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Przybyło M, Ortmann S, Świerk S, Clauss M. Fluid and particle retention in the greater kudu
(<i>Tragelaphus strepsiceros</i>). J Anim Feed Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/145755/2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wagner F, Ruf I, Lehmann T, Hofmann R, Ortmann S, Schiffmann C, Hiller M, Stefen C, Stuckas H. Reconstruction of evolutionary changes in fat and toxin consumption reveals associations with gene losses in mammals: a case study for the lipase inhibitor PNLIPRP1 and the xenobiotic receptor NR1I3. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:225-239. [PMID: 34882899 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The inactivation of ancestral protein-coding genes (gene loss) can be associated with phenotypic modifications. Within placental mammals, repeated losses of PNLIPRP1 (gene inhibiting fat digestion) occurred preferentially in strictly herbivorous species, while repeated NR1I3 losses (gene involved in detoxification) occurred preferentially in strictly carnivorous species. It was hypothesized that lower fat contents of herbivorous diets and lower toxin contents of carnivorous diets cause relaxed selection pressure on these genes resulting in the accumulation of mutations and ultimately to convergent gene losses. However, since herbivorous and carnivorous diets differ vastly in their composition, a fine-grained analysis is required for hypothesis testing. We generated a trait matrix recording diet and semi-quantitative estimates of fat and toxin consumption for 52 placental species. By including data from 31 fossil taxa, we reconstructed the ancestral diets in major lineages (grundplan reconstruction). We found support that PNLIPRP1 loss is primarily associated with low levels of fat intake and not simply with herbivory/carnivory. In particular, PNLIPRP1 loss also occurred in carnivorous lineages feeding on a fat-poor diet, suggesting that the loss of this gene may be beneficial for occupying ecological niches characterized by fat-poor food resources. Similarly, we demonstrated that carnivorous species are indeed less exposed to diet-related toxins suggesting that the loss of NR1I3 and related genes (NR1I2, UGT1A6) resulted from relaxed selection pressure. This study illustrates the need of detailed phenotype studies to obtain a deeper understanding of factors underlying gene losses and to progress in understanding genomic causes of phenotypic variation in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wagner
- Senckenberg, Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstraße 159, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - I Ruf
- Senckenberg, Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Goethe-University, Department of Geosciences, Altenöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - T Lehmann
- Senckenberg, Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - R Hofmann
- Senckenberg, Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Goethe-University, Department of Geosciences, Altenöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Ortmann
- Leibniz Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung, Abteilung für Evolutionäre Ökologie, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Schiffmann
- Leibniz Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung, Abteilung für Evolutionäre Ökologie, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Hiller
- Senckenberg, Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Goethe University, Faculty of Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Stefen
- Senckenberg, Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstraße 159, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - H Stuckas
- Senckenberg, Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstraße 159, 01109, Dresden, Germany
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Terranova M, Eggerschwiler L, Ortmann S, Clauss M, Kreuzer M, Schwarm A. Increasing the proportion of hazel leaves in the diet of dairy cows reduced methane yield and excretion of nitrogen in volatile form, but not milk yield. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Denninger TM, Schwarm A, Dohme-Meier F, Münger A, Bapst B, Wegmann S, Grandl F, Vanlierde A, Sorg D, Ortmann S, Clauss M, Kreuzer M. Accuracy of methane emissions predicted from milk mid-infrared spectra and measured by laser methane detectors in Brown Swiss dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:2024-2039. [PMID: 31864736 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since heritability of CH4 emissions in ruminants was demonstrated, various attempts to generate large individual animal CH4 data sets have been initiated. Predicting individual CH4 emissions based on equations using milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectra is currently considered promising as a low-cost proxy. However, the CH4 emission predicted by MIR in individuals still has to be confirmed by measurements. In addition, it remains unclear how low CH4 emitting cows differ in intake, digestion, and efficiency from high CH4 emitters. In the current study, putatively low and putatively high CH4 emitting Brown Swiss cows were selected from the entire Swiss herdbook population (176,611 cows), using an MIR-based prediction equation. Eventually, 15 low and 15 high CH4 emitters from 29 different farms were chosen for a respiration chamber (RC) experiment in which all cows were fed the same forage-based diet. Several traits related to intake, digestion, and efficiency were quantified over 8 d, and CH4 emission was measured in 4 open circuit RC. Daily CH4 emissions were also estimated using data from 2 laser CH4 detectors (LMD). The MIR-predicted CH4 production (g/d) was quite constant in low and high emission categories, in individuals across sites (home farm, experimental station), and within equations (first available and refined versions). The variation of the MIR-predicted values was substantially lower using the refined equation. However, the predicted low and high emitting cows (n = 28) did not differ on average in daily CH4 emissions measured either with RC or