1
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Nel J, Siniscalco D, Hognon C, Bouché M, Touche N, Brunner É, Gros PC, Monari A, Grandemange S, Francius G. Structural and morphological changes of breast cancer cells induced by iron(II) complexes. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2735-2749. [PMID: 35112689 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08301e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based complexes are well-established cancer chemotherapeutic drug candidates. Although our knowledge regarding their exact activity vs. toxicity profile is incomplete, changes in cell membrane biophysical properties and cytoskeletal structures have been implicated as part of the mechanism of action. Thus, in this work, we characterised the effects of iron(II)-based complexes on the structural and morphological properties of epithelial non-tumorigenic (MCF 10A) and tumorigenic (MDA-MB-231) breast cell lines using atomic force microscopy (AFM), flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. At 24 h of exposure, both the MCF 10A and MDA-MB-231 cells experienced a cell softening, and an increase in size followed by a re-stiffening at 96 h. In addition, the triple negative breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, sustained a notable cytoskeletal and mitochondrial reorganization with increased actin stress fibers and cell-to-cell communication structures. An extensive all-atom molecular dynamic simulation suggests a possible direct and unassisted internalization of the metallodrug candidate, and confirmed that the cellular effects could not be ascribed to the simple physical interaction of the iron-based complexes with the biological membrane. These observations provide an insight into a link between the mechanisms of action of such iron-based complexes as anti-cancer treatment and cytoskeletal architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janske Nel
- Université de Lorraine, LIBio, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - David Siniscalco
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCME UMR 7564, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Cécilia Hognon
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Mathilde Bouché
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, L2CM UMR 7053, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Nadége Touche
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, CRAN UMR 7039, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Émilie Brunner
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, CRAN UMR 7039, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Philippe C Gros
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, L2CM UMR 7053, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Antonio Monari
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCT UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France.
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006, Paris, France
| | | | - Grégory Francius
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, LPCME UMR 7564, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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2
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Dubus M, Varin J, Papa S, Chevrier J, Quilès F, Francius G, Audonnet S, Mauprivez C, Gangloff S, Siboni R, Ohl X, Reffuveille F, Kerdjoudj H. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells offer an immune-privileged niche to Cutibacterium acnes in case of implant-associated osteomyelitis. Acta Biomater 2022; 137:305-315. [PMID: 34678484 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Considered as some of the most devastating complications, Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes)-related osteomyelitis are among the hardest infections to diagnose and treat. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secrete number of immunomodulatory and antimicrobial soluble factors, making them an attractive treatment for bacterial infection. In this study, we examined MSCs/C. acnes interaction and analyzed the subsequent MSCs and bacteria's behaviors. Human bone marrow-derived MSCs were infected by C. acnes clinical strain harvested from non-infected bone site. Following 3 h of interaction, around 4% of bacteria were found in the intracellular compartment. Infected MSCs increased the secretion of prostaglandin E2 and indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase immunomodulatory mediators. Viable intracellular bacteria analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed deep modifications in the wall features. In comparison with unchallenged bacteria, the viable intracellular bacteria showed (i) an increase in biofilm formation on orthopaedical-based materials, (ii) an increase in the invasiveness of osteoblasts and (iii) persistence in macrophage, suggesting the acquisition of virulence factors. Overall, these results showed a direct impact of C. acnes on bone marrow-derived MSCs, suggesting that blocking the C. acnes/MSCs interactions may represent an important new approach to manage chronic osteomyelitis infections. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The interaction of bone commensal C. acnes with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induces modifications in C. acnes wall characteristics. These bacteria increased (i) the biofilm formation on orthopaedical-based materials, (ii) the invasiveness of bone forming cells and (iii) the resistance to macrophage clearance through the modification of the wall nano-features and/or the increase in catalase production.
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3
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Olubowale O, Biswas S, Azom G, Prather BL, Owoso SD, Rinee KC, Marroquin K, Gates KA, Chambers MB, Xu A, Garno JC. "May the Force Be with You!" Force-Volume Mapping with Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25860-25875. [PMID: 34660949 PMCID: PMC8515370 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Information of the chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties of materials can be obtained using force volume mapping (FVM), a measurement mode of scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Protocols have been developed with FVM for a broad range of materials, including polymers, organic films, inorganic materials, and biological samples. Multiple force measurements are acquired with the FVM mode within a defined 3D volume of the sample to map interactions (i.e., chemical, electrical, or physical) between the probe and the sample. Forces of adhesion, elasticity, stiffness, deformation, chemical binding interactions, viscoelasticity, and electrical properties have all been mapped at the nanoscale with FVM. Subsequently, force maps can be correlated with features of topographic images for identifying certain chemical groups presented at a sample interface. The SPM tip can be coated to investigate-specific reactions; for example, biological interactions can be probed when the tip is coated with biomolecules such as for recognition of ligand-receptor pairs or antigen-antibody interactions. This review highlights the versatility and diverse measurement protocols that have emerged for studies applying FVM for the analysis of material properties at the nanoscale.
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4
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Atomic force microscopy nanoscale analysis: Impact of storage conditions on surface properties of whey protein powders. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Ozdil B, Calik-Kocaturk D, Altunayar-Unsalan C, Acikgoz E, Gorgulu V, Uysal A, Unsalan O, Aktug H. Spectroscopic and microscopic comparisons of cell topology and chemistry analysis of mouse embryonic stem cell, somatic cell and cancer cell. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151763. [PMID: 34333240 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
While embryonic stem cells and cancer cells are known to have many similarities in signalling pathways, healthy somatic cells are known to be different in many ways. Characterization of embryonic stem cell is crucial for cancer development and cancer recurrence due to the shared signalling pathways and life course with cancer initiator and cancer stem cells. Since embryonic stem cells are the sources of the somatic and cancer cells, it is necessary to reveal the relevance between them. The past decade has seen the importance of interdisciplinary studies and it is obvious that the reflection of the physical/chemical phenomena occurring on the cell biology has attracted much more attention. For this reason, the aim of this study is to elementally and topologically characterize the mouse embryonic stem cells, mouse lung squamous cancer cells, and mouse skin fibroblast cells by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) supported with Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) techniques in a complementary way. Our AFM findings revealed that roughness data of the mouse embryonic stem cells and cancer cells were similar and somatic cells were found to be statistically different from these two cell types. However, based on both XPS and SEM-EDS results, surface elemental ratios vary in mouse embryonic stem cells, cancer cells and somatic cells. Our results showed that these complementary spectroscopic and microscopic techniques used in this work are very effective in cancer and stem cell characterization and have the potential to gather more detailed information on relevant biological samples.
