1
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Zhang L, Cavallini M, Wang J, Xin R, Zhang Q, Feng G, Sanes JR, Peng YR. Evolutionary and developmental specialization of foveal cell types in the marmoset. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313820121. [PMID: 38598343 PMCID: PMC11032471 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313820121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In primates, high-acuity vision is mediated by the fovea, a small specialized central region of the retina. The fovea, unique to the anthropoid lineage among mammals, undergoes notable neuronal morphological changes during postnatal maturation. However, the extent of cellular similarity across anthropoid foveas and the molecular underpinnings of foveal maturation remain unclear. Here, we used high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing to profile retinal cells of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), an early divergent in anthropoid evolution from humans, apes, and macaques. We generated atlases of the marmoset fovea and peripheral retina for both neonates and adults. Our comparative analysis revealed that marmosets share almost all their foveal types with both humans and macaques, highlighting a conserved cellular structure among primate foveas. Furthermore, by tracing the developmental trajectory of cell types in the foveal and peripheral retina, we found distinct maturation paths for each. In-depth analysis of gene expression differences demonstrated that cone photoreceptors and Müller glia (MG), among others, show the greatest molecular divergence between these two regions. Utilizing single-cell ATAC-seq and gene-regulatory network inference, we uncovered distinct transcriptional regulations differentiating foveal cones from their peripheral counterparts. Further analysis of predicted ligand-receptor interactions suggested a potential role for MG in supporting the maturation of foveal cones. Together, these results provide valuable insights into foveal development, structure, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Martina Cavallini
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Junqiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Ruiqi Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Qiangge Zhang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Joshua R. Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Yi-Rong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
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2
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Nomura-Komoike K, Nishino R, Fujieda H. Effects of different alkylating agents on photoreceptor degeneration and proliferative response of Müller glia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:61. [PMID: 38167441 PMCID: PMC10762013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models for retinal degeneration are essential for elucidating its pathogenesis and developing new therapeutic strategies in humans. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) has been extensively used to construct a photoreceptor-specific degeneration model, which has served to unveil the molecular process of photoreceptor degeneration as well as the mechanisms regulating the protective responses of remaining cells. Methyl methanesulphonate (MMS), also known to cause photoreceptor degeneration, is considered a good alternative to MNU due to its higher usability; however, detailed pathophysiological processes after MMS treatment remain uncharacterized. Here, we analyzed the time course of photoreceptor degeneration, Müller glial proliferation, and expression of secretory factors after MNU and MMS treatments in rats. While the timing of rod degeneration was similar between the treatments, we unexpectedly found that cones survived slightly longer after MMS treatment. Müller glia reentered the cell cycle at a similar timing after the two treatments; however, the G1/S transition occurred earlier after MMS treatment. Moreover, growth factors such as FGF2 and LIF were more highly upregulated in the MMS model. These data suggest that comparative analyses of the two injury models may be beneficial for understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms underlying the proliferative response of Müller glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Nomura-Komoike
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Reiko Nishino
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujieda
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
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3
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Zhang L, Cavallini M, Wang J, Xin R, Zhang Q, Feng G, Sanes JR, Peng YR. Evolutionary and Developmental Specialization of Foveal Cell Types in the Marmoset. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.10.570996. [PMID: 38106142 PMCID: PMC10723441 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.10.570996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In primates, high-acuity vision is mediated by the fovea, a small specialized central region of the retina. The fovea, unique to the anthropoid lineage among mammals, undergoes notable neuronal morphological changes during postnatal maturation. However, the extent of cellular similarity across anthropoid foveas and the molecular underpinnings of foveal maturation remain unclear. Here, we used high throughput single cell RNA sequencing to profile retinal cells of the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus ), an early divergent in anthropoid evolution from humans, apes, and macaques. We generated atlases of the marmoset fovea and peripheral retina for both neonates and adults. Our comparative analysis revealed that marmosets share almost all its foveal types with both humans and macaques, highlighting a conserved cellular structure among primate foveas. Furthermore, by tracing the developmental trajectory of cell types in the foveal and peripheral retina, we found distinct maturation paths for each. In-depth analysis of gene expression differences demonstrated that cone photoreceptors and Müller glia, among others, show the greatest molecular divergence between these two regions. Utilizing single-cell ATAC-seq and gene-regulatory network inference, we uncovered distinct transcriptional regulations differentiating foveal cones from their peripheral counterparts. Further analysis of predicted ligand-receptor interactions suggested a potential role for Müller glia in supporting the maturation of foveal cones. Together, these results provide valuable insights into foveal development, structure, and evolution. Significance statement The sharpness of our eyesight hinges on a tiny retinal region known as the fovea. The fovea is pivotal for primate vision and is susceptible to diseases like age-related macular degeneration. We studied the fovea in the marmoset-a primate with ancient evolutionary ties. Our data illustrated the cellular and molecular composition of its fovea across different developmental ages. Our findings highlighted a profound cellular consistency among marmosets, humans, and macaques, emphasizing the value of marmosets in visual research and the study of visual diseases.
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4
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Donato L, Scimone C, Alibrandi S, Scalinci SZ, Mordà D, Rinaldi C, D'Angelo R, Sidoti A. Human retinal secretome: A cross-link between mesenchymal and retinal cells. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:665-686. [PMID: 37545752 PMCID: PMC10401416 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i7.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been considered the most effective source for regenerative medicine, especially due to released soluble paracrine bioactive components and extracellular vesicles. These factors, collectively called the secretome, play crucial roles in immunomodulation and in improving survival and regeneration capabilities of injured tissue. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the secretome released by retinal cytotypes, especially retinal pigment epithelium and Müller glia cells. The latter trophic factors represent the key to preserving morphofunctional integrity of the retina, regulating biological pathways involved in survival, function and responding to injury. Furthermore, these factors can play a pivotal role in onset and progression of retinal diseases after damage of cell secretory function. In this review, we delineated the importance of cross-talk between MSCs and retinal cells, focusing on common/induced secreted factors, during experimental therapy for retinal diseases. The cross-link between the MSC and retinal cell secretomes suggests that the MSC secretome can modulate the retinal cell secretome and vice versa. For example, the MSC secretome can protect retinal cells from degeneration by reducing oxidative stress, autophagy and programmed cell death. Conversely, the retinal cell secretome can influence the MSC secretome by inducing changes in MSC gene expression and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo 90139, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo 90139, Italy
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo 90139, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Mordà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo 90139, Italy
| | - Carmela Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Rosalia D'Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
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5
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Specialization of the photoreceptor transcriptome by Srrm3-dependent microexons is required for outer segment maintenance and vision. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117090119. [PMID: 35858306 PMCID: PMC9303857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal photoreceptors have a distinct transcriptomic profile compared to other neuronal subtypes, likely reflecting their unique cellular morphology and function in the detection of light stimuli by way of the ciliary outer segment. We discovered a layer of this molecular specialization by revealing that the vertebrate retina expresses the largest number of tissue-enriched microexons of all tissue types. A subset of these microexons is included exclusively in photoreceptor transcripts, particularly in genes involved in cilia biogenesis and vesicle-mediated transport. This microexon program is regulated by Srrm3, a paralog of the neural microexon regulator Srrm4. Despite the fact that both proteins positively regulate retina microexons in vitro, only Srrm3 is highly expressed in mature photoreceptors. Its deletion in zebrafish results in widespread down-regulation of microexon inclusion from early developmental stages, followed by other transcriptomic alterations, severe photoreceptor defects, and blindness. These results shed light on the transcriptomic specialization and functionality of photoreceptors, uncovering unique cell type-specific roles for Srrm3 and microexons with implications for retinal diseases.