estimated using LMD, and no correlation was found between CH4 predictions (MIR) and CH4 emissions measured in RC. When individuals were recategorized based on CH4 yield measured in RC, differences between categories of 10 low and 10 high CH4 emitters were about 20%. Low CH4 emitting cows had a higher feed intake, milk yield, and residual feed intake, but they differed only weakly in eating pattern and digesta mean retention times. Low CH4 emitters were characterized by lower acetate and higher propionate proportions of total ruminal volatile fatty acids. We concluded that the current MIR-based CH4 predictions are not accurate enough to be implemented in breeding programs for cows fed forage-based diets. In addition, low CH4 emitting cows have to be characterized in more detail using mechanistic studies to clarify in more detail the properties that explain the functional differences found in comparison with other cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Denninger
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Schwarm
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - F Dohme-Meier
- Agroscope, Ruminant Research Unit, Route de la Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - A Münger
- Agroscope, Ruminant Research Unit, Route de la Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - B Bapst
- Qualitas AG, Chamerstrasse 56, 6300 Zug, Switzerland
| | - S Wegmann
- Qualitas AG, Chamerstrasse 56, 6300 Zug, Switzerland
| | - F Grandl
- Qualitas AG, Chamerstrasse 56, 6300 Zug, Switzerland
| | - A Vanlierde
- Valorisation of Agricultural Products Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Chaussée de Namur, 24, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - D Sorg
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences - Animal Breeding, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 11, 06120 Halle, Germany; German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - S Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Berlin, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Böcker L, Ortmann S, Surber J, Leeb E, Reineke K, Mathys A. Biphasic short time heat degradation of the blue microalgae protein phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hagen K, Hammer S, Frei S, Ortmann S, Głogowski R, Kreuzer M, Clauss M. Digestive physiology, resting metabolism and methane production of captive Indian crested porcupine ( Hystrix indica). J Anim Feed Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/102741/2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hagen KB, Frei S, Ortmann S, Głogowski R, Kreuzer M, Clauss M. Digestive efficiency, digesta passage, resting metabolism and methane production in captive juvenile nutria (Myocastor coypus). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-018-1239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Weyrich A, Jeschek M, Schrapers KT, Lenz D, Chung TH, Rübensam K, Yasar S, Schneemann M, Ortmann S, Jewgenow K, Fickel J. Diet changes alter paternally inherited epigenetic pattern in male Wild guinea pigs. Environ Epigenet 2018; 4:dvy011. [PMID: 29992049 PMCID: PMC6031029 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, of which DNA methylation is the most stable, are a mechanism conveying environmental information to subsequent generations via parental germ lines. The paternal contribution to adaptive processes in the offspring might be crucial, but has been widely neglected in comparison to the maternal one. To address the paternal impact on the offspring's adaptability to changes in diet composition, we investigated if low protein diet (LPD) in F0 males caused epigenetic alterations in their subsequently sired sons. We therefore fed F0 male Wild guinea pigs with a diet lowered in protein content (LPD) and investigated DNA methylation in sons sired before and after their father's LPD treatment in both, liver and testis tissues. Our results point to a 'heritable epigenetic response' of the sons to the fathers' dietary change. Because we detected methylation changes also in the testis tissue, they are likely to be transmitted to the F2 generation. Gene-network analyses of differentially methylated genes in liver identified main metabolic pathways indicating a metabolic reprogramming ('metabolic shift'). Epigenetic mechanisms, allowing an immediate and inherited adaptation may thus be important for the survival of species in the context of a persistently changing environment, such as climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Weyrich
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Jeschek
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Koenigin-Luise-Street 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - K T Schrapers
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Lenz
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - T H Chung
- Zymoresearch, EpiQuest, 17062 Murphy Avenue, Irvine, CA 92614, USA
| | - K Rübensam
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Yasar
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Schneemann
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Ortmann
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Jewgenow
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Fickel
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Street 17, D-10315 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Karl-Liebknecht-Street 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Grandl F, Schwarm A, Ortmann S, Furger M, Kreuzer M, Clauss M. Kinetics of solutes and particles of different size in the digestive tract of cattle of 0.5-10 years of age, and relationships with methane production. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:639-651. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Grandl
- ETH Zurich; Institute of Agricultural Sciences; Zurich Switzerland
| | - A. Schwarm
- ETH Zurich; Institute of Agricultural Sciences; Zurich Switzerland
| | - S. Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW); Berlin Germany
| | - M. Furger
- Agricultural Education and Advisory Centre Plantahof; Landquart Switzerland
