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Bao S, Romero JM, Belfort BD, Arenkiel BR. Signaling mechanisms underlying activity-dependent integration of adult-born neurons in the mouse olfactory bulb. Genesis 2024; 62:e23595. [PMID: 38553878 PMCID: PMC10987073 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has fascinated the field of neuroscience for decades given the prospects of harnessing mechanisms that facilitate the rewiring and/or replacement of adult brain tissue. The subgranular zone of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle are the two main areas in the brain that exhibit ongoing neurogenesis. Of these, adult-born neurons within the olfactory bulb have proven to be a powerful model for studying circuit plasticity, providing a broad and accessible avenue into neuron development, migration, and continued circuit integration within adult brain tissue. This review focuses on some of the recognized molecular and signaling mechanisms underlying activity-dependent adult-born neuron development. Notably, olfactory activity and behavioral states contribute to adult-born neuron plasticity through sensory and centrifugal inputs, in which calcium-dependent transcriptional programs, local translation, and neuropeptide signaling play important roles. This review also highlights areas of needed continued investigation to better understand the remarkable phenomenon of adult-born neuron integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyang Bao
- Development, Disease Models, and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Juan M. Romero
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin D.W. Belfort
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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2
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Alderman PJ, Saxon D, Torrijos-Saiz LI, Sharief M, Page CE, Baroudi JK, Biagiotti SW, Butyrkin VA, Melamed A, Kuo CT, Vicini S, García-Verdugo JM, Herranz-Pérez V, Corbin JG, Sorrells SF. Delayed maturation and migration of excitatory neurons in the juvenile mouse paralaminar amygdala. Neuron 2024; 112:574-592.e10. [PMID: 38086370 PMCID: PMC10922384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The human amygdala paralaminar nucleus (PL) contains many immature excitatory neurons that undergo prolonged maturation from birth to adulthood. We describe a previously unidentified homologous PL region in mice that contains immature excitatory neurons and has previously been considered part of the amygdala intercalated cell clusters or ventral endopiriform cortex. Mouse PL neurons are born embryonically, not from postnatal neurogenesis, despite a subset retaining immature molecular and morphological features in adults. During juvenile-adolescent ages (P21-P35), the majority of PL neurons undergo molecular, structural, and physiological maturation, and a subset of excitatory PL neurons migrate into the adjacent endopiriform cortex. Alongside these changes, PL neurons develop responses to aversive and appetitive olfactory stimuli. The presence of this homologous region in both humans and mice points to the significance of this conserved mechanism of neuronal maturation and migration during adolescence, a key time period for amygdala circuit maturation and related behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia J Alderman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - David Saxon
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20011, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Lucía I Torrijos-Saiz
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Comparative Neurobiology, University of Valencia, CIBERNED-ISCIII, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Malaz Sharief
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Chloe E Page
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jude K Baroudi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Sean W Biagiotti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Vladimir A Butyrkin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20011, USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Anna Melamed
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Chay T Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefano Vicini
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Jose M García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Comparative Neurobiology, University of Valencia, CIBERNED-ISCIII, Valencia 46980, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Comparative Neurobiology, University of Valencia, CIBERNED-ISCIII, Valencia 46980, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Joshua G Corbin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20011, USA
| | - Shawn F Sorrells
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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3
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Chronic stress causes striatal disinhibition mediated by SOM-interneurons in male mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7355. [PMID: 36446783 PMCID: PMC9709160 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress (CS) is associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, and it may also contribute to or exacerbate motor function. However, the mechanisms by which stress triggers motor symptoms are not fully understood. Here, we report that CS functionally alters dorsomedial striatum (DMS) circuits in male mice, by affecting GABAergic interneuron populations and somatostatin positive (SOM) interneurons in particular. Specifically, we show that CS impairs communication between SOM interneurons and medium spiny neurons, promoting striatal overactivation/disinhibition and increased motor output. Using probabilistic machine learning to analyze animal behavior, we demonstrate that in vivo chemogenetic manipulation of SOM interneurons in DMS modulates motor phenotypes in stressed mice. Altogether, we propose a causal link between dysfunction of striatal SOM interneurons and motor symptoms in models of chronic stress.
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4
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Pekarek BT, Kochukov M, Lozzi B, Wu T, Hunt PJ, Tepe B, Hanson Moss E, Tantry EK, Swanson JL, Dooling SW, Patel M, Belfort BDW, Romero JM, Bao S, Hill MC, Arenkiel BR. Oxytocin signaling is necessary for synaptic maturation of adult-born neurons. Genes Dev 2022; 36:1100-1118. [PMID: 36617877 PMCID: PMC9851403 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349930.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuit plasticity and sensory response dynamics depend on forming new synaptic connections. Despite recent advances toward understanding the consequences of circuit plasticity, the mechanisms driving circuit plasticity are unknown. Adult-born neurons within the olfactory bulb have proven to be a powerful model for studying circuit plasticity, providing a broad and accessible avenue into neuron development, migration, and circuit integration. We and others have shown that efficient adult-born neuron circuit integration hinges on presynaptic activity in the form of diverse signaling peptides. Here, we demonstrate a novel oxytocin-dependent mechanism of adult-born neuron synaptic maturation and circuit integration. We reveal spatial and temporal enrichment of oxytocin receptor expression within adult-born neurons in the murine olfactory bulb, with oxytocin receptor expression peaking during activity-dependent integration. Using viral labeling, confocal microscopy, and cell type-specific RNA-seq, we demonstrate that oxytocin receptor signaling promotes synaptic maturation of newly integrating adult-born neurons by regulating their morphological development and expression of mature synaptic AMPARs and other structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Pekarek
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mikhail Kochukov
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Brittney Lozzi
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Timothy Wu
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Patrick J Hunt
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Burak Tepe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hanson Moss
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Evelyne K Tantry
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jessica L Swanson
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sean W Dooling
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mayuri Patel
- Development, Disease Models, and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin D W Belfort
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Juan M Romero
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Suyang Bao
- Development, Disease Models, and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Hill
- Development, Disease Models, and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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5
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Ribeiro M, Ayupe AC, Beckedorff FC, Levay K, Rodriguez S, Tsoulfas P, Lee JK, Nascimento-Dos-Santos G, Park KK. Retinal ganglion cell expression of cytokine enhances occupancy of NG2 cell-derived astrocytes at the nerve injury site: Implication for axon regeneration. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114147. [PMID: 35738417 PMCID: PMC10648309 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Following injury in the central nervous system, a population of astrocytes occupy the lesion site, form glial bridges and facilitate axon regeneration. These astrocytes originate primarily from resident astrocytes or NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. However, the extent to which these cell types give rise to the lesion-filling astrocytes, and whether the astrocytes derived from different cell types contribute similarly to optic nerve regeneration remain unclear. Here we examine the distribution of astrocytes and NG2+ cells in an optic nerve crush model. We show that optic nerve astrocytes partially fill the injury site over time after a crush injury. Viral mediated expression of a growth-promoting factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) promotes axon regeneration without altering the lesion size or the degree of lesion-filling GFAP+ cells. Strikingly, using inducible NG2CreER driver mice, we found that CNTF overexpression in RGCs increases the occupancy of NG2+ cell-derived astrocytes in the optic nerve lesion. An EdU pulse-chase experiment shows that the increase in NG2 cell-derived astrocytes is not due to an increase in cell proliferation. Lastly, we performed RNA-sequencing on the injured optic nerve and reveal that CNTF overexpression in RGCs results in significant changes in the expression of distinct genes, including those that encode chemokines, growth factor receptors, and immune cell modulators. Even though CNTF-induced axon regeneration has long been recognized, this is the first evidence of this procedure affecting glial cell fate at the optic nerve crush site. We discuss possible implication of these results for axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Ribeiro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, AA7103 MCN/VUIIS, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ana C Ayupe
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Felipe C Beckedorff
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Human Genetics, Biomedical Research Building, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Room 715, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Konstantin Levay
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sara Rodriguez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Pantelis Tsoulfas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jae K Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gabriel Nascimento-Dos-Santos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kevin K Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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6
