1
|
Mendoza P, Furuta C, Garcia B, Zena LA, Artoni S, Dierenfeld ES, Bícego KC, Carciofi AC. Starch and fiber intake effects on energy metabolism, growth, and carapacial scute pyramiding of red-footed tortoise hatchlings (Chelonoidis carbonaria). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 265:111131. [PMID: 34958956 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tortoise husbandry includes reports of excessive growth and carapace pyramiding, although triggers still remain to be fully elucidated. Juvenile red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria) were fed with two different diets, one high in fiber (HF; 14.2% crude fiber; 39.2% neutral detergent fiber, NDF; dry matter basis, DMB) and one high in starch (HS; 27.7% DMB), to assess effects on energy metabolism, nutrient digestibility, and growth. A total of 20 hatchlings (10 per diet) were used to evaluate: apparent digestibility coefficients (Da) of nutrients and gross energy (GE), passage times at 5 and 11 months of age; resting and post-prandial metabolic rates at 6 and 12 months of age; growth rates; pyramiding; and estimated body composition. Animals fed HS showed higher mass-specific intake of digestible energy (113.9 ± 32.1 kJ kg-1 day-1 vs. 99.6 ± 35.3 kJ kg-1 day-1; P < 0.05), digestible DM (6.1 ± 1.8 g kg-1 day-1 vs. 5.0 ± 1.8 g kg-1 day-1; P < 0.01), shorter transit (3 ± 1 days vs. 4 ± 1 days; P < 0.01) and retention times (8 ± 2 days vs. 10 ± 2 days; P < 0.01), and higher Da of DM, starch, NDF, and GE. Crude protein Da was higher for HF. Rest and post-prandial metabolic rates, and pyramiding degree were not affected by diets. At 13 months, the animals from HS presented wider plastrons and carapaces, and higher carapace width growth rates. In addition, these animals had lower body mineral content (1.88 ± 0.15% vs. 2.15 ± 0.19%; P < 0.01) and bone density (0.13 ± 0.01 g mm-2 vs. 0.15 ± 0.02 g mm-2; P < 0.02). Results provide evidence that highly digestible foods can accelerate shell growth and lower mineralization in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierina Mendoza
- Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, 14884-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Wildhunger-Wildlife Nutrition Advisory, Lima, Peru.
| | - Camila Furuta
- Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, 14884-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Garcia
- Department of Biology Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, 14884-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Zena
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Silvana Artoni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, 14884-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen S Dierenfeld
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Zootrition Consulting, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, 14884-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aulus C Carciofi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, 14884-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mahmood T, Vu TT, Campos-Arceiz A, Akrim F, Andleeb S, Farooq M, Hamid A, Munawar N, Waseem M, Hussain A, Fatima H, Khan MR, Mahmood S. Historical and current distribution ranges and loss of mega-herbivores and carnivores of Asia. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10738. [PMID: 33628635 PMCID: PMC7894109 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecosystem functioning is dependent a lot on large mammals, which are, however, vulnerable and facing extinction risks due to human impacts mainly. Megafauna of Asia has been declining for a long, not only in numbers but also in their distribution ranges. In the current study, we collected information on past and current occurrence and distribution records of Asia’s megafauna species. We reconstructed the historical distribution ranges of the six herbivores and four carnivores for comparison with their present ranges, to quantify spatially explicit levels of mega-defaunation. Results revealed that historically the selected megafauna species were more widely distributed than at current. Severe range contraction was observed for the Asiatic lion, three rhino species, Asian elephant, tigers, and tapirs. Defaunation maps generated have revealed the vanishing of megafauna from parts of the East, Southeast, and Southwest Asia, even some protected Areas losing up to eight out of ten megafaunal species. These defaunation maps can help develop future conservation policies, to save the remaining distribution ranges of large mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.,School of Geography, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tuong Thuy Vu
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.,Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, China
| | - Faraz Akrim
- Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.,Department of Zoology, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Shaista Andleeb
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hamid
- Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Munawar
- Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Abid Hussain
- Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hira Fatima
- Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Khan
- Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Mahmood
- Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Clauss M, Frei S, Hatt JM, Kreuzer M. Methane emissions of geese (Anser anser) and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) fed pelleted lucerne. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 242:110651. [PMID: 31923627 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to mammalian herbivores, birds are generally perceived to produce little methane (CH4) during digestion, and accounting for poultry in greenhouse gas inventories is considered unnecessary. We measured CH4 emissions in six domestic geese (Anser anser, 5.0 ± 0.9 kg) and six domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo, 6.3 ± 0.6 kg) kept on a diet of lucerne pellets only, using open-circuit chamber respirometry. Measurements of oxygen consumption were similar to previously published values in these species. Absolute CH4 emissions per day were lower in geese (0.58 ± 0.10 L) than in turkeys (1.48 ± 0.16 L) and represented 0.4 ± 0.2 and 0.6 ± 0.1% of gross energy intake, respectively. These results confirm previous findings on the presence of methanogenes in the digestive tract of poultry species, and in vitro measurements performed on poultry caecal contents. In relation to mammalian herbivores in terms of absolute CH4 emissions, CH4 yield per dry matter or gross energy intake, or the CH4:CO2 ratio, the lucerne-fed geese and turkeys had comparatively low values. The emission of CH4 in spite of the very short digesta retention times and low fibre digestibility, as measured in the same animals, gives rise to the hypothesis that that in some birds, caecal fermentation and the associated CH4 production may be related to the microbial digestion of uric acid. The hypothesis that CH4 emissions in poultry may depend not only on dietary fibre but also on dietary digestible protein (that is excreted as uric acid in urine and retrogradely transported from the cloaca into the caeca) remains to be tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Samuel Frei
