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Liang J, Nie Y, Ren X, Li R, Xiong Z, Ai L, Tian Y. Gellan Gum Biosynthesis in Microorganisms: Current Status and Future Directions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2025. [PMID: 40396223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2025]
Abstract
Gellan gum is a widely used gel polysaccharide that is gaining market preference because of its unique gel characteristics. Although the biological synthesis of gellan gum dates back to the 1970s, research into its synthetic metabolic pathways has lagged behind that of other polysaccharides because of a lack of clarity. In recent years, driven by growing market demand and advancements in our understanding of metabolic pathways, as well as the rapid development of genetic engineering tools, the biological synthesis of gellan gum has progressed significantly. This article summarizes the developmental history of Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 31461 and the structure of gellan gum, with a particular focus on the metabolic pathway involved in the production of gellan gum by these strains. This review discusses the metabolic engineering and research progress of key genes at different stages of the synthesis pathway. Additionally, this article introduces strategies for obtaining high-titer strains using traditional breeding methods and metabolic engineering approaches. Finally, it addresses the methods for producing low-molecular-weight-gellan gum. We discuss ongoing disputes in the field and highlight promising directions for future research. This review aims to address the bottlenecks in gellan gum production by promoting a greener and more sustainable manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Liang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yupeng Nie
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xuebing Ren
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ruiguo Li
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yanjun Tian
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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Raman J, Kim JS, Ko YJ, Kim SJ. Nostoxanthin Biosynthesis by Sphingomonas Species (COS14-R2): Isolation, Identification, and Optimization of Culture Conditions. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:453. [PMID: 39527245 PMCID: PMC11554843 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Nostoxanthin, a yellow pigment, belongs to the xanthophyll group of carotenoids found in various species of bacteria and cyanobacteria. Several species of Sphingomonas can produce appropriate carotenoids for survive in various environments. This comprise nostoxanthin, a significant carotenoid. The study isolated the Sphingomonas species strain COS14-R2 from the Cosmos bipinnatus and identified it through the whole-genome sequence. The strain consists of a circular chromosome with a length of 3,677,457 base pairs.s ecThe genome consists of three carotenoid biosynthesis genes, specifically crtB (phytoene synthase), crtI (phytoene desaturase), and crtY (Lycopene beta-cyclase), which are involved in the synthesis of nostoxanthin. The strain has a circular, undulated colony morphology with a deep yellow color. It demonstrates optimal growth in liquid media at 25 to 35 °C and exhibits a high tolerance for pH levels between 5 and 11 and requires adequate quantities of carbon and nitrogen. We observed the highest concentration of nostoxanthin was recorded at 35 °C, pH of 7.5, glucose concentration of 40 g L-1, and a yeast extract concentration of 5 g L-1 during dark incubation. The fed-batch fermentation process produced nostoxanthin at a concentration of 217.22 ± 9.60 mg L-1, with a selectivity of 72.32% and a productivity of 2.59 g/L/h. The dry biomass extract was purified using column chromatography. The LC-MS/MS analysis of the purified fraction indicated that the molecular weight of nostoxanthin is 600.5098 m/z. The DPPH assay result of 75.5 ± 0.33% indicates nostoxanthin is highly effective in scavenging free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegadeesh Raman
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-Do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Seon Kim
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-Do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Ko
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-Do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-Do, 55365, Republic of Korea.