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Kersen DEC, Tavoni G, Balasubramanian V. Connectivity and dynamics in the olfactory bulb. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009856. [PMID: 35130267 PMCID: PMC8853646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrodendritic interactions between excitatory mitral cells and inhibitory granule cells in the olfactory bulb create a dense interaction network, reorganizing sensory representations of odors and, consequently, perception. Large-scale computational models are needed for revealing how the collective behavior of this network emerges from its global architecture. We propose an approach where we summarize anatomical information through dendritic geometry and density distributions which we use to calculate the connection probability between mitral and granule cells, while capturing activity patterns of each cell type in the neural dynamical systems theory of Izhikevich. In this way, we generate an efficient, anatomically and physiologically realistic large-scale model of the olfactory bulb network. Our model reproduces known connectivity between sister vs. non-sister mitral cells; measured patterns of lateral inhibition; and theta, beta, and gamma oscillations. The model in turn predicts testable relationships between network structure and several functional properties, including lateral inhibition, odor pattern decorrelation, and LFP oscillation frequency. We use the model to explore the influence of cortex on the olfactory bulb, demonstrating possible mechanisms by which cortical feedback to mitral cells or granule cells can influence bulbar activity, as well as how neurogenesis can improve bulbar decorrelation without requiring cell death. Our methodology provides a tractable tool for other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Chen Kersen
- Computational Neuroscience Initiative, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gaia Tavoni
- Computational Neuroscience Initiative, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vijay Balasubramanian
- Computational Neuroscience Initiative, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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7
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Rebeca H, Karen PA, Elva A, Carmen C, Fernando P. Main Olfactory Bulb Reconfiguration by Prolonged Passive Olfactory Experience Correlates with Increased Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Improved Innate Olfaction. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1141-1161. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hernández‐Soto Rebeca
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM‐Campus Juriquilla México
| | - Pimentel‐Farfan Ana Karen
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM‐Campus Juriquilla México
| | - Adan‐Castro Elva
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM‐Campus Juriquilla México
| | - Clapp Carmen
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM‐Campus Juriquilla México
| | - Peña‐Ortega Fernando
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM‐Campus Juriquilla México
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8
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Suter TA, Wang J, Meng H, He Z. Utilizing mouse optic nerve crush to examine CNS remyelination. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100796. [PMID: 34786561 PMCID: PMC8579818 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing pro-myelination treatment, an important hurdle is the lack of reliable animal models for assessing de novo myelination in disease settings. We recently showed that regenerated axons in injured optic nerves fail to be myelinated, providing an animal model for this purpose. Here, we describe procedures to promote axonal regeneration, administer optic nerve crush, and assess oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation into myelination-competent oligodendrocytes. This protocol allows for testing the efficacy of remyelination treatments in an in vivo central nervous system (CNS). For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wang et al. (2020) and Bei et al. (2016).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Wang
- Boston Children’s Hospital | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Huyan Meng
- Boston Children’s Hospital | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- Boston Children’s Hospital | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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9
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Brunert D, Rothermel M. Extrinsic neuromodulation in the rodent olfactory bulb. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:507-524. [PMID: 33355709 PMCID: PMC7873007 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionarily, olfaction is one of the oldest senses and pivotal for an individual's health and survival. The olfactory bulb (OB), as the first olfactory relay station in the brain, is known to heavily process sensory information. To adapt to an animal's needs, OB activity can be influenced by many factors either from within (intrinsic neuromodulation) or outside (extrinsic neuromodulation) the OB which include neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones, and neuropeptides. Extrinsic sources seem to be of special importance as the OB receives massive efferent input from numerous brain centers even outweighing the sensory input from the nose. Here, we review neuromodulatory processes in the rodent OB from such extrinsic sources. We will discuss extrinsic neuromodulation according to points of origin, receptors involved, affected circuits, and changes in behavior. In the end, we give a brief outlook on potential future directions in research on neuromodulation in the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brunert
- Department of Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Rothermel
- Department of Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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10
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Horie M, Castaldi A, Sunohara M, Wang H, Ji Y, Liu Y, Li F, Wilkinson TA, Hung L, Shen H, Kage H, Offringa IA, Marconett CN, Flodby P, Zhou B, Borok Z. Integrated Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Analysis of Aquaporin 5-Expressing Mouse Lung Epithelial Cells Identifies GPRC5A as a Novel Validated Type I Cell Surface Marker. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112460. [PMID: 33187367 PMCID: PMC7697677 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and functional characterization of alveolar epithelial type I (AT1) cells has been challenging due to difficulty in isolating sufficient numbers of viable cells. Here we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of tdTomato+ cells from lungs of AT1 cell-specific Aqp5-Cre-IRES-DsRed (ACID);R26tdTomato reporter mice. Following enzymatic digestion, CD31-CD45-E-cadherin+tdTomato+ cells were subjected to fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) followed by scRNA-seq. Cell identity was confirmed by immunofluorescence using cell type-specific antibodies. After quality control, 92 cells were analyzed. Most cells expressed ‘conventional’ AT1 cell markers (Aqp5, Pdpn, Hopx, Ager), with heterogeneous expression within this population. The remaining cells expressed AT2, club, basal or ciliated cell markers. Integration with public datasets identified three robust AT1 cell- and lung-enriched genes, Ager, Rtkn2 and Gprc5a, that were conserved across species. GPRC5A co-localized with HOPX and was not expressed in AT2 or airway cells in mouse, rat and human lung. GPRC5A co-localized with AQP5 but not pro-SPC or CC10 in mouse lung epithelial cell cytospins. We enriched mouse AT1 cells to perform molecular phenotyping using scRNA-seq. Further characterization of putative AT1 cell-enriched genes revealed GPRC5A as a conserved AT1 cell surface marker that may be useful for AT1 cell isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Horie
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Alessandra Castaldi
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Mitsuhiro Sunohara
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yanbin Ji
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yixin Liu
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Fan Li
- Single-Cell, Sequencing, and CyTOF Core (SC2), Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (F.L.); (T.A.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Thomas A. Wilkinson
- Single-Cell, Sequencing, and CyTOF Core (SC2), Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (F.L.); (T.A.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Long Hung
- Single-Cell, Sequencing, and CyTOF Core (SC2), Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (F.L.); (T.A.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Hua Shen
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Hidenori Kage
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Ite A. Offringa
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (I.A.O.); (C.N.M.)
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Crystal N. Marconett
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (I.A.O.); (C.N.M.)
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Per Flodby
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (M.H.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (H.W.); (Y.J.); (Y.L.); (H.S.); (P.F.); (B.Z.)
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +323-409-7184; Fax: +323-226-2738
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11
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Wang J, He X, Meng H, Li Y, Dmitriev P, Tian F, Page JC, Lu QR, He Z. Robust Myelination of Regenerated Axons Induced by Combined Manipulations of GPR17 and Microglia. Neuron 2020; 108:876-886.e4. [PMID: 33108748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myelination facilitates rapid axonal conduction, enabling efficient communication across different parts of the nervous system. Here we examined mechanisms controlling myelination after injury and during axon regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Previously, we discovered multiple molecular pathways and strategies that could promote robust axon regrowth after optic nerve injury. However, regenerated axons remain unmyelinated, and the underlying mechanisms are elusive. In this study, we found that, in injured optic nerves, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) undergo transient proliferation but fail to differentiate into mature myelination-competent oligodendrocytes, reminiscent of what is observed in human progressive multiple sclerosis. Mechanistically, we showed that OPC-intrinsic GPR17 signaling and sustained activation of microglia inhibit different stages of OPC differentiation. Importantly, co-manipulation of GPR17 and microglia led to extensive myelination of regenerated axons. The regulatory mechanisms of stage-dependent OPC differentiation uncovered here suggest a translatable strategy for efficient de novo myelination after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuelian He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huyan Meng
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi Li
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Phillip Dmitriev
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feng Tian
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica C Page
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Human Lung Stem Cell-Based Alveolospheres Provide Insights into SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Interferon Responses and Pneumocyte Dysfunction. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:890-904.e8. [PMID: 33128895 PMCID: PMC7577733 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection causes diffuse alveolar damage leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The absence of ex vivo models of human alveolar epithelium is hindering an understanding of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis. Here, we report a feeder-free, scalable, chemically defined, and modular alveolosphere culture system for the propagation and differentiation of human alveolar type 2 cells/pneumocytes derived from primary lung tissue. Cultured pneumocytes express the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor type-2 (ACE2) and can be infected with virus. Transcriptome and histological analysis of infected alveolospheres mirror features of COVID-19 lungs, including emergence of interferon (IFN)-mediated inflammatory responses, loss of surfactant proteins, and apoptosis. Treatment of alveolospheres with IFNs recapitulates features of virus infection, including cell death. In contrast, alveolospheres pretreated with low-dose IFNs show a reduction in viral replication, suggesting the prophylactic effectiveness of IFNs against SARS-CoV-2. Human stem cell-based alveolospheres, thus, provide novel insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis and can serve as a model for understanding human respiratory diseases.