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Ikkene D, Arteni AA, Ouldali M, Francius G, Brûlet A, Six JL, Ferji K. Direct Access to Polysaccharide-Based Vesicles with a Tunable Membrane Thickness in a Large Concentration Window via Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3128-3137. [PMID: 34137600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polymersomes are multicompartmental vesicular nano-objects obtained by self-assembly of amphiphilic copolymers. When prepared in the aqueous phase, they are composed of a hydrophobic bilayer enclosing water. Although such fascinating polymeric nano-objects have been widely reported with synthetic block copolymers, their formation from polysaccharide-based copolymers remains a significant challenge. In the present study, the powerful platform technology known as polymerization-induced self-assembly was used to prepare in situ pure vesicles from a polysaccharide-grafted copolymer: dextran-g-poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (Dex-g-PHPMA). The growth of the PHPMA grafts was performed with a dextran-based macromolecular chain transfer agent in water at 20 °C using photomediated reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization at 405 nm. Transmission electron microscopy, cryogenic electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic light scattering revealed that amphiphilic Dex-g-PHPMAX = 100-300 (X is the targeted average degree of polymerization, Xn̅, of each graft at full conversion) exhibit remarkable self-assembly behavior. On the one hand, vesicles were obtained over a wide range of solid concentrations (from 2.5% to 13.5% w/w), which can facilitate posterior targeting of such rare morphology. On the other hand, the extension of Xn̅ induces an increase in the vesicle membrane thickness, rather than a morphological evolution (spherical micelles to cylinders to vesicles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Djallal Ikkene
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Ana Andreea Arteni
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Cryo-electron Microscopy Facility, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, CRYOEM-Gif, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Malika Ouldali
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Cryo-electron Microscopy Facility, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, CRYOEM-Gif, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gregory Francius
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (UMR12 CEA, CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay Bât., 563 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Six
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Khalid Ferji
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France
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7
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Francius G, Cervulle M, Clément E, Bellanger X, Ekrami S, Gantzer C, Duval JFL. Impacts of Mechanical Stiffness of Bacteriophage-Loaded Hydrogels on Their Antibacterial Activity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2614-2627. [PMID: 35014378 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The elaboration of efficient hydrogel-based materials with antimicrobial properties requires a refined control of defining their physicochemical features, which includes mechanical stiffness, so as to properly mediate their antibacterial activity. In this work, we design hydrogels consisting of polyelectrolyte multilayer films for the loading of T4 and φX174 bacteria-killing viruses, also called bacteriophages. We investigate the antiadhesion and bactericidal performances of this biomaterial against Escherichia coli, with a specific focus on the effects of chemical cross-linking of the hydrogel matrix, which, in turn, mediates the hydrogel stiffness. Depending on the latter and on phage replication features, it is found that the hydrogels loaded with the bacteria-killing viruses make both contact killing (targeted bacteria are those adhered at the hydrogel surface) and release killing (planktonic bacteria are the targets) possible with ca. 20-80% efficiency after only 4 h of incubation at 25 °C as compared to cases where hydrogels are free of viruses. We further demonstrate the lack of dependence of virus diffusion within the hydrogel and of the maximal viral storage capacity on the hydrogel mechanical properties. In addition to the evidenced bacteriolytic activity of the phages loaded in the hydrogels, the antimicrobial property of the phage-loaded materials is shown to be partly controlled by the chemistry of the hydrogel skeleton and, more specifically, by the mobility of the peripheral free polycationic components, known for their ability to weaken and permeabilize membranes of bacteria, the latter then becoming "easier" targets for the viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manon Cervulle
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Eloïse Clément
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Saeid Ekrami
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
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8
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Francius G, Petit F, Clément E, Chekli Y, Ghigo JM, Beloin C, Duval JFL. On the strong connection between nanoscale adhesion of Yad fimbriae and macroscale attachment of Yad-decorated bacteria to glycosylated, hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1257-1272. [PMID: 33404575 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06840c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Yad fimbriae are currently viewed as versatile bacterial adhesins able to significantly mediate host or plant-pathogen recognition and contribute to the persistence of Escherichia coli in both the environment and within hosts. To date, however, the underlying adhesion process of Yad fimbriae on surfaces defined by controlled coating chemistries has not been evaluated on the relevant molecular scale. In this work, the interaction forces operational between Yad fimbriae expressed by genetically modified E. coli and self-assembled monolayers (SAM) differing in terms of charge, hydrophobicity or the nature of decorating sugar units are quantified by Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy (SMFS) on the nanoscale. It is found that the adhesion of Yad fimbriae onto probes functionalized with xylose is as strong as that measured with probes decorated with anti-Yad antibodies (ca. 80 to 300 pN). In contrast, the interactions of Yad with galactose, lactose, mannose, -OH, -NH2, -COOH and -CH3 terminated SAMs are clearly non-specific. Interpretation of SMFS measurements on the basis of worm-like-chain modeling for polypeptide nanomechanics further leads to the estimates of the maximal extension of Yad fimbriae upon stretching, of their persistence length and of their polydispersity. Finally, we show for the first time a strong correlation between the adhesion properties of Yad-decorated bacteria determined from conventional macroscopic counting methods and the molecular adhesion capacity of Yad fimbriae. This demonstration advocates the effort that should be made to understand on the nanoscale level the interactions between fimbriae and their cognate ligands. The results could further help the design of potential anti-adhesive molecules or surfaces to better fight against the virulence of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Francius
- Université de Lorraine, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France.
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9
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Quilès F, Barth D, Peric O, Fantner GE, Francius G. Parietal Structures of Escherichia coli Can Impact the D-Cateslytin Antibacterial Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2801-2814. [PMID: 32935970 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics is of major concern. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered excellent alternatives. Among them, D-cateslytin (D-Ctl, derivative of a host defense peptide) has shown high efficiency against a broad spectrum of bacteria. The first target of AMPs is the outer membrane of the bacterium. However, the role of bacterial cell-wall structures on D-Ctl's mechanism of action has not yet been understood. In this study, we investigated the activity of D-Ctl on two isogenic strains of E. coli: one is devoid of any parietal structures; the other constitutively overexpresses only type 1 fimbriae. We studied the damage caused by D-Ctl at several initial concentrations of bacteria and D-Ctl, and exposure times to D-Ctl were examined using a combination of epifluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (ATR-FTIR). The analysis of nanomechanical and spectrochemical properties related to the antibacterial mechanism showed a concentration dependent activity. Whereas the membrane permeabilization was evidenced for all concentrations of D-Ctl and both mutants, no pore formation was observed. The bacterial stiffness is modified dramatically concomitantly to major membrane damage and changes in the spectral fingerprints of the bacteria. In the case of the occurrence of type 1 fimbriae only, an intracellular activity was additionally detected. Our results evidenced that D-Ctl activity is highly impacted by the cell-wall external structures and surface properties of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Barth
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Oliver Peric
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute for Bioengineering, Laboratory for Bio and Nanoinstrumentation, Bâtiment BM 3109 Station 17, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Georg E. Fantner
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute for Bioengineering, Laboratory for Bio and Nanoinstrumentation, Bâtiment BM 3109 Station 17, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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10
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Arab-Tehrany E, Elkhoury K, Francius G, Jierry L, Mano JF, Kahn C, Linder M. Curcumin Loaded Nanoliposomes Localization by Nanoscale Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7276. [PMID: 33019782 PMCID: PMC7584047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a hydrophobic drug gaining growing attention because of its high availability, its innocuity, and its anticancer, antitumoral, and antioxidative activity. However, its poor bioavailability in the human body, caused by its low aqueous solubility and fast degradation, presents a big hurdle for its oral administration. Here, we used nano-vesicles made of phospholipids to carry and protect curcumin in its membrane. Various curcumin amounts were encapsulated in the produced phospholipid system to form drug-loaded liposomes. Curcumin's concentration was evaluated using UV-visible measurements. The maximal amount of curcumin that could be added to liposomes was assessed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses were used to determine curcumin's interactions and localization within the phospholipid membrane of the liposomes. X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments were performed to characterize the membrane structure and organization, as well as its mechanical properties at the nanoscale. Conservation of the membrane's properties is found with the addition of curcumin in various amounts before saturation, allowing the preparation of a defined nanocarrier with desired amounts of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Arab-Tehrany
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.E.); (C.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Kamil Elkhoury
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.E.); (C.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Gregory Francius
- LCPME, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France;
| | - Loic Jierry
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, F-67034 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Joao F. Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Cyril Kahn
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.E.); (C.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Michel Linder
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.E.); (C.K.); (M.L.)
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11
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Li J, Elkhoury K, Barbieux C, Linder M, Grandemange S, Tamayol A, Francius G, Arab-Tehrany E. Effects of Bioactive Marine-Derived Liposomes on Two Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18040211. [PMID: 32295082 PMCID: PMC7230201 DOI: 10.3390/md18040211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer among women. Higher consumption of dietary marine n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are two n-3 LC-PUFAs found in fish and exert anticancer effects. In this study, natural marine-derived lecithin that is rich in various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was extracted from salmon heads and transformed into nanoliposomes. These nanoliposomes were characterized and cultured with two breast cancer lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). The nanoliposomes decreased the proliferation and the stiffness of both cancer cell types. These results suggest that marine-derived lecithin possesses anticancer properties, which may have an impact on developing new liposomal delivery strategies for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- CRAN, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (J.L.); (C.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Kamil Elkhoury
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Claire Barbieux
- CRAN, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (J.L.); (C.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Michel Linder
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Stéphanie Grandemange
- CRAN, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, F-54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (J.L.); (C.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Grégory Francius
- LCPME, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France;
| | - Elmira Arab-Tehrany
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.E.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-7274-4105
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12
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Kadri R, Bacharouch J, Elkhoury K, Ben Messaoud G, Kahn C, Desobry S, Linder M, Tamayol A, Francius G, Mano JF, Sánchez-González L, Arab-Tehrany E. Role of active nanoliposomes in the surface and bulk mechanical properties of hybrid hydrogels. Mater Today Bio 2020; 6:100046. [PMID: 32259100 PMCID: PMC7096761 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoliposomes are widely used as delivery vehicles for active compounds. Nanoliposomes from rapeseed phospholipids were incorporated into interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels of gelatin methacryloyl and alginate. The multiscale physicochemical properties of the hydrogels are studied both on the surface and through the thickness of the 3D network. The obtained composite hydrogels exhibited strong mechanical properties and a highly porous surface. The blend ratio, as well as the concentration of nanoliposomes, affects the properties of the hydrogels. Nanofunctionalized hydrogels induced keratinocyte growth. These advantageous characteristics may open up many applications of the developed hydrogels in drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kadri