| | - M. Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich; Institute of Agricultural Sciences; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals; Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Nikzad-Langerodi R, Ortmann S, Pferschy-Wenzig E, Bochkov V, Zhao Y, Miao J, Saukel J, Ladurner A, Heiss E, Dirsch V, Bauer R, Atanasov A. Assessment of anti-inflammatory properties of extracts from Honeysuckle (Lonicera sp. L., Caprifoliaceae) by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Talanta 2017; 175:264-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hummel J, Scheurich F, Ortmann S, Crompton LA, Gerken M, Clauss M. Comparative selective retention of particle size classes in the gastrointestinal tract of ponies and goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:429-439. [PMID: 28696048 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a discrepancy in the literature on potential digesta separation mechanisms in horses, with both a selective retention of fine and of large particles postulated in different publications. To assess the net effect of such mechanisms, we fed ponies on a hay-only diet a pulse dose of whole (unchopped) marked hay together with a solute marker, collected faeces on a regular basis, measured marker concentrations in whole faeces and in their large (2.0-16 mm), medium (0.5-1.0 mm) and small (0.063-0.25 mm) particle fraction, and calculated the corresponding mean retention times (MRTs). For comparison, the same experiment was performed in goats. In goats, as expected, MRTsolute (35 hr) was significantly shorter than MRTparticle (51 hr); only a very small fraction of particle marker was excreted as large particles (2%); and the MRT of these large particles was significantly shorter than that of small particles (with a relevant difference of 8.6 hr), indicating that those few large particles that escape the rumen do so mostly soon after ingestion. In ponies, MRTsolute (24 hr) did not differ from MRTparticle (24 hr); a higher fraction of particle marker was excreted as large particles (5%); and the MRT of these large particles was longer than that of small particles (but with a non-relevant difference of less than 1 hr). These results indicate that no relevant net separation of digesta phases occurs in horses and that selective particle retention mechanisms in the large intestine are unlikely to represent important characteristics of the horse's digestive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Scheurich
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany
| | - L A Crompton
- Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Research Division, Centre for Dairy Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - M Gerken
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Grandl F, Luzi SP, Furger M, Zeitz JO, Leiber F, Ortmann S, Clauss M, Kreuzer M, Schwarm A. Biological implications of longevity in dairy cows: 1. Changes in feed intake, feeding behavior, and digestion with age. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3457-3471. [PMID: 26923042 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Milk production strategies focusing on longevity and limited use of concentrate are receiving increasing attention. To evaluate such strategies, knowledge of the development with age of animal characteristics, particularly digestion, is indispensable. We therefore investigated the development of feed intake, chewing activity, and digestion in 30 lactating Brown Swiss cows (876-3,648 d old) and 12 heifers (199-778 d old). We also studied whether age effects were exhibited differently in animals selected from herds subjected for 11 yr either to a forage-only or to a forage-concentrate feeding regimen. Forages consisted of grass hay (the only feed for heifers), corn silage, and grass pellets. Measurements lasted for 8 d, where amounts and composition of feeds, feces, and milk were recorded and analyzed. Ruminal pH data and eating and rumination activity were assessed by pH sensors put into the rumen and halter-mounted noseband sensors. The mean retention time of feed particles was assessed using Cr-mordanted fiber and data were used to calculate dry matter gut fill. Data were subjected to regression analyses with age and feeding regimen as explanatory variables, and body weight, milk yield, and proportion of hay in forage as covariates. This allowed separating age-related changes of body weight and milk yield from independent age effects and correcting for differences in preference for individual forages. In cows, organic matter intake increased with age (from slightly below to above 20kg/d), as did mean retention time and gut fill. Digestibility of organic matter did not show a clear age dependency, but fiber digestibility had a maximum in cows of around 4 to 6 yr of age. Ruminal pH and absolute eating and rumination times did not vary with cow age. Young and old cows chewed regurgitated boluses more intensively (60-70 times) than middle-aged cows (about 50 times). Effects of feeding regimen were small, except for fiber intake and rumination time per unit of intake, owing to the different fiber content of the diets. No significant interactions between age and feeding regimen were found. Heifers spent more time eating and ruminating per unit of feed than cows, which resulted in a high fiber digestibility. Irrespective of the feeding regimen tested, older cows maintained intake and digestion efficiency with longer retention times and chewing rumination boluses more intensively. The results support efforts to extend the length of productive life in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Grandl
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S P Luzi
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Furger
- Agricultural Education and Advisory Centre Plantahof, Kantonsstrasse 17, 7302 Landquart, Switzerland
| | - J O Zeitz
- Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - F Leiber
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), PO Box 219, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - S Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Clauss
- University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - A Schwarm