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6
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Becker T, Becker CG. Regenerative neurogenesis: the integration of developmental, physiological and immune signals. Development 2022; 149:275248. [PMID: 35502778 PMCID: PMC9124576 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In fishes and salamanders, but not mammals, neural stem cells switch back to neurogenesis after injury. The signalling environment of neural stem cells is strongly altered by the presence of damaged cells and an influx of immune, as well as other, cells. Here, we summarise our recently expanded knowledge of developmental, physiological and immune signals that act on neural stem cells in the zebrafish central nervous system to directly, or indirectly, influence their neurogenic state. These signals act on several intracellular pathways, which leads to changes in chromatin accessibility and gene expression, ultimately resulting in regenerative neurogenesis. Translational approaches in non-regenerating mammals indicate that central nervous system stem cells can be reprogrammed for neurogenesis. Understanding signalling mechanisms in naturally regenerating species show the path to experimentally promoting neurogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
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7
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Mukhopadhyay C, Boyce TM, Gehrs KM, Folk JC, Mullins RF, Luo Y, Kreder K, Sohn EH. Age-Related Macular Degeneration Masquerade: A Review of Pentosan Polysulfate Maculopathy and Implications for Clinical Practice. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2022; 11:100-110. [PMID: 35533330 PMCID: PMC9096915 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pentosan polysulfate (PPS) sodium (Elmiron) is the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved oral medication to treat interstitial cystitis, also known as bladder pain syndrome. A symptomatic pigmentary maculopathy associated with PPS was reported in 2018. Since then, recognition of this unique drug toxicity has increased rapidly. This potentially sight-threatening side effect prompted the FDA in June 2020 to update the label for PPS to warn about "retinal pigmentary changes." A challenging feature of pentosan maculopathy is its ability to mimic many other retinal conditions, including inherited retinal dystrophies such as pattern dystrophy, mitochondrially inherited diabetes and deafness, and Stargardt disease, and age-related macular degeneration. In this review, we discuss the history of PPS maculopathy and its implications for thousands of at-risk interstitial cystitis patients. We use published literature and an illustrative case from our institution to highlight the importance of diagnosing PPS maculopathy. We also compare PPS maculopathy to age-related macular degeneration, explain why differentiating between the 2 is clinically important, and highlight avenues for further research. Finally, we highlight the paucity of data on patients of color and why this lack of understanding may impact patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirantan Mukhopadhyay
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
| | - Timothy M Boyce
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
| | - Karen M Gehrs
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
| | - James C Folk
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Urology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
| | - Karl Kreder
- Department of Urology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
| | - Elliott H Sohn
- Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, US
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8
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Makrides N, Wang Q, Tao C, Schwartz S, Zhang X. Jack of all trades, master of each: the diversity of fibroblast growth factor signalling in eye development. Open Biol 2022; 12:210265. [PMID: 35016551 PMCID: PMC8753161 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A central question in development biology is how a limited set of signalling pathways can instruct unlimited diversity of multicellular organisms. In this review, we use three ocular tissues as models of increasing complexity to present the astounding versatility of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling. In the lacrimal gland, we highlight the specificity of FGF signalling in a one-dimensional model of budding morphogenesis. In the lens, we showcase the dynamics of FGF signalling in altering functional outcomes in a two-dimensional space. In the retina, we present the prolific utilization of FGF signalling from three-dimensional development to homeostasis. These examples not only shed light on the cellular basis for the perfection and complexity of ocular development, but also serve as paradigms for the diversity of FGF signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neoklis Makrides
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chenqi Tao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Schwartz
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Liu S, Miyaji M, Hosoya O, Matsuo T. Effect of NK-5962 on Gene Expression Profiling of Retina in a Rat Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413276. [PMID: 34948073 PMCID: PMC8703378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: NK-5962 is a key component of photoelectric dye-coupled polyethylene film, designated Okayama University type-retinal prosthesis (OUReP™). Previously, we found that NK-5962 solution could reduce the number of apoptotic photoreceptors in the eyes of the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats by intravitreal injection under a 12 h light/dark cycle. This study aimed to explore possible molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-apoptotic effect of NK-5962 in the retina of RCS rats. Methods: RCS rats received intravitreal injections of NK-5962 solution in the left eye at the age of 3 and 4 weeks, before the age of 5 weeks when the speed in the apoptotic degeneration of photoreceptors reaches its peak. The vehicle-treated right eyes served as controls. All rats were housed under a 12 h light/dark cycle, and the retinas were dissected out at the age of 5 weeks for RNA sequence (RNA-seq) analysis. For the functional annotation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), the Metascape and DAVID databases were used. Results: In total, 55 up-regulated DEGs, and one down-regulated gene (LYVE1) were found to be common among samples treated with NK-5962. These DEGs were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Reactome pathway analyses. We focused on the up-regulated DEGs that were enriched in extracellular matrix organization, extracellular exosome, and PI3K–Akt signaling pathways. These terms and pathways may relate to mechanisms to protect photoreceptor cells. Moreover, our analyses suggest that SERPINF1, which encodes pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), is one of the key regulatory genes involved in the anti-apoptotic effect of NK-5962 in RCS rat retinas. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that photoelectric dye NK-5962 may delay apoptotic death of photoreceptor cells in RCS rats by up-regulating genes related to extracellular matrix organization, extracellular exosome, and PI3K–Akt signaling pathways. Overall, our RNA-seq and bioinformatics analyses provide insights in the transcriptome responses in the dystrophic RCS rat retinas that were induced by NK-5962 intravitreal injection and offer potential target genes for developing new therapeutic strategies for patients with retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama City 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Mary Miyaji
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City 700-8558, Japan; (M.M.); (O.H.)
| | - Osamu Hosoya
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City 700-8558, Japan; (M.M.); (O.H.)
| | - Toshihiko Matsuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama City 700-8558, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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10
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McGwin G, MacLennan P, Owsley C. Association Between Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium and Retinal Disorders. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 140:37-42. [PMID: 34792558 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Case series have identified a macular condition hypothesized to be associated with the use of pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS). Observational studies seeking to quantify this association have yielded equivocal results. Objective To estimate the association between PPS exposure and maculopathy. Design, Setting, and Participants This disproportionality analysis was conducted using the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System from January 2013 through June 2020. Exposure Adverse event reports for pentosan polysulfate were selected and compared with adverse event reports associated with drugs taken for the following indications: interstitial cystitis, cystitis, bladder disorder, or bladder pain. Main Outcome Measures Retinal adverse events were identified using the retinal disorders Standardized Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Query, which includes conditions associated with retinal damage attributable to blockage of its blood supply, nutritional deficiencies, toxins, and diseases affecting the retina. Results There were 2775 reports available for analysis in the PPS group (of which 1966 were for women [70.9%]) and 6833 reports in the other drugs group (of which 4036 [59.1%] were for women). The proportion of adverse events for any macular event relative to all other events was elevated for the users of PPS compared with those using other interstitial cystitis and bladder pain drugs (proportionate reporting ratio [PRR], 1.21 [95% CI, 1.01-1.44]). With respect to specific retinal conditions, macular degeneration (20 [0.8%] vs 15 [0.2%]), maculopathy (83 [3.4%] vs 2 [0.03%]), retinal dystrophy (3 [0.1%] vs 0), retinal injury (5 [0.2%] vs 0), and retinal toxicity (3 [0.1%] vs 0) were proportionately more common among users of PPS compared with those using other interstitial cystitis and bladder pain drugs, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance The results of the current study add to the growing evidence that PPS use is associated with an increased risk of maculopathy. Studies that rule out prevalent retinal abnormalities prior to the initiation of PPS would strengthen the current body of literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald McGwin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Paul MacLennan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Cynthia Owsley
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
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11
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Charng J, Attia MS, Arunachalam S, Lam WS, Creaney J, Muruganandan S, Read C, Millward M, Spiro J, Chakera A, Lee YCG, Nowak AK, Chen FK. Increased interdigitation zone visibility on optical coherence tomography following systemic fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor anticancer therapy. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 49:579-590. [PMID: 33934469 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe ocular adverse events and retinal changes during fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor (AZD4547) anticancer therapy. METHODS This is a sub-study examining ocular adverse effects from AZD4547 therapy (single-centre, open-label, single arm phase II clinical trial). Comprehensive ocular examinations were performed 3 weekly in 24 patients. Macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan (300 × 250 ) was obtained at each visit and OCT parameters [central 1 mm retinal thickness (CRT) and total macular volume in central 6 mm] extracted. OCT scans were subdivided into outer (ELM to RPE) and inner (ELM to ILM) layers to compare outer and inner retinal changes. RESULTS In 24 patients, AZD4547 was associated with eyelash elongation (n = 5, 21%) and punctate corneal erosion (n = 2, 8%). One patient developed clinically significant posterior capsular opacification during the study. OCT data were available in 23 patients, retinal changes ranged from an asymptomatic increased visibility of the interdigitation zone (IDZ) (n = 10, 43%) to multilobular subretinal fluid pockets (n = 5, 22%), which was associated with mild visual acuity loss. In a subset of patients (n = 9) with pre-AZD4547 dosing OCT baseline, CRT increased by mean (SD) of 9 (4) μm in those with IDZ change only compared with 64 (38) μm in those with other retinal changes. Retinal changes tended to be bilateral, self-limiting and improved over time without medical intervention. CONCLUSIONS The ocular signs and symptoms did not result in dose cessation. Posteriorly, FGFR inhibition leads to outer retinal changes ranging from increased visibility of IDZ to distinct, multiple fluid pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Charng
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mary S Attia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sukanya Arunachalam