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54518, France
| | - J Bacharouch
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54518, France
| | - K Elkhoury
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54518, France
| | - G Ben Messaoud
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54518, France
| | - C Kahn
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54518, France
| | - S Desobry
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54518, France
| | - M Linder
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54518, France
| | - A Tamayol
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68508, USA
| | - G Francius
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour L'Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54601, France.,CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour L'Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54601, France
| | - J F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - L Sánchez-González
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54518, France
| | - E Arab-Tehrany
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54518, France
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Offroy M, Razafitianamaharavo A, Beaussart A, Pagnout C, Duval JFL. Fast automated processing of AFM PeakForce curves to evaluate spatially resolved Young modulus and stiffness of turgescent cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19258-19275. [PMID: 35515432 PMCID: PMC9054095 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00669f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a powerful technique for the measurement of mechanical properties of individual cells in two (x × y) or three (x × y × time) dimensions. The instrumental progress makes it currently possible to generate a large amount of data in a relatively short time, which is particularly true for AFM operating in so-called PeakForce tapping mode (Bruker corporation). The latter corresponds to an AFM probe that periodically hits the sample surface while the pico-newton level interaction force is recorded from cantilever deflection. The method provides unprecedented high-resolution (a few tens of nm) imaging of the mechanical features of soft biological samples (e.g. bacteria, yeasts) and of hard abiotic surfaces (e.g. minerals). The rapid conversion of up to several tens of thousands spatially resolved force curves typically collected in AFM PeakForce tapping mode over a given cell surface area into comprehensive nanomechanical information requires the development of robust data analysis methodologies and dedicated numerical tools. In this work, we report an automated algorithm for (i) a rapid and unambiguous detection of the indentation regimes corresponding to non-linear and linear deformations of bacterial surfaces upon compression by the AFM probe, (ii) the subsequent evaluation of the Young modulus and cell surface stiffness, and (iii) the generation of spatial mappings of relevant nanomechanical properties at the single cell level. The procedure involves consistent evaluation of the contact point between the AFM probe and sample biosurface and that of the threshold indentation value marking the transition between non-linear and linear deformation regimes. For comparison purposes, the former regime is here analyzed on the basis of Hertz and Sneddon models corrected or not for effects of finite sample thickness. Analysis of AFM measurements performed on a selected Escherichia coli strain is detailed to demonstrate the feasibility, rapidity and robustness of the here-proposed PeakForce data treatment process. The flexibility of the algorithm allows consideration of force curve parameterizations other than that detailed here, which may be desired for investigation of e.g. eukaryotes nanomechanics. The performance of the adopted Hertz-based and Sneddon-based contact mechanics formalisms in recovering experimental data and in identifying nanomechanical heterogeneities at the bacterium scale is further thoroughly discussed. A numerical method is proposed for the modeling of AFM PeakForce curves and the automated extraction of relevant spatially-resolved nanomechanical properties of turgescent cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Offroy
- Université de Lorraine
- CNRS
- LIEC
- F-54000 Nancy
- France
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14
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Kojima M, Yamauchi C, Oyamada S, Hojo T, Iwase S, Naito A, Yamano K, Takahashi S, Ochiai A. Assessment of Upper Limb Physiological Features in Patients with Lymphedema After Breast Surgery Using Multiple Instruments. Lymphat Res Biol 2019; 18:239-246. [PMID: 31657652 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2019.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Objective assessment of upper limb physiological features may allow for early detection and proper intervention for lymphedema after breast surgery. However, the development of diagnostic instruments and standard measurement procedures are required. Methods and Results: Four instruments (Venustron, Softmeasure, Myoton Pro, and iBDent), tape measurement, and water volumetry were investigated in this study. Inter-limb differences in physiological data were obtained from 40 patients with lymphedema after breast surgery and 38 control subjects. Four instruments and tape measurements were performed at four points. Inter-limb differences between patients with lymphedema and control subjects were determined. All measurements took <20 minutes with minimal pain reported. Inter-limb differences in water volumetry and tape measurements, especially when measured at 5 cm distal to the cubital fossa, were increased in International Society of Lymphology (ISL) stage II cases. All four instruments showed high reproducibility in standard silicon sample measurement. On the other hand, data from human samples were varied, and the utility for assessment of lymphedema was not determined. Conclusion: Water volumetry and tape measurement at 5 cm distal to the cubital fossa were useful to assess lymphedema in ISL stage II cases. Four instruments used in this study were feasible in clinical practice. In addition, inconsistent data from human tissue were not due to sensor limitations, rather, acquisition of accurate data from human tissue seemed to be difficult due to anatomical factors. In addition to high-quality sensor, development of system that produce accurate and reproducible results from human tissue is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Kojima
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chisako Yamauchi
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Oyamada
- NPO Japanese Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hojo
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoru Iwase
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinichiro Takahashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
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15
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Tokarska-Rodak M, Czernik S, Chwedczuk M, Plewik D, Grudniewski T, Pawłowicz-Sosnowska ET. The analysis of nanomechanical properties of Candida spp. by atomic force microscopy (AFM) method. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the selected nanomechanical properties of Candida spp: Candida albicans (standard strain ATCC 10231), Candida albicans (clinical strain, cultured from an oral swab), Candida lipolytica (clinical strain, cultured from a nosal swab) in atomic force microscopy (AFM).
The culture Candida spp. was performed of Tryptone Soya Broth (BioMaxima). The topography and sample properties were analysed in AFM (Ntegra Spectra C from NT) and the results were carried out using NOVA 1.1.0.1824 software.
C. albicans ATCC 10231 cells were significantly higher 1.81 μm (p = 0.001) from clinical strains: C. albicans (1.30 μm) and C. lipolytica (1.23 μm). C. albicans ATCC 10231 cells, and C. albicans cells of the clinical strain were softer, especially in the top parts of cells, than C. lipolytica cells. Adhesion force measured for C. albicans ATCC 10231 was 62.83 nN, and was significantly higher compared to the values obtained for C. albicans (41.93 nN,
p = 0.0002 ) and C. lipolytica (41.78 nN, p = 0.0002 ). The stiffness of the Candida spp. cell surface was comparable and was in the range of 5–6 nA.
The differences in height may result from different conditions in which clinical strains grow. Adhesion force can be helpful in the analysis of the degree of destruction of the cell wall by various substances. The conducted analyses showed morphological differences and the differences in mechanical properties of the researched Candida spp. This data may be important in assessing their susceptibility to the effects of various substances of a lytic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Tokarska-Rodak
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Sławomir Czernik
- Innovation Research Centre, Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Marta Chwedczuk
- Innovation Research Centre, Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Dorota Plewik
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grudniewski
- Institute of Technical Sciences, Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland
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16
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Pagnout C, Sohm B, Razafitianamaharavo A, Caillet C, Offroy M, Leduc M, Gendre H, Jomini S, Beaussart A, Bauda P, Duval JFL. Pleiotropic effects of rfa-gene mutations on Escherichia coli envelope properties. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9696. [PMID: 31273247 PMCID: PMC6609704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the rfa operon leading to severely truncated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures are associated with pleiotropic effects on bacterial cells, which in turn generates a complex phenotype termed deep-rough. Literature reports distinct behavior of these mutants in terms of susceptibility to bacteriophages and to several antibacterial substances. There is so far a critical lack of understanding of such peculiar structure-reactivity relationships mainly due to a paucity of thorough biophysical and biochemical characterizations of the surfaces of these mutants. In the current study, the biophysicochemical features of the envelopes of Escherichia coli deep-rough mutants are identified from the molecular to the single cell and population levels using a suite of complementary techniques, namely microelectrophoresis, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ) for quantitative proteomics. Electrokinetic, nanomechanical and proteomic analyses evidence enhanced mutant membrane destabilization/permeability, and differentiated abundances of outer membrane proteins involved in the susceptibility phenotypes of LPS-truncated mutants towards bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides and hydrophobic antibiotics. In particular, inner-core LPS altered mutants exhibit the most pronounced heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of their Young modulus and stiffness, which is symptomatic of deep damages on cell envelope likely to mediate phage infection process and antibiotic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pagnout
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC, UMR7360, Campus Bridoux, Metz, F-57070, France.
| | - Bénédicte Sohm
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC, UMR7360, Campus Bridoux, Metz, F-57070, France
| | | | - Céline Caillet
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC, UMR7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Marc Offroy
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC, UMR7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Marjorie Leduc
- Plateforme protéomique 3P5, Inserm U1016-Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, MICUSPC, Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Gendre
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC, UMR7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54000, France
| | | | - Audrey Beaussart
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC, UMR7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Pascale Bauda
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC, UMR7360, Campus Bridoux, Metz, F-57070, France
| | - Jérôme F L Duval
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC, UMR7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54000, France
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17
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Ménard M, Meyer F, Parkhomenko K, Leuvrey C, Francius G, Bégin-Colin S, Mertz D. Mesoporous silica templated-albumin nanoparticles with high doxorubicin payload for drug delivery assessed with a 3-D tumor cell model. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1863:332-341. [PMID: 30391506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles emerge as promising carriers for drug delivery. Among challenges, one important issue is the design of HSA nanoparticles with a low mean size of ca. 50 nm and having a high drug payload. The original strategy developed here is to use sacrificial mesoporous nanosilica templates having a diameter close to 30 nm to drive the protein nanocapsule formation. This new approach ensures first an efficient high drug loading (ca. 30%) of Doxorubicin (DOX) in the porous silica by functionalizing silica with an aminosiloxane layer and then allows the one-step adsorption and the physical cross-linking of HSA by modifying the silica surface with isobutyramide (IBAM) groups. After silica template removal, homogenous DOX-loaded HSA nanocapsules (30-60 nm size) with high drug loading capacity (ca. 88%) are thus formed. Such nanocapsules are shown efficient in multicellular tumor spheroid models (MCTS) of human hepatocarcinoma cells by their significant growth inhibition with respect to controls. Such a new synthesis approach paves the way toward new protein based nanocarriers for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Ménard
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, UMR_S 1121 Biomatériaux et bioingénierie, FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, Cedex, France
| | - Florent Meyer
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, UMR_S 1121 Biomatériaux et bioingénierie, FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, Cedex, France.