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García-Romero I, de Dios R, Reyes-Ramírez F. An improved genome editing system for Sphingomonadaceae. Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000755.v3. [PMID: 38868378 PMCID: PMC11165598 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000755.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The sphingomonads encompass a diverse group of bacteria within the family Sphingomonadaceae, with the presence of sphingolipids on their cell surface instead of lipopolysaccharide as their main common feature. They are particularly interesting for bioremediation purposes due to their ability to degrade or metabolise a variety of recalcitrant organic pollutants. However, research and development on their full bioremediation potential has been hampered because of the limited number of tools available to investigate and modify their genome. Here, we present a markerless genome editing method for Sphingopyxis granuli TFA, which can be further optimised for other sphingomonads. This procedure is based on a double recombination triggered by a DNA double-strand break in the chromosome. The strength of this protocol lies in forcing the second recombination rather than favouring it by pressing a counterselection marker, thus avoiding laborious restreaking or passaging screenings. Additionally, we introduce a modification with respect to the original protocol to increase the efficiency of the screening after the first recombination event. We show this procedure step by step and compare our modified method with respect to the original one by deleting ecfG2, the master regulator of the general stress response in S. granuli TFA. This adds to the genetic tool repertoire that can be applied to sphingomonads and stands as an efficient option for fast genome editing of this bacterial group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada García-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rubén de Dios
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Centre of Inflammation Research and Translational Medicine, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences,, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Francisca Reyes-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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Baiz MD, Wood AW, Toews DPL. Association between the gut microbiome and carotenoid plumage phenotype in an avian hybrid zone. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240238. [PMID: 38628125 PMCID: PMC11022011 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates host complex microbiomes that impact their physiology. In many taxa, including colourful wood-warblers, gut microbiome similarity decreases with evolutionary distance. This may suggest that as host populations diverge, so do their microbiomes, because of either tight coevolutionary dynamics, or differential environmental influences, or both. Hybridization is common in wood-warblers, but the effects of evolutionary divergence on the microbiome during secondary contact are unclear. Here, we analyse gut microbiomes in two geographically disjunct hybrid zones between blue-winged warblers (Vermivora cyanoptera) and golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera). We performed 16S faecal metabarcoding to identify species-specific bacteria and test the hypothesis that host admixture is associated with gut microbiome disruption. Species identity explained a small amount of variation between microbiomes in only one hybrid zone. Co-occurrence of species-specific bacteria was rare for admixed individuals, yet microbiome richness was similar among admixed and parental individuals. Unexpectedly, we found several bacteria that were more abundant among admixed individuals with a broader deposition of carotenoid-based plumage pigments. These bacteria are predicted to encode carotenoid biosynthesis genes, suggesting birds may take advantage of pigments produced by their gut microbiomes. Thus, host admixture may facilitate beneficial symbiotic interactions which contribute to plumage ornaments that function in sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella D. Baiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Andrew W. Wood
- Department of Biology, Pennylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - David P. L. Toews
- Department of Biology, Pennylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Hall BW, Kontur WS, Neri JC, Gille DM, Noguera DR, Donohue TJ. Production of carotenoids from aromatics and pretreated lignocellulosic biomass by Novosphingobium aromaticivorans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0126823. [PMID: 38014958 PMCID: PMC10734531 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01268-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There is economic and environmental interest in generating commodity chemicals from renewable resources, such as lignocellulosic biomass, that can substitute for chemicals derived from fossil fuels. The bacterium Novosphingobium aromaticivorans is a promising microbial platform for producing commodity chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass because it can produce these from compounds in pretreated lignocellulosic biomass, which many industrial microbial catalysts cannot metabolize. Here, we show that N. aromaticivorans can be engineered to produce several valuable carotenoids. We also show that engineered N. aromaticivorans strains can produce these lipophilic chemicals concurrently with the extracellular commodity chemical 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid when grown in a complex liquor obtained from alkaline pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. Concurrent microbial production of valuable intra- and extracellular products can increase the economic value generated from the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass-derived compounds into commodity chemicals and facilitate the separation of water- and membrane-soluble products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Hall