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hagen KB, Dittmann MT, Ortmann S, Kreuzer M, Hatt JM, Clauss M. Retention of solute and particle markers in the digestive tract of chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger
). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 100:801-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. B. Hagen
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. T. Dittmann
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - S. Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - M. Kreuzer
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - J.-M. Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Vendl C, Frei S, Dittmann MT, Furrer S, Osmann C, Ortmann S, Munn A, Kreuzer M, Clauss M. Digestive physiology, metabolism and methane production of captive Linné's two-toed sloths (Choloepus didactylus
). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:552-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Vendl
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - S. Frei
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. T. Dittmann
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- ETH Zurich; Institute of Agricultural Sciences; Zurich Switzerland
| | | | | | - S. Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW); Berlin Germany
| | - A. Munn
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - M. Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich; Institute of Agricultural Sciences; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Gull JM, Stahl M, Osmann C, Ortmann S, Kreuzer M, Hatt JM, Clauss M. Digestive physiology of captive giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla
): determinants of faecal dry matter content. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:565-76. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Gull
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. Stahl
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Dortmund Zoo; Dortmund Germany
| | | | - S. Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - M. Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich; Institute of Agricultural Sciences; Zurich Switzerland
| | - J.-M. Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Lodge E, Ross C, Ortmann S, MacLarnon AM. Influence of diet and stress on reproductive hormones in Nigerian olive baboons. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 191:146-54. [PMID: 23800561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A female mammal's reproductive function and output are limited by the energy she is able to extract from her environment. Previous studies of the interrelationships between energetic circumstances and reproductive function in a variety of mammal species have produced varied results, which do not all support the common assumption that higher female reproductive hormone levels, specifically progesterone, indicate better ovarian function and greater reproductive potential, and are associated with lower energetic stress. In the present study faecal progesterone and glucocorticoid levels were assessed in two troops of olive baboons (Papio anubis) in the same population. They face similar ecological challenges, except that one troop crop-raids, potentially affecting its energetic intake and stress levels. The energy intake of individual females was assessed by combining detailed feeding observations with nutritional analysis of food samples. The crop-raiding troop experienced 50% higher energy intake rates and 50% lower glucocorticoid levels compared to the non-crop-raiding troop alongside substantially lower progesterone levels. This suggests that energetic stress is associated with elevated progesterone levels and may be the cause of the non-crop-raiding troop's lower reproductive output. By comparing groups which differ little, except in terms of food access, and also by directly assessing energy intake, our study addresses some of the design limitations of previous research investigating variation in progesterone levels and energetic stress. It therefore has the potential to contribute to greater understanding of the factors affecting differences in reproductive and stress hormone levels and reproductive function in mammals experiencing different energetic circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lodge
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary & Environmental Anthropology, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, United Kingdom.
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Clauss M, Schiele K, Ortmann S, Fritz J, Codron D, Hummel J, Kienzle E. The effect of very low food intake on digestive physiology and forage digestibility in horses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:107-18. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals; Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - K. Schiele
- Institute of Physiology; Physiological Chemistry and Animal Nutrition; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - S. Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW); Berlin Gemany
| | - J. Fritz
- Institute of Physiology; Physiological Chemistry and Animal Nutrition; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - D. Codron
- Clinic for Zoo Animals; Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - J. Hummel
- Ruminant Nutrition; Department of Animal Sciences; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - E. Kienzle
- Institute of Physiology; Physiological Chemistry and Animal Nutrition; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