| | - Ksenia Parkhomenko
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie l'Environnement et la Santé, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cédric Leuvrey
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Grégory Francius
- CNRS - Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy F-54600, France
| | - Sylvie Bégin-Colin
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Damien Mertz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
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18
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Bacharouche J, Erdemli O, Rivet R, Doucouré B, Caillet C, Mutschler A, Lavalle P, Duval JFL, Gantzer C, Francius G. On the Infectivity of Bacteriophages in Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films: Inhibition or Preservation of Their Bacteriolytic Activity? ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33545-33555. [PMID: 30192508 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in bacterial cells has motivated the scientific community to design new and efficient (bio)materials with targeted bacteriostatic and/or bactericide properties. In this work, a series of polyelectrolyte multilayer films differing in terms of polycation-polyanion combinations are constructed according to the layer-by-layer deposition method. Their capacities to host T4 and φx174 phage particles and maintain their infectivity and bacteriolytic activity are thoroughly examined. It is found that the macroscopic physicochemical properties of the films, which includes film thickness, swelling ratio, or mechanical stiffness (as derived by atomic force microscopy and spectroscopy measurements), do not predominantly control the selectivity of the films for hosting infective phages. Instead, it is evidenced that the intimate electrostatic interactions locally operational between the loaded phages and the polycationic and polyanionic PEM components may lead to phage activity reduction and preservation/enhancement, respectively. It is argued that the underlying mechanism involves the screening of the phage capsid receptors (operational in cell recognition/infection processes) because of the formation of either polymer-phage hetero-assemblies or polymer coating surrounding the bioactive phage surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Bacharouche
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy F-54600 , France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy F-54600 , France
| | - Ozge Erdemli
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy F-54600 , France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 1121 , 11 rue Humann , 67085 Strasbourg Cedex , France
- Université de Strasbourg , Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire , 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Romain Rivet
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy F-54600 , France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy F-54600 , France
| | - Balla Doucouré
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy F-54600 , France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy F-54600 , France
| | - Céline Caillet
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360 , 54501 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360 , 54501 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Angela Mutschler
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 1121 , 11 rue Humann , 67085 Strasbourg Cedex , France
- Université de Strasbourg , Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire , 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Philippe Lavalle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 1121 , 11 rue Humann , 67085 Strasbourg Cedex , France
- Université de Strasbourg , Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire , 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Jérôme F L Duval
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360 , 54501 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360 , 54501 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy , France
| | - Christophe Gantzer
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy F-54600 , France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy F-54600 , France
| | - Grégory Francius
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy F-54600 , France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564 , Villers-lès-Nancy F-54600 , France
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19
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Time-Resolved Imaging of Bacterial Surfaces Using Atomic Force Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29956245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8591-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Time-resolved atomic force microscopy (AFM) offers countless new modes by which to study bacterial cell physiology on relevant time scales, from mere milliseconds to hours and days on end. In addition, time-lapse AFM acts as a complementary tool to optical fluorescence microscopy (OFM), for which the combination offers a correlative link between the physical manifestation of bacterial phenotypes and molecular mechanisms obeying those principles. Herein we describe the essential materials and methods necessary for conducting time-resolved AFM and dual AFM/OFM experiments on bacteria.
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20
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Angeloni L, Reggente M, Passeri D, Natali M, Rossi M. Identification of nanoparticles and nanosystems in biological matrices with scanning probe microscopy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 10:e1521. [PMID: 29665287 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Identification of nanoparticles and nanosystems into cells and biological matrices is a hot research topic in nanobiotechnologies. Because of their capability to map physical properties (mechanical, electric, magnetic, chemical, or optical), several scanning probe microscopy based techniques have been proposed for the subsurface detection of nanomaterials in biological systems. In particular, atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to reveal stiff nanoparticles in cells and other soft biomaterials by probing the sample mechanical properties through the acquisition of local indentation curves or through the combination of ultrasound-based methods, like contact resonance AFM (CR-AFM) or scanning near field ultrasound holography. Magnetic force microscopy can detect magnetic nanoparticles and other magnetic (bio)materials in nonmagnetic biological samples, while electric force microscopy, conductive AFM, and Kelvin probe force microscopy can reveal buried nanomaterials on the basis of the differences between their electric properties and those of the surrounding matrices. Finally, scanning near field optical microscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can visualize buried nanostructures on the basis of their optical and chemical properties. Despite at a still early stage, these methods are promising for detection of nanomaterials in biological systems as they could be truly noninvasive, would not require destructive and time-consuming specific sample preparation, could be performed in vitro, on alive samples and in water or physiological environment, and by continuously imaging the same sample could be used to dynamically monitor the diffusion paths and interaction mechanisms of nanomaterials into cells and biological systems. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Angeloni
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Reggente
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Passeri
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Natali
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome (CNIS), Rome, Italy
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21
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A Multi-scale Biophysical Approach to Develop Structure-Property Relationships in Oral Biofilms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5691. [PMID: 29632310 PMCID: PMC5890245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 5–10 years, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been individually applied to monitor the morphological and mechanical properties of various single-species biofilms respectively. This investigation looked to combine OCT and AFM as a multi-scale approach to understand the role sucrose concentration and age play in the morphological and mechanical properties of oral, microcosm biofilms, in-vitro. Biofilms with low (0.1% w/v) and high (5% w/v) sucrose concentrations were grown on hydroxyapatite (HAP) discs from pooled human saliva and incubated for 3 and 5 days. Distinct mesoscale features of biofilms such as regions of low and high extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were identified through observations made by OCT. Mechanical analysis revealed increasing sucrose concentration decreased Young’s modulus and increased cantilever adhesion (p < 0.0001), relative to the biofilm. Increasing age was found to decrease adhesion only (p < 0.0001). This was due to mechanical interactions between the indenter and the biofilm increasing as a function of increased EPS content, due to increasing sucrose. An expected decrease in EPS cantilever contact decreased adhesion due to bacteria proliferation with biofilm age. The application OCT and AFM revealed new structure-property relationships in oral biofilms, unattainable if the techniques were used independently.
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22
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Hall AR, Geoghegan M. Polymers and biopolymers at interfaces. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:036601. [PMID: 29368695 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa9e9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This review updates recent progress in the understanding of the behaviour of polymers at surfaces and interfaces, highlighting examples in the areas of wetting, dewetting, crystallization, and 'smart' materials. Recent developments in analysis tools have yielded a large increase in the study of biological systems, and some of these will also be discussed, focussing on areas where surfaces are important. These areas include molecular binding events and protein adsorption as well as the mapping of the surfaces of cells. Important techniques commonly used for the analysis of surfaces and interfaces are discussed separately to aid the understanding of their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom. Fraunhofer Project Centre for Embedded Bioanalytical Systems, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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23
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Nanostructural Differentiation and Toxicity of Amyloid-β25-35 Aggregates Ensue from Distinct Secondary Conformation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:765. [PMID: 29335442 PMCID: PMC5768673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid nanostructures are originated from protein misfolding and aberrant aggregation, which is associated with the pathogenesis of many types of degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease. The secondary conformation of peptides is of a fundamental importance for aggregation and toxicity of amyloid peptides. In this work, Aβ25-35, a fragment of amyloid β(1-42) (Aβ42), was selected to investigate the correlation between secondary structures and toxicity of amyloid fibrils. Furthermore, each aggregation assemblies show different cell membrane disruption and cytotoxicity. The structural analysis of amyloid aggregates originated from different secondary structure motifs is helpful to understand the mechanism of peptides/cell interactions in the pathogenesis of amyloid diseases.
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24
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D-Cateslytin, a new antimicrobial peptide with therapeutic potential. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15199. [PMID: 29123174 PMCID: PMC5680178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms constitutes an increasingly serious threat to global public health. As a consequence, the efficacy of conventional antimicrobials is rapidly declining, threatening the ability of healthcare professionals to cure common infections. Over the last two decades host defense peptides have been identified as an attractive source of new antimicrobials. In the present study, we characterized the antibacterial and mechanistic properties of D-Cateslytin (D-Ctl), a new epipeptide derived from L-Cateslytin, where all L-amino acids were replaced by D-amino acids. We demonstrated that D-Ctl emerges as a potent, safe and robust peptide antimicrobial with undetectable susceptibility to resistance. Using Escherichia coli as a model, we reveal that D-Ctl targets the bacterial cell wall leading to the permeabilization of the membrane and the death of the bacteria. Overall, D-Ctl offers many assets that make it an attractive candidate for the biopharmaceutical development of new antimicrobials either as a single therapy or as a combination therapy as D-Ctl also has the remarkable property to potentiate several antimicrobials of reference such as cefotaxime, amoxicillin and methicillin.