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13
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Arango BG, Harfush-Meléndez M, Marmolejo-Valencia JA, Merchant-Larios H, Crocker DE. Blood oxygen stores of olive ridley sea turtles, Lepidochelys olivacea are highly variable among individuals during arribada nesting. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 191:185-194. [PMID: 33064209 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sea turtles dive with a full lung of air and these O2 stores are supplemented by O2 stored in blood and muscle. Olive ridley sea turtles exhibit polymorphic nesting behavior, mass nesting behavior called arribada, where thousands of turtles will nest at once, and solitary nesting behavior. The potential physiological differences between the individuals using these strategies are not well understood. We measured blood volume and associated variables, including blood hemoglobin content and hematocrit, to estimate total blood O2 stores. There were no significant differences in mean values between nesting strategies, but arribada nesting individuals were more variable than those performing solitary nesting. Mass-specific plasma volume was relatively invariant among individuals but mass specific blood volume and blood oxygen stores varied widely, twofold and threefold, respectively. Blood O2 stores represented 32% of total body O2 stores. Under typical mean diving conditions of 26 °C and high levels of activity, blood stores confer ~ 14 min to aerobic dive times and are likely critical for the long duration, deep diving exhibited by the species. Individual differences in blood O2 stores strongly impact estimated aerobic dive limits and may constrain the ability of individuals to respond to changes on ocean climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gabriela Arango
- Biology Department, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA.
| | | | | | - Horacio Merchant-Larios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Biology Department, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA
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14
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Imamura F, Ito A, LaFever BJ. Subpopulations of Projection Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:561822. [PMID: 32982699 PMCID: PMC7485133 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.561822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of neuronal diversity is a biological strategy widely used in the brain to process complex information. The olfactory bulb is the first relay station of olfactory information in the vertebrate central nervous system. In the olfactory bulb, axons of the olfactory sensory neurons form synapses with dendrites of projection neurons that transmit the olfactory information to the olfactory cortex. Historically, the olfactory bulb projection neurons have been classified into two populations, mitral cells and tufted cells. The somata of these cells are distinctly segregated within the layers of the olfactory bulb; the mitral cells are located in the mitral cell layer while the tufted cells are found in the external plexiform layer. Although mitral and tufted cells share many morphological, biophysical, and molecular characteristics, they differ in soma size, projection patterns of their dendrites and axons, and odor responses. In addition, tufted cells are further subclassified based on the relative depth of their somata location in the external plexiform layer. Evidence suggests that different types of tufted cells have distinct cellular properties and play different roles in olfactory information processing. Therefore, mitral and different types of tufted cells are considered as starting points for parallel pathways of olfactory information processing in the brain. Moreover, recent studies suggest that mitral cells also consist of heterogeneous subpopulations with different cellular properties despite the fact that the mitral cell layer is a single-cell layer. In this review, we first compare the morphology of projection neurons in the olfactory bulb of different vertebrate species. Next, we explore the similarities and differences among subpopulations of projection neurons in the rodent olfactory bulb. We also discuss the timing of neurogenesis as a factor for the generation of projection neuron heterogeneity in the olfactory bulb. Knowledge about the subpopulations of olfactory bulb projection neurons will contribute to a better understanding of the complex olfactory information processing in higher brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Ayako Ito
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Brandon J LaFever
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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15
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Kobayashi Y, Tata A, Konkimalla A, Katsura H, Lee RF, Ou J, Banovich NE, Kropski JA, Tata PR. Persistence of a regeneration-associated, transitional alveolar epithelial cell state in pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:934-946. [PMID: 32661339 PMCID: PMC7461628 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells undergo dynamic changes in response to injury to regenerate lost cells. However, the identity of transitional states and the mechanisms that drive their trajectories remain understudied. Using lung organoids, multiple in vivo repair models, single-cell transcriptomics and lineage tracing, we find that alveolar type-2 epithelial cells undergoing differentiation into type-1 cells acquire pre-alveolar type-1 transitional cell state (PATS) en route to terminal maturation. Transitional cells undergo extensive stretching during differentiation, making them vulnerable to DNA damage. Cells in the PATS show an enrichment of TP53, TGFβ, DNA-damage-response signalling and cellular senescence. Gain and loss of function as well as genomic binding assays revealed a direct transcriptional control of PATS by TP53 signalling. Notably, accumulation of PATS-like cells in human fibrotic lungs was observed, suggesting persistence of the transitional state in fibrosis. Our study thus implicates a transient state associated with senescence in normal epithelial tissue repair and its abnormal persistence in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aleksandra Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Arvind Konkimalla
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hiroaki Katsura
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca F Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jianhong Ou
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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16
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Chen Z, Padmanabhan K. Top-Down Control of Inhibitory Granule Cells in the Main Olfactory Bulb Reshapes Neural Dynamics Giving Rise to a Diversity of Computations. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 14:59. [PMID: 32765248 PMCID: PMC7381246 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2020.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that top-down projections from excitatory neurons in piriform cortex selectively synapse onto local inhibitory granule cells in the main olfactory bulb, effectively gating their own inputs by controlling inhibition. An open question in olfaction is the role this feedback plays in shaping the dynamics of local circuits, and the resultant computational benefits it provides. Using rate models of neuronal firing in a network consisting of excitatory mitral and tufted cells, inhibitory granule cells and top-down piriform cortical neurons, we found that changes in the weight of feedback to inhibitory neurons generated diverse network dynamics and complex transitions between these dynamics. Changes in the weight of top-down feedback supported a number of computations, including both pattern separation and oscillatory synchrony. Additionally, the network could generate gamma oscillations though a mechanism we termed Top-down control of Inhibitory Neuron Gamma (TING). Collectively, these functions arose from a codimension-2 bifurcation in the dynamical system. Our results highlight a key role for this top-down feedback, gating inhibition to facilitate often diametrically different computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Krishnan Padmanabhan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
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17
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Nasirova N, Quina LA, Agosto-Marlin IM, Ramirez JM, Lambe EK, Turner EE. Dual recombinase fate mapping reveals a transient cholinergic phenotype in multiple populations of developing glutamatergic neurons. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:283-307. [PMID: 31396962 PMCID: PMC6889053 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic transmission shapes the maturation of glutamatergic circuits, yet the developmental sources of acetylcholine have not been systematically explored. Here, we have used Cre-recombinase-mediated genetic labeling to identify and map both mature and developing CNS neurons that express choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Correction of a significant problem with a widely used ChatCre transgenic line ensures that this map does not contain expression artifacts. ChatCre marks all known cholinergic systems in the adult brain, but also identifies several brain areas not usually regarded as cholinergic, including specific thalamic and hypothalamic neurons, the subiculum, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the cuneate/gracilis nuclei, and the pontocerebellar system. This ChatCre fate map suggests transient developmental expression of a cholinergic phenotype in areas important for cognition, motor control, and respiration. We therefore examined expression of ChAT and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in the embryonic and early postnatal brain to determine the developmental timing of this transient cholinergic phenotype, and found that it mirrored the establishment of relevant glutamatergic projection pathways. We then used an intersectional genetic strategy combining ChatCre with Vglut2Flp to show that these neurons adopt a glutamatergic fate in the adult brain. The transient cholinergic phenotype of these glutamatergic neurons suggests a homosynaptic source of acetylcholine for the maturation of developing glutamatergic synapses. These findings thus define critical windows during which specific glutamatergic circuits may be vulnerable to disruption by nicotine in utero, and suggest new mechanisms for pediatric disorders associated with maternal smoking, such as sudden infant death syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailyam Nasirova
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute
| | - Lely A. Quina
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute
| | | | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute
| | - Evelyn K. Lambe
- Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eric E. Turner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA, 98101
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18
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Borok Z, Horie M, Flodby P, Wang H, Liu Y, Ganesh S, Firth AL, Minoo P, Li C, Beers MF, Lee AS, Zhou B. Grp78 Loss in Epithelial Progenitors Reveals an Age-linked Role for Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:198-211. [PMID: 31738079 PMCID: PMC6961744 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201902-0451oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) injury and dysregulated repair are implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in AEC has been observed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a disease of aging.Objectives: To investigate a causal role for ER stress in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and therapeutic potential of ER stress inhibition in PF.Methods: The role of ER stress in AEC dysfunction and fibrosis was studied in mice with tamoxifen (Tmx)-inducible deletion of ER chaperone Grp78, a key regulator of ER homeostasis, in alveolar type II (AT2) cells, progenitors of distal lung epithelium, and in IPF lung slice cultures.Measurements and Main Results:Grp78 deletion caused weight loss, mortality, lung inflammation, and spatially heterogeneous fibrosis characterized by fibroblastic foci, hyperplastic AT2 cells, and increased susceptibility of old and male mice, all features of IPF. Fibrosis was more persistent in more severely injured Grp78 knockout (KO) mice. Grp78 KO AT2 cells showed evidence of ER stress, apoptosis, senescence, impaired progenitor capacity, and activation of TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β)/SMAD signaling. Glucose-regulated protein 78 is reduced in AT2 cells from old mice and patients with IPF, and ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid ameliorates ER stress and fibrosis in Grp78 KO mouse and IPF lung slice cultures.Conclusions: These results support a causal role for ER stress and resulting epithelial dysfunction in PF and suggest ER stress as a potential mechanism linking aging to IPF. Modulation of ER stress and chaperone function may offer a promising therapeutic approach for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zea Borok
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Department of Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Masafumi Horie
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Department of Medicine
| | - Per Flodby
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Department of Medicine
