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The Clinical Application of Pulsed Radiofrequency Induces Inflammatory Pain via MAPKs Activation: A Novel Hint for Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111865. [PMID: 34769297 PMCID: PMC8584518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) works by delivering short bursts of radiofrequency to a target nerve, thereby affecting nerve signal transduction to reduce pain. Although preliminary clinical investigations have shown that PRF treatment can be used safely as an alternative interventional treatment in patients with refractory pain conditions, unexpected damage to a normal nerve/ganglion is still one of the possible complications of using the PRF strategy. Noxious pain may also be triggered if PRF treatment accidentally damages an intact nerve. However, few studies in the literature have described the intracellular modifications that occur in neuronal cells after PRF stimulation. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effects of PRF on unimpaired nerve function and investigated the potential mechanisms of PRF-induced pain. Wistar rats were stimulated with 30-60 V of PRF for 6 min, and mechanical allodynia, cold hypersensitivity, cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity (p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK/SAPK) were analyzed. The results indicated that PRF stimulation induced a significant algesic effect and nociceptive response. In addition, the protein array and Western blotting analyses showed that the clinical application of 60 V of PRF can induce the activation of MAPKs and the production of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs in the lumbar dorsal horn, which is necessary for nerve inflammation, and it can be suppressed by MAPK antagonist treatment. These results indicate that PRF stimulation may induce inflammation of the intact nerve, which in turn causes inflammatory pain. This conclusion can also serve as a reminder for PRF treatment of refractory pain.
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Yang M, Barrios J, Yan J, Zhao W, Yuan S, Dong E, Ai X. Causal roles of stress kinase JNK2 in DNA methylation and binge alcohol withdrawal-evoked behavioral deficits. Pharmacol Res 2021; 164:105375. [PMID: 33316384 PMCID: PMC7867628 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Excessive binge alcohol intake is a common drinking pattern in humans, especially during holidays. Cessation of the binge drinking often leads to aberrant withdrawal behaviors, as well as serious heart rhythm abnormalities (clinically diagnosed as Holiday Heart Syndrome (HHS)). In our HHS mouse model with well-characterized binge alcohol withdrawal (BAW)-induced heart phenotypes, BAW leads to anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive impairment. We have previously reported that stress-activated c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) plays a causal role in BAW-induced heart phenotypes. In the HHS brain, we found that activation of JNK2 (but not JNK1 and JNK3) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), but not hippocampus and amygdala, led to anxiety-like behaviors and impaired cognition. DNA methylation mediated by a crucial DNA methylation enzyme, DNA methyltransferase1 (DNMT1), is known to be critical in alcohol-associated behavioral deficits. In HHS mice, JNK2 in the PFC (but not hippocampus and amygdala) causally enhanced total genomic DNA methylation via increased DNMT1 expression, which was regulated by enhanced binding of JNK downstream transcriptional factor c-JUN to the DNMT1 promoter. JNK2-specific inhibition either by an inhibitor JNK2I or JNK2 knockout completely offset c-JUN-regulated DNMT1 upregulation and restored the level of DNA methylation in HHS PFC to the baseline levels seen in sham controls. Strikingly, either JNK2-specific inhibition or genetic JNK2 depletion or DNMT1 inhibition (by an inhibitor 5-Azacytidine) completely abolished BAW-evoked behavioral deficits. In conclusion, our studies revealed a novel mechanism by which JNK2 drives BAW-evoked behavioral deficits through a DNMT1-regulated DNA hypermethylation. JNK2 could be a novel therapeutic target for alcohol withdrawal treatment and/or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jasson Barrios
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jiajie Yan
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Shengtao Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Erbo Dong
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Xun Ai
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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3
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Hepp Rehfeldt SC, Majolo F, Goettert MI, Laufer S. c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Inhibitors as Potential Leads for New Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9677. [PMID: 33352989 PMCID: PMC7765872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is becoming more prevalent as the population lives longer. For individuals over 60 years of age, the prevalence of AD is estimated at 40.19% across the world. Regarding the cognitive decline caused by the disease, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways such as the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway are involved in the progressive loss of neurons and synapses, brain atrophy, and augmentation of the brain ventricles, being activated by synaptic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. Nowadays, AD symptoms are manageable, but the disease itself remains incurable, thus the inhibition of JNK3 has been explored as a possible therapeutic target, considering that JNK is best known for its involvement in propagating pro-apoptotic signals. This review aims to present biological aspects of JNK, focusing on JNK3 and how it relates to AD. It was also explored the recent development of inhibitors that could be used in AD treatment since several drugs/compounds in phase III clinical trials failed. General aspects of the MAPK family, therapeutic targets, and experimental treatment in models are described and discussed throughout this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Cristine Hepp Rehfeldt
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado CEP 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (S.C.H.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Fernanda Majolo
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado CEP 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (S.C.H.R.); (F.M.)