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25
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Casti P, Mencattini A, Sammarco I, Velappa SJ, Magna G, Cricenti A, Luce M, Pietroiusti A, Lesci GI, Ferrucci L, Magrini A, Martinelli E, Di Natale C. Robust classification of biological samples in atomic force microscopy images via multiple filtering cooperation. Knowl Based Syst 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Freudenthal O, Quilès F, Francius G. Discrepancies between Cyclic and Linear Antimicrobial Peptide Actions on the Spectrochemical and Nanomechanical Fingerprints of a Young Biofilm. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5861-5872. [PMID: 30023754 PMCID: PMC6044769 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are currently known for their potential as an alternative to conventional antibiotics and new weapons against drug-resistant bacteria and biofilms. In the present work, the mechanism of action of a cyclic (colistin) and a linear (catestatin) AMP on a young E. coli biofilm was deciphered from the molecular to the cellular scale. To this end, infrared spectroscopy (attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared) assisted by chemometric analysis was combined with fluorescence and atomic force microscopies to address the very different behaviors of both AMPs. Indeed, the colistin dramatically damaged the bacterial cell wall and the metabolism even though its action was not homogeneous over the whole bacterial population and repopulation can be observed after peptide removal. Conversely, catestatin did not lead to major damages in the bacterial morphology but its action was homogeneous over the whole bacterial population and the cells were unable to regrow after the peptide treatment. Our results strongly suggested that contrary to the cyclic molecule, the linear one is able to cause irreversible damages in the bacterial membrane concomitantly to a strong impact on the bacterial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oona Freudenthal
- Université
de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour
l’Environnement, LCPME,
UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
- CNRS,
Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement,
LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - Fabienne Quilès
- Université
de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour
l’Environnement, LCPME,
UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
- CNRS,
Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement,
LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - Grégory Francius
- Université
de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour
l’Environnement, LCPME,
UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
- CNRS,
Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement,
LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
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27
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Quilès F, Accoceberry I, Couzigou C, Francius G, Noël T, El-Kirat-Chatel S. AFM combined to ATR-FTIR reveals Candida cell wall changes under caspofungin treatment. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13731-13738. [PMID: 28884772 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02170d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens from Candida genus are responsible for severe life-threatening infections and the antifungal arsenal is still limited. Caspofungin, an antifungal drug used for human therapy, acts as a blocking agent of the cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the β-1,3-glucan-synthase encoded by FKS genes. Despite its efficiency, the number of genetic mutants that are resistant to caspofungin is increasing. An important challenge to improve antifungal therapy is to understand cellular phenomenon that are associated with drug resistance. Here we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) combined to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection mode (ATR-FTIR) to decipher the effect of low and high drug concentration on the morphology, mechanics and cell wall composition of two Candida strains, one susceptible and one resistant to caspofungin. Our results confirm that caspofungin induces a dramatic cell wall remodelling via activation of stress responses, even at high drug concentration. Additionally, we highlighted unexpected changes related to drug resistance, suggesting that caspofungin resistance associated with FKS gene mutations comes from a combination of effects: (i) an overall remodelling of yeast cell wall composition; and (ii) cell wall stiffening through chitin synthesis. This work demonstrates that AFM combined to ATR-FTIR is a valuable approach to understand at the molecular scale the biological mechanisms associated with drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Quilès
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France.
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28
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Škvarla J, Škvarla J. An identification of the soft polyelectrolyte gel-like layer on silica colloids using atomic force and electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 181:97-106. [PMID: 28527981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A procedure is introduced for measuring the radius of spherical colloid particles from the curvature of upper parts of their central cross-sectional profiles obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM). To minimize the possible compression and displacement of the spheres, AFM is operated in a mode rendering a constant ultralow pN force on the tip. The procedure allows us to evaluate the mean radius of nearly monodisperse submicrometer spheres of silica in their natively hydrated state in aqueous electrolyte solutions, irrespective of whether they are coagulated or not. A variation in the volume (swelling degree) of layers delimited by the AFM mean radii of these spheres in KCl solutions and their invariable mean radius in vacuum is obtained that follows a scaling power law derived in polymer physics for swellable polyelectrolyte gels and deduced previously by us from coagulation tests. This supports our former suggestion about the existence of soft polyelectrolyte gel-like layer developed spontaneously around silica surfaces and colloids. We discuss this finding in the context of recent knowledge about the structure of the silica/water interface obtained from direct surface force measurements between macroscopic silica surfaces and from particle size measurements of silica colloids and highlight its importance for colloid chemistry and condensed mattter physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Škvarla
- Institute of Earth Resources, Technical University in Košice, Park Komenského 19, Košice 042 00, Slovak Republic.
| | - Juraj Škvarla
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic.
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29
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Rammal H, Dubus M, Aubert L, Reffuveille F, Laurent-Maquin D, Terryn C, Schaaf P, Alem H, Francius G, Quilès F, Gangloff SC, Boulmedais F, Kerdjoudj H. Bioinspired Nanofeatured Substrates: Suitable Environment for Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:12791-12801. [PMID: 28301131 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bone mimicking coatings provide a complex microenvironment in which material, through its inherent properties (such as nanostructure and composition), affects the commitment of stem cells into bone lineage and the production of bone tissue regulating factors required for bone healing and regeneration. Herein, a bioactive mineral/biopolymer composite made of calcium phosphate/chitosan and hyaluronic acid (CaP-CHI-HA) was elaborated using a versatile simultaneous spray coating of interacting species. The resulting CaP-CHI-HA coating was mainly constituted of bioactive, carbonated and crystalline hydroxyapatite with 277 ± 98 nm of roughness, 1 μm of thickness, and 2.3 ± 1 GPa of stiffness. After five days of culture, CaP-CHI-HA suggested a synergistic effect of intrinsic biophysical features and biopolymers on stem cell mechanobiology and nuclear organization, leading to the expression of an early osteoblast-like phenotype and the production of bone tissue regulating factors such as osteoprotegerin and vascular endothelial growth factor. More interestingly, amalgamation with biopolymers conferred to the mineral a bacterial antiadhesive property. These significant data shed light on the potential regenerative application of CaP-CHI-HA bioinspired coating in providing a suitable environment for stem cell bone regeneration and an ideal strategy to prevent implant-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rammal
- EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), SFR-CAP Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
- UFR d'Odontologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
| | - M Dubus
- EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), SFR-CAP Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
- UFR d'Odontologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
| | - L Aubert
- EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), SFR-CAP Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
- UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
| | - F Reffuveille
- EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), SFR-CAP Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
- UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
| | - D Laurent-Maquin
- EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), SFR-CAP Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
- UFR d'Odontologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
| | - C Terryn
- Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire (PICT), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
| | - P Schaaf
- INSERM, UMR-S 1121, "Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie", Fédération de médecine translationnelle de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg , 67000 Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - H Alem
- CNRS, UMR 7198, Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Université de Lorraine , 54500 Vandoeuvre Lès Nancy, France
| | - G Francius
- CNRS, UMR 7564, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), Université de Lorraine , 54500 Vandoeuvre Lès Nancy, France
| | - F Quilès
- CNRS, UMR 7564, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), Université de Lorraine , 54500 Vandoeuvre Lès Nancy, France
| | - S C Gangloff
- EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), SFR-CAP Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
- UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
| | - F Boulmedais
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - H Kerdjoudj
- EA 4691, Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (BIOS), SFR-CAP Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
- UFR d'Odontologie, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne , 51100 Reims, France
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Knopf-Marques H, Barthes J, Wolfova L, Vidal B, Koenig G, Bacharouche J, Francius G, Sadam H, Liivas U, Lavalle P, Vrana NE. Auxiliary Biomembranes as a Directional Delivery System To Control Biological Events in Cell-Laden Tissue-Engineering Scaffolds. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:918-929. [PMID: 30023620 PMCID: PMC6044576 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of growth factors is an indispensable part of tissue engineering. Here, we describe a detachable membrane-based release system composed of extracellular matrix components that can be attached to hydrogels to achieve directional release of bioactive molecules. This way, the release of cytokines/growth factors can be started at a desired point of tissue maturation or directly in vivo. As a model, we develop thin films of an interpenetrating network of double-cross-linked gelatin and hyaluronic acid derivatives. The use of the auxiliary release system with vascular endothelial growth factor results in extensive sprouting by encapsulated vascular endothelial cells. The presence of the release system with interleukin-4 results in clustering of encapsulated macrophages with a significant decrease in M1 macrophages (proinflammatory). This system can be used in conjunction with three-dimensional structures as an auxiliary system to control artificial tissue maturation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Knopf-Marques
- INSERM
UMR 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Faculté
de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université
de Strasbourg, 8 rue
Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julien Barthes
- INSERM
UMR 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- PROTiP
Medical, 8 Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lucie Wolfova
- Contipro
Biotech S.R.O., Dolni Dobrouc 401, 561 02 Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bérengère Vidal
- PROTiP
Medical, 8 Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jalal Bacharouche
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement, CNRS,
UMR 7564, 405 rue de
Vandoeuvre, 54600 Villers-les-Nancy, France
| | - Grégory Francius
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement, CNRS,
UMR 7564, 405 rue de
Vandoeuvre, 54600 Villers-les-Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Lavalle
- INSERM
UMR 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Faculté
de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université
de Strasbourg, 8 rue
Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nihal Engin Vrana
- INSERM
UMR 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- PROTiP
Medical, 8 Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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31
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Mechiche Alami S, Rammal H, Boulagnon-Rombi C, Velard F, Lazar F, Drevet R, Laurent Maquin D, Gangloff S, Hemmerlé J, Voegel J, Francius G, Schaaf P, Boulmedais F, Kerdjoudj H. Harnessing Wharton's jelly stem cell differentiation into bone-like nodule on calcium phosphate substrate without osteoinductive factors. Acta Biomater 2017; 49:575-589. [PMID: 27888100 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An important aim of bone regenerative medicine is to design biomaterials with controlled chemical and topographical features to guide stem cell fate towards osteoblasts without addition of specific osteogenic factors. Herein, we find that sprayed bioactive and biocompatible calcium phosphate substrates (CaP) with controlled topography induce, in a well-orchestrated manner, Wharton's jelly stem cells (WJ-SCs) differentiation into osteoblastic lineage without any osteogenic supplements. The resulting WJ-SCs commitment exhibits features of native bone, through the formation of three-dimensional bone-like nodule with osteocyte-like cells embedded into a mineralized type I collagen. To our knowledge, these results present the first observation of a whole differentiation process from stem cell to osteocytes-like on a synthetic material. This suggests a great potential of sprayed CaP and WJ-SCs in bone tissue engineering. These unique features may facilitate the transition from bench to bedside and the development of successful engineered bone. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Designing materials to direct stem cell fate has a relevant impact on stem cell biology and provides insights facilitating their clinical application in regenerative medicine. Inspired by natural bone compositions, a friendly automated spray-assisted system was used to build calcium phosphate substrate (CaP). Sprayed biomimetic solutions using mild conditions led to the formation of CaP with controlled physical properties, good bioactivity and biocompatibility. Herein, we show that via optimization of physical properties, CaP substrate induce osteogenic differentiation of Wharton's jelly stem cells (WJ-SCs) without adding osteogenic supplement factors. These results suggest a great potential of sprayed CaP and WJ-SCs in bone tissue engineering and may facilitate the transition from bench to beside and the development of clinically successful engineered bone.