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Department of Medicine
| | - Yixin Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Department of Medicine
| | - Sivagini Ganesh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Department of Medicine
| | - Amy L. Firth
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Department of Medicine
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Department of Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Changgong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Michael F. Beers
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy S. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Department of Medicine
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center
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19
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Li J, Liu T, Dong Y, Kondoh K, Lu Z. Trans-synaptic Neural Circuit-Tracing with Neurotropic Viruses. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:909-920. [PMID: 31004271 PMCID: PMC6754522 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A central objective in deciphering the nervous system in health and disease is to define the connections of neurons. The propensity of neurotropic viruses to spread among synaptically-linked neurons makes them ideal for mapping neural circuits. So far, several classes of viral neuronal tracers have become available and provide a powerful toolbox for delineating neural networks. In this paper, we review the recent developments of neurotropic viral tracers and highlight their unique properties in revealing patterns of neuronal connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Taian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yun Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kunio Kondoh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Zhonghua Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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20
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Abdi K, Neves G, Pyun J, Kiziltug E, Ahrens A, Kuo CT. EGFR Signaling Termination via Numb Trafficking in Ependymal Progenitors Controls Postnatal Neurogenic Niche Differentiation. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2012-2022.e4. [PMID: 31433979 PMCID: PMC6768562 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized microenvironments, called niches, control adult stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The brain lateral ventricular (LV) neurogenic niche is generated from distinct postnatal radial glial progenitors (pRGPs), giving rise to adult neural stem cells (NSCs) and niche ependymal cells (ECs). Cellular-intrinsic programs govern stem versus supporting cell maturation during adult niche assembly, but how they are differentially initiated within a similar microenvironment remains unknown. Using chemical approaches, we discovered that EGFR signaling powerfully inhibits EC differentiation by suppressing multiciliogenesis. We found that EC pRGPs actively terminated EGF activation through receptor redistribution away from CSF-contacting apical domains and that randomized EGFR membrane targeting blocked EC differentiation. Mechanistically, we uncovered spatiotemporal interactions between EGFR and endocytic adaptor protein Numb. Ca2+-dependent basolateral targeting of Numb is necessary and sufficient for proper EGFR redistribution. These results reveal a previously unknown cellular mechanism for neighboring progenitors to differentially engage environmental signals, initiating adult stem cell niche assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadar Abdi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gabriel Neves
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joon Pyun
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emre Kiziltug
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Angelica Ahrens
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chay T Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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21
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Chung MI, Hogan BLM. Ager-CreER T2: A New Genetic Tool for Studying Lung Alveolar Development, Homeostasis, and Repair. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 59:706-712. [PMID: 30011373 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0125oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The alveolar region of the lung is composed of two major epithelial cell types: cuboidal alveolar type 2 cells (AT2 cells), which produce surfactant proteins, and large, thin, alveolar type 1 cells (AT1 cells), specialized for efficient gas exchange. AT1 cells cover more than 95% of the alveolar surface and constitute a major barrier to the entry of pathogenic agents. Relatively few genetic tools are available for studying the development of AT1 cells, the function of genes expressed in them, and the effect of specifically killing them in vivo in the adult lung. One distinguishing feature of AT1 cells is the high level of expression of the gene Ager, encoding the advanced glycation endproduct-specific receptor, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface receptors. In this paper, we report the generation of a novel Ager-CreERT2 allele in which Cre recombinase is inserted into the first coding exon of the endogenous gene. After treatment with tamoxifen the allele enables Ager+ progenitor cells to be efficiently lineage labeled during late embryonic development and AT1 cells to be killed in the adult lung using a Rosa26-diphtheria toxin A allele. Significantly, adult mice in which approximately 50% of the AT1 cells are killed survive the loss; repair is associated with increased proliferation of SFTPC+ (surfactant protein C-positive) AT2 cells and the upregulation of Ager expression. The Ager-CreERT2 allele thus expands the repertoire of genetic tools for studying AT1 turnover, physiology, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-I Chung
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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22
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Hackett AR, Yahn SL, Lyapichev K, Dajnoki A, Lee DH, Rodriguez M, Cammer N, Pak J, Mehta ST, Bodamer O, Lemmon VP, Lee JK. Injury type-dependent differentiation of NG2 glia into heterogeneous astrocytes. Exp Neurol 2018; 308:72-79. [PMID: 30008424 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The glial scar is comprised of a heterogeneous population of reactive astrocytes. NG2 glial cells (also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells or polydendrocytes) may contribute to this heterogeneity by differentiating into astrocytes in the injured CNS, but there have been conflicting reports about whether astrocytes comprise a significant portion of the NG2 cell lineage. By using genetic fate mapping after spinal cord injury (SCI) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice, the goal of this study was to confirm and extend upon previous findings, which have shown that NG2 cell plasticity varies across CNS injuries. We generated mice that express tdTomato in NG2 lineage cells and express GFP under the Aldh1l1 or Glt1 promoter so that NG2 glia-derived astrocytes can be detected by their expression of GFAP and/or GFP. We found that astrocytes comprise approximately 25% of the total NG2 cell lineage in the glial scar by 4 weeks after mid-thoracic contusive SCI, but only 9% by the peak of functional deficit after EAE. Interestingly, a subpopulation of astrocytes expressed only GFP without co-expression of GFAP, uncovering their heterogeneity and the possibility of an underestimation of NG2 glia-derived astrocytes in previous studies. Additionally, we used high performance liquid chromatography to measure the level of tamoxifen and its metabolites in the spinal cord and show that genetic labeling of NG2 glia-derived astrocytes is not an artifact of residual tamoxifen. Overall, our data demonstrate that a heterogeneous population of astrocytes are derived from NG2 glia in an injury type-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Hackett
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Stephanie L Yahn
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Kirill Lyapichev
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Angela Dajnoki
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Do-Hun Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Mario Rodriguez
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Natasha Cammer
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Ji Pak
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Saloni T Mehta
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Olaf Bodamer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Division of Genetics ad Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical Scool, United States
| | - Vance P Lemmon
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Jae K Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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23
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Monteiro P, Barak B, Zhou Y, McRae R, Rodrigues D, Wickersham IR, Feng G. Dichotomous parvalbumin interneuron populations in dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum. J Physiol 2018; 596:3695-3707. [PMID: 29808928 DOI: 10.1113/jp275936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS There are two electrophysiological dichotomous populations of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons located in the dorsal striatum. Striatal PV interneurons in medial and lateral regions differ significantly in their intrinsic excitability. Parvalbumin interneurons in the dorsomedial striatum, but not in the dorsolateral striatum, receive afferent glutamatergic input from cingulate cortex. ABSTRACT Dorsomedial striatum circuitry is involved in goal-directed actions or movements that become habits upon repetition, as encoded by the dorsolateral striatum. An inability to shift from habits can compromise action-control and prevent behavioural adaptation. Although these regions appear to be clearly behaviourally distinct, little is known about their distinct physiology. Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons are a major source of striatal inhibition and are usually considered as a homogeneous population in the entire dorsal striatum. In the present study, we recorded PV interneurons in dorsal striatum slices from wild-type male mice and suggest the existence of two electrophysiological dichotomous populations. We found that PV interneurons located at the dorsomedial striatum region have increased intrinsic excitability compared to PV interneurons in dorsolateral region. We also found that PV interneurons in the dorsomedial region, but not in the dorsolateral striatum region, receive short-latency excitatory inputs from cingulate cortex. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrate the importance of considering region specific parvalbumin interneuron populations when studying dorsal striatal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Monteiro
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho and ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Boaz Barak
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca McRae
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diana Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho and ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ian R Wickersham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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24
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Chung MI, Bujnis M, Barkauskas CE, Kobayashi Y, Hogan BLM. Niche-mediated BMP/SMAD signaling regulates lung alveolar stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Development 2018; 145:145/9/dev163014. [PMID: 29752282 PMCID: PMC5992594 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, including antagonists, functions in lung development and regeneration of tracheal epithelium from basal stem cells. Here, we explore its role in the alveolar region, where type 2 epithelial cells (AT2s) and Pdgfrα+ type 2-associated stromal cells (TASCs) are components of the stem cell niche. We use organoids and in vivo alveolar regrowth after pneumonectomy (PNX) - a process that requires proliferation of AT2s and differentiation into type 1 cells (AT1s). BMP signaling is active in AT2s and TASCs, transiently declines post-PNX in association with upregulation of antagonists, and is restored during differentiation of AT2s to AT1s. In organoids, BMP4 inhibits AT2 proliferation, whereas antagonists (follistatin, noggin) promote AT2 self-renewal at the expense of differentiation. Gain- and loss-of-function genetic manipulation reveals that reduced BMP signaling in AT2s after PNX allows self-renewal but reduces differentiation; conversely, increased BMP signaling promotes AT1 formation. Constitutive BMP signaling in Pdgfrα+ cells reduces their AT2 support function, both after PNX and in organoid culture. Our data reveal multiple cell-type-specific roles for BMP signaling during alveolar regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-I Chung
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Melissa Bujnis
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christina E Barkauskas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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25