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre CEP 90619-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Márcia Inês Goettert
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado CEP 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (S.C.H.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Chottekalapanda RU, Kalik S, Gresack J, Ayala A, Gao M, Wang W, Meller S, Aly A, Schaefer A, Greengard P. AP-1 controls the p11-dependent antidepressant response. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1364-1381. [PMID: 32439846 PMCID: PMC7303013 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most widely prescribed drugs for mood disorders. While the mechanism of SSRI action is still unknown, SSRIs are thought to exert therapeutic effects by elevating extracellular serotonin levels in the brain, and remodel the structural and functional alterations dysregulated during depression. To determine their precise mode of action, we tested whether such neuroadaptive processes are modulated by regulation of specific gene expression programs. Here we identify a transcriptional program regulated by activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex, formed by c-Fos and c-Jun that is selectively activated prior to the onset of the chronic SSRI response. The AP-1 transcriptional program modulates the expression of key neuronal remodeling genes, including S100a10 (p11), linking neuronal plasticity to the antidepressant response. We find that AP-1 function is required for the antidepressant effect in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate how neurochemical pathways of BDNF and FGF2, through the MAPK, PI3K, and JNK cascades, regulate AP-1 function to mediate the beneficial effects of the antidepressant response. Here we put forth a sequential molecular network to track the antidepressant response and provide a new avenue that could be used to accelerate or potentiate antidepressant responses by triggering neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy U. Chottekalapanda
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Salina Kalik
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Jodi Gresack
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Alyssa Ayala
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Melanie Gao
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Wei Wang
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Sarah Meller
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Ammar Aly
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Anne Schaefer
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cFriedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Paul Greengard
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
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Martín-Hernández D, Caso JR, Javier Meana J, Callado LF, Madrigal JLM, García-Bueno B, Leza JC. Intracellular inflammatory and antioxidant pathways in postmortem frontal cortex of subjects with major depression: effect of antidepressants. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:251. [PMID: 30180869 PMCID: PMC6122627 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies show that Toll-like receptors (TLRs), members of the innate immune system, might participate in the pathogenesis of the major depressive disorder (MDD). However, evidence of this participation in the brain of patients with MDD has been elusive. METHODS This work explores whether the protein expression by immunodetection assays (Western blot) of elements of TLR-4 pathways controlling inflammation and the oxidative/nitrosative stress are altered in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with MDD. The potential modulation induced by the antidepressant treatment on these parameters was also assessed. Thirty MDD subjects (15 antidepressant-free and 15 under antidepressant treatment) were matched for gender and age to 30 controls in a paired design. RESULTS No significant changes in TLR-4 expression were detected. An increased expression of the TLR-4 endogenous ligand Hsp70 (+ 33%), but not of Hsp60, and the activated forms of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 (+ 47%) and JNK (+ 56%) was observed in MDD. Concomitantly, MDD subjects present a 45% decreased expression of DUSP2 (a regulator of MAPKs) and reduced (- 21%) expression of the antioxidant nuclear factor Nrf2. Antidepressant treatment did not modify the changes detected in the group with MDD and actually increased (+ 25%) the expression of p11, a protein linked with the transport of neurotransmitters and depression. CONCLUSION Data indicate an altered TLR-4 immune response in the brain of subjects with MDD. Additional research focused on the mechanisms contributing to the antidepressant-induced TLR-4 pathway modulation is warranted and could help to develop new treatment strategies for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martín-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier R Caso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Javier Meana