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Francius G, El Zein R, Mathieu L, Gosselin F, Maul A, Block JC. Nano-exploration of organic conditioning film formed on polymeric surfaces exposed to drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 109:155-163. [PMID: 27883920 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of organic macromolecules onto surfaces in contact with waters forms a so-called conditioning film and induces modifications of the surface properties. Here, we characterized conditioning films formed onto two hydrophobic materials (used as pipe liner) and immersed for 24 h in tap water. Using combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), and chemical force microscopy (CFM), we detected some changes in roughness and hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the surface of the tested coupons, and also the deposition of numerous organic polymers (few millions/cm2) randomly distributed on the surface. The maximum molecular extension of these organic polymers was in the range of 250-1250 nm according to the tested materials. Systematic analysis of the force curves with the theoretical models (WLC and FJC) allowed determining the proportion of rupture events related to the unfolding of both polysaccharide and polypeptide segments, which represented 75-80% and 20-25% of the analyzed curves, respectively. The number of autochthonous drinking water bacteria, which attached to the material within the same period of time was 10000-folds lower than the detected number of polymers attached to the surface. Even in drinking water systems with relatively low organic matter (dissolved organic carbon < 1.1 mg/L), the potential of formation of a conditioning biofilm is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Francius
- CNRS - Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France.
| | - Racha El Zein
- CNRS - Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - Laurence Mathieu
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France
| | - Florence Gosselin
- CNRS - Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - Armand Maul
- Université de Lorraine - CNRS, Laboratoire interdisciplinaire des environnements continentaux, LIEC, UMR 7360, Metz, F-57070, France
| | - Jean-Claude Block
- CNRS - Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
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Dan P, Velot É, Francius G, Menu P, Decot V. Human-derived extracellular matrix from Wharton's jelly: An untapped substrate to build up a standardized and homogeneous coating for vascular engineering. Acta Biomater 2017; 48:227-237. [PMID: 27769940 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the outstanding goals in tissue engineering is to develop a natural coating surface which is easy to manipulate, effective for cell adhesion and fully biocompatible. The ideal surface would be derived from human tissue, perfectly controllable, and pathogen-free, thereby satisfying all of the standards of the health authorities. This paper reports an innovative approach to coating surfaces using a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) extracted from the Wharton's jelly (WJ) of the umbilical cord (referred to as WJ-ECM). We have shown by atomic force microscopy (AFM), that the deposition of WJ-ECM on surfaces is homogenous with a controllable thickness, and that this easily-prepared coating is appropriate for both the adhesion and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells and mature endothelial cells. Furthermore, under physiological shear stress conditions, a larger number of cells remained adhered to WJ-ECM than to a conventional coating such as collagen - a result supported by the higher expression of both integrins α2 and β1 in cells cultured on WJ-ECM. Our data clearly show that Wharton's jelly is a highly promising coating for the design of human biocompatible surfaces in tissue engineering as well as in regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Discovery and design of biomaterial surface are a hot spot in the tissue engineering field. Natural matrix is preferred to mimic native cell microenvironment but its use is limited due to poor resource availability. Moreover, current studies often use single or several components of natural polymers, which is not the case in human body. This paper reports a natural extracellular matrix with full components derived from healthy human tissue: Wharton's jelly of umbilical cord. Reconstituting this matrix as a culture surface, our easily-prepared coating provides superior biocompatibility for stem and mature cells. Furthermore, we observed improved cell performance on this coating under both static and dynamic condition. This novel human derived ECM would be a promising choice for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Dan
- UMR 7365 CNRS, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex 54505, France
| | - Émilie Velot
- UMR 7365 CNRS, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex 54505, France
| | - Grégory Francius
- UMR 7564, Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, Villers-lès-Nancy 54600, France
| | - Patrick Menu
- UMR 7365 CNRS, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex 54505, France.
| | - Véronique Decot
- UMR 7365 CNRS, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex 54505, France; Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, CHRU de Nancy, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54511, France
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Perni S, Preedy EC, Landini P, Prokopovich P. Influence of csgD and ompR on Nanomechanics, Adhesion Forces, and Curli Properties of E. coli. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7965-7974. [PMID: 27434665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Curli are bacterial appendages involved in the adhesion of cells to surfaces; their synthesis is regulated by many genes such as csgD and ompR. The expression of the two curli subunits (CsgA and CsgB) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) is regulated by CsgD; at the same time, csgD transcription is under the control of OmpR. Therefore, both genes are involved in the control of curli production. In this work, we elucidated the role of these genes in the nanomechanical and adhesive properties of E. coli MG1655 (a laboratory strain not expressing significant amount of curli) and its curli-producing mutants overexpressing OmpR and CsgD, employing atomic force microscopy (AFM). Nanomechanical analysis revealed that the expression of these genes gave origin to cells with a lower Young's modulus (E) and turgidity (P0), whereas the adhesion forces were unaffected when genes involved in curli formation were expressed. AFM was also employed to study the primary structure of the curli expressed through the freely jointed chain (FJC) model for polymers. CsgD increased the number of curli on the surface more than OmpR did, and the overexpression of both genes did not result in a greater number of curli. Neither of the genes had an impact on the structure (total length of the polymer and number and length of Kuhn segments) of the curli. Our results further suggest that, despite the widely assumed role of curli in cell adhesion, cell adhesion force is also dictated by surface properties because no relation between the number of curli expressed on the surface and cell adhesion was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Perni
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Cardiff University , Cardiff, U.K. CF10 3NB
| | - Emily Callard Preedy
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Cardiff University , Cardiff, U.K. CF10 3NB
| | - Paolo Landini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Milan , 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Polina Prokopovich
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Cardiff University , Cardiff, U.K. CF10 3NB
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35
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Mularski A, Wilksch JJ, Hanssen E, Strugnell RA, Separovic F. Atomic force microscopy of bacteria reveals the mechanobiology of pore forming peptide action. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1091-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ostvar S, Wood BD. Multiscale Model Describing Bacterial Adhesion and Detachment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:5213-5222. [PMID: 27129780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial surfaces are complex structures with nontrivial adhesive properties. The physics of bacterial adhesion deviates from that of ideal colloids as a result of cell-surface roughness and because of the mechanical properties of the polymers covering the cell surface. In the present study, we develop a simple multiscale model for the interplay between the potential energy functions that characterize the cell surface biopolymers and their interaction with the extracellular environment. We then use the model to study a discrete network of bonds in the presence of significant length heterogeneities in cell-surface polymers. The model we present is able to generate force curves (both approach and retraction) that closely resemble those measured experimentally. Our results show that even small-length-scale heterogeneities can lead to macroscopically nonlinear behavior that is qualitatively and quantitatively different from the homogeneous case. We also report on the energetic consequences of such structural heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassan Ostvar
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Brian D Wood
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Knopf-Marques H, Singh S, Htwe SS, Wolfova L, Buffa R, Bacharouche J, Francius G, Voegel JC, Schaaf P, Ghaemmaghami AM, Vrana NE, Lavalle P. Immunomodulation with Self-Crosslinked Polyelectrolyte Multilayer-Based Coatings. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2189-98. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Knopf-Marques
- INSERM UMR 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Faculté
de Chirurgie Dentaire, Fédération de Médecine
Translationnelle de Strabourg, Fédération des Matériaux
et Nanosciences d’Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue
Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sonali Singh
- Division
of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life
Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medics, al Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Su Su Htwe
- Division
of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life
Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medics, al Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Lucie Wolfova
- Contipro
a.s.,
Dolni Dobrouc 401 561 02 Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Buffa
- Contipro
a.s.,
Dolni Dobrouc 401 561 02 Dolni Dobrouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jalal Bacharouche
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement CNRS UMR7564, 405 rue de Vandoeuvre, 54600 Villers-les-Nancy, France
| | - Grégory Francius
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l’Environnement CNRS UMR7564, 405 rue de Vandoeuvre, 54600 Villers-les-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Claude Voegel
- INSERM UMR 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Faculté
de Chirurgie Dentaire, Fédération de Médecine
Translationnelle de Strabourg, Fédération des Matériaux
et Nanosciences d’Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue
Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- INSERM UMR 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Faculté
de Chirurgie Dentaire, Fédération de Médecine
Translationnelle de Strabourg, Fédération des Matériaux
et Nanosciences d’Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue
Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR 22, 23 rue du Lœss, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Amir M. Ghaemmaghami
- Division
of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life
Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medics, al Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nihal Engin Vrana
- INSERM UMR 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Protip Medical, 8 Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Lavalle
- INSERM UMR 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Faculté
de Chirurgie Dentaire, Fédération de Médecine
Translationnelle de Strabourg, Fédération des Matériaux
et Nanosciences d’Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, 3 rue
Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Barbieux C, Bacharouche J, Soussen C, Hupont S, Razafitianamaharavo A, Klotz R, Pannequin R, Brie D, Bécuwe P, Francius G, Grandemange S. DDB2 (damaged-DNA binding 2) protein: a new modulator of nanomechanical properties and cell adhesion of breast cancer cells. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:5268-79. [PMID: 26879405 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr09126h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