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wayne S. Kontur
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeanette C. Neri
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Derek M. Gille
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel R. Noguera
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy J. Donohue
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Nishida Y, Berg PC, Shakersain B, Hecht K, Takikawa A, Tao R, Kakuta Y, Uragami C, Hashimoto H, Misawa N, Maoka T. Astaxanthin: Past, Present, and Future. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:514. [PMID: 37888449 PMCID: PMC10608541 DOI: 10.3390/md21100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects. Originally recognized primarily for its role in imparting the characteristic red-pink color to various organisms, AX is currently experiencing a surge in interest and research. The growing body of literature in this field predominantly focuses on AXs distinctive bioactivities and properties. However, the potential of algae-derived AX as a solution to various global environmental and societal challenges that threaten life on our planet has not received extensive attention. Furthermore, the historical context and the role of AX in nature, as well as its significance in diverse cultures and traditional health practices, have not been comprehensively explored in previous works. This review article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the history leading up to the present, offering insights into the discovery of AX, its chemical and physical attributes, distribution in organisms, and biosynthesis. Additionally, it delves into the intricate realm of health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and the current market status of AX. By encompassing these multifaceted aspects, this review aims to provide readers with a more profound understanding and a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors directed at addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions. An updated summary of AXs health benefits, its present market status, and potential future applications are also included for a well-rounded perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
| | | | - Behnaz Shakersain
- AstaReal AB, Signum, Forumvägen 14, Level 16, 131 53 Nacka, Sweden; (P.C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Ruohan Tao
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Yumeka Kakuta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi 921-8836, Japan;
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
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Jiang L, Seo J, Peng Y, Jeon D, Lee JH, Kim CY, Lee J. A nostoxanthin-producing bacterium, Sphingomonas nostoxanthinifaciens sp. nov., alleviates the salt stress of Arabidopsis seedlings by scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1101150. [PMID: 36846770 PMCID: PMC9950776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel, nostoxanthin-producing, endophytic bacterium, designated as AK-PDB1-5T, was isolated from the needle-like leaves of the Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson) collected from Mt. Halla in Jeju, South Korea. A 16S rRNA sequence comparison indicated that the closest phylogenetic neighbors were Sphingomonas crusticola MIMD3T (95.6%) and Sphingomonas jatrophae S5-249T (95.3%) of the family Sphingomonadaceae. Strain AK-PDB1-5T had a genome size of 4,298,284 bp with a 67.8% G + C content, and digital DNA-DNA hybridization and OrthoANI values with the most closely related species of only 19.5-21% and 75.1-76.8%, respectively. Cells of the strain AK-PDB1-5T were Gram-negative, short rods, oxidase- and catalase-positive. Growth occurred at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum pH 8.0) in the absence of NaCl at 4-37°C (optimum 25-30°C). Strain AK-PDB1-5T contained C14:0 2OH, C16:0 and summed feature 8 as the major cellular fatty acids (> 10%), while sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phospholipids and lipids were found to be the major polar lipids. The strain produces a yellow carotenoid pigment; natural products prediction via AntiSMASH tool found zeaxanthin biosynthesis clusters in the entire genome. Biophysical characterization by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy and ESI-MS studies confirmed the yellow pigment was nostoxanthin. In addition, strain AK-PDB1-5T was found significantly promote Arabidopsis seedling growth under salt conditions by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Based on the polyphasic taxonomic analysis results, strain AK-PDB1-5T was determined to be a novel species in the genus Sphingomonas with the proposed name Sphingomonas nostoxanthinifaciens sp. nov. The type strain is AK-PDB1-5T (= KCTC 82822T = CCTCC AB 2021150T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmin Jiang
- Biological Resource Center, Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Seo
- Biological Resource Center, Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuxin Peng
- Biological Resource Center, Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Doeun Jeon
- Biological Resource Center, Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Huck Lee
- Biological Resource Center, Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Cha Young Kim
- Biological Resource Center, Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