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Liu G, Patel JM, Tepe B, McClard CK, Swanson J, Quast KB, Arenkiel BR. An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29630042 DOI: 10.3791/57142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in mice and influences many important behaviors, including foraging, predator detection, mating, and parenting. Importantly, mice can be trained to associate novel odors with specific behavioral responses to provide insight into olfactory circuit function. This protocol details the procedure for training mice on a Go/No-Go operant learning task. In this approach, mice are trained on hundreds of automated trials daily for 2-4 weeks and can then be tested on novel Go/No-Go odor pairs to assess olfactory discrimination, or be used for studies on how odor learning alters the structure or function of the olfactory circuit. Additionally, the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) features ongoing integration of adult-born neurons. Interestingly, olfactory learning increases both the survival and synaptic connections of these adult-born neurons. Therefore, this protocol can be combined with other biochemical, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques to study learning and activity-dependent factors that mediate neuronal survival and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Liu
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine; Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine;
| | - Jay M Patel
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Burak Tepe
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Cynthia K McClard
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Jessica Swanson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Kathleen B Quast
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital
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26
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Zhou B, Flodby P, Luo J, Castillo DR, Liu Y, Yu FX, McConnell A, Varghese B, Li G, Chimge NO, Sunohara M, Koss MN, Elatre W, Conti P, Liebler JM, Yang C, Marconett CN, Laird-Offringa IA, Minoo P, Guan K, Stripp BR, Crandall ED, Borok Z. Claudin-18-mediated YAP activity regulates lung stem and progenitor cell homeostasis and tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:970-984. [PMID: 29400695 DOI: 10.1172/jci90429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins, the integral tight junction (TJ) proteins that regulate paracellular permeability and cell polarity, are frequently dysregulated in cancer; however, their role in neoplastic progression is unclear. Here, we demonstrated that knockout of Cldn18, a claudin family member highly expressed in lung alveolar epithelium, leads to lung enlargement, parenchymal expansion, increased abundance and proliferation of known distal lung progenitors, the alveolar epithelial type II (AT2) cells, activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP), increased organ size, and tumorigenesis in mice. Inhibition of YAP decreased proliferation and colony-forming efficiency (CFE) of Cldn18-/- AT2 cells and prevented increased lung size, while CLDN18 overexpression decreased YAP nuclear localization, cell proliferation, CFE, and YAP transcriptional activity. CLDN18 and YAP interacted and colocalized at cell-cell contacts, while loss of CLDN18 decreased YAP interaction with Hippo kinases p-LATS1/2. Additionally, Cldn18-/- mice had increased propensity to develop lung adenocarcinomas (LuAd) with age, and human LuAd showed stage-dependent reduction of CLDN18.1. These results establish CLDN18 as a regulator of YAP activity that serves to restrict organ size, progenitor cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis, and suggest a mechanism whereby TJ disruption may promote progenitor proliferation to enhance repair following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiyun Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research.,Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, and.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Per Flodby
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research.,Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, and
| | - Jiao Luo
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research.,Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, and
| | - Dan R Castillo
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research.,Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, and
| | - Yixin Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research.,Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, and
| | - Fa-Xing Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.,Childrens Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alicia McConnell
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Guanglei Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research.,Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, and
| | - Nyam-Osor Chimge
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research.,Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, and
| | - Mitsuhiro Sunohara
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research.,Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, and
| | | | | | | | - Janice M Liebler
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research.,Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, and
| | - Chenchen Yang
- Department of Surgery.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Crystal N Marconett
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery
| | - Ite A Laird-Offringa
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Surgery.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kunliang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Edward D Crandall
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research.,Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, and.,Department of Pathology.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research.,Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, and.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and
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27
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POU6f1 Mediates Neuropeptide-Dependent Plasticity in the Adult Brain. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1443-1461. [PMID: 29305536 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1641-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse olfactory bulb (OB) features continued, activity-dependent integration of adult-born neurons, providing a robust model with which to examine mechanisms of plasticity in the adult brain. We previously reported that local OB interneurons secrete the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in an activity-dependent manner onto adult-born granule neurons and that local CRH signaling promotes expression of synaptic machinery in the bulb. This effect is mediated via activation of the CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1), which is developmentally regulated during adult-born neuron maturation. CRHR1 is a GS-protein-coupled receptor that activates CREB-dependent transcription in the presence of CRH. Therefore, we hypothesized that locally secreted CRH activates CRHR1 to initiate circuit plasticity programs. To identify such programs, we profiled gene expression changes associated with CRHR1 activity in adult-born neurons of the OB. Here, we show that CRHR1 activity influences expression of the brain-specific Homeobox-containing transcription factor POU Class 6 Homeobox 1 (POU6f1). To elucidate the contributions of POU6f1 toward activity-dependent circuit remodeling, we targeted CRHR1+ neurons in male and female mice for cell-type-specific manipulation of POU6f1 expression. Whereas loss of POU6f1 in CRHR1+ neurons resulted in reduced dendritic complexity and decreased synaptic connectivity, overexpression of POU6f1 in CRHR1+ neurons promoted dendritic outgrowth and branching and influenced synaptic function. Together, these findings suggest that the transcriptional program directed by POU6f1 downstream of local CRH signaling in adult-born neurons influences circuit dynamics in response to activity-dependent peptide signaling in the adult brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Elucidating mechanisms of plasticity in the adult brain is helpful for devising strategies to understand and treat neurodegeneration. Circuit plasticity in the adult mouse olfactory bulb is exemplified by both continued cell integration and synaptogenesis. We previously reported that these processes are influenced by local neuropeptide signaling in an activity-dependent manner. Here, we show that local corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) signaling induces dynamic gene expression changes in CRH receptor expressing adult-born neurons, including altered expression of the transcription factor POU6f1 We further show that POU6f1 is necessary for proper dendrite specification and patterning, as well as synapse development and function in adult-born neurons. Together, these findings reveal a novel mechanism by which peptide signaling modulates adult brain circuit plasticity.
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28
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Burton SD. Inhibitory circuits of the mammalian main olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:2034-2051. [PMID: 28724776 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00109.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic inhibition critically influences sensory processing throughout the mammalian brain, including the main olfactory bulb (MOB), the first station of sensory processing in the olfactory system. Decades of research across numerous laboratories have established a central role for granule cells (GCs), the most abundant GABAergic interneuron type in the MOB, in the precise regulation of principal mitral and tufted cell (M/TC) firing rates and synchrony through lateral and recurrent inhibitory mechanisms. In addition to GCs, however, the MOB contains a vast diversity of other GABAergic interneuron types, and recent findings suggest that, while fewer in number, these oft-ignored interneurons are just as important as GCs in shaping odor-evoked M/TC activity. Here I challenge the prevailing centrality of GCs. In this review, I first outline the specific properties of each GABAergic interneuron type in the rodent MOB, with particular emphasis placed on direct interneuron recordings and cell type-selective manipulations. On the basis of these properties, I then critically reevaluate the contribution of GCs vs. other interneuron types to the regulation of odor-evoked M/TC firing rates and synchrony via lateral, recurrent, and other inhibitory mechanisms. This analysis yields a novel model in which multiple interneuron types with distinct abundances, connectivity patterns, and physiologies complement one another to regulate M/TC activity and sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Burton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and .,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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29
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Task Learning Promotes Plasticity of Interneuron Connectivity Maps in the Olfactory Bulb. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8856-71. [PMID: 27559168 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0794-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Elucidating patterns of functional synaptic connectivity and deciphering mechanisms of how plasticity influences such connectivity is essential toward understanding brain function. In the mouse olfactory bulb (OB), principal neurons (mitral/tufted cells) make reciprocal connections with local inhibitory interneurons, including granule cells (GCs) and external plexiform layer (EPL) interneurons. Our current understanding of the functional connectivity between these cell types, as well as their experience-dependent plasticity, remains incomplete. By combining acousto-optic deflector-based scanning microscopy and genetically targeted expression of Channelrhodopsin-2, we mapped connections in a cell-type-specific manner between mitral cells (MCs) and GCs or between MCs and EPL interneurons. We found that EPL interneurons form broad patterns of connectivity with MCs, whereas GCs make more restricted connections with MCs. Using an olfactory associative learning paradigm, we found that these circuits displayed differential features of experience-dependent plasticity. Whereas reciprocal connectivity between MCs and EPL interneurons was nonplastic, the connections between GCs and MCs were dynamic and adaptive. Interestingly, experience-dependent plasticity of GCs occurred only in certain stages of neuronal maturation. We show that different interneuron subtypes form distinct connectivity maps and modes of experience-dependent plasticity in the OB, which may reflect their unique functional roles in information processing. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Deducing how specific interneuron subtypes contribute to normal circuit function requires understanding the dynamics of their connections. In the olfactory bulb (OB), diverse interneuron subtypes vastly outnumber principal excitatory cells. By combining acousto-optic deflector-based scanning microscopy, electrophysiology, and genetically targeted expression of Channelrhodopsin-2, we mapped the functional connectivity between mitral cells (MCs) and OB interneurons in a cell-type-specific manner. We found that, whereas external plexiform layer (EPL) interneurons show broadly distributed patterns of stable connectivity with MCs, adult-born granule cells show dynamic and plastic patterns of synaptic connectivity with task learning. Together, these findings reveal the diverse roles for interneuons within sensory circuits toward information learning and processing.