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wei-Sen Lam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jenette Creaney
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Harry Perkins Building, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sanjeevan Muruganandan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Northern Health, Epping, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Read
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Harry Perkins Building, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Millward
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jon Spiro
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aron Chakera
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Renal Unit, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Y C Gary Lee
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Harry Perkins Building, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anna K Nowak
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Harry Perkins Building, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Wellington Square, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Abou-Jaoude M, Fraser C, Maldonado RS. Update on maculopathy secondary to pentosan polysulfate toxicity. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2021; 32:233-239. [PMID: 33710012 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive summary of available knowledge regarding toxic maculopathy secondary to pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS). RECENT FINDINGS PPS toxicity was described in 2018, and additional studies characterize it as dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium centered on the posterior pole, which can progress despite drug cessation. Requisite exposure can be as little as 0.325 kg and 2.25 years but averages closer to 1-2 kg and 10-15 years. Multimodal imaging should include near-infrared reflectance, optical coherence tomography, and fundus autofluorescence. Cross-sectional studies demonstrate evidence correlating cumulative dosing and the likelihood/severity of maculopathy. Early estimates of prevalence range from 12.7 to 41.7% depending on dosing, with overall rates around 20%. SUMMARY Reasonable evidence associates maculopathy with extended exposure to PPS, with an average reported incidence of around 20% in patients with long-term exposures. Patients with unexplained retinal pigment epithelium changes and difficulty with dark adaptation should be questioned regarding PPS exposure, and patients with known exposure to PPS should be examined. Further research is needed to refine screening protocols. Currently, providers should consider baseline examination and examination at 5 years and/or 500 g of exposure followed by yearly screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Abou-Jaoude
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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13
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Neurodegeneration, Neuroprotection and Regeneration in the Zebrafish Retina. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030633. [PMID: 33809186 PMCID: PMC8000332 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative retinal diseases, such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, involve a gradual loss of neurons in the retina as the disease progresses. Central nervous system neurons are not able to regenerate in mammals, therefore, an often sought after course of treatment for neuronal loss follows a neuroprotective or regenerative strategy. Neuroprotection is the process of preserving the structure and function of the neurons that have survived a harmful insult; while regenerative approaches aim to replace or rewire the neurons and synaptic connections that were lost, or induce regrowth of damaged axons or dendrites. In order to test the neuroprotective effectiveness or the regenerative capacity of a particular agent, a robust experimental model of retinal neuronal damage is essential. Zebrafish are being used more often in this type of study because their eye structure and development is well-conserved between zebrafish and mammals. Zebrafish are robust genetic tools and are relatively inexpensive to maintain. The large array of functional and behavioral tests available in zebrafish makes them an attractive model for neuroprotection studies. Some common insults used to model retinal disease and study neuroprotection in zebrafish include intense light, chemical toxicity and mechanical damage. This review covers the existing retinal neuroprotection and regeneration literature in the zebrafish and highlights their potential for future studies.
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14
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Meyer-Alert H, Wiseman S, Tang S, Hecker M, Hollert H. Identification of molecular toxicity pathways across early life-stages of zebrafish exposed to PCB126 using a whole transcriptomics approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111716. [PMID: 33396047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although withdrawn from the market in the 1980s, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are still found ubiquitously in the aquatic environment and pose a serious risk to biota due to their teratogenic potential. In fish, early life-stages are often considered most sensitive with regard to their exposure to PCBs and other dioxin-like compounds. However, little is known about the molecular drivers of the frequently observed teratogenic effects. Therefore, the aims of our study were to: (1) characterize the baseline transcriptome profiles at different embryonic life-stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio); and (2) to identify the molecular response to PCB exposure and life-stage specific-effects of the chemical on associated processes. For both objectives, embryos were sampled at 12, 48, and 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) and subjected to Illumina sequence-by-synthesis and RNAseq analysis. Results revealed that with increasing age more genes and related pathways were upregulated both in terms of number and magnitude. Yet, other transcripts followed an opposite pattern with greater transcript abundance at the earlier time points. Additionally, embryos were exposed to PCB126, a potent agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). ClueGO network analysis revealed significant enrichment of genes associated with basic cell metabolism, communication, and homeostasis as well as eye development, muscle formation, and skeletal formation. We selected eight genes involved in the affected pathways for an in-depth characterization of their regulation throughout normal embryogenesis and after exposure to PCB126 by quantification of transcript abundances every 12 h until 118 hpf. Among these, fgf7 and c9 stood out because of their strong upregulation by PCB126 exposure at 48 and 96 hpf, respectively. Cyp2aa12 was upregulated from 84 hpf on. Fabp10ab, myhz1.1, col8a1a, sulf1, and opn1sw1 displayed specific regulation depending on the developmental stage. Overall, we demonstrate that (1) the developmental transcriptome of zebrafish is highly dynamic, and (2) dysregulation of gene expression by exposure to PCB126 was significant and in several cases not directly connected to AHR-signaling. Hence, this study improves the understanding of linkages between molecular events and apical outcomes that are of regulatory relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Meyer-Alert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences and Water Institute for Sustainable Environments (WISE), University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Song Tang
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu, China
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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15
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Abou-Jaoude MM, Davis AM, Fraser CE, Leys M, Hinkle D, Odom JV, Maldonado RS. New Insights Into Pentosan Polysulfate Maculopathy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2021; 52:13-22. [DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20201223-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Van Bergen T, Etienne I, Jia J, Li JP, Vlodavsky I, Stitt A, Vermassen E, Feyen JHM. Heparanase Deficiency Is Associated with Disruption, Detachment, and Folding of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:1166-1170. [PMID: 33372561 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1862239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS; Elmiron) is a FDA-approved heparanase inhibitor for the treatment of bladder pain and interstitial cystitis. The chronic use of PPS has been associated with a novel pigmentary maculopathy, associated with discrete vitelliform deposits that exhibit hyperfluorescence, macular hyper-pigmentary spots, and foci of nodular RPE enlargement. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the retinal morphology of heparanase knockout mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS The retinal morphology of heparanase knock-out and age-matched control wild type mice of 3-, 9- and 15-weeks old was characterized by means of histological evaluation. Immuno-histological stains for RPE65, F4/80 and Ki67 were performed for investigating the RPE, inflammatory and proliferating cells, respectively. RESULTS Histological analysis showed no changes in age-matched wild-type controls, whereas the eyes of heparanase null mice were characterized by alterations in RPE and neural retina, as manifest by RPE folds and choroidal thickening, detached RPE cells, thickening of the photoreceptor layer and retinal disorganization. The presence of discrete hyperfluorescent foci, however, was absent. The prevalence of the RPE/choroidal changes or protrusions seemed to progress over time and were correlated with more RPE65 signal rather than influx of F4/80- or Ki67-positive cells. These results indicate that the subretinal alterations were mostly RPE driven, without influx of inflammatory or proliferating cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that heparanase deficiency in the mice leads to RPE folds, choroidal thickening, and retinal disorganization. The presence of discrete hyperfluorescent foci, a key characteristic of the human disease, was not observed. However, it can be concluded that some of the observations in mice are similar to those seen after chronic use of PPS in humans. These findings indicate that the toxicity observed in the presence of heparanase inhibitors is target-related and will preclude the clinical use of heparanase inhibition as a therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan Jia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Israël Vlodavsky
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alan Stitt
- Oxurion NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, Heverlee, Belgium.,Centre for Experimental Medicine, The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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17
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Identification of Patients with Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium-Associated Maculopathy through Screening of the Electronic Medical Record at an Academic Center. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:8866961. [PMID: 33489347 PMCID: PMC7803106 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8866961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This chart review of a quaternary academic medical center electronic medical record (EMR) aimed to identify patients at risk of development of maculopathy with exposure to pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS). Methods A review of electronic medical records of a quaternary medical center of patients with either documented exposure to PPS or diagnosis of interstitial cystitis (IC) from 2007 to 2019 was performed for retinal imaging and visual acuity; the study was conducted in August of 2019. Results 216 charts were included for analysis, of which 96 had documented eye exams and 24 had retinal imaging done. We identified three patients with maculopathy in the context of long-term exposure to PPS via chart review, and one additional patient was identified by referral. The median PPS exposure duration was 11 years (range 7 to 19 years). Median logMAR BCVA OD 0.6 range was 0.0-1.9 (approximate Snellen equivalent 20/80 range (20/20-20/1600)) and OS 0.7 range was 0.1-1.9 (approximate Snellen equivalent 20/100 range (20/25-20/1600)). Ultrawidefield color fundus imaging and fundus autofluorescence revealed findings of pigmentary changes and patchy macular atrophy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated outer retinal thinning and increased choroidal transmission coincident with areas of atrophy seen on fundus imaging. Conclusions Less than half of patients at risk for development of maculopathy due to exposure to PPS had received eye examinations, suggesting that those at risk are not receiving adequate screening. We found two patients with PPS maculopathy who had relatively preserved central vision, one patient with bitemporal vision loss, and one patient who developed vision loss in both eyes.