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Casazza AP, Lombardi A, Menin B, Santabarbara S. Temperature-induced zeaxanthin overproduction in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 22:783-794. [PMID: 36536270 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The exogenous crtZ gene from Brevundimonas sp. SD212, coding for a 3,3' β-car hydroxylase, was expressed in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 under the control of a temperature-inducible promoter in an attempt to engineer the carotenoid metabolic pathway, to increase the content of zeaxanthin and its further hydroxylated derivatives caloxanthin and nostoxanthin. These molecules are of particular interest due to their renowned antioxidant properties. Cultivation of the engineered strain S7942Z-Ti at 35 °C, a temperature which is well tolerated by the wild-type strain and at which the inducible expression system is activated, led to a significant redistribution of the relative carotenoid content. β-Carotene decreased to about 10% of the pool that is an excess of a threefold decrease with respect to the control, and concomitantly, zeaxanthin became the dominant carotenoid accounting for about half of the pool. As a consequence, zeaxanthin and its derivatives caloxanthin and nostoxanthin collectively accounted for about 90% of the accumulated carotenoids. Yet, upon induction of CrtZ expression at 35 °C the S7942Z-Ti strain displayed a substantial growth impairment accompanied, initially, by a relative loss of carotenoids and successively by the appearance of chlorophyll degradation products which can be interpreted as markers of cellular stress. These observations suggest a limit to the exploitation of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 for biotechnological purposes aimed at increasing the production of hydroxylated carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Paola Casazza
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Lombardi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Menin
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Lombardino J, Bijlani S, Singh NK, Wood JM, Barker R, Gilroy S, Wang CCC, Venkateswaran K. Genomic Characterization of Potential Plant Growth-Promoting Features of Sphingomonas Strains Isolated from the International Space Station. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0199421. [PMID: 35019675 PMCID: PMC8754149 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01994-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an ongoing microbial tracking investigation of the International Space Station (ISS), several Sphingomonas strains were isolated. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, phylogenetic analysis identified the ISS strains as Sphingomonas sanguinis (n = 2) and one strain isolated from the Kennedy Space Center cleanroom (used to assemble various Mars mission spacecraft components) as Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Metagenomic sequence analyses of different ISS locations identified 23 Sphingomonas species. An abundance of shotgun metagenomic reads were detected for S. sanguinis in the location from where the ISS strains were isolated. A complete metagenome-assembled genome was generated from the shotgun reads metagenome, and its comparison with the whole-genome sequences (WGS) of the ISS S. sanguinis isolates revealed that they were highly similar. In addition to the phylogeny, the WGS of these Sphingomonas strains were compared with the WGS of the type strains to elucidate genes that can potentially aid in plant growth promotion. Furthermore, the WGS comparison of these strains with the well-characterized Sphingomonas sp. LK11, an arid desert strain, identified several genes responsible for the production of phytohormones and for stress tolerance. Production of one of the phytohormones, indole-3-acetic acid, was further confirmed in the ISS strains using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pathways associated with phosphate uptake, metabolism, and solubilization in soil were conserved across all the S. sanguinis and S. paucimobilis strains tested. Furthermore, genes thought to promote plant resistance to abiotic stress, including heat/cold shock response, heavy metal resistance, and oxidative and osmotic stress resistance, appear to be present in these space-related S. sanguinis and S. paucimobilis strains. Characterizing these biotechnologically important microorganisms found on the ISS and harnessing their key features will aid in the development of self-sustainable long-term space missions in the future. IMPORTANCESphingomonas is ubiquitous in nature, including the anthropogenically contaminated extreme environments. Members of the Sphingomonas genus have been identified as potential candidates for space biomining beyond earth. This study describes the isolation and identification of Sphingomonas members from the ISS, which are capable of producing the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid. Microbial production of phytohormones will help future in situ studies, grow plants beyond low earth orbit, and establish self-sustainable life support systems. Beyond phytohormone production, stable genomic elements of abiotic stress resistance, heavy metal resistance, and oxidative and osmotic stress resistance were identified, rendering the ISS Sphingomonas isolate a strong candidate for biotechnology-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swati Bijlani
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nitin K. Singh
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Jason M. Wood
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Richard Barker
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Simon Gilroy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Clay C. C. Wang
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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10