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Stahl M, Osmann C, Ortmann S, Kreuzer M, Hatt JM, Clauss M. Energy intake for maintenance in a mammal with a low basal metabolism, the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:818-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schwarm A, Schweigert M, Ortmann S, Hummel J, Janssens GPJ, Streich WJ, Clauss M. No easy solution for the fractionation of faecal nitrogen in captive wild herbivores: results of a pilot study. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 93:596-605. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hummel J, Südekum KH, Bayer D, Ortmann S, Streich WJ, Hatt JM, Clauss M. Physical characteristics of reticuloruminal contents of oxen in relation to forage type and time after feeding. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 93:209-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Clauss M, Castell JC, Kienzle E, Dierenfeld ES, Flach EJ, Behlert O, Ortmann S, Streich WJ, Hummel J, Hatt JM. The influence of dietary tannin supplementation on digestive performance in captive black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 91:449-58. [PMID: 17988348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Free-ranging browsers such as the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) consume a diet that contains tannins, whereas the diets offered to them in captivity consist mostly of items known to contain hardly any such secondary plant compounds. Tannins could have potentially beneficial effects, including the chelation of dietary iron (iron storage disease is a common problem in black rhinos). Here, we tested the acceptance, and the consequences on digestion variables, of a low-dose tannin supplementation in captive animals. Eight black rhinoceroses from three zoological institutions were used. Faecal output was quantified by total faecal collection. Diets fed were regular zoo diets supplemented with either tannic acid (T, hydrolysable tannin) or quebracho (Q, condensed tannins); overall tannin source intake increased at 5-15 g/kg dry matter (DM) in relation to regular zoo diets. Adaptation periods to the new diets were >2 months. Additional data were taken from one hitherto unpublished study. Data were compared to measurements in the same animals on their regular zoo diets. All animals accepted the new diets without hesitation. There was no influence of tannin supplementation on digestion coefficients of DM and its constituents, or faecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids or lactate. Water intake did not increase during tannin supplementation. Should the inclusion of dietary tannin sources be an objective in the development of diets for captive rhinoceroses, moderate doses such as used in this study are unlikely to cause relevant depressions of digestive efficiency and will not interfere with bacterial fermentation in a relevant way.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clauss
- Division of Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Jürgens HS, Neschen S, Ortmann S, Scherneck S, Schmolz K, Schüler G, Schmidt S, Blüher M, Klaus S, Perez-Tilve D, Tschöp MH, Schürmann A, Joost HG. Development of diabetes in obese, insulin-resistant mice: essential role of dietary carbohydrate in beta cell destruction. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1481-9. [PMID: 17437079 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The role of dietary carbohydrate in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is still a subject of controversial debate. Here we analysed the effects of diets with and without carbohydrate on obesity, insulin resistance and development of beta cell failure in the obese, diabetes-prone New Zealand Obese (NZO) mouse. MATERIALS AND METHODS NZO mice were kept on a standard diet (4% [w/w] fat, 51% carbohydrate, 19% protein), a high-fat diet (15, 47 and 17%, respectively) and a carbohydrate-free diet in which carbohydrate was exchanged for fat (68 and 20%, respectively). Body composition and blood glucose were measured over a period of 22 weeks. Glucose tolerance tests and euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamps were performed to analyse insulin sensitivity. Islet morphology was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Mice on carbohydrate-containing standard or high-fat diets developed severe diabetes (blood glucose >16.6 mmol/l, glucosuria) due to selective destruction of pancreatic beta cells associated with severe loss of immunoreactivity of insulin, glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homologue A (MafA). In contrast, mice on the carbohydrate-free diet remained normoglycaemic and exhibited hyperplastic islets in spite of a morbid obesity associated with severe insulin resistance and a massive accumulation of macrophages in adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data indicate that the combination of obesity, insulin resistance and the inflammatory response of adipose tissue are insufficient to cause beta cell destruction in the absence of dietary carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Jürgens
- Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
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Schwarm A, Ortmann S, Hofer H, Streich WJ, Flach EJ, Kühne R, Hummel J, Castell JC, Clauss M. Digestion studies in captive Hippopotamidae: a group of large ungulates with an unusually low metabolic rate. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2006; 90:300-8. [PMID: 16867075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We performed intake and digestibility studies in four common (Hippopotamus amphibius) and four pygmy (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) hippos from two zoological institutions, using acid detergent lignin as an internal marker for the quantification of faecal output. In the case of one pygmy hippo, where total faecal collection was also possible, there was no distinct difference between the two methods of faecal output quantification. Two animals from each species were tested on a conventional zoo diet of hay and concentrates (diet HC) and on hay only (diet H). The other two animals received fresh grass at two different levels of intake (diets G1 and G2). Dry matter (DM) intake was higher on HC than on H or G diets, and averaged 37 +/- 11 for common and 35 +/- 14 g/kg(0.75) for pygmy hippos. There were no species differences in the average digestibility (aD) coefficients. Non-dietary faecal nitrogen averaged 65 +/- 4% of total faecal nitrogen, aD of crude protein (CP) averaged 67 +/- 9% and true protein digestibility 89 +/- 3%. Average digestibility of DM and crude fibre averaged 54 +/- 11% and 45 +/- 17%, respectively. In comparison with ruminants, hippos generally achieve lower aD for DM, organic matter and fibre parameters, but equal or higher aD CP coefficients. This is most likely due to the absence of significant fermentative activity in the hindgut and the corresponding low metabolic faecal nitrogen losses. Digestible energy intake was higher on HC than on H or G diets and averaged 0.30 +/- 0.11 MJ/kg(0.75) metabolic body mass. This value is extremely low for ungulates, supporting earlier suspicions that hippos have particularly low metabolic rates, and explains the proneness of this species to obesity in captivity when fed energy-dense pelleted feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schwarm
- Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Berlin, Germany
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25
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Clauss M, Castell JC, Kienzle E, Dierenfeld ES, Flach EJ, Behlert O, Ortmann S, Streich WJ, Hummel J, Hatt JM. Digestion coefficients achieved by the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), a large browsing hindgut fermenter. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2006; 90:325-34. [PMID: 16867078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the grazing white (C. simum) and Indian (R. unicornis) rhinoceros, the black rhinoceros (D. bicornis) is an exclusive browser. Due to the particular fermentation characteristics of browse, one would expect browsers to display both shorter ingesta retention times and lower digestion coefficients on comparable diets than grazers. In order to generate a database to test this hypothesis, we performed digestibility studies in eight black rhinoceroses (D. bicornis) from three zoological institutions, using total faecal collection for the quantification of faecal output. One to three regularly fed zoo rations of roughage, concentrates and varying proportions of browse material were used per animal. Additional data was taken from three hitherto unpublished studies as well as several published sources. When compared with horses on similar rations, black rhinoceroses achieved lower digestion coefficients for organic matter and CF. In general, an increase in dietary CF content led to a steeper decrease in organic matter and GE digestibility in black rhinoceroses than in horses. When comparing available data for rhinoceroses, browsing species showed a steeper decrease in organic matter digestibility than grazing species with increasing dietary cell wall content. Endogenous losses as determined by linear regression analysis were within the range reported for horses and Indian rhinoceroses. The results suggest that the horse is not a useful model animal for evaluating diets for black rhinoceroses energetically. In general, diets fed to captive black rhinoceroses seem to include higher proportions of concentrates than diets for other rhinoceros species, and an increase in browse or roughage would reduce digestion coefficients to levels observed in animals fed natural forage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clauss
- Division of Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hatt JM, Schaub D, Wanner M, Wettstein HR, Flach EJ, Tack C, Hässig M, Ortmann S, Hummel J, Clauss M. Energy and fibre intake in a group of captive giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) offered increasing amounts of browse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 52:485-90. [PMID: 16300655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2005.00769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of diet on intake of energy and fibre in a group of three captive adult giraffe by weighing offered diet items and leftovers for 7 days after an adaptation period of 7 days. Digestion coefficients were calculated using, as internal marker, the acid detergent lignin content of a faecal sample pooled from subsamples taken during the last 5 days of intake measurement. Two lucerne hay-only diets of differing quality (L1, L2) were fed, as well as the regular diet of lucerne hay and concentrates (L2C), and the regular diet supplemented with 3 or 6 kg of edible, fresh browse material (L2CB3, L2CB6). The proportion of roughage in the ingested diets L2CB6 (45 +/- 5% dry matter), L2CB3 (35 +/- 3%) and L2C (37 +/- 10%) did not differ significantly. Digestible energy intake was low on the hay-only diets [L1: 0.28 +/- 0.06 MJ/kg body weight (BW)0.75; L2: 0.33 +/- 0.10 MJ/kg BW0.75] and increased from L2C (0.60 +/- 0.13 MJ/kg BW0.75) to a significant increase with L2CB3 (0.72 +/- 0.17 MJ/kg BW0.75); no further increase was obvious for L2CB6 (0.63 +/- 0.15MJ/kg BW0.75). The results confirm that giraffes are unlikely to meet energy requirements on lucerne hay-only diets. In a feeding scenario where both lucerne hay and the concentrate component of the diet are fed ad libitum, the animals tended to exchange hay for browse when browse was added. Only the higher level of browse supplementation led to a potentially beneficial increase in fibre intake. Whether additional browse supplementation will lead to increased intakes in a feeding scenario with restricted concentrate provision can be suspected but remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Hatt
- Division of Zoo Animals and Exotic Pets, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Boggiano MM, Chandler PC, Oswald KD, Rodgers RJ, Blundell JE, Ishii Y, Beattie AH, Holch P, Allison DB, Schindler M, Arndt K, Rudolf K, Mark M, Schoelch C, Joost HG, Klaus S, Thöne-Reineke C, Benoit SC, Seeley RJ, Beck-Sickinger AG, Koglin N, Raun K, Madsen K, Wulff BS, Stidsen CE, Birringer M, Kreuzer OJ, Deng XY, Whitcomb DC, Halem H, Taylor J, Dong J, Datta R, Culler M, Ortmann S, Castañeda TR, Tschöp M. PYY3-36 as an anti-obesity drug target. Obes Rev 2005; 6:307-22. [PMID: 16246216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2005.00218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY)/peptide YY (PYY) system has been implicated in the physiology of obesity for several decades. More recently ignited enormous interest in PYY3-36, an endogenous Y2-receptor agonist, as a promising anti-obesity compound. Despite this interest, there have been remarkably few subsequent reports reproducing or extending the initial