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30
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Pirozzi CJ, Carpenter AB, Waitkus MS, Wang CY, Zhu H, Hansen LJ, Chen LH, Greer PK, Feng J, Wang Y, Bock CB, Fan P, Spasojevic I, McLendon RE, Bigner DD, He Y, Yan H. Mutant IDH1 Disrupts the Mouse Subventricular Zone and Alters Brain Tumor Progression. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:507-520. [PMID: 28148827 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
IDH1 mutations occur in the majority of low-grade gliomas and lead to the production of the oncometabolite, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG). To understand the effects of tumor-associated mutant IDH1 (IDH1-R132H) on both the neural stem cell (NSC) population and brain tumorigenesis, genetically faithful cell lines and mouse model systems were generated. Here, it is reported that mouse NSCs expressing Idh1-R132H displayed reduced proliferation due to p53-mediated cell-cycle arrest as well as a decreased ability to undergo neuronal differentiation. In vivo, Idh1-R132H expression reduced proliferation of cells within the germinal zone of the subventricular zone (SVZ). The NSCs within this area were dispersed and disorganized in mutant animals, suggesting that Idh1-R132H perturbed the NSCs and the microenvironment from which gliomas arise. In addition, tumor-bearing animals expressing mutant Idh1 displayed a prolonged survival and also overexpressed Olig2, features consistent with IDH1-mutated human gliomas. These data indicate that mutant Idh1 disrupts the NSC microenvironment and the candidate cell-of-origin for glioma; thus, altering the progression of tumorigenesis. In addition, this study provides a mutant Idh1 brain tumor model that genetically recapitulates human disease, laying the foundation for future investigations on mutant IDH1-mediated brain tumorigenesis and targeted therapy.Implications: Through the use of a conditional mutant mouse model that confers a less aggressive tumor phenotype, this study reveals that mutant Idh1 impacts the candidate cell-of-origin for gliomas. Mol Cancer Res; 15(5); 507-20. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Pirozzi
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Austin B Carpenter
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew S Waitkus
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Catherine Y Wang
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Huishan Zhu
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Landon J Hansen
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lee H Chen
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Paula K Greer
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jie Feng
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheryl B Bock
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ping Fan
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Roger E McLendon
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Darell D Bigner
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yiping He
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Hai Yan
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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Macrophage Transcriptional Profile Identifies Lipid Catabolic Pathways That Can Be Therapeutically Targeted after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2362-2376. [PMID: 28130359 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2751-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although infiltrating macrophages influence many pathological processes after spinal cord injury (SCI), the intrinsic molecular mechanisms that regulate their function are poorly understood. A major hurdle has been dissecting macrophage-specific functions from those in other cell types as well as understanding how their functions change over time. Therefore, we used the RiboTag method to obtain macrophage-specific mRNA directly from the injured spinal cord in mice and performed RNA sequencing to investigate their transcriptional profile. Our data show that at 7 d after SCI, macrophages are best described as foam cells, with lipid catabolism representing the main biological process, and canonical nuclear receptor pathways as their potential mediators. Genetic deletion of a lipoprotein receptor, CD36, reduces macrophage lipid content and improves lesion size and locomotor recovery. Therefore, we report the first macrophage-specific transcriptional profile after SCI and highlight the lipid catabolic pathway as an important macrophage function that can be therapeutically targeted after SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The intrinsic molecular mechanisms that regulate macrophage function after spinal cord injury (SCI) are poorly understood. We obtained macrophage-specific mRNA directly from the injured spinal cord and performed RNA sequencing to investigate their transcriptional profile. Our data show that at 7 d after SCI, macrophages are best described as foam cells, with lipid catabolism representing the main biological process and canonical nuclear receptor pathways as their potential mediators. Genetic deletion of a lipoprotein receptor, CD36, reduces macrophage lipid content and improves lesion size and locomotor recovery. Therefore, we report the first macrophage-specific transcriptional profile after SCI and highlight the lipid catabolic pathway as an important macrophage function that can be therapeutically targeted after SCI.
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Song J, Olsen RHJ, Sun J, Ming GL, Song H. Neuronal Circuitry Mechanisms Regulating Adult Mammalian Neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a018937. [PMID: 27143698 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adult mammalian brain is a dynamic structure, capable of remodeling in response to various physiological and pathological stimuli. One dramatic example of brain plasticity is the birth and subsequent integration of newborn neurons into the existing circuitry. This process, termed adult neurogenesis, recapitulates neural developmental events in two specialized adult brain regions: the lateral ventricles of the forebrain. Recent studies have begun to delineate how the existing neuronal circuits influence the dynamic process of adult neurogenesis, from activation of quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) to the integration and survival of newborn neurons. Here, we review recent progress toward understanding the circuit-based regulation of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacology Training Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 Neuroscience Center and Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Reid H J Olsen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacology Training Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-2685
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-2685
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Daroles L, Gribaudo S, Doulazmi M, Scotto-Lomassese S, Dubacq C, Mandairon N, Greer CA, Didier A, Trembleau A, Caillé I. Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein and Dendritic Local Translation of the Alpha Subunit of the Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase II Messenger RNA Are Required for the Structural Plasticity Underlying Olfactory Learning. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:149-159. [PMID: 26372002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the adult brain, structural plasticity allowing gain or loss of synapses remodels circuits to support learning. In fragile X syndrome, the absence of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) leads to defects in plasticity and learning deficits. FMRP is a master regulator of local translation but its implication in learning-induced structural plasticity is unknown. METHODS Using an olfactory learning task requiring adult-born olfactory bulb neurons and cell-specific ablation of FMRP, we investigated whether learning shapes adult-born neuron morphology during their synaptic integration and its dependence on FMRP. We used alpha subunit of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (αCaMKII) mutant mice with altered dendritic localization of αCaMKII messenger RNA, as well as a reporter of αCaMKII local translation to investigate the role of this FMRP messenger RNA target in learning-dependent structural plasticity. RESULTS Learning induces profound changes in dendritic architecture and spine morphology of adult-born neurons that are prevented by ablation of FMRP in adult-born neurons and rescued by an metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist. Moreover, dendritically translated αCaMKII is necessary for learning and associated structural modifications and learning triggers an FMRP-dependent increase of αCaMKII dendritic translation in adult-born neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly suggest that FMRP mediates structural plasticity of olfactory bulb adult-born neurons to support olfactory learning through αCaMKII local translation. This reveals a new role for FMRP-regulated dendritic local translation in learning-induced structural plasticity. This might be of clinical relevance for the understanding of critical periods disruption in autism spectrum disorder patients, among which fragile X syndrome is the primary monogenic cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Daroles
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8246, INSERM U1130, IBPS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France
| | - Simona Gribaudo
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8246, INSERM U1130, IBPS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8246, INSERM U1130, IBPS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France
| | - Sophie Scotto-Lomassese
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8246, INSERM U1130, IBPS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France
| | - Caroline Dubacq
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8246, INSERM U1130, IBPS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- Université Lyon1, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon
| | - Charles August Greer
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anne Didier
- Université Lyon1, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon
| | - Alain Trembleau
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8246, INSERM U1130, IBPS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France
| | - Isabelle Caillé
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8246, INSERM U1130, IBPS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7.