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18
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Maya-Vetencourt JF, Di Marco S, Mete M, Di Paolo M, Ventrella D, Barone F, Elmi A, Manfredi G, Desii A, Sannita WG, Bisti S, Lanzani G, Pertile G, Bacci ML, Benfenati F. Biocompatibility of a Conjugated Polymer Retinal Prosthesis in the Domestic Pig. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:579141. [PMID: 33195139 PMCID: PMC7605258 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.579141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors is one of the most significant causes of blindness in humans. Conjugated polymers represent an attractive solution to the field of retinal prostheses, and a multi-layer fully organic prosthesis implanted subretinally in dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats was able to rescue visual functions. As a step toward human translation, we report here the fabrication and in vivo testing of a similar device engineered to adapt to the human-like size of the eye of the domestic pig, an excellent animal paradigm to test therapeutic strategies for photoreceptors degeneration. The active conjugated polymers were layered onto two distinct passive substrates, namely electro-spun silk fibroin (ESF) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Naive pigs were implanted subretinally with the active device in one eye, while the contralateral eye was sham implanted with substrate only. Retinal morphology and functionality were assessed before and after surgery by means of in vivo optical coherence tomography and full-field electroretinogram (ff-ERG) analysis. After the sacrifice, the retina morphology and inflammatory markers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry of the excised retinas. Surprisingly, ESF-based prostheses caused a proliferative vitreoretinopathy with disappearance of the ff-ERG b-wave in the implanted eyes. In contrast, PET-based active devices did not evoke significant inflammatory responses. As expected, the subretinal implantation of both PET only and the PET-based prosthesis locally decreased the thickness of the outer nuclear layer due to local photoreceptor loss. However, while the implantation of the PET only substrate decreased the ff-ERG b-wave amplitude with respect to the pre-implant ERG, the eyes implanted with the active device fully preserved the ERG responses, indicating an active compensation of the surgery-induced photoreceptor loss. Our findings highlight the possibility of developing a new generation of conjugated polymer/PET-based prosthetic devices that are highly biocompatible and potentially suitable for subretinal implantation in patients suffering from degenerative blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fernando Maya-Vetencourt
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Marco
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mete
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Mattia Di Paolo
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Barone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Elmi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Desii
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Walter G Sannita
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Bisti
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Rome, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Grazia Pertile
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Martino Hospital, Genova, Italy
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19
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Bell CM, Zack DJ, Berlinicke CA. Human Organoids for the Study of Retinal Development and Disease. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2020; 6:91-114. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-121219-081855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in stem cell engineering have led to an explosion in the use of organoids as model systems for studies in multiple biological disciplines. Together with breakthroughs in genome engineering and the various omics, organoid technology is making possible studies of human biology that were not previously feasible. For vision science, retinal organoids derived from human stem cells allow differentiating and mature human retinal cells to be studied in unprecedented detail. In this review, we examine the technologies employed to generate retinal organoids and how organoids are revolutionizing the fields of developmental and cellular biology as they pertain to the retina. Furthermore, we explore retinal organoids from a clinical standpoint, offering a new platform with which to study retinal diseases and degeneration, test prospective drugs and therapeutic strategies, and promote personalized medicine. Finally, we discuss the range of possibilities that organoids may bring to future retinal research and consider their ethical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Bell
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA;,
| | - Donald J. Zack
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA;,
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Berlinicke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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20
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Singh RK, Nasonkin IO. Limitations and Promise of Retinal Tissue From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Developing Therapies of Blindness. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:179. [PMID: 33132839 PMCID: PMC7513806 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-formation of retinal tissue from pluripotent stem cells generated a tremendous promise for developing new therapies of retinal degenerative diseases, which previously seemed unattainable. Together with use of induced pluripotent stem cells or/and CRISPR-based recombineering the retinal organoid technology provided an avenue for developing models of human retinal degenerative diseases "in a dish" for studying the pathology, delineating the mechanisms and also establishing a platform for large-scale drug screening. At the same time, retinal organoids, highly resembling developing human fetal retinal tissue, are viewed as source of multipotential retinal progenitors, young photoreceptors and just the whole retinal tissue, which may be transplanted into the subretinal space with a goal of replacing patient's degenerated retina with a new retinal "patch." Both approaches (transplantation and modeling/drug screening) were projected when Yoshiki Sasai demonstrated the feasibility of deriving mammalian retinal tissue from pluripotent stem cells, and generated a lot of excitement. With further work and testing of both approaches in vitro and in vivo, a major implicit limitation has become apparent pretty quickly: the absence of the uniform layer of Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) cells, which is normally present in mammalian retina, surrounds photoreceptor layer and develops and matures first. The RPE layer polarize into apical and basal sides during development and establish microvilli on the apical side, interacting with photoreceptors, nurturing photoreceptor outer segments and participating in the visual cycle by recycling 11-trans retinal (bleached pigment) back to 11-cis retinal. Retinal organoids, however, either do not have RPE layer or carry patches of RPE mostly on one side, thus directly exposing most photoreceptors in the developing organoids to neural medium. Recreation of the critical retinal niche between the apical RPE and photoreceptors, where many retinal disease mechanisms originate, is so far unattainable, imposes clear limitations on both modeling/drug screening and transplantation approaches and is a focus of investigation in many labs. Here we dissect different retinal degenerative diseases and analyze how and where retinal organoid technology can contribute the most to developing therapies even with a current limitation and absence of long and functional outer segments, supported by RPE.
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21
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Al-Ani A, Sunba S, Hafeez B, Toms D, Ungrin M. In Vitro Maturation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Is Essential for Maintaining High Expression of Key Functional Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176066. [PMID: 32842471 PMCID: PMC7503905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the industrialized world. AMD is associated with dysfunction and atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which provides critical support for photoreceptor survival and function. RPE transplantation is a promising avenue towards a potentially curative treatment for early stage AMD patients, with encouraging reports from animal trials supporting recent progression toward clinical treatments. Mature RPE cells have been reported to be superior, but a detailed investigation of the specific changes in the expression pattern of key RPE genes during maturation is lacking. To understand the effect of maturity on RPE, we investigated transcript levels of 19 key RPE genes using ARPE-19 cell line and human embryonic stem cell-derived RPE cultures. Mature RPE cultures upregulated PEDF, IGF-1, CNTF and BDNF—genes that code for trophic factors known to enhance the survival and function of photoreceptors. Moreover, the mRNA levels of these genes are maximized after 42 days of maturation in culture and lost upon dissociation to single cells. Our findings will help to inform future animal and human RPE transplantation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al-Ani
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.A.-A.); (S.S.); (B.H.); (M.U.)
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Leaders in Medicine Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Saud Sunba
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.A.-A.); (S.S.); (B.H.); (M.U.)
| | - Bilal Hafeez
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.A.-A.); (S.S.); (B.H.); (M.U.)
| | - Derek Toms
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.A.-A.); (S.S.); (B.H.); (M.U.)
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Mark Ungrin
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.A.-A.); (S.S.); (B.H.); (M.U.)