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, B. Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces, Plaza de Cruces s/n, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Luis F Callado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, B. Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces, Plaza de Cruces s/n, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José L M Madrigal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Panic disorder (PD) is a severe and disabling mental disorder, which is moderately heritable. In a previous study, we carried out a genome-wide association study using patients with PD and control individuals from the isolated population of the Faroe Islands and identified chromosome 19p13.2 as a candidate region. To further investigate this chromosomal region for association with PD, we analysed eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in three candidate genes - small-nuclear RNA activating complex, polypeptide 2 (SNAPC2), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MAP2K7) and leucine-rich repeat containing 8 family, member E (LRRC8E) - these genes have previously been directly or indirectly implicated in other mental disorders. A total of 511 patients with PD and 1029 healthy control individuals from the Faroe Islands, Denmark and Germany were included in the current study. SNPs covering the gene region of SNAPC2, MAP2K7 and LRRC8E were genotyped and tested for association with PD. In the Faroese cohort, rs7788 within SNAPC2 was significantly associated with PD, whereas rs3745383 within LRRC8E was nominally associated. No association was observed between the analysed SNPs and PD in the Danish cohorts. In the German women, we observed a nominal association between rs4804833 within MAP2K7 and PD. We present further evidence that chromosome 19p13.2 may harbour candidate genes that contribute towards the risk of developing PD. Moreover, the implication of the associated genes in other mental disorders may indicate shared genetic susceptibility between mental disorders. We show that associated variants may be sex specific, indicating the importance of carrying out a sex-specific association analysis of PD.
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Wang R, Zhang W, Dong Z, Qi Y, Hultström M, Zhou X, Lai EY. c-Jun N-terminal Kinase mediates prostaglandin-induced sympathoexcitation in rats with chronic heart failure by reducing GAD1 and GABRA1 expression. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:494-509. [PMID: 27439062 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Prostaglandin E2 mediates sympathoexcitation in chronic heart failure (CHF) through EP3 receptors (PTGER3) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in expressional regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid signalling in PVN in CHF rats. METHODS Chronic heart failure was induced by left coronary ligation in Wistar rats. Renal sympathetic nerve discharge (RSND) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to the PVN infusion were determined in anaesthetized rats. Osmotic minipumps were used for chronic PVN infusion. PTGER3 expression was examined with immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS Chronic heart failure rats had increased JNK activation and decreased glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) and GABAA receptor alpha 1 subunit (GABRA1) expression in the PVN. PVN infusion of the PTGER3 agonist SC-46275 caused sympathoexcitation in sham-operated control (Sham) rats and increased it further in CHF. The PTGER3 antagonist L798106 reduced sympathoexcitation and cardiac dysfunction in CHF. PVN infusion of EP1 receptor antagonist SC-19220, EP2 receptor antagonist AH6809 or EP4 receptor antagonist L-161982 had no effect on sympathoexcitation. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 normalized sympathoexcitation and GAD1 and GABRA1 expression in PVN in CHF rats. Both the p44/42 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors PD98059 and SB203580 could not prevent the downregulation of GAD1 and GABRA1 expression in PVN in CHF. PTGER3 agonist activated JNK but downregulated GAD1 and GABRA1 expression in NG108 neuronal cells. CONCLUSION Prostaglandin signalling through upregulated PTGER3 activates JNK which reduces GAD1 and GABRA1 expression in the PVN, and contributes to sympathoexcitation in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Wang
- Department of Biotechnology; School of Life Science; Jilin Normal University; Siping China
| | - W. Zhang
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
| | - Z. Dong
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - Y. Qi
- Department of Bioscience; School of Life Science; Jilin Normal University; Siping China
| | - M. Hultström
- Integrative Physiology; Department of Medical Cell Biology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine; Department of Surgical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - X. Zhou
- Department of Bioscience; School of Life Science; Jilin Normal University; Siping China
| | - E. Y. Lai
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
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Jovicic MJ, Lukic I, Radojcic M, Adzic M, Maric NP. Modulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling and specific glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in the treatment of major depression. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:291-4. [PMID: 26052031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid resistance is a common finding in major depressive disorder. Increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) phosphorylation at serine 226 is associated with increased glucocorticoid resistance. Previously we have demonstrated that depressed patients exhibit higher levels of GR phosphorylated at serine 226 compared to healthy controls. The enzyme that is involved in this specific GR phosphorylation is c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). We propose that modulation of glucocorticoid phosphorylation at serine 226, by targeting JNK signaling pathway, could be a potential strategy for antidepressant treatment. We base this assumption on the results of previous research that examined GR phosphorylation and JNK signaling in animal models and human studies. We also discuss the potential challenges in targeting JNK signaling pathway in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iva Lukic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Radojcic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Adzic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadja P Maric