DDB2, known for its role in DNA repair, was recently shown to reduce mammary tumor invasiveness by inducing the transcription of IκBα, an inhibitor of NF-κB activity. Since cellular adhesion is a key event during the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) leading to the invasive capacities of breast tumor cells, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of DDB2 in this process. Thus, using low and high DDB2-expressing MDA-MB231 and MCF7 cells, respectively, in which DDB2 expression was modulated experimentally, we showed that DDB2 overexpression was associated with a decrease of adhesion abilities on glass and plastic areas of breast cancer cells. Then, we investigated cell nanomechanical properties by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our results revealed significant changes in the Young's Modulus value and the adhesion force in MDA-MB231 and MCF7 cells, whether DDB2 was expressed or not. The cell stiffness decrease observed in MDA-MB231 and MCF7 expressing DDB2 was correlated with a loss of the cortical actin-cytoskeleton staining. To understand how DDB2 regulates these processes, an adhesion-related gene PCR-Array was performed. Several adhesion-related genes were differentially expressed according to DDB2 expression, indicating that important changes are occurring at the molecular level. Thus, this work demonstrates that AFM technology is an important tool to follow cellular changes during tumorigenesis. Moreover, our data revealed that DDB2 is involved in early events occurring during metastatic progression of breast cancer cells and will contribute to define this protein as a new marker of metastatic progression in this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Barbieux
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Jalal Bacharouche
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - Charles Soussen
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Sébastien Hupont
- CNRS, FR3209 Biologie Moléculaire Cellulaire et Thérapeutique (BMCT), Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire PTIBC-IBISA, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie-Santé, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Angélina Razafitianamaharavo
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, LIEC, UMR 7360, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France and CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, LIEC, UMR 7360, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France
| | - Rémi Klotz
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Rémi Pannequin
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - David Brie
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Philippe Bécuwe
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Grégory Francius
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - Stéphanie Grandemange
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
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Higa LH, Arnal L, Vermeulen M, Perez AP, Schilrreff P, Mundiña-Weilenmann C, Yantorno O, Vela ME, Morilla MJ, Romero EL. Ultradeformable Archaeosomes for Needle Free Nanovaccination with Leishmania braziliensis Antigens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150185. [PMID: 26934726 PMCID: PMC4774928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Total antigens from Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes, solubilized with sodium cholate (dsLp), were formulated within ultradeformable nanovesicles (dsLp-ultradeformable archaeosomes, (dsLp-UDA), and dsLp-ultradeformable liposomes (dsLp-UDL)) and topically administered to Balb/c mice. Ultradeformable nanovesicles can penetrate the intact stratum corneum up to the viable epidermis, with no aid of classical permeation enhancers that can damage the barrier function of the skin. Briefly, 100 nm unilamellar dsLp-UDA (soybean phosphatidylcholine: Halorubrum tebenquichense total polar lipids (TPL): sodium cholate, 3:3:1 w:w) of -31.45 mV Z potential, containing 4.84 ± 0.53% w/w protein/lipid dsLp, 235 KPa Young modulus were prepared. In vitro, dsLp-UDA was extensively taken up by J774A1 and bone marrow derive cells, and the only that induced an immediate secretion of IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-α, followed by IL-1β, by J774A1 cells. Such extensive uptake is a key feature of UDA ascribed to the highly negatively charged archaeolipids of the TPL, which are recognized by a receptor specialized in uptake and not involved in downstream signaling. Despite dsLp alone was also immunostimulatory on J774A1 cells, applied twice a week on consecutive days along 7 weeks on Balb/c mice, it raised no measurable response unless associated to UDL or UDA. The highest systemic response, IgGa2 mediated, 1 log lower than im dsLp Al2O3, was elicited by dsLp-UDA. Such findings suggest that in vivo, UDL and UDA acted as penetration enhancers for dsLp, but only dsLp-UDA, owed to its pronounced uptake by APC, succeeded as topical adjuvants. The actual TPL composition, fully made of sn2,3 ether linked saturated archaeolipids, gives the UDA bilayer resistance against chemical, physical and enzymatic attacks that destroy ordinary phospholipids bilayers. Together, these properties make UDA a promising platform for topical drug targeted delivery and vaccination, that may be of help for countries with a deficient healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia H. Higa
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
| | - Laura Arnal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Sucursal 4 Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mónica Vermeulen
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Junin 956, 4° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Paula Perez
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
| | - Priscila Schilrreff
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
| | | | - Osvaldo Yantorno
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), UNLP. 50 No. 227, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Elena Vela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Sucursal 4 Casilla de Correo 16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María José Morilla
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
| | - Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina B1876BXD
- * E-mail:
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Kilpatrick JI, Revenko I, Rodriguez BJ. Nanomechanics of Cells and Biomaterials Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy. Adv Healthc Mater 2015. [PMID: 26200464 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The behavior and mechanical properties of cells are strongly dependent on the biochemical and biomechanical properties of their microenvironment. Thus, understanding the mechanical properties of cells, extracellular matrices, and biomaterials is key to understanding cell function and to develop new materials with tailored mechanical properties for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as an indispensable technique for measuring the mechanical properties of biomaterials and cells with high spatial resolution and force sensitivity within physiologically relevant environments and timescales in the kPa to GPa elastic modulus range. The growing interest in this field of bionanomechanics has been accompanied by an expanding array of models to describe the complexity of indentation of hierarchical biological samples. Furthermore, the integration of AFM with optical microscopy techniques has further opened the door to a wide range of mechanotransduction studies. In recent years, new multidimensional and multiharmonic AFM approaches for mapping mechanical properties have been developed, which allow the rapid determination of, for example, cell elasticity. This Progress Report provides an introduction and practical guide to making AFM-based nanomechanical measurements of cells and surfaces for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I. Kilpatrick
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Irène Revenko
- Asylum Research an Oxford Instruments Company; 6310 Hollister Avenue Santa Barbara CA 93117 USA
| | - Brian J. Rodriguez
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin; Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; School of Physics; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
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Arnal L, Longo G, Stupar P, Castez MF, Cattelan N, Salvarezza RC, Yantorno OM, Kasas S, Vela ME. Localization of adhesins on the surface of a pathogenic bacterial envelope through atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:17563-17572. [PMID: 26446736 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04644k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is the first and a significant step in establishing infection. This adhesion normally occurs in the presence of flow of fluids. Therefore, bacterial adhesins must be able to provide high strength interactions with their target surface in order to maintain the adhered bacteria under hydromechanical stressing conditions. In the case of B. pertussis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for pertussis, a highly contagious human respiratory tract infection, an important protein participating in the adhesion process is a 220 kDa adhesin named filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), an outer membrane and also secreted protein that contains recognition domains to adhere to ciliated respiratory epithelial cells and macrophages. In this work, we obtained information on the cell-surface localization and distribution of the B. pertussis adhesin FHA using an antibody-functionalized AFM tip. Through the analysis of specific molecular recognition events we built a map of the spatial distribution of the adhesin which revealed a non-homogeneous pattern. Moreover, our experiments showed a force induced reorganization of the adhesin on the surface of the cells, which could explain a reinforced adhesive response under external forces. This single-molecule information contributes to the understanding of basic molecular mechanisms used by bacterial pathogens to cause infectious disease and to gain insights into the structural features by which adhesins can act as force sensors under mechanical shear conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Arnal
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP. 50 No 227, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Quilès F, Saadi S, Francius G, Bacharouche J, Humbert F. In situ and real time investigation of the evolution of a Pseudomonas fluorescens nascent biofilm in the presence of an antimicrobial peptide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:75-84. [PMID: 26525662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Against the increase of bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are considered as promising alternatives. Bacterial biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics that their planktonic counterpart. The purpose of this study was to investigate the action of an AMP against a nascent bacterial biofilm. The activity of dermaseptin S4 derivative S4(1-16)M4Ka against 6 h-old Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms was assessed by using a combination of Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform InfraRed (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy in situ and in real time, fluorescence microscopy using the Baclight™ kit, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM, imaging and force spectroscopy). After exposure to the peptide at three concentrations, different dramatic and fast changes over time were observed in the ATR-FTIR fingerprints reflecting a concentration-dependent action of the AMP. The ATR-FTIR spectra revealed major biochemical and physiological changes, adsorption/accumulation of the AMP on the bacteria, loss of membrane lipids, bacterial detachment, bacterial regrowth, or inhibition of biofilm growth. AFM allowed estimating at the nanoscale the effect of the AMP on the nanomechanical properties of the sessile bacteria. The bacterial membrane elasticity data measured by force spectroscopy were consistent with ATR-FTIR spectra, and they allowed suggesting a mechanism of action of this AMP on sessile P. fluorescens. The combination of these three techniques is a powerful tool for in situ and in real time monitoring the activity of AMPs against bacteria in a biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Quilès
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France; Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France.