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Stanchfield ML, Webster SE, Webster MK, Linn CL. Involvement of HB-EGF/Ascl1/Lin28a Genes in Dedifferentiation of Adult Mammalian Müller Glia. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:200. [PMID: 32923455 PMCID: PMC7457012 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies from this lab have determined that dedifferentiation of Müller glia occurs after eye drop application of an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist, PNU-282987, to the adult rodent eye. PNU-282987 acts on α7 nAChRs on retinal pigment epithelial cells to stimulate production of Müller-derived progenitor cells (MDPCs) and ultimately lead to neurogenesis. This current study was designed to test the hypothesis that the activation of genes involved in the HB-EGF/Ascl1/Lin28a signaling pathway in Müller glia leads to the genesis of MDPCs. RNA-seq was performed on a Müller glial cell line (rMC-1) following contact with supernatant collected from a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line treated with PNU-282987. Differentially regulated genes were compared with published literature of Müller glia dedifferentiation that occurs in lower vertebrate regeneration and early mammalian development. HB-EGF was significantly up-regulated by 8 h and expression increased through 12 h. By 48 h, up-regulation of Ascl1 and Lin28a was observed, two genes known to be rapidly induced in dedifferentiating zebrafish Müller glia. Up-regulation of other genes known to be involved in mammalian development and zebrafish regeneration were also observed, as well as down-regulation of some factors necessary for Müller glia cell identity. RNA-seq results were verified using qRT-PCR. Using immunocytochemistry, the presence of markers associated with MDCP identity, Otx2, Nestin, and Vsx2, were found to be expressed in the 48 h treatment group cultures. This study is novel in its demonstration that Müller glia in adult rodents can be induced into regenerative activity by stimulating genes involved in the HB-EGF/Ascl1/Lin28a pathway that leads to MDPCs after introducing conditioned media from PNU-282987 treated RPE. This study furthers our understanding of the mechanism by which Müller glia dedifferentiate in response to PNU-282987 in the adult mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Stanchfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Sarah E Webster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Mark K Webster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Cindy L Linn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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23
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Ludwig CA, Vail D, Callaway NF, Pasricha MV, Moshfeghi DM. Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium Exposure and Drug-Induced Maculopathy in Commercially Insured Patients in the United States. Ophthalmology 2020; 127:535-543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Sharma P, Gupta S, Chaudhary M, Mitra S, Chawla B, Khursheed MA, Saran NK, Ramachandran R. Biphasic Role of Tgf-β Signaling during Müller Glia Reprogramming and Retinal Regeneration in Zebrafish. iScience 2020; 23:100817. [PMID: 32004993 PMCID: PMC6994856 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tgf-β signaling is a major antiproliferative pathway governing different biological functions, including cellular reprogramming. Upon injury, Müller glial cells of zebrafish retina reprogram to form progenitors (MGPCs) essential for regeneration. Here, the significance of Tgf-β signaling for inducing MGPCs is explored. Notably, Tgf-β signaling not only performs a pro-proliferative function but also is necessary for the expression of several regeneration-associated, essential transcription factor genes such as ascl1a, lin28a, oct4, sox2, and zebs and various microRNAs, namely, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-143, and miR-145 during different phases of retinal regeneration. This study also found the indispensable role played by Mmp2/Mmp9 in the efficacy of Tgf-β signaling. Furthermore, the Tgf-β signaling is essential to cause cell cycle exit of MGPCs towards later phases of regeneration. Finally, the Delta-Notch signaling in collaboration with Tgf-β signaling regulates the critical factor, Her4.1. This study provides novel insights into the biphasic roles of Tgf-β signaling in zebrafish during retinal regeneration. Tgf-β signaling is essential for retinal progenitor proliferation and cell cycle exit pSmad3 binds to 5GC and TIE elements to cause gene activations and repressions Tgf-β signaling regulates Zebs and various miRNAs for cellular reprograming Translation of Tgf-β signaling requires Mmp2/Mmp9 activity
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Shivangi Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Mansi Chaudhary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Soumitra Mitra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Bindia Chawla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Mohammad Anwar Khursheed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Navnoor Kaur Saran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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25
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Amini-Farsani Z, Asgharzade S. The impact of miR-183/182/96 gene regulation on the maturation, survival, and function of photoreceptor cells in the retina. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1616-1625. [PMID: 31785157 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) play important roles in posttranscriptional processes to regulate gene expression. MiRNAs control various biological processes, such as growth, development, and differentiation. The continuous physiological function of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium requires precise regulation to maintain their homeostasis and function; hence, these cells are highly susceptible to premature death in retinal degenerative disorders. MiRNAs are essential for the retinal cell maturation and function; the miR-183 cluster represents one of the most important regulatory factors for the photoreceptor cells. Various studies together with bioinformatics analyses have shown that many genes contributing to the differentiation pathway of photoreceptors are targets of the miR-183 cluster, and the miR-183 cluster dysregulation causes certain defects in the differentiation of the photoreceptors and other retinal neurons by influencing the expression of target genes. Misexpression of miR-183 cluster in the human retinal epithelial cells leads to the reprogramming and transformation of these cells to neuron- and photoreceptor-like cells, which are associated with the expression of neuron- and photoreceptor-specific markers in human retinal pigment epitheliums cells. The knockout of this cluster causes the destruction of the outer segment of the photoreceptors, which subsequently causes the cells to exhibit severe susceptibility to light and eventually degenerate. Hundreds of target genes in this family are likely to affect the development and maintenance of the retina. Identifying the genes that are regulated by the miRNA-183 cluster provides researchers with important insights into the complex development and regeneration mechanism of the retina and may offer a new way for maintaining and regenerating photoreceptor cells in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Amini-Farsani
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Samira Asgharzade
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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26
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Rosenberg Y, Doniger T, Harii S, Sinniger F, Levy O. Demystifying Circalunar and Diel Rhythmicity in Acropora digitifera under Constant Dim Light. iScience 2019; 22:477-488. [PMID: 31835172 PMCID: PMC6926284 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Life on earth has evolved under constant environmental changes; in response to these changes, most organisms have developed an endogenous clock that allows them to anticipate daily and seasonal changes and adapt their biology accordingly. Light cycles synchronize biological rhythms and are controlled by an endogenous clock that is entrained by environmental cues. Light is known to play a key role in the biology of symbiotic corals as they exhibit many biological processes entrained by daily light patterns. In this study, we aimed at determining the effect of constant dim light on coral's perception of diel and monthly cycles. Our results show that under constant dim light corals display a loss of rhythmic processes and constant stimuli by light, which initiates signal transduction that results in an abnormal cell cycle, cell proliferation, and protein synthesis. The results emphasize how constant dim light can mask the biological clock of Acropora digitifera. Light entrains many biological processes governed by the endogenous clock Constant dim light overrides the biological clock of A. digitifera corals Artificial light impacts the processes that allow corals to thrive in our oceans The increase of artificial light in coastal areas is a growing threat to coral reefs
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Rosenberg
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
| | - Tirza Doniger
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Saki Harii
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan
| | - Frederic Sinniger
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan
| | - Oren Levy
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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Greenlee T, Hom G, Conti T, Babiuch AS, Singh R. Re: Pearce et al.: Pigmentary maculopathy associated with chronic exposure to pentosan polysulfate sodium (Ophthalmology. 2018;125:1793-1802). Ophthalmology 2019; 126:e51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Ledwon JK, Turin SY, Gosain AK, Topczewska JM. The expression of fgfr3 in the zebrafish head. Gene Expr Patterns 2018; 29:32-38. [PMID: 29630949 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is essential for many developmental processes and plays a pivotal role in skeletal homeostasis, regeneration and wound healing. FGF signals through one of five tyrosine kinase receptors: Fgfr1a, -1b, -2, -3, -4. To characterize the expression of zebrafish fgfr3 from the larval stage to adulthood, we used RNAscope in situ hybridization on paraffin sections of the zebrafish head. Our study revealed spatial and temporal distribution of fgfr3 transcript in chondrocytes of the head cartilages, osteoblasts involved in bone formation, ventricular zone of the brain, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells of the skin, and lens epithelium of the eye. In general, the expression pattern of zebrafish fgfr3 is similar to the expression observed in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Ledwon
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sergey Y Turin
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arun K Gosain
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jolanta M Topczewska
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Wan J, Goldman D. Opposing Actions of Fgf8a on Notch Signaling Distinguish Two Muller Glial Cell Populations that Contribute to Retina Growth and Regeneration. Cell Rep 2018; 19:849-862. [PMID: 28445734 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The teleost retina grows throughout life and exhibits a robust regenerative response following injury. Critical to both these events are Muller glia (or, Muller glial cells; MGs), which produce progenitors for retinal growth and repair. We report that Fgf8a may be an MG niche factor that acts through Notch signaling to regulate spontaneous and injury-dependent MG proliferation. Remarkably, forced Fgf8a expression inhibits Notch signaling and stimulates MG proliferation in young tissue but increases Notch signaling and suppresses MG proliferation in older tissue. Furthermore, cessation of Fgf8a signaling enhances MG proliferation in both young and old retinal tissue. Our study suggests that multiple MG populations contribute to retinal growth and regeneration, and it reveals a previously unappreciated role for Fgf8a and Notch signaling in regulating MG quiescence, activation, and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wan
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Targeted deletion of the zebrafish actin-bundling protein L-plastin (lcp1). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190353. [PMID: 29293625 PMCID: PMC5749806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the cytoskeleton is essential for cell migration in health and disease. Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1 (lcp1, also called L-plastin) is a hematopoietic-specific actin-bundling protein that is highly conserved in zebrafish, mice and humans. In addition, L-plastin expression is documented as both a genetic marker and a cellular mechanism contributing to the invasiveness of tumors and transformed cell lines. Despite L-plastin’s role in both immunity and cancer, in zebrafish there are no direct studies of its function, and no mutant, knockout or reporter lines available. Using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, we generated null alleles of zebrafish lcp1 and examined the phenotypes of these fish throughout the life cycle. Our editing strategy used gRNA to target the second exon of lcp1, producing F0 mosaic fish that were outcrossed to wild types to confirm germline transmission. F1 heterozygotes were then sequenced to identify three unique null alleles, here called ‘Charlie’, ‘Foxtrot’ and ‘Lima’. In silico, each allele truncates the endogenous protein to less than 5% normal size and removes both essential actin-binding domains (ABD1 and ABD2). Although none of the null lines express detectable LCP1 protein, homozygous mutant zebrafish (-/-) can develop and reproduce normally, a finding consistent with that of the L-plastin null mouse (LPL -/-). However, such mice do have a profound immune defect when challenged by lung bacteria. Interestingly, we observed reduced long-term survival of zebrafish lcp1 -/- homozygotes (~30% below the expected numbers) in all three of our knockout lines, with greatest mortality corresponding to the period (4–6 weeks post-fertilization) when the innate immune system is functional, but the adaptive immune system is not yet mature. This suggests that null zebrafish may have reduced capacity to combat opportunistic infections, which are more easily transmissible in the aquatic environment. Overall, our novel mutant lines establish a sound genetic model and an enhanced platform for further studies of L-plastin gene function in hematopoiesis and cancer.