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Liu M, Yang Y, Li L, Ma Y, Huang J, Ye J. Engineering Sphingobium sp. to Accumulate Various Carotenoids Using Agro-Industrial Byproducts. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:784559. [PMID: 34805130 PMCID: PMC8600064 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.784559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids represent the most abundant lipid-soluble phytochemicals that have been shown to exhibit benefits for nutrition and health. The production of natural carotenoids is not yet cost effective to compete with chemically synthetic ones. Therefore, the demand for natural carotenoids and improved efficiency of carotenoid biosynthesis has driven the investigation of metabolic engineering of native carotenoid producers. In this study, a new Sphingobium sp. was isolated, and it was found that it could use a variety of agro-industrial byproducts like soybean meal, okara, and corn steep liquor to accumulate large amounts of nostoxanthin. Then we tailored it into three mutated strains that instead specifically accumulated ∼5 mg/g of CDW of phytoene, lycopene, and zeaxanthin due to the loss-of-function of the specific enzyme. A high-efficiency targeted engineering carotenoid synthesis platform was constructed in Escherichia coli for identifying the functional roles of candidate genes of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in Sphingobium sp. To further prolong the metabolic pathway, we engineered the Sphingobium sp. to produce high-titer astaxanthin (10 mg/g of DCW) through balance in the key enzymes β-carotene ketolase (BKT) and β-carotene hydroxylase (CHY). Our study provided more biosynthesis components for bioengineering of carotenoids and highlights the potential of the industrially important bacterium for production of various natural carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junchao Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingrun Ye
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Complete Genome Sequence of Sphingobium xenophagum PH3-15, Isolated from La Roche-Posay Thermal Water Sources. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0070021. [PMID: 34410160 PMCID: PMC8375476 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00700-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence of Sphingobium xenophagum strain PH3-15, which was isolated from La Roche-Posay thermal water sources. The assembled 4.6-Mbp genome consisted of two chromosomes and three plasmids. These data will provide valuable information and important insights into the physiology and metabolism of this Sphingobium organism.
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Kikukawa H, Okaya T, Maoka T, Miyazaki M, Murofushi K, Kato T, Hirono-Hara Y, Katsumata M, Miyahara S, Hara KY. Carotenoid Nostoxanthin Production by Sphingomonas sp. SG73 Isolated from Deep Sea Sediment. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19050274. [PMID: 34068940 PMCID: PMC8156329 DOI: 10.3390/md19050274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are used commercially for dietary supplements, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals because of their antioxidant activity. In this study, colored microorganisms were isolated from deep sea sediment that had been collected from Suruga Bay, Shizuoka, Japan. One strain was found to be a pure yellow carotenoid producer, and the strain was identified as Sphingomonas sp. (Proteobacteria) by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis; members of this genus are commonly isolated from air, the human body, and marine environments. The carotenoid was identified as nostoxanthin ((2,3,2',3')-β,β-carotene-2,3,2',3'-tetrol) by mass spectrometry (MS), MS/MS, and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Nostoxanthin is a poly-hydroxy yellow carotenoid isolated from some photosynthetic bacteria, including some species of Cyanobacteria. The strain Sphingomonas sp. SG73 produced highly pure nostoxanthin of approximately 97% (area%) of the total carotenoid production, and the strain was halophilic and tolerant to 1.5-fold higher salt concentration as compared with seawater. When grown in 1.8% artificial sea salt, nostoxanthin production increased by 2.5-fold as compared with production without artificial sea salt. These results indicate that Sphingomonas sp. SG73 is an efficient producer of nostoxanthin, and the strain is ideal for carotenoid production using marine water because of its compatibility with sea salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kikukawa
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (H.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.-H.)
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan;
| | - Takuma Okaya
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (H.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamo-Morimotocho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan;
| | - Masayuki Miyazaki
- Institute for Extra-Cutting-Edge Science and Technology Avant-Garde Research (X-Star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan;
| | - Keita Murofushi
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan;
- Industrial Research Institute of Shizuoka Prefecture, 2078 Makigaya, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 421-1298, Japan;
| | - Takanari Kato
- Hagoromo Foods Corporation, 151 Shimazaki-cho, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka 424-0823, Japan; (T.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Yoko Hirono-Hara
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (H.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - Masahiro Katsumata
- Hagoromo Foods Corporation, 151 Shimazaki-cho, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka 424-0823, Japan; (T.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Shoichi Miyahara
- Industrial Research Institute of Shizuoka Prefecture, 2078 Makigaya, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 421-1298, Japan;
| | - Kiyotaka Y. Hara
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (H.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.-H.)