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Cavarretta F, Marasco A, Hines ML, Shepherd GM, Migliore M. Glomerular and Mitral-Granule Cell Microcircuits Coordinate Temporal and Spatial Information Processing in the Olfactory Bulb. Front Comput Neurosci 2016; 10:67. [PMID: 27471461 PMCID: PMC4943958 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory bulb processes inputs from olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) through two levels: the glomerular layer at the site of input, and the granule cell level at the site of output to the olfactory cortex. The sequence of action of these two levels has not yet been examined. We analyze this issue using a novel computational framework that is scaled up, in three-dimensions (3D), with realistic representations of the interactions between layers, activated by simulated natural odors, and constrained by experimental and theoretical analyses. We suggest that the postulated functions of glomerular circuits have as their primary role transforming a complex and disorganized input into a contrast-enhanced and normalized representation, but cannot provide for synchronization of the distributed glomerular outputs. By contrast, at the granule cell layer, the dendrodendritic interactions mediate temporal decorrelation, which we show is dependent on the preceding contrast enhancement by the glomerular layer. The results provide the first insights into the successive operations in the olfactory bulb, and demonstrate the significance of the modular organization around glomeruli. This layered organization is especially important for natural odor inputs, because they activate many overlapping glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cavarretta
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA; Department of Mathematics "Federigo Enriques", University of MilanMilan, Italy
| | - Addolorata Marasco
- Department of Mathematics and Application "R. Cacciopoli", University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Michael L Hines
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gordon M Shepherd
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michele Migliore
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA; Institute of Biophysics, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy
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Wienisch M, Murthy VN. Population imaging at subcellular resolution supports specific and local inhibition by granule cells in the olfactory bulb. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29308. [PMID: 27388949 PMCID: PMC4937346 DOI: 10.1038/srep29308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Information processing in early sensory regions is modulated by a diverse range of inhibitory interneurons. We sought to elucidate the role of olfactory bulb interneurons called granule cells (GCs) in odor processing by imaging the activity of hundreds of these cells simultaneously in mice. Odor responses in GCs were temporally diverse and spatially disperse, with some degree of non-random, modular organization. The overall sparseness of activation of GCs was highly correlated with the extent of glomerular activation by odor stimuli. Increasing concentrations of single odorants led to proportionately larger population activity, but some individual GCs had non-monotonic relations to concentration due to local inhibitory interactions. Individual dendritic segments could sometimes respond independently to odors, revealing their capacity for compartmentalized signaling in vivo. Collectively, the response properties of GCs point to their role in specific and local processing, rather than global operations such as response normalization proposed for other interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wienisch
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular &Cellular Biology Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, MA, USA
| | - Venkatesh N Murthy
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular &Cellular Biology Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, MA, USA
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36
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Clausen BH, Degn M, Sivasaravanaparan M, Fogtmann T, Andersen MG, Trojanowsky MD, Gao H, Hvidsten S, Baun C, Deierborg T, Finsen B, Kristensen BW, Bak ST, Meyer M, Lee J, Nedospasov SA, Brambilla R, Lambertsen KL. Conditional ablation of myeloid TNF increases lesion volume after experimental stroke in mice, possibly via altered ERK1/2 signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29291. [PMID: 27384243 PMCID: PMC4935869 DOI: 10.1038/srep29291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are activated following cerebral ischemia and increase their production of the neuro- and immunomodulatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). To address the function of TNF from this cellular source in focal cerebral ischemia we used TNF conditional knock out mice (LysMcreTNFfl/fl) in which the TNF gene was deleted in cells of the myeloid lineage, including microglia. The deletion reduced secreted TNF levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cultured primary microglia by ~93%. Furthermore, phosphorylated-ERK/ERK ratios were significantly decreased in naïve LysMcreTNFfl/fl mice demonstrating altered ERK signal transduction. Micro-PET using 18[F]-fluorodeoxyglucose immediately after focal cerebral ischemia showed increased glucose uptake in LysMcreTNFfl/fl mice, representing significant metabolic changes, that translated into increased infarct volumes at 24 hours and 5 days compared to littermates (TNFfl/fl). In naïve LysMcreTNFfl/fl mice cytokine levels were low and comparable to littermates. At 6 hours, TNF producing microglia were reduced by 56% in the ischemic cortex in LysMcreTNFfl/fl mice compared to littermate mice, whereas no TNF+ leukocytes were detected. At 24 hours, pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-5 and CXCL1) levels were significantly lower in LysMcreTNFfl/fl mice, despite comparable infiltrating leukocyte populations. Our results identify microglial TNF as beneficial and neuroprotective in the acute phase and as a modulator of neuroinflammation at later time points after experimental ischemia, which may contribute to regenerative recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21st, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Matilda Degn
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Diagnostics, Molecular Sleep Lab, Nordre Ringvej 69, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mithula Sivasaravanaparan
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21st, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Torben Fogtmann
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21st, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Maria Gammelstrup Andersen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21st, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Michelle D Trojanowsky
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University os Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Han Gao
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University os Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Svend Hvidsten
- Department of Nulcear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Christina Baun
- Department of Nulcear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Sölveg 19, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21st, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Winther Kristensen
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 19, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Sara Thornby Bak
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21st, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21st, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jae Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University os Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sergei A Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences and Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vavilova Str 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University os Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21st, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
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Daulatzai MA. Dysfunctional Sensory Modalities, Locus Coeruleus, and Basal Forebrain: Early Determinants that Promote Neuropathogenesis of Cognitive and Memory Decline and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:295-337. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Ghanem A, Conzelmann KK. G gene-deficient single-round rabies viruses for neuronal circuit analysis. Virus Res 2016; 216:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hackett AR, Lee DH, Dawood A, Rodriguez M, Funk L, Tsoulfas P, Lee JK. STAT3 and SOCS3 regulate NG2 cell proliferation and differentiation after contusive spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 89:10-22. [PMID: 26804026 PMCID: PMC4785033 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2 cells, also known as oligodendrocyte progenitors or polydendrocytes, are a major component of the glial scar that forms after spinal cord injury. NG2 cells react to injury by proliferating around the lesion site and differentiating into oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, but the molecular mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we tested the role of the transcription factor STAT3, and its suppressor SOCS3, in NG2 cell proliferation and differentiation after spinal cord injury. Using knockout mice in which STAT3 or SOCS3 are genetically deleted specifically in NG2 cells, we found that deletion of STAT3 led to a reduction in oligodendrogenesis, while deletion of SOCS3 led to enhanced proliferation of NG2 cells within the glial scar after spinal cord injury. Additionally, STAT3 and SOCS3 were not required for astrogliogenesis from NG2 cells after spinal cord injury. Interestingly, genetic deletion of STAT3 and SOCS3 did not have opposing effects, suggesting that SOCS3 may have targets other than the STAT3 pathway in NG2 cells after spinal cord injury. Altogether, our data show that both STAT3 and SOCS3 play important, yet unexpected, roles in NG2 cell proliferation and differentiation after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Hackett
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Do-Hun Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Abdul Dawood
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mario Rodriguez
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lucy Funk
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Pantelis Tsoulfas
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jae K Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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40
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Zhou S, Migliore M, Yu Y. Odor Experience Facilitates Sparse Representations of New Odors in a Large-Scale Olfactory Bulb Model. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:10. [PMID: 26903819 PMCID: PMC4749983 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior odor experience has a profound effect on the coding of new odor inputs by animals. The olfactory bulb, the first relay of the olfactory pathway, can substantially shape the representations of odor inputs. How prior odor experience affects the representation of new odor inputs in olfactory bulb and its underlying network mechanism are still unclear. Here we carried out a series of simulations based on a large-scale realistic mitral-granule network model and found that prior odor experience not only accelerated formation of the network, but it also significantly strengthened sparse responses in the mitral cell network while decreasing sparse responses in the granule cell network. This modulation of sparse representations may be due to the increase of inhibitory synaptic weights. Correlations among mitral cells within the network and correlations between mitral network responses to different odors decreased gradually when the number of prior training odors was increased, resulting in a greater decorrelation of the bulb representations of input odors. Based on these findings, we conclude that the degree of prior odor experience facilitates degrees of sparse representations of new odors by the mitral cell network through experience-enhanced inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanglin Zhou
- School of Life Science and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The Center for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Michele Migliore
- Division of Palermo, Institute of Biophysics, National Research CouncilPalermo, Italy; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuguo Yu
- School of Life Science and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, The Center for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University Shanghai, China
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Rapid Feedforward Inhibition and Asynchronous Excitation Regulate Granule Cell Activity in the Mammalian Main Olfactory Bulb. J Neurosci 2016; 35:14103-22. [PMID: 26490853 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0746-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Granule cell-mediated inhibition is critical to patterning principal neuron activity in the olfactory bulb, and perturbation of synaptic input to granule cells significantly alters olfactory-guided behavior. Despite the critical role of granule cells in olfaction, little is known about how sensory input recruits granule cells. Here, we combined whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in acute mouse olfactory bulb slices with biophysical multicompartmental modeling to investigate the synaptic basis of granule cell recruitment. Physiological activation of sensory afferents within single glomeruli evoked diverse modes of granule cell activity, including subthreshold depolarization, spikelets, and suprathreshold responses with widely distributed spike latencies. The generation of these diverse activity modes depended, in part, on the asynchronous time course of synaptic excitation onto granule cells, which lasted several hundred milliseconds. In addition to asynchronous excitation, each granule cell also received synchronous feedforward inhibition. This inhibition targeted both proximal somatodendritic and distal apical dendritic domains of granule cells, was reliably recruited across sniff rhythms, and scaled in strength with excitation as more glomeruli were activated. Feedforward inhibition onto granule cells originated from deep short-axon cells, which responded to glomerular activation with highly reliable, short-latency firing consistent with tufted cell-mediated excitation. Simulations showed that feedforward inhibition interacts with asynchronous excitation to broaden granule cell spike latency distributions and significantly attenuates granule cell depolarization within local subcellular compartments. Collectively, our results thus identify feedforward inhibition onto granule cells as a core feature of olfactory bulb circuitry and establish asynchronous excitation and feedforward inhibition as critical regulators of granule cell activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inhibitory granule cells are involved critically in shaping odor-evoked principal neuron activity in the mammalian olfactory bulb, yet little is known about how sensory input activates granule cells. Here, we show that sensory input to the olfactory bulb evokes a barrage of asynchronous synaptic excitation and highly reliable, short-latency synaptic inhibition onto granule cells via a disynaptic feedforward inhibitory circuit involving deep short-axon cells. Feedforward inhibition attenuates local depolarization within granule cell dendritic branches, interacts with asynchronous excitation to suppress granule cell spike-timing precision, and scales in strength with excitation across different levels of sensory input to normalize granule cell firing rates.