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Maddaluno L, Urwyler C, Werner S. Fibroblast growth factors: key players in regeneration and tissue repair. Development 2017; 144:4047-4060. [PMID: 29138288 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury initiates a complex repair process, which in some organisms can lead to the complete regeneration of a tissue. In mammals, however, the repair of most organs is imperfect and results in scar formation. Both regeneration and repair are orchestrated by a highly coordinated interplay of different growth factors and cytokines. Among the key players are the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which control the migration, proliferation, differentiation and survival of different cell types. In addition, FGFs influence the expression of other factors involved in the regenerative response. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the roles of endogenous FGFs in regeneration and repair in different organisms and in different tissues and organs. Gaining a better understanding of these FGF activities is important for appropriate modulation of FGF signaling after injury to prevent impaired healing and to promote organ regeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Maddaluno
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Urwyler
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Ng Chi Kei J, Currie PD, Jusuf PR. Fate bias during neural regeneration adjusts dynamically without recapitulating developmental fate progression. Neural Dev 2017; 12:12. [PMID: 28705258 PMCID: PMC5508679 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-017-0089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regeneration of neurons in the central nervous system is poor in humans. In other vertebrates neural regeneration does occur efficiently and involves reactivation of developmental processes. Within the neural retina of zebrafish, Müller glia are the main stem cell source and are capable of generating progenitors to replace lost neurons after injury. However, it remains largely unknown to what extent Müller glia and neuron differentiation mirror development. METHODS Following neural ablation in the zebrafish retina, dividing cells were tracked using a prolonged labelling technique. We investigated to what extent extrinsic feedback influences fate choices in two injury models, and whether fate specification follows the histogenic order observed in development. RESULTS By comparing two injury paradigms that affect different subpopulations of neurons, we found a dynamic adaptability of fate choices during regeneration. Both injuries followed a similar time course of cell death, and activated Müller glia proliferation. However, these newly generated cells were initially biased towards replacing specifically the ablated cell types, and subsequently generating all cell types as the appropriate neuron proportions became re-established. This dynamic behaviour has implications for shaping regenerative processes and ensuring restoration of appropriate proportions of neuron types regardless of injury or cell type lost. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that regenerative fate processes are more flexible than development processes. Compared to development fate specification we observed a disruption in stereotypical birth order of neurons during regeneration Understanding such feedback systems can allow us to direct regenerative fate specification in injury and diseases to regenerate specific neuron types in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Ng Chi Kei
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Peter David Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Patricia Regina Jusuf
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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33
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Chinchore Y, Begaj T, Wu D, Drokhlyansky E, Cepko CL. Glycolytic reliance promotes anabolism in photoreceptors. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28598329 PMCID: PMC5499945 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate photoreceptors are among the most metabolically active cells, exhibiting a high rate of ATP consumption. This is coupled with a high anabolic demand, necessitated by the diurnal turnover of a specialized membrane-rich organelle, the outer segment, which is the primary site of phototransduction. How photoreceptors balance their catabolic and anabolic demands is poorly understood. Here, we show that rod photoreceptors in mice rely on glycolysis for their outer segment biogenesis. Genetic perturbations targeting allostery or key regulatory nodes in the glycolytic pathway impacted the size of the outer segments. Fibroblast growth factor signaling was found to regulate glycolysis, with antagonism of this pathway resulting in anabolic deficits. These data demonstrate the cell autonomous role of the glycolytic pathway in outer segment maintenance and provide evidence that aerobic glycolysis is part of a metabolic program that supports the biosynthetic needs of a normal neuronal cell type. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25946.001 Living cells need building materials and energy to grow and carry out their activities. Most cells in the body use sugars like glucose for these purposes. In a process known as glycolysis, cells break down glucose into molecules that are eventually converted to carbon dioxide and water to form the chemical ATP – the cellular currency for energy. Developing cells that have not yet fully specialized, and rapidly dividing cells, like cancer cells, consume large amounts of glucose via aerobic glycolysis (also known as the Warburg effect) as they require high levels of energy and building materials. As cells become more specialized and divide less often, they have a reduced need for building blocks, and adjust their consumption and breakdown of glucose accordingly. One exception is the photoreceptor cells, found in the light-sensitive part of our eyes. Although these specialized cells do not divide, they still need a lot of energy and building blocks to constantly renew their light-sensing and processing structures, and to capture and convert the information from the environment into signals. Previous research has shown that the eye also uses the Warburg effect. However, until now, it was not known whether the photoreceptors or other cells in the eye carry out this form of glycolysis. Using genetic tools, Chinchore et al. analysed how the photoreceptor cells in mice used glucose. The experiments demonstrated that the photoreceptors do indeed carry out the Warburg effect. Chinchore et al. further discovered that the Warburg effect is regulated by the same key enzymes and signalling molecules that cancer cells use. This indicates that specialized cells like photoreceptors might choose to retain certain metabolic features of their precursor cells, if they need to. These findings provide new insight into how photoreceptors use glucose. The next step will be to understand how aerobic glycolysis is regulated in healthy eyes as well as in eyes that are affected by degenerating diseases, which may ultimately lead to new ways of treating blindness. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25946.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashodhan Chinchore
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Tedi Begaj
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - David Wu
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Eugene Drokhlyansky
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Constance L Cepko
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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Tappeiner C, Maurer E, Sallin P, Bise T, Enzmann V, Tschopp M. Inhibition of the TGFβ Pathway Enhances Retinal Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167073. [PMID: 27880821 PMCID: PMC5120850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the mammalian retina, the zebrafish retina exhibits the potential for lifelong retinal neurogenesis and regeneration even after severe damage. Previous studies have shown that the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway is activated during the regeneration of different tissues in the zebrafish and is needed for regeneration in the heart and the fin. In this study, we have investigated the role of the TGFβ pathway in the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced chemical model of rod photoreceptor de- and regeneration in adult zebrafish. Immunohistochemical staining for phosphorylated Smad3 was elevated during retinal regeneration, and phosphorylated Smad3 co-localized with proliferating cell nuclear antigen and glutamine synthetase, indicating TGFβ pathway activation in proliferating Müller glia. Inhibiting the TGFβ signaling pathway using a small molecule inhibitor (SB431542) resulted in accelerated recovery from retinal degeneration. Accordingly, we observed increased cell proliferation in the outer nuclear layer at days 3 to 8 after MNU treatment. In contrast to the observations in the heart and the fin, the inhibition of the TGFβ signaling pathway resulted in increased proliferation after the induction of retinal degeneration. A better understanding of the underlying pathways with the possibility to boost retinal regeneration in adult zebrafish may potentially help to stimulate such proliferation also in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Tappeiner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ellinor Maurer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Sallin
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bise
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Tschopp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Wan J, Goldman D. Retina regeneration in zebrafish. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:41-47. [PMID: 27281280 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Unlike mammals, zebrafish are able to regenerate a damaged retina. Key to this regenerative response are Müller glia that respond to retinal injury by undergoing a reprogramming event that allows them to divide and generate a retinal progenitor that is multipotent and responsible for regenerating all major retinal neuron types. The fish and mammalian retina are composed of similar cell types with conserved function. Because of this it is anticipated that studies of retina regeneration in fish may suggest strategies for stimulating Müller glia reprogramming and retina regeneration in mammals. In this review we describe recent advances and future directions in retina regeneration research using zebrafish as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wan
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Powell C, Cornblath E, Elsaeidi F, Wan J, Goldman D. Zebrafish Müller glia-derived progenitors are multipotent, exhibit proliferative biases and regenerate excess neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24851. [PMID: 27094545 PMCID: PMC4837407 DOI: 10.1038/srep24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, zebrafish can regenerate a damaged retina. Key to this regenerative response are Müller glia (MG) that respond to injury by reprogramming and adopting retinal stem cell properties. These reprogrammed MG divide to produce a proliferating population of retinal progenitors that migrate to areas of retinal damage and regenerate lost neurons. Previous studies have suggested that MG-derived progenitors may be biased to produce that are lost with injury. Here we investigated MG multipotency using injury paradigms that target different retinal nuclear layers for cell ablation. Our data indicate that regardless of which nuclear layer was damaged, MG respond by generating multipotent progenitors that migrate to all nuclear layers and differentiate into layer-specific cell types, suggesting that MG-derived progenitors in the injured retina are intrinsically multipotent. However, our analysis of progenitor proliferation reveals a proliferative advantage in nuclear layers where neurons were ablated. This suggests that feedback inhibition from surviving neurons may skew neuronal regeneration towards ablated cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Powell