findings, while at the same time studies finding no anti-obesity effects have surfaced. Out of 41 different rodent studies conducted (in 16 independent labs worldwide), 33 (83%) were unable to reproduce the reported effects and obtained no change or sometimes increased food intake, despite use of the same experimental conditions (i.e. adaptation protocols, routes of drug administration and doses, rodent strains, diets, drug vendors, light cycles, room temperatures). Among studies by authors in the original study, procedural caveats are reported under which positive effects may be obtained. Currently, data speak against a sustained decrease in food intake, body fat, or body weight gain following PYY3-36 administration and make the previously suggested role of the hypothalamic melanocortin system unlikely as is the existence of PYY deficiency in human obesity. We review the studies that are in the public domain which support or challenge PYY3-36 as a potential anti-obesity target.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Boggiano
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, USA.
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Clauss M, Polster C, Kienzle E, Wiesner H, Baumgartner K, von Houwald F, Ortmann S, Streich WJ, Dierenfeld ES. Studies on digestive physiology and feed digestibilities in captive Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2005; 89:229-37. [PMID: 15788000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We performed intake, digestibility and ingesta passage studies in 11 Indian rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis) from four zoological institutions, using total faecal collection for the quantification of faecal output. The regularly fed zoo ration of roughage and concentrates (ration RC) and a roughage-only ration (ration R) were used; the roughage source differed between the facilities and comprised grass hay, grass silage, straw and lucerne hay. Dry matter intake ranged between 0.8 and 1.3% of body weight on ration RC and 0.5-1.2% on ration R. Digestibility coefficients achieved were similar to those reported for horses on diets of comparable composition. Endogenous losses as determined by linear regression analysis were within the range reported for horses. Measurements of faecal volatile fatty acids, faecal lactate and faecal pH also showed similarity to similar measurements in horses. The mean retention times of fluids (Co-EDTA) and particles (Cr-mordanted fibre <2 mm) in the whole gastrointestinal tract averaged 42 and 61 h, respectively, and were the longest ever recorded in a monogastric ungulate with this marker system. The results suggest that the horse is a useful model animal for designing diets for Indian rhinoceroses. Why digestive parameters are similar between these species in spite of enormous differences in body weight and retention times remains to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clauss
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Physiological Chemistry and Animal Nutrition, Munich, Germany.
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Clauss M, Schwarm A, Ortmann S, Alber D, Flach EJ, Kühne R, Hummel J, Streich WJ, Hofer H. Intake, ingesta retention, particle size distribution and digestibility in the hippopotamidae. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 139:449-59. [PMID: 15596390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although several aspects of the digestive physiology of the hippopotamidae-non-ruminating foregut fermenters-have been described, ingesta kinetics and passage characteristics of these species are not well understood. The most outstanding feature of the hippo digestive physiology reported so far is the very long mean ingesta retention times (MRTs) measured by Foose [Foose, T., 1982. Trophic strategies of ruminant versus nonruminant ungulates. PhD dissertation, University of Chicago, Chicago.]. Since those data had been investigated with animals without water access, we intended to measure MRT in hippos which were allowed to enter water pools during the night. MRT parameters as well as dry matter (DM) digestibility were determined in four common (Hippopotamus amphibius) and four pygmy hippos (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) on two different diets each using cobalt ethylendiamintetraacetate (Co-EDTA) as a fluid, chromium (Cr)-mordanted fibre (<2 mm) as a particle and acid detergent lignin (ADL) as an internal digestibility marker. Four of the animals additionally received cerium (Ce)-mordanted fibres (2-10 mm) as particle markers. Total MRTs for fluids and particles ranged between 20-35 and 48-106 h in the common and between 13-39 and 32-107 h in the pygmy hippos. The difference between fluid and particle retention was greater than usually reported in ruminants. Excretion patterns of the markers differed from those usually observed in ruminants but resembled those reported for macropods (kangaroos), indicating a plug-flow reactor-like physiology in the hippo forestomach (FRST). This finding complements other described similarities between the macropod and the hippo forestomach. The measurements of larger particle retention profiles suggest that in the hippo, larger particles might be excreted either faster or at the same rate as smaller particles, indicating a general difference between ruminants and hippos with respect to differential particle retention. The digestive physiology of hippos is characterised by a generally low food intake, long ingesta retention times and dry matter digestibilities lower than reported in ruminants. Moderate digestibilities in spite of long retention times might be the result of the generally high average ingesta particle size in hippos. The comparatively easy management of pygmy hippos, together with the significant correlations between food intake, MRT and digestibility in the pygmy hippos of this study, recommends this species for further studies on the interplay of these parameters in herbivore digestive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clauss
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Physiological Chemistry and Animal Nutrition, Munich, Germany.