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43
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Zhang Y, Zhao S, Rodriguez E, Takatoh J, Han BX, Zhou X, Wang F. Identifying local and descending inputs for primary sensory neurons. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3782-94. [PMID: 26426077 DOI: 10.1172/jci81156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary pain and touch sensory neurons not only detect internal and external sensory stimuli, but also receive inputs from other neurons. However, the neuronal derived inputs for primary neurons have not been systematically identified. Using a monosynaptic rabies viruses-based transneuronal tracing method combined with sensory-specific Cre-drivers, we found that sensory neurons receive intraganglion, intraspinal, and supraspinal inputs, the latter of which are mainly derived from the rostroventral medulla (RVM). The viral-traced central neurons were largely inhibitory but also consisted of some glutamatergic neurons in the spinal cord and serotonergic neurons in the RVM. The majority of RVM-derived descending inputs were dual GABAergic and enkephalinergic (opioidergic). These inputs projected through the dorsolateral funiculus and primarily innervated layers I, II, and V of the dorsal horn, where pain-sensory afferents terminate. Silencing or activation of the dual GABA/enkephalinergic RVM neurons in adult animals substantially increased or decreased behavioral sensitivity, respectively, to heat and mechanical stimuli. These results are consistent with the fact that both GABA and enkephalin can exert presynaptic inhibition of the sensory afferents. Taken together, this work provides a systematic view of and a set of tools for examining peri- and extrasynaptic regulations of pain-afferent transmission.
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44
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McDole B, Isgor C, Pare C, Guthrie K. BDNF over-expression increases olfactory bulb granule cell dendritic spine density in vivo. Neuroscience 2015. [PMID: 26211445 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory bulb granule cells (GCs) are axon-less, inhibitory interneurons that regulate the activity of the excitatory output neurons, the mitral and tufted cells, through reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses located on GC spines. These contacts are established in the distal apical dendritic compartment, while GC basal dendrites and more proximal apical segments bear spines that receive glutamatergic inputs from the olfactory cortices. This synaptic connectivity is vital to olfactory circuit function and is remodeled during development, and in response to changes in sensory activity and lifelong GC neurogenesis. Manipulations that alter levels of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in vivo have significant effects on dendritic spine morphology, maintenance and activity-dependent plasticity for a variety of CNS neurons, yet little is known regarding BDNF effects on bulb GC spine maturation or maintenance. Here we show that, in vivo, sustained bulbar over-expression of BDNF in transgenic mice produces a marked increase in GC spine density that includes an increase in mature spines on their apical dendrites. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that changes in spine density were most notable in the distal and proximal apical domains, indicating that multiple excitatory inputs are potentially modified by BDNF. Our results indicate that increased levels of endogenous BDNF can promote the maturation and/or maintenance of dendritic spines on GCs, suggesting a role for this factor in modulating GC functional connectivity within adult olfactory circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- B McDole
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, United States
| | - C Isgor
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, United States
| | - C Pare
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, United States
| | - K Guthrie
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, United States.
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Daulatzai MA. Olfactory dysfunction: its early temporal relationship and neural correlates in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1475-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Guo Q, Wang D, He X, Feng Q, Lin R, Xu F, Fu L, Luo M. Whole-brain mapping of inputs to projection neurons and cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123381. [PMID: 25830919 PMCID: PMC4382118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal striatum integrates inputs from multiple brain areas to coordinate voluntary movements, associative plasticity, and reinforcement learning. Its projection neurons consist of the GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) that express dopamine receptor type 1 (D1) or dopamine receptor type 2 (D2). Cholinergic interneurons account for a small portion of striatal neuron populations, but they play important roles in striatal functions by synapsing onto the MSNs and other local interneurons. By combining the modified rabies virus with specific Cre- mouse lines, a recent study mapped the monosynaptic input patterns to MSNs. Because only a small number of extrastriatal neurons were labeled in the prior study, it is important to reexamine the input patterns of MSNs with higher labeling efficiency. Additionally, the whole-brain innervation pattern of cholinergic interneurons remains unknown. Using the rabies virus-based transsynaptic tracing method in this study, we comprehensively charted the brain areas that provide direct inputs to D1-MSNs, D2-MSNs, and cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum. We found that both types of projection neurons and the cholinergic interneurons receive extensive inputs from discrete brain areas in the cortex, thalamus, amygdala, and other subcortical areas, several of which were not reported in the previous study. The MSNs and cholinergic interneurons share largely common inputs from areas outside the striatum. However, innervations within the dorsal striatum represent a significantly larger proportion of total inputs for cholinergic interneurons than for the MSNs. The comprehensive maps of direct inputs to striatal MSNs and cholinergic interneurons shall assist future functional dissection of the striatal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Guo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daqing Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin He
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiru Feng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Lin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Fu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Lepousez G, Nissant A, Lledo PM. Adult Neurogenesis and the Future of the Rejuvenating Brain Circuits. Neuron 2015; 86:387-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Wang D, He X, Zhao Z, Feng Q, Lin R, Sun Y, Ding T, Xu F, Luo M, Zhan C. Whole-brain mapping of the direct inputs and axonal projections of POMC and AgRP neurons. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:40. [PMID: 25870542 PMCID: PMC4375998 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the brainstem play important roles in suppressing food intake and maintaining energy homeostasis. Previous tract-tracing studies have revealed the axonal connection patterns of these two brain areas, but the intermingling of POMC neurons with other neuron types has made it challenging to precisely identify the inputs and outputs of POMC neurons. In this study, we used the modified rabies virus to map the brain areas that provide direct inputs to the POMC neurons in the ARC and NTS as well as the inputs to the ARC AgRP neurons for comparison. ARC POMC neurons receive inputs from dozens of discrete structures throughout the forebrain and brainstem. The brain areas containing the presynaptic partners of ARC POMC neurons largely overlap with those of ARC AgRP neurons, although POMC neurons receive relatively broader, denser inputs. Furthermore, POMC neurons in the NTS receive direct inputs predominantly from the brainstem and show very different innervation patterns for POMC neurons in the ARC. By selectively expressing fluorescent markers in the ARC and NTS POMC neurons, we found that almost all of their major presynaptic partners are innervated by POMC neurons in the two areas, suggesting that there are strong reciprocal projections among the major POMC neural pathways. By comprehensively chartering the whole-brain connections of the central melanocortin system in a cell-type-specific manner, this study lays the foundation for dissecting the roles and underlying circuit mechanisms of specific neural pathways in regulating energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University Beijing China ; National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing He
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems and State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Qiru Feng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Rui Lin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yue Sun
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Ting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems and State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems and State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China ; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Wuhan, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University Beijing China ; National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences Beijing, China
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Abstract
Recent advances in tissue clearing techniques have provided a promising method of visualizing axonal trajectories with unprecedented accuracy and speed. While previous studies have utilized transgenic labeling in mice, the use of virus or chemical neuronal tracers will provide additional spatiotemporal control as well as the ability to use animal models in which transgenic axonal labeling is not available. The histological assessment of spinal cord tissue in three dimensions has previously been very time consuming and prone to errors of interpretation. Advances in tissue clearing have significantly improved visualization of fluorescently labelled axons. While recent proof-of-concept studies have been performed with transgenic mice in which axons were prelabeled with GFP, investigating axonal regeneration requires stringent axonal tracing methods as well as the use of animal models in which transgenic axonal labeling is not available. Using rodent models of spinal cord injury, we labeled axon tracts of interest using both adeno-associated virus and chemical tracers and performed tetrahydrofuran-based tissue clearing to image multiple axon types in spinal cords using light sheet and confocal microscopy. Using this approach, we investigated the relationships between axons and scar-forming cells at the injury site as well as connections between sensory axons and motor pools in the spinal cord. In addition, we used these methods to trace axons in nonhuman primates. This reproducible and adaptable virus-based approach can be combined with transgenic mice or with chemical-based tract-tracing methods, providing scientists with flexibility in obtaining axonal trajectory information from transparent tissue.
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Zhu Y, Soderblom C, Trojanowsky M, Lee DH, Lee JK. Fibronectin Matrix Assembly after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1158-67. [PMID: 25492623 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), a fibrotic scar forms at the injury site that is best characterized by the accumulation of perivascular fibroblasts and deposition of the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. While fibronectin is a growth-permissive substrate for axons, the fibrotic scar is inhibitory to axon regeneration. The mechanism behind how fibronectin contributes to the inhibitory environment and how the fibronectin matrix is assembled in the fibrotic scar is unknown. By deleting fibronectin in myeloid cells, we demonstrate that fibroblasts are most likely the major source of fibronectin in the fibrotic scar. In addition, we demonstrate that fibronectin is initially present in a soluble form and is assembled into a matrix at 7 d post-SCI. Assembly of the fibronectin matrix may be mediated by the canonical fibronectin receptor, integrin α5β1, which is primarily expressed by activated macrophages/microglia in the fibrotic scar. Despite the pronounced cavitation after rat SCI, fibrotic scar also is observed in a rat SCI model, which is considered to be more similar to human pathology. Taken together, our study provides insight into the mechanism of fibrotic scar formation after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiao Zhu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Cynthia Soderblom
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Michelle Trojanowsky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Do-Hun Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Jae K Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
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