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Eli Cornblath
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Fairouz Elsaeidi
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Jin Wan
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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38
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Stenkamp DL. Development of the Vertebrate Eye and Retina. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:397-414. [PMID: 26310167 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The mature, functional, and healthy eye is generated by the coordinated regulatory interaction of numerous and diverse developing tissues. The neural retina of the eye must undergo the neurogenesis of multiple retinal cell types in the correct ratios and spatial patterns. This chapter provides an overview of retinal development, and includes a summary of the process of eye organogenesis, a discussion of major principles of retinal neurogenesis, and describes some of the key molecular factors critical for retinal development. Defects in many of these factors underlie diseases of the eye, and an understanding of the process of retinal development will be critical for successful future applications of regenerative therapies for eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.
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Wan J, Zhao XF, Vojtek A, Goldman D. Retinal injury, growth factors, and cytokines converge on β-catenin and pStat3 signaling to stimulate retina regeneration. Cell Rep 2014; 9:285-297. [PMID: 25263555 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Müller glia (MG) in the zebrafish retina respond to retinal injury by generating multipotent progenitors for retinal repair. Here, we show that Insulin, Igf-1, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling components are necessary for retina regeneration. Interestingly, these factors synergize with each other and with heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and cytokines to stimulate MG to generate multipotent progenitors in the uninjured retina. These factors act by stimulating a core set of signaling cascades (Mapk/Erk, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI3K], β-catenin, and pStat3) that are also shared with retinal injury and exhibit a remarkable amount of crosstalk. Our studies suggest that MG both produce and respond to factors that stimulate MG reprogramming and proliferation following retinal injury. The identification of a core set of regeneration-associated signaling pathways required for MG reprogramming not only furthers our understanding of retina regeneration in fish but also suggests targets for enhancing regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wan
- The Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhao
- The Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anne Vojtek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Goldman
- The Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Markitantova YV, Avdonin PP, Grigoryan EN. FGF2 signaling pathway components in tissues of the posterior eye sector in the adult newt Pleurodeles waltl. BIOL BULL+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359014040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Müller glia are the major glial component of the retina. They are one of the last retinal cell types to be born during development, and they function to maintain retinal homeostasis and integrity. In mammals, Müller glia respond to retinal injury in various ways that can be either protective or detrimental to retinal function. Although these cells can be coaxed to proliferate and generate neurons under special circumstances, these responses are meagre and insufficient for repairing a damaged retina. By contrast, in teleost fish (such as zebrafish), the response of Müller glia to retinal injury involves a reprogramming event that imparts retinal stem cell characteristics and enables them to produce a proliferating population of progenitors that can regenerate all major retinal cell types and restore vision. Recent studies have revealed several important mechanisms underlying Müller glial cell reprogramming and retina regeneration in fish that may lead to new strategies for stimulating retina regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of
Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Sherpa T, Lankford T, McGinn TE, Hunter SS, Frey RA, Sun C, Ryan M, Robison BD, Stenkamp DL. Retinal regeneration is facilitated by the presence of surviving neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 74:851-76. [PMID: 24488694 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Teleost fish regenerate their retinas after damage, in contrast to mammals. In zebrafish subjected to an extensive ouabain-induced lesion that destroys all neurons and spares Müller glia, functional recovery and restoration of normal optic nerve head (ONH) diameter take place at 100 days postinjury. Subsequently, regenerated retinas overproduce cells in the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer, and the ONH becomes enlarged. Here, we test the hypothesis that a selective injury, which spares photoreceptors and Müller glia, results in faster functional recovery and fewer long-term histological abnormalities. Following this selective retinal damage, recovery of visual function required 60 days, consistent with this hypothesis. In contrast to extensively damaged retinas, selectively damaged retinas showed fewer histological errors and did not overproduce neurons. Extensively damaged retinas had RGC axons that were delayed in pathfinding to the ONH, and showed misrouted axons within the ONH, suggesting that delayed functional recovery following an extensive lesion is related to defects in RGC axons exiting the eye and/or reaching their central targets. The atoh7, fgf8a, Sonic hedgehog (shha), and netrin-1 genes were differentially expressed, and the distribution of hedgehog protein was disrupted after extensive damage as compared with selective damage. Confirming a role for Shh signaling in supporting rapid regeneration, shha(t4) +/- zebrafish showed delayed functional recovery after selective damage. We suggest that surviving retinal neurons provide structural/molecular information to regenerating neurons, and that this patterning mechanism regulates factors such as Shh. These factors in turn control neuronal number, retinal lamination, and RGC axon pathfinding during retinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshering Sherpa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
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Lenkowski JR, Raymond PA. Müller glia: Stem cells for generation and regeneration of retinal neurons in teleost fish. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 40:94-123. [PMID: 24412518 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult zebrafish generate new neurons in the brain and retina throughout life. Growth-related neurogenesis allows a vigorous regenerative response to damage, and fish can regenerate retinal neurons, including photoreceptors, and restore functional vision following photic, chemical, or mechanical destruction of the retina. Müller glial cells in fish function as radial-glial-like neural stem cells. During adult growth, Müller glial nuclei undergo sporadic, asymmetric, self-renewing mitotic divisions in the inner nuclear layer to generate a rod progenitor that migrates along the radial fiber of the Müller glia into the outer nuclear layer, proliferates, and differentiates exclusively into rod photoreceptors. When retinal neurons are destroyed, Müller glia in the immediate vicinity of the damage partially and transiently dedifferentiate, re-express retinal progenitor and stem cell markers, re-enter the cell cycle, undergo interkinetic nuclear migration (characteristic of neuroepithelial cells), and divide once in an asymmetric, self-renewing division to generate a retinal progenitor. This daughter cell proliferates rapidly to form a compact neurogenic cluster surrounding the Müller glia; these multipotent retinal progenitors then migrate along the radial fiber to the appropriate lamina to replace missing retinal neurons. Some aspects of the injury-response in fish Müller glia resemble gliosis as observed in mammals, and mammalian Müller glia exhibit some neurogenic properties, indicative of a latent ability to regenerate retinal neurons. Understanding the specific properties of fish Müller glia that facilitate their robust capacity to generate retinal neurons will inform and inspire new clinical approaches for treating blindness and visual loss with regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny R Lenkowski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Pamela A Raymond
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Wu SY, de Borsetti NH, Bain EJ, Bulow CR, Gamse JT. Mediator subunit 12 coordinates intrinsic and extrinsic control of epithalamic development. Dev Biol 2014; 385:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Characterization of light lesion paradigms and optical coherence tomography as tools to study adult retina regeneration in zebrafish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80483. [PMID: 24303018 PMCID: PMC3841302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-induced lesions are a powerful tool to study the amazing ability of photoreceptors to regenerate in the adult zebrafish retina. However, the specificity of the lesion towards photoreceptors or regional differences within the retina are still incompletely understood. We therefore characterized the process of degeneration and regeneration in an established paradigm, using intense white light from a fluorescence lamp on swimming fish (diffuse light lesion). We also designed a new light lesion paradigm where light is focused through a microscope onto the retina of an immobilized fish (focused light lesion). Focused light lesion has the advantage of creating a locally restricted area of damage, with the additional benefit of an untreated control eye in the same animal. In both paradigms, cell death is observed as an immediate early response, and proliferation is initiated around 2 days post lesion (dpl), peaking at 3 dpl. We furthermore find that two photoreceptor subtypes (UV and blue sensitive cones) are more susceptible towards intense white light than red/green double cones and rods. We also observed specific differences within light lesioned areas with respect to the process of photoreceptor degeneration: UV cone debris is removed later than any other type of photoreceptor in light lesions. Unspecific damage to retinal neurons occurs at the center of a focused light lesion territory, but not in the diffuse light lesion areas. We simulated the fish eye optical properties using software simulation, and show that the optical properties may explain the light lesion patterns that we observe. Furthermore, as a new tool to study retinal degeneration and regeneration in individual fish in vivo, we use spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Collectively, the light lesion and imaging assays described here represent powerful tools for studying degeneration and regeneration processes in the adult zebrafish retina.