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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Carotenoids produced by the deep-sea bacterium Erythrobacter citreus LAMA 915: detection and proposal of their biosynthetic pathway. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:441-456. [PMID: 33723710 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Technologies based on synthetic biology to produce bacterial natural carotenoids depend on information regarding their biosynthesis. Although the biosynthetic pathway of common carotenoids is known, there are carotenoids whose pathways are not completely described. This work aimed to mine the genome of the deep-sea bacterium Erythrobacter citreus LAMA 915, an uncommon bacterium that forms yellow colonies under cultivation. This work further explores the potential application of the carotenoids found and low-cost substrates for bacterial growth. A combined approach of genome mining and untargeted metabolomics analysis was applied. The carotenoid erythroxanthin sulfate was detected in E. citreus LAMA 915 cell extract. A proposal for carotenoid biosynthesis by this bacterium is provided, involving the genes crtBIYZWG. These are responsible for the biosynthesis of carotenoids from the zeaxanthin pathway and their 2,2'-hydroxylated derivatives. E. citreus LAMA 915 extracts showed antioxidant and sun protection effects. Based on the high content of proteases and lipases, it was possible to rationally select substrates for bacterial growth, with residual oil from fish processing the best low-cost substrate selected. This work advances in the understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis and provides a genetic basis that can be further explored as a biotechnological route for carotenoid production.
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Characterization of Heumann’s pigmented and non-pigmented strains of [Pseudomonas] Sphingomonas echinoides. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Liu M, Sandmann G, Chen F, Huang J. Enhanced Coproduction of Cell-Bound Zeaxanthin and Secreted Exopolysaccharides by Sphingobium sp. via Metabolic Engineering and Optimized Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12228-12236. [PMID: 31638826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zeaxanthin is a value-added carotenoid with wide applications. This study aims to manipulate a generally recognized as safe and carotenoid-producing bacterium, Sphingobium sp., for enhanced production of zeaxanthin and exopolysaccharides. First, whole-genome sequencing and analysis of pathway genes were applied to define the carotenoid pathway in Sphingobium sp. Second, a Sphingobium transformation system was established to engineer metabolite flux into zeaxanthin. By a combination of chemical mutagenesis and removal of bottlenecks of carotenoid biosynthesis via overexpression of three rate-limiting enzymes, the genetically modified Sphingobium DIZ strain produced 21.26 mg/g dry cell weight of zeaxanthin, which was about 4-fold higher than the wild type. Upon optimization of culture conditions, the DIZ strain produced 479.5 mg/L of zeaxanthin with the productivity of 4.99 mg/L/h and 21.9 g/L of exopolysaccharides using a fed-batch fermentation strategy. This study represents the first genetic manipulation of Sphingobium sp., a biotechnologically important bacterium, for high-yield production of value-added metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Gerhard Sandmann
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience , J.W. Goethe Universitat , Max von Laue Str. 9 , Frankfurt 60438 , Germany
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
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Setiyono E, Heriyanto, Pringgenies D, Shioi Y, Kanesaki Y, Awai K, Brotosudarmo THP. Sulfur-Containing Carotenoids from A Marine Coral Symbiont Erythrobacter flavus Strain KJ5. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E349. [PMID: 31212714 PMCID: PMC6627997 DOI: 10.3390/md17060349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrobacter flavus strain KJ5 (formerly called Erythrobacter sp. strain KJ5) is a yellowish marine bacterium that was isolated from a hard coral Acropora nasuta in the Karimunjawa Islands, Indonesia. The complete genome sequence of the bacterium has been reported recently. In this study, we examined the carotenoid composition of this bacterium using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-MS/MS. We found that the bacterium produced sulfur-containing carotenoids, i.e., caloxanthin sulfate and nostoxanthin sulfate, as the most abundant carotenoids. A new carotenoid zeaxanthin sulfate was detected based on its ESI-MS/MS spectrum. The unique presence of sulfated carotenoids found among the currently known species of the Erythrobacter genus were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edi Setiyono
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 465151, Indonesia; (E.S.); (H.); (Y.S.)
| | - Heriyanto
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 465151, Indonesia; (E.S.); (H.); (Y.S.)
| | - Delianis Pringgenies
- Department of Coastal Resource Management, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Soedarto Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia;
| | - Yuzo Shioi
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 465151, Indonesia; (E.S.); (H.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yu Kanesaki
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan;
| | - Koichiro Awai
- Department of Biological Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan;
| | - Tatas Hardo Panintingjati Brotosudarmo
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 465151, Indonesia; (E.S.); (H.); (Y.S.)