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Luís A, Martins JD, Silva A, Ferreira I, Cruz MT, Neves BM. Oxidative stress-dependent activation of the eIF2α–ATF4 unfolded protein response branch by skin sensitizer 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene modulates dendritic-like cell maturation and inflammatory status in a biphasic manner [corrected]. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:217-29. [PMID: 25236743 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis, the most common manifestation of immunotoxicity in humans, is intimately connected to hapten-induced maturation of dendritic cells (DC). The molecular mechanisms driving this maturational program are not completely known; however, initial danger signals such as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were shown to play a critical role. Recent evidence linking ROS production, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases led us to analyze, in the present work, the ability of the skin sensitizer 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) to evoke ER stress in DC-like THP-1 cells and the concomitant consequences to their immunobiology. We found that DNFB triggers a ROS-dependent activation of the PERK-eIFα-ATF4 unfolded protein response (UPR) branch conferring cytoprotection and modulating the maturation/proinflammatory cell status in a biphasic manner. Early DNFB induction of ATF4 positively modulates autophagy-related genes MAP1LC3B and ATG3 and stabilizes the transcription factor Nrf2, causing a strong induction of the HMOX1-detoxifying gene. Moreover, we observed that in a first phase, DNFB-induced ATF4 upregulates IL8 mRNA levels while blocking CD86, IL1B, IL12B, and CXL10 transcription. Later, following ATF4 decay, HMOX1 and IL8 transcription drastically decrease and CD86, IL1B, and Il12B are upregulated. Overall, our results evidence a connection between sensitizer-induced redox imbalance and the establishment of ER stress in DC-like cells and provide new insights into the role of UPR effectors such as ATF4 to the complex DC maturational program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Luís
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Centre, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Demétrio Martins
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Silva
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ferreira
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Miguel Neves
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Centre, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.
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10
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Malki K, Keers R, Tosto MG, Lourdusamy A, Carboni L, Domenici E, Uher R, McGuffin P, Schalkwyk LC. The endogenous and reactive depression subtypes revisited: integrative animal and human studies implicate multiple distinct molecular mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder. BMC Med 2014; 12:73. [PMID: 24886127 PMCID: PMC4046519 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-12-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD) suggested that the presence or absence of stress prior to onset results in either 'reactive' or 'endogenous' subtypes of the disorder, respectively. Several lines of research suggest that the biological underpinnings of 'reactive' or 'endogenous' subtypes may also differ, resulting in differential response to treatment. We investigated this hypothesis by comparing the gene-expression profiles of three animal models of 'reactive' and 'endogenous' depression. We then translated these findings to clinical samples using a human post-mortem mRNA study. METHODS Affymetrix mouse whole-genome oligonucleotide arrays were used to measure gene expression from hippocampal tissues of 144 mice from the Genome-based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression (GENDEP) project. The study used four inbred mouse strains and two depressogenic 'stress' protocols (maternal separation and Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress) to model 'reactive' depression. Stress-related mRNA differences in mouse were compared with a parallel mRNA study using Flinders Sensitive and Resistant rat lines as a model of 'endogenous' depression. Convergent genes differentially expressed across the animal studies were used to inform candidate gene selection in a human mRNA post-mortem case control study from the Stanley Brain Consortium. RESULTS In the mouse 'reactive' model, the expression of 350 genes changed in response to early stresses and 370 in response to late stresses. A minimal genetic overlap (less than 8.8%) was detected in response to both stress protocols, but 30% of these genes (21) were also differentially regulated in the 'endogenous' rat study. This overlap is significantly greater than expected by chance. The VAMP-2 gene, differentially expressed across the rodent studies, was also significantly altered in the human study after correcting