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Tschöp M, Castañeda TR, Joost HG, Thöne-Reineke C, Ortmann S, Klaus S, Hagan MM, Chandler PC, Oswald KD, Benoit SC, Seeley RJ, Kinzig KP, Moran TH, Beck-sickinger AG, Koglin N, Rodgers RJ, Blundell JE, Ishii Y, Beattie AH, Holch P, Allison DB, Raun K, Madsen K, Wulff BS, Stidsen CE, Birringer M, Kreuzer OJ, Schindler M, Arndt K, Rudolf K, Mark M, Deng XY, Whitcomb DC, Halem H, Taylor J, Dong J, Datta R, Culler M, Craney S, Flora D, Smiley D, Heiman ML, Withcomb DC. Physiology: does gut hormone PYY3-36 decrease food intake in rodents? Nature 2004; 430:1 p following 165; discussion 2 p following 165. [PMID: 15243972 DOI: 10.1038/nature02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Batterham et al. report that the gut peptide hormone PYY3-36 decreases food intake and body-weight gain in rodents, a discovery that has been heralded as potentially offering a new therapy for obesity. However, we have been unable to replicate their results. Although the reasons for this discrepancy remain undetermined, an effective anti-obesity drug ultimately must produce its effects across a range of situations. The fact that the findings of Batterham et al. cannot easily be replicated calls into question the potential value of an anti-obesity approach that is based on administration of PYY3-36.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tschöp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati Genome Research Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA.
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Ortmann S, Heldmaier G. Regulation of body temperature and energy requirements of hibernating alpine marmots (Marmota marmota). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 278:R698-704. [PMID: 10712291 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.3.r698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Body temperature and metabolic rate were recorded continuously in two groups of marmots either exposed to seasonally decreasing ambient temperature (15 to 0 degrees C) over the entire hibernation season or to short-duration temperature changes during midwinter. Hibernation bouts were characterized by an initial 95% reduction of metabolic rate facilitating the drop in body temperature and by rhythmic fluctuations during continued hibernation. During midwinter, we observed a constant minimal metabolic rate of 13.6 ml O(2) x kg(-1) x h(-1) between 5 and 15 degrees C ambient temperature, although body temperature increased from 7.8 to 17.6 degrees C, and a proportional increase of metabolic rate below 5 degrees C ambient temperature. This apparent lack of a Q(10) effect shows that energy expenditure is actively downregulated and controlled at a minimum level despite changes in body temperature. However, thermal conductance stayed minimal (7.65 +/- 1.95 ml O(2) x kg(-1) x h(-1) x degrees C(-1)) at all temperatures, thus slowing down cooling velocity when entering hibernation. Basal metabolic rate of summer-active marmots was double that of winter-fasting marmots (370 vs. 190 ml O(2) x kg(-1) x h(-1)). In summary, we provide strong evidence that hibernation is not only a voluntary but a well-regulated strategy to counter food shortage and increased energy demands during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ortmann
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, D-14558 Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany.
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Ortmann S, Ruf B. ["Sisters of Mercy": caring with arrow poison]. Pflege Z 1999; 52:211-3. [PMID: 10437548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Ortmann S, Ruf B. ["The English Patient": professional care in times of war]. Pflege Z 1999; 52:137-9. [PMID: 10478105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Ortmann S, Ruf B. ["One flew over the cuckoo's nest": Nurse Ratchet--nursing as a struggle for power]. Pflege Z 1999; 52:64-6. [PMID: 10427272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ortmann
- Department of Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
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Ortmann S. [Contribution to the testing of the survival period of salmonellae in raw sausages]. Monatsh Veterinarmed 1967; 22:422-4. [PMID: 5628612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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