| | - Souhir Saadi
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France; Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Avenue Mohamed Karoui, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Grégory Francius
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France; Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - Jalal Bacharouche
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France; Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - François Humbert
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France; Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
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Burgain J, Scher J, Lebeer S, Vanderleyden J, Corgneau M, Guerin J, Caillet C, Duval JF, Francius G, Gaiani C. Impacts of pH-mediated EPS structure on probiotic bacterial pili–whey proteins interactions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Diao M, Nguyen TA, Taran E, Mahler SM, Nguyen AV. Effect of energy source, salt concentration and loading force on colloidal interactions between Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cells and mineral surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 132:271-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mularski A, Wilksch JJ, Wang H, Hossain MA, Wade JD, Separovic F, Strugnell RA, Gee ML. Atomic Force Microscopy Reveals the Mechanobiology of Lytic Peptide Action on Bacteria. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6164-71. [PMID: 25978768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing rates of antimicrobial-resistant medically important bacteria require the development of new, effective therapeutics, of which antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are among the promising candidates. Many AMPs are membrane-active, but their mode of action in killing bacteria or in inhibiting their growth remains elusive. This study used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to probe the mechanobiology of a model AMP (a derivative of melittin) on living Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial cells. We performed in situ biophysical measurements to understand how the melittin peptide modulates various biophysical behaviors of individual bacteria, including the turgor pressure, cell wall elasticity, and bacterial capsule thickness and organization. Exposure of K. pneumoniae to the peptide had a significant effect on the turgor pressure and Young's modulus of the cell wall. The turgor pressure increased upon peptide addition followed by a later decrease, suggesting that cell lysis occurred and pressure was lost through destruction of the cell envelope. The Young's modulus also increased, indicating that interaction with the peptide increased the rigidity of the cell wall. The bacterial capsule did not prevent cell lysis by the peptide, and surprisingly, the capsule appeared unaffected by exposure to the peptide, as capsule thickness and inferred organization were within the control limits, determined by mechanical measurements. These data show that AFM measurements may provide valuable insights into the physical events that precede bacterial lysis by AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mularski
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Wilksch
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Huabin Wang
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle L Gee
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Sterilization of polydimethylsiloxane surface with Chinese herb extract: a new antibiotic mechanism of chlorogenic acid. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10464. [PMID: 25993914 PMCID: PMC4650805 DOI: 10.1038/srep10464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Coating of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface with a traditional Chinese herb extract chlorogenic acid (CA) solves the contemporary problem of sterilization of PDMS surface. The E. coli grows slower and has a higher death rate on the CA-coated PDMS surfaces. A smoother morphology of these E. coli cell wall is observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Unlike the reported mechanism, where CA inhibits bacterial growth by damaging the cell membrane in the bulk solution, we find the CA-coated PDMS surface also decreases the stiffness of the cell wall. A decrease in the Young's modulus of the cell wall from 3 to 0.8 MPa is reported. Unexpectedly, the CA effect on the swarming ability and the biofilm stability of the bacteria can be still observed, even after they have been removed from the CA environment, indicating a decrease in their resistance to antibiotics for a prolonged time. The CA-coated PDMS surface shows better antibiotic effect against three types of both Gram-positive and Gran-negative bacteria than the gentamicin-coated PDMS surface. Coating of CA on PDMS surface not only solves the problem of sterilization of PDMS surface, but also shines light on the application of Chinese traditional herbs in scientific research.
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Puricelli L, Galluzzi M, Schulte C, Podestà A, Milani P. Nanomechanical and topographical imaging of living cells by atomic force microscopy with colloidal probes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:033705. [PMID: 25832236 DOI: 10.1063/1.4915896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has a great potential as a tool to characterize mechanical and morphological properties of living cells; these properties have been shown to correlate with cells' fate and patho-physiological state in view of the development of novel early-diagnostic strategies. Although several reports have described experimental and technical approaches for the characterization of cellular elasticity by means of AFM, a robust and commonly accepted methodology is still lacking. Here, we show that micrometric spherical probes (also known as colloidal probes) are well suited for performing a combined topographic and mechanical analysis of living cells, with spatial resolution suitable for a complete and accurate mapping of cell morphological and elastic properties, and superior reliability and accuracy in the mechanical measurements with respect to conventional and widely used sharp AFM tips. We address a number of issues concerning the nanomechanical analysis, including the applicability of contact mechanical models and the impact of a constrained contact geometry on the measured Young's modulus (the finite-thickness effect). We have tested our protocol by imaging living PC12 and MDA-MB-231 cells, in order to demonstrate the importance of the correction of the finite-thickness effect and the change in Young's modulus induced by the action of a cytoskeleton-targeting drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puricelli
- CIMaINa and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galluzzi
- CIMaINa and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carsten Schulte
- CIMaINa and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- CIMaINa and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- CIMaINa and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Bonilla MR, Stokes JR, Gidley MJ, Yakubov GE. Interpreting atomic force microscopy nanoindentation of hierarchical biological materials using multi-regime analysis. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:1281-92. [PMID: 25569139 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02440k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel Multi-Regime Analysis (MRA) routine for interpreting force indentation measurements of soft materials using atomic force microscopy. The MRA approach combines both well established and semi-empirical theories of contact mechanics within a single framework to deconvolute highly complex and non-linear force-indentation curves. The fundamental assumption in the present form of the model is that each structural contribution to the mechanical response acts in series with other 'mechanical resistors'. This simplification enables interpretation of the micromechanical properties of materials with hierarchical structures and it allows automated processing of large data sets, which is particularly indispensable for biological systems. We validate the algorithm by demonstrating for the first time that the elastic modulus of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films is accurately predicted from both approach and retraction branches of force-indentation curves. For biological systems with complex hierarchical structures, we show the unique capability of MRA to map the micromechanics of live plant cells, revealing an intricate sequence of mechanical deformations resolved with precision that is unattainable using conventional methods of analysis. We recommend the routine use of MRA to interpret AFM force-indentation measurements for other complex soft materials including mammalian cells, bacteria and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Bonilla
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Barthes J, Vrana NE, Özçelik H, Gahoual R, François YN, Bacharouche J, Francius G, Hemmerlé J, Metz-Boutigue MH, Schaaf P, Lavalle P. Priming cells for their final destination: microenvironment controlled cell culture by a modular ECM-mimicking feeder film. Biomater Sci 2015; 3:1302-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00172b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A modular ECM-mimicking coating for cell culture is designed and acts as gel-feeder providing simultaneously ECM components, growth factors, stiffening elements and antimicrobials.
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50
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Bacharouche J, Degardin M, Jierry L, Carteret C, Lavalle P, Hemmerlé J, Senger B, Auzély-Velty R, Boulmedais F, Boturyn D, Coche-Guérente L, Schaaf P, Francius G. Multivalency: influence of the residence time and the retraction rate on rupture forces measured by AFM. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1801-1812. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01261e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular orientation and flexibility of β-CD modulate the contact time and the multivalence effects of specific host–guest interactions.
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