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitätsstr. 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yackulic CB, Blake S, Bastille-Rousseau G. Benefits of the destinations, not costs of the journeys, shape partial migration patterns. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:972-982. [PMID: 28390059 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reasons that lead some animals to seasonally migrate, and others to remain in the same area year-round, are poorly understood. Associations between traits, such as body size, and migration provide clues. For example, larger species and individuals are more likely to migrate. One explanation for this size bias in migration is that larger animals are capable of moving faster (movement hypothesis). However, body size is linked to many other biological processes. For instance, the energetic balances of larger animals are generally more sensitive to variation in food density because of body size effects on foraging and metabolism and this sensitivity could drive migratory decisions (forage hypothesis). Identifying the primary selective forces that drive migration ultimately requires quantifying fitness impacts over the full annual migratory cycle. Here, we develop a full annual migratory cycle model from metabolic and foraging theory to compare the importance of the forage and movement hypotheses. We parameterize the model for Galapagos tortoises, which were recently discovered to be size-dependent altitudinal migrants. The model predicts phenomena not included in model development including maximum body sizes, the body size at which individuals begin to migrate, and the seasonal timing of migration and these predictions generally agree with available data. Scenarios strongly support the forage hypothesis over the movement hypothesis. Furthermore, male Galapagos tortoises on Santa Cruz Island would be unable to grow to their enormous sizes without access to both highlands and lowlands. Whereas recent research has focused on links between traits and the migratory phases of the migratory cycle, we find that effects of body size on the non-migratory phases are far more important determinants of the propensity to migrate. Larger animals are more sensitive to changing forage conditions than smaller animals with implications for maintenance of migration and body size in the face of environmental change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Yackulic
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2255 N. Gemini Dr., Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Stephen Blake
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany.,Whitney-Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA.,WildCare Institute, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, MO, 63101, USA.,State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Guillaume Bastille-Rousseau
- State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.,Roosevelt Wild Life Station, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Methane production by two non-ruminant foregut-fermenting herbivores: The collared peccary ( Pecari tajacu ) and the pygmy hippopotamus ( Hexaprotodon liberiensis ). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 191:107-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
6
|
Vendl C, Clauss M, Stewart M, Leggett K, Hummel J, Kreuzer M, Munn A. Decreasing methane yield with increasing food intake keeps daily methane emissions constant in two foregut fermenting marsupials, the western grey kangaroo and red kangaroo. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:3425-34. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.128165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Fundamental differences in methane (CH4) production between macropods (kangaroos) and ruminants have been suggested and linked to differences in the composition of the forestomach microbiome. Using six western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) and four red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), we measured daily absolute CH4 production in vivo as well as CH4 yield (CH4 per unit of intake of dry matter, gross energy or digestible fibre) by open-circuit respirometry. Two food intake levels were tested using a chopped lucerne hay (alfalfa) diet. Body mass-specific absolute CH4 production resembled values previously reported in wallabies and non-ruminant herbivores such as horses, and did not differ with food intake level, although there was no concomitant proportionate decrease in fibre digestibility with higher food intake. In contrast, CH4 yield decreased with increasing intake, and was intermediate between values reported for ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores. These results correspond to those in ruminants and other non-ruminant species where increased intake (and hence a shorter digesta retention in the gut) leads to a lower CH4 yield. We hypothesize that rather than harbouring a fundamentally different microbiome in their foregut, the microbiome of macropods is in a particular metabolic state more tuned towards growth (i.e. biomass production) rather than CH4 production. This is due to the short digesta retention time in macropods and the known distinct ‘digesta washing’ in the gut of macropods, where fluids move faster than particles and hence most likely wash out microbes from the forestomach. Although our data suggest that kangaroos only produce about 27% of the body mass-specific volume of CH4 of ruminants, it remains to be modelled with species-specific growth rates and production conditions whether or not significantly lower CH4 amounts are emitted per kg of meat in kangaroo than in beef or mutton production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Vendl
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathew Stewart
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Keith Leggett
- Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Fowlers Gap, Broken Hill, NSW 2880, Australia
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Munn
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystems Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Fowlers Gap, Broken Hill, NSW 2880, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vendl C, Frei S, Dittmann MT, Furrer S, Osmann C, Ortmann S, Munn A, Kreuzer M, Clauss M. Digestive physiology, metabolism and methane production of captive Linné's two-toed sloths (Choloepus didactylus
). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:552-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Vendl
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - S. Frei
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. T. Dittmann
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- ETH Zurich; Institute of Agricultural Sciences; Zurich Switzerland
| | | | | | - S. Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW); Berlin Germany
| | - A. Munn
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - M. Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich; Institute of Agricultural Sciences; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan ML, Dean SH, Longo AV, Rothermel BB, Tuberville TD, Zamudio KR. Kinship, inbreeding and fine-scale spatial structure influence gut microbiota in a hindgut-fermenting tortoise. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2521-36. [PMID: 25809385 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herbivorous vertebrates rely on complex communities of mutualistic gut bacteria to facilitate the digestion of celluloses and hemicelluloses. Gut microbes are often convergent based on diet and gut morphology across a phylogenetically diverse group of mammals. However, little is known about microbial communities of herbivorous hindgut-fermenting reptiles. Here, we investigate how factors at the individual level might constrain the composition of gut microbes in an obligate herbivorous reptile. Using multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized the faecal microbial community of a population of gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) and examined how age, genetic diversity, spatial structure and kinship influence differences among individuals. We recovered phylotypes associated with known cellulolytic function, including candidate phylum Termite Group 3, suggesting their importance for gopher tortoise digestion. Although host genetic structure did not explain variation in microbial composition and community structure, we found that fine-scale spatial structure, inbreeding, degree of relatedness and possibly ontogeny shaped patterns of diversity in faecal microbiomes of gopher tortoises. Our findings corroborate widespread convergence of faecal-associated microbes based on gut morphology and diet and demonstrate the role of spatial and demographic structure in driving differentiation of gut microbiota in natural populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-2701, USA; Archbold Biological Station, Venus, FL, 33960, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Frei S, Dittmann MT, Reutlinger C, Ortmann S, Hatt JM, Kreuzer M, Clauss M. Methane emission by adult ostriches (Struthio camelus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 180:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Clauss M, Steuer P, Müller DWH, Codron D, Hummel J. Herbivory and body size: allometries of diet quality and gastrointestinal physiology, and implications for herbivore ecology and dinosaur gigantism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68714. [PMID: 24204552 PMCID: PMC3812987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive physiology has played a prominent role in explanations for terrestrial herbivore body size evolution and size-driven diversification and niche differentiation. This is based on the association of increasing body mass (BM) with diets of lower quality, and with putative mechanisms by which a higher BM could translate into a higher digestive efficiency. Such concepts, however, often do not match empirical data. Here, we review concepts and data on terrestrial herbivore BM, diet quality, digestive physiology and metabolism, and in doing so give examples for problems in using allometric analyses and extrapolations. A digestive advantage of larger BM is not corroborated by conceptual or empirical approaches. We suggest that explanatory models should shift from physiological to ecological scenarios based on the association of forage quality and biomass availability, and the association between BM and feeding selectivity. These associations mostly (but not exclusively) allow large herbivores to use low quality forage only, whereas they allow small herbivores the use of any forage they can physically manage. Examples of small herbivores able to subsist on lower quality diets are rare but exist. We speculate that this could be explained by evolutionary adaptations to the ecological opportunity of selective feeding in smaller animals, rather than by a physiologic or metabolic necessity linked to BM. For gigantic herbivores such as sauropod dinosaurs, other factors than digestive physiology appear more promising candidates to explain evolutionary drives towards extreme BM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrick Steuer
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Daryl Codron
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Florisbad Quaternary Research, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Ruminant Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Clauss M, Schiele K, Ortmann S, Fritz J, Codron D, Hummel J, Kienzle E. The effect of very low food intake on digestive physiology and forage digestibility in horses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:107-18. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals; Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - K. Schiele
- Institute of Physiology; Physiological Chemistry and Animal Nutrition; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - S. Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW); Berlin Gemany
| | - J. Fritz
- Institute of Physiology; Physiological Chemistry and Animal Nutrition; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - D. Codron
- Clinic for Zoo Animals; Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - J. Hummel
- Ruminant Nutrition; Department of Animal Sciences; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - E. Kienzle
- Institute of Physiology; Physiological Chemistry and Animal Nutrition; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sawada A, Sakaguchi E, Clauss M, Hanya G. A pilot study on the ontogeny of digestive physiology in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Mamm Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
13
|
Fritz J, Hammer S, Hebel C, Arif A, Michalke B, Dittmann MT, Müller DW, Clauss M. Retention of solutes and different-sized particles in the digestive tract of the ostrich (Struthio camelus massaicus), and a comparison with mammals and reptiles. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 163:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Wilkinson DM, Nisbet EG, Ruxton GD. Could methane produced by sauropod dinosaurs have helped drive Mesozoic climate warmth? Curr Biol 2012; 22:R292-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|