for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 'endogenous' and 'reactive' subtypes of depression are associated with largely distinct changes in gene-expression. However, they also suggest that the molecular signature of 'reactive' depression caused by early stressors differs considerably from that of 'reactive' depression caused by late stressors. A small set of genes was consistently dysregulated across each paradigm and in post-mortem brain tissue of depressed patients suggesting a final common pathway to the disorder. These genes included the VAMP-2 gene, which has previously been associated with Axis-I disorders including MDD, bipolar depression, schizophrenia and with antidepressant treatment response. We also discuss the implications of our findings for disease classification, personalized medicine and case-control studies of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Malki
- King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, at Institute of Psychiatry, SGDP Research Centre (PO80), De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Robert Keers
- King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, at Institute of Psychiatry, SGDP Research Centre (PO80), De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Tosto
- King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, at Institute of Psychiatry, SGDP Research Centre (PO80), De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery in Neuroscience, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Verona, Italy
- Current address: Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Uher
- King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, at Institute of Psychiatry, SGDP Research Centre (PO80), De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Peter McGuffin
- King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, at Institute of Psychiatry, SGDP Research Centre (PO80), De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Leonard C Schalkwyk
- King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, at Institute of Psychiatry, SGDP Research Centre (PO80), De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
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Feng C, He K, Zhang C, Su S, Li B, Li Y, Duan CY, Chen S, Chen R, Liu Y, Li H, Wei M, Xia X, Dai R. JNK contributes to the tumorigenic potential of human cholangiocarcinoma cells through the mTOR pathway regulated GRP78 induction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90388. [PMID: 24587347 PMCID: PMC3938720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Less is known about the roles of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Here, we report that JNK exerts its oncogenic action in human CCA cells, partially due to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulated glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) induction. In human CCA cells, the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor alpha (eIF2α) results in the accumulation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and GRP78 independent of unfolded protein response (UPR). Suppression of GRP78 expression decreases the proliferation and invasion of human CCA cells. It's notable that mTOR is required for eIF2α phosphorylation-induced ATF4 and GRP78 expression. Importantly, JNK promotes eIF2α/ATF4-mediated GRP78 induction through regulating the activity of mTOR. Thus, our study implicates JNK/mTOR signaling plays an important role in cholangiocarcinogenesis, partially through promoting the eIF2α/ATF4/GRP78 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Song Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxiao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chun-Yan Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaokun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Run Chen
- Department of Public Health, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Youping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianming Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Rongyang Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Knockout of c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1, 2 or 3 isoforms induces behavioural changes. Behav Brain Res 2013; 245:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Social agonistic distress in male and female mice: changes of behavior and brain monoamine functioning in relation to acute and chronic challenges. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60133. [PMID: 23565195 PMCID: PMC3614949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful events promote several neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter changes that might contribute to the provocation of psychological and physical pathologies. Perhaps, because of its apparent ecological validity and its simple application, there has been increasing use of social defeat (resident-intruder) paradigms as a stressor. The frequency of stress-related psychopathology is much greater in females than in males, but the typical resident-intruder paradigm is less useful in assessing stressor effects in females. An alternative, but infrequently used procedure in females involves exposing a mouse to a lactating dam, resulting in threatening gestures being expressed by the resident. In the present investigation we demonstrated the utility of this paradigm, showing that the standard resident-intruder paradigm in males and the modified version in females promoted elevated anxiety in a plus-maze test. The behavioral effects that reflected anxiety were more pronounced 2 weeks after the stressor treatