability to induce the expression of LvIRF. Moreover, we found that the (CT)n repeat in LvIRF was associated with viral resistance in shrimp. Individual shrimps with shorter (CT)n repeats in the 5′-UTR of LvIRF exhibited high tolerance to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), and this trait was inherited in offspring. Taken together, these results indicated that this (CT)n-SSR could be used as a molecular marker for shrimp breeding for WSSV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yin
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gluf University, Qinzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo He
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaozheng Li
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)/School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Abstract
This review by Vo ngoc et al. expands the view of the RNA polymerase II core promoter, which is comprised of classical DNA sequence motifs, sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors, chromatin signals, and DNA structure. The signals that direct the initiation of transcription ultimately converge at the core promoter, which is the gateway to transcription. Here we provide an overview of the RNA polymerase II core promoter in bilateria (bilaterally symmetric animals). The core promoter is diverse in terms of its composition and function yet is also punctilious, as it acts with strict rules and precision. We additionally describe an expanded view of the core promoter that comprises the classical DNA sequence motifs, sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors, chromatin signals, and DNA structure. This model may eventually lead to a more unified conceptual understanding of the core promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Vo Ngoc
- Section of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Yuan-Liang Wang
- Section of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - George A Kassavetis
- Section of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - James T Kadonaga
- Section of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Reuben A, Chung JW, Lapointe R, Santos MM. The hemochromatosis protein HFE 20 years later: An emerging role in antigen presentation and in the immune system. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:218-232. [PMID: 28474781 PMCID: PMC5569368 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Since its discovery, the hemochromatosis protein HFE has been primarily defined by its role in iron metabolism and homeostasis, and its involvement in the genetic disease termed hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). While HH patients are typically afflicted by dysregulated iron levels, many are also affected by several immune defects and increased incidence of autoimmune diseases that have thereby implicated HFE in the immune response. Growing evidence has supported an immunological role for HFE with recent studies describing HFE specifically as it relates to MHC I antigen presentation. Methods/Results Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the relationship between iron metabolism, HFE, and the immune system to better understand the origin and cause of immune defects in HH patients. We further describe the role of HFE in MHC I antigen presentation and its potential to impair autoimmune responses in homeostatic conditions, a mechanism which may be exploited by tumors to evade immune surveillance. Conclusion Overall, this increased understanding of the role of HFE in the immune response sets the stage for better treatment and management of HH and other iron‐related diseases, as well as of the immune defects related to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Reuben
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacqueline W Chung
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Réjean Lapointe
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manuela M Santos
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Kumar S, Bhatia S. A polymorphic (GA/CT)n- SSR influences promoter activity of Tryptophan decarboxylase gene in Catharanthus roseus L. Don. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33280. [PMID: 27623355 PMCID: PMC5020687 DOI: 10.1038/srep33280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) of polypurine-polypyrimidine type motifs occur very frequently in the 5' flanks of genes in plants and have recently been implicated to have a role in regulation of gene expression. In this study, 2 accessions of Catharanthus roseus having (CT)8 and (CT)21 varying motifs in the 5'UTR of Tryptophan decarboxylase (Tdc) gene, were investigated for its role in regulation of gene expression. Extensive Tdc gene expression analysis in the 2 accessions was carried out both at the level of transcription and translation. Transcript abundance was estimated using Northern analysis and qRT-PCR, whereas the rate of Tdc gene transcription was assessed using in-situ nuclear run-on transcription assay. Translation status of Tdc gene was monitored by quantification of polysome associated Tdc mRNA using qRT-PCR. These observations were validated through transient expression analysis using the fusion construct [CaM35S:(CT)8-21:GUS]. Our study demonstrated that not only does the length of (CT)n -SSRs influences the promoter activity, but the presence of SSRs per se in the 5'-UTR significantly enhances the level of gene expression. We termed this phenomenon as "microsatellite mediated enhancement" (MME) of gene expression. Results presented here will provide leads for engineering plants with enhanced amounts of medicinally important alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, PO Box 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sabhyata Bhatia
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, PO Box 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
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9
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René C, Lozano C, Eliaou JF. Expression of classical HLA class I molecules: regulation and clinical impacts: Julia Bodmer Award Review 2015. HLA 2016; 87:338-49. [PMID: 27060357 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I genes are ubiquitously expressed, but in a tissue specific-manner. Their expression is primarily regulated at the transcriptional level and can be modulated both positively and negatively by different stimuli. Advances in sequencing technologies led to the identification of new regulatory variants located in the untranslated regions (UTRs), which could influence the expression. After a brief description of the mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of HLA class I genes expression, we will review how the expression levels of HLA class I genes could affect biological and pathological processes. Then, we will discuss on the differential expression of HLA class I genes according to the locus, allele and UTR polymorphisms and its clinical impact. This interesting field of study led to a new dimension of HLA typing, going beyond a qualitative aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C René
- Department of Immunology, CHRU de Montpellier, University Hospital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de Médecine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1183, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C Lozano