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Willardsen M, Hutcheson DA, Moore KB, Vetter ML. The ETS transcription factor Etv1 mediates FGF signaling to initiate proneural gene expression during Xenopus laevis retinal development. Mech Dev 2013; 131:57-67. [PMID: 24219979 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor signaling plays a significant role in the developing eye, regulating both patterning and neurogenesis. Members of the Pea3/Etv4-subfamily of ETS-domain transcription factors (Etv1, Etv4, and Etv5) are transcriptional activators that are downstream targets of FGF/MAPK signaling, but whether they are required for eye development is unknown. We show that in the developing Xenopus laevis retina, etv1 is transiently expressed at the onset of retinal neurogenesis. We found that etv1 is not required for eye specification, but is required for the expression of atonal-related proneural bHLH transcription factors, and is also required for retinal neuron differentiation. Using transgenic reporters we show that the distal atoh7 enhancer, which is required for the initiation of atoh7 expression in the Xenopus retina, is responsive to both FGF signaling and etv1 expression. Thus, we conclude that Etv1 acts downstream of FGF signaling to regulate the initiation of neurogenesis in the Xenopus retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minde Willardsen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - David A Hutcheson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Kathryn B Moore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Tappeiner C, Balmer J, Iglicki M, Schuerch K, Jazwinska A, Enzmann V, Tschopp M. Characteristics of rod regeneration in a novel zebrafish retinal degeneration model using N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). PLoS One 2013; 8:e71064. [PMID: 23951079 PMCID: PMC3741320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary loss of photoreceptors caused by diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa is one of the main causes of blindness worldwide. To study such diseases, rodent models of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration are widely used. As zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a popular model system for visual research that offers persistent retinal neurogenesis throughout the lifetime and retinal regeneration after severe damage, we have established a novel MNU-induced model in this species. Histology with staining for apoptosis (TUNEL), proliferation (PCNA), activated Müller glial cells (GFAP), rods (rhodopsin) and cones (zpr-1) were performed. A characteristic sequence of retinal changes was found. First, apoptosis of rod photoreceptors occurred 3 days after MNU treatment and resulted in a loss of rod cells. Consequently, proliferation started in the inner nuclear layer (INL) with a maximum at day 8, whereas in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) a maximum was observed at day 15. The proliferation in the ONL persisted to the end of the follow-up (3 months), interestingly, without ongoing rod cell death. We demonstrate that rod degeneration is a sufficient trigger for the induction of Müller glial cell activation, even if only a minimal number of rod cells undergo cell death. In conclusion, the use of MNU is a simple and feasible model for rod photoreceptor degeneration in the zebrafish that offers new insights into rod regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Tappeiner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Balmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matias Iglicki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Clinicas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kaspar Schuerch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Jazwinska
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Tschopp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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48
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Gorsuch RA, Hyde DR. Regulation of Müller glial dependent neuronal regeneration in the damaged adult zebrafish retina. Exp Eye Res 2013; 123:131-40. [PMID: 23880528 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This article examines our current knowledge underlying the mechanisms involved in neuronal regeneration in the adult zebrafish retina. Zebrafish, which has the capacity to regenerate a wide variety of tissues and organs (including the fins, kidney, heart, brain, and spinal cord), has become the premier model system to study retinal regeneration due to the robustness and speed of the response and the variety of genetic tools that can be applied to study this question. It is now well documented that retinal damage induces the resident Müller glia to dedifferentiate and reenter the cell cycle to produce neuronal progenitor cells that continue to proliferate, migrate to the damaged retinal layer and differentiate into the missing neuronal cell types. Increasing our understanding of how these cellular events are regulated and occur in response to neuronal damage may provide critical information that can be applied to stimulating a regeneration response in the mammalian retina. In this review, we will focus on the genes/proteins that regulate zebrafish retinal regeneration and will attempt to critically evaluate how these factors may interact to correctly orchestrate the definitive cellular events that occur during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryne A Gorsuch
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Zebrafish Research, 027 Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - David R Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Zebrafish Research, 027 Galvin Life Science Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2c signaling is required for intestinal cell differentiation in zebrafish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58310. [PMID: 23484013 PMCID: PMC3590179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are four cell lineages derived from intestinal stem cells that are located at the crypt and villus in the mammalian intestine the non-secretory absorptive enterocytes, and the secretory cells, which include mucous-secreting goblet cells, regulatory peptide-secreting enteroendocrine cells and antimicrobial peptide-secreting Paneth cells. Although fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling is important for cell proliferation and differentiation in various tissues, its role in intestinal differentiation is less well understood. Methodology/Principal Findings We used a loss of function approach to investigate the importance of Fgf signaling in intestinal cell differentiation in zebrafish; abnormal differentiation of goblet cells was observed when Fgf signaling was inhibited using SU5402 or in the Tg(hsp70ldnfgfr1-EGFP) transgenic line. We identified Fgfr2c as an important receptor for cell differentiation. The number of goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells was reduced in fgfr2c morphants. In addition to secretory cells, enterocyte differentiation was also disrupted in fgfr2c morphants. Furthermore, proliferating cells were increased in the morphants. Interestingly, the loss of fgfr2c expression repressed secretory cell differentiation and increased cell proliferation in the mibta52b mutant that had defective Notch signaling. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, we found that Fgfr2c signaling derived from mesenchymal cells is important for regulating the differentiation of zebrafish intestine epithelial cells by promoting cell cycle exit. The results of Fgfr2c knockdown in mibta52b mutants indicated that Fgfr2c signaling is required for intestinal cell differentiation. These findings provide new evidences that Fgf signaling is required for the differentiation of intestinal cells in the zebrafish developing gut.
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50
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Sarras MP, Leontovich AA, Olsen AS, Intine RV. Impaired tissue regeneration corresponds with altered expression of developmental genes that persists in the metabolic memory state of diabetic zebrafish. Wound Repair Regen 2013; 21:320-8. [PMID: 23438205 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As previously reported by our laboratory, streptozocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) in adult zebrafish results in an impairment of tissue regeneration as monitored by caudal fin regeneration. Following streptozocin withdrawal, a recovery phase occurs to reestablish euglycemia, via pancreatic beta-cell regeneration. However, DM-associated impaired fin regeneration continues indefinitely in the metabolic memory (MM) state, allowing for subsequent molecular analysis of the underlying mechanisms of MM. This study focuses on elucidating the molecular basis that explains the DM-associated impaired fin regeneration and why it persists into the MM state with the aim of better understanding MM. Using a combination of microarray analysis and bioinformatics approaches, our study found that of the 14,900 transcripts analyzed, aberrant expression of 71 genes relating to tissue developmental and regeneration processes were identified in DM fish and the altered expression of these 71 genes persisted in MM fish. Key regulatory genes of major development and signal transduction pathways were identified among this group of 71. The aberrant expression of key regulatory genes in the DM state that persist into the MM state provides a plausible explanation on how hyperglycemia induced impaired fin regeneration in the adult zebrafish DM/MM model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Sarras
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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