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17
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Petruk G, Roxo M, De Lise F, Mensitieri F, Notomista E, Wink M, Izzo V, Monti DM. The marine Gram-negative bacterium Novosphingobium sp. PP1Y as a potential source of novel metabolites with antioxidant activity. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 41:273-281. [PMID: 30542947 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-02636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The antioxidant activity and protective effect of a methanolic extract obtained from the marine Gram-negative bacterium Novosphingobium sp. PP1Y, isolated from the surface water of a polluted area in the harbour of Pozzuoli (Naples, Italy), was evaluated. RESULTS The extract was tested in vitro on epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and in vivo on Caenorhabditis elegans. It showed strong protective activity against oxidative stress, in both experimental systems, by preventing ROS accumulation. In the case of the cells, pre-treatment with methanolic extract was also able to maintain unaltered intracellular GSH levels and phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases p38. Instead, in the case of the worms, the extract was able to modulate the expression levels of stress response genes, by activating the transcription factor skn-1. CONCLUSIONS From a biotechnological and economical point of view, antioxidants from microorganisms are convenient as they provide a valid alternative to chemical synthesis and respond to the ever-growing market demand for natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Petruk
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariana Roxo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federica De Lise
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Mensitieri
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy
| | - Eugenio Notomista
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viviana Izzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, via S. Allende, 84081, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy.
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Siddaramappa S, Viswanathan V, Thiyagarajan S, Narjala A. Genomewide characterisation of the genetic diversity of carotenogenesis in bacteria of the order Sphingomonadales. Microb Genom 2018; 4. [PMID: 29620507 PMCID: PMC5989583 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The order Sphingomonadales is a taxon of bacteria with a variety of physiological features and carotenoid pigments. Some of the coloured strains within this order are known to be aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs that contain characteristic photosynthesis gene clusters (PGCs). Previous work has shown that majority of the ORFs putatively involved in the biosynthesis of C40 carotenoids are located outside the PGCs in these strains. The main purpose of this study was to understand the genetic basis for the various colour/carotenoid phenotypes of the strains of Sphingomonadales. Comparative analyses of the genomes of 41 strains of this order revealed that there were different patterns of clustering of carotenoid biosynthesis (crt) ORFs, with four ORF clusters being the most common. The analyses also revealed that co-occurrence of crtY and crtI is an evolutionarily conserved feature in Sphingomonadales and other carotenogenic bacteria. The comparisons facilitated the categorisation of bacteria of this order into four groups based on the presence of different crt ORFs. Yellow coloured strains most likely accumulate nostoxanthin, and contain six ORFs (group I: crtE, crtB, crtI, crtY, crtZ, crtG). Orange coloured strains may produce adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and erythroxanthin, and contain seven ORFs (group II: crtE, crtB, crtI, crtY, crtZ, crtG, crtW). Red coloured strains may accumulate astaxanthin, and contain six ORFs (group III: crtE, crtB, crtI, crtY, crtZ, crtW). Non-pigmented strains may contain a smaller subset of crt ORFs, and thus fail to produce any carotenoids (group IV). The functions of many of these ORFs remain to be characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumara Siddaramappa
- 1Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Vandana Viswanathan
- 1Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India.,2Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Saravanamuthu Thiyagarajan
- 1Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India
| | - Anushree Narjala
- 1Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India
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Ou L, Ang L, Chujun Z, Jingyu H, Yongli M, Shenjing Y, Junhua H, Xu G, Yulong Y, Rui Y, Jinpan H, Bin D, Xiufang H. Identification and characterization of six glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of a new bacterial exopolysaccharide in Paenibacillus elgii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1357-1366. [PMID: 29199353 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paenibacillus elgii B69 produces a new xylose-containing exopolysaccharide (EPS) that effectively removes the pollutants from wastewater through flocculation. However, information about the biosynthesis of this EPS is limited. In this study, sequence analysis showed six putative glycosyltransferases (GTs) genes in polysaccharide gene clusters involved in glycosidic