- Department of Immunology, CHRU de Montpellier, University Hospital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - J-F Eliaou
- Department of Immunology, CHRU de Montpellier, University Hospital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de Médecine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1194, IRCM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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10
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Taylor RL, Cruickshank MN, Karimi M, Ng HL, Quail E, Kaufman KM, Harley JB, Abraham LJ, Tsao BP, Boackle SA, Ulgiati D. Focused transcription from the human CR2/CD21 core promoter is regulated by synergistic activity of TATA and Initiator elements in mature B cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:119-31. [PMID: 25640655 PMCID: PMC4711682 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) is predominantly expressed on the surface of mature B cells where it forms part of a coreceptor complex that functions, in part, to modulate B-cell receptor signal strength. CR2/CD21 expression is tightly regulated throughout B-cell development such that CR2/CD21 cannot be detected on pre-B or terminally differentiated plasma cells. CR2/CD21 expression is upregulated at B-cell maturation and can be induced by IL-4 and CD40 signaling pathways. We have previously characterized elements in the proximal promoter and first intron of CR2/CD21 that are involved in regulating basal and tissue-specific expression. We now extend these analyses to the CR2/CD21 core promoter. We show that in mature B cells, CR2/CD21 transcription proceeds from a focused TSS regulated by a non-consensus TATA box, an initiator element and a downstream promoter element. Furthermore, occupancy of the general transcriptional machinery in pre-B versus mature B-cell lines correlate with CR2/CD21 expression level and indicate that promoter accessibility must switch from inactive to active during the transitional B-cell window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda L Taylor
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Mark N Cruickshank
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Mahdad Karimi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Han Leng Ng
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Quail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Kenneth M Kaufman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John B Harley
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lawrence J Abraham
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Betty P Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan A Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniela Ulgiati
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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11
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Roy AL, Singer DS. Core promoters in transcription: old problem, new insights. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:165-71. [PMID: 25680757 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early studies established that transcription initiates within an approximately 50 bp DNA segment capable of nucleating the assembly of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and associated general transcription factors (GTFs) necessary for transcriptional initiation; this region is called a core promoter. Subsequent analyses identified a series of conserved DNA sequence elements, present in various combinations or not at all, in core promoters. Recent genome-wide analyses have provided further insights into the complexity of core promoter architecture and function. Here we review recent studies that delineate the active role of core promoters in the transcriptional regulation of diverse physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda L Roy
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Dinah S Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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12
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Mu J, Tai X, Iyer SS, Weissman JD, Singer A, Singer DS. Regulation of MHC class I expression by Foxp3 and its effect on regulatory T cell function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2892-903. [PMID: 24523508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of MHC class I molecules, which provide immune surveillance against intracellular pathogens, is higher on lymphoid cells than on any other cell types. In T cells, this is a result of activation of class I transcription by the T cell enhanceosome consisting of Runx1, CBFβ, and LEF1. We now report that MHC class I transcription in T cells also is enhanced by Foxp3, resulting in higher levels of class I in CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells than in conventional CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. Interestingly, the effect of Foxp3 regulation of MHC class I transcription is cell type specific: Foxp3 increases MHC class I expression in T cells but represses it in epithelial tumor cells. In both cell types, Foxp3 targets the upstream IFN response element and downstream core promoter of the class I gene. Importantly, expression of MHC class I contributes to the function of CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells by enhancing immune suppression, both in in vitro and in vivo. These findings identify MHC class I genes as direct targets of Foxp3 whose expression augments regulatory T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Major histocompatibility complex class I core promoter elements are not essential for transcription in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4395-407. [PMID: 24019072 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00553-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of core promoter elements in regulating transcription initiation is largely unknown for genes subject to complex regulation. Major histocompatibility complex class I genes are ubiquitously expressed and governed by tissue-specific and hormonal signals. Transcription initiates at multiple sites within the core promoter, which contains elements homologous to the canonical elements CCAAT, TATAA, Sp1 binding site (Sp1BS), and Initiator (Inr). To determine their functions, expression of class I transgenes with individually mutated elements was assessed. Surprisingly, all mutant promoters supported transcription. However, each mutated core promoter element had a distinct effect on expression: CAAT box mutations modulated constitutive expression in nonlymphoid tissues, whereas TATAA-like element mutations dysregulated transcription in lymphoid tissues. Inr mutations aberrantly elevated expression. Sp1BS element mutations resulted in variegated transgene expression. RNA polymerase II binding and histone H3K4me3 patterns correlated with transgene expression; H3K9me3 marks partially correlated. Whereas the wild-type, TATAA-like, and CAAT mutant promoters were activated by gamma interferon, the Sp1 and Inr mutants were repressed, implicating these elements in regulation of hormonal responses. These results lead to the surprising conclusion that no single element is required for promoter activity. Rather, each plays a distinct role in promoter activity, chromatin structure, tissue-specific expression, and extracellular signaling.
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