linkages of repeating units. Each gene was deleted and phenotypes were examined to understand the functions of these genes. Two of the genes were deleted successfully to encode a priming glucose GT and a side-chain xylose GT, but other genes were unsuccessfully deleted because of the accumulation of toxic intermediate products. The six genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the corresponding enzymes were purified. The activity of GTs was analyzed through mass spectrometry by using the purified membrane fraction as a lipid carrier receptor after a hexasaccharide repeated unit was reconstructed in vitro. The specificities of six different GTs and the building order of the hexasaccharide were characterized. This study provided a basis for future research on the biosynthetic pathway of EPS in Paenibacillus or other genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ou
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China. .,The department of development technology of marine resources, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Li Ang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhang Chujun
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Huang Jingyu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Meng Yongli
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yuan Shenjing
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Huang Junhua
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Gao Xu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yao Yulong
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yin Rui
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hu Jinpan
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ding Bin
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hu Xiufang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Zhang W, Chen Z, Wu M, Shi Z, Zhu F, Li G, Ma T. Improved production of carotenoid-free welan gum in a genetic-engineered Alcaligenes sp. ATCC31555. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:991-7. [PMID: 26932903 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To improve the production of welan gum and obtain a carotenoid-free strain while reducing the fermentation and post-treatment costs. RESULTS The vitreoscilla globin (vgb) gene combined with the β-galactosidase (lacZ) promoter was inserted into the phytoene synthase (crtB) gene region of the chromosome in Alcaligenes sp. ATCC31555. When the recombinant strain was grown in a 5 l fermentor, welan gum was produced at 24 ± 0.4 g l(-1) compared to 21 g ± 0.4 g l(-1) in the wild type. Furthermore, the carotenoid-free welan gum produced using Alcaligenes sp. ATCC31555 VHb strain was less expensive with improved properties. CONCLUSIONS Alcaligenes sp. ATCC31555 VHb strain was a better neutral welan-producing strain with a higher production than the wild-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mengmeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Wu M, Li G, Huang H, Chen S, Luo Y, Zhang W, Li K, Zhou J, Ma T. The simultaneous production of sphingan Ss and poly(R-3-hydroxybutyrate) in Sphingomonas sanxanigenens NX02. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:361-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Two UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylases involved in the biosynthesis of a bacterial exopolysaccharide in Paenibacillus elgii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3127-39. [PMID: 25573472 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xylose is described as a component of bacterial exopolysaccharides in only a limited number of bacterial strains. A bacterial strain, Paenibacillus elgii, B69 was shown to be efficient in producing a xylose-containing exopolysaccharide. Sequence analysis was performed to identify the genes encoding the uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronic acid decarboxylase required for the synthesis of UDP-xylose, the precursor of the exopolysaccharide. Two sequences, designated as Peuxs1 and Peuxs2, were found as the candidate genes for such enzymes. The activities of the UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylases were proven by heterologous expression and real-time nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The intracellular activity and effect of these genes on the synthesis of exopolysaccharide were further investigated by developing a thymidylate synthase based knockout system. This system was used to substitute the conventional antibiotic resistance gene system in P. elgii, a natural multi-antibiotic resistant strain. Results of intracellular nucleotide sugar analysis showed that the intracellular UDP-xylose and UDP-glucuronic acid levels were affected in Peuxs1 or Peuxs2 knockout strains. The knockout of either Peuxs1 or Peuxs2 reduced the polysaccharide production and changed the monosaccharide ratio. No polysaccharide was found in the Peuxs1/Peuxs2 double knockout strain. Our results show that P. elgii can be efficient in forming UDP-xylose, which is then used for the synthesis of xylose-containing exopolysaccharide.
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Kim SH, Kim JH, Lee BY, Lee PC. The astaxanthin dideoxyglycoside biosynthesis pathway in Sphingomonas sp. PB304. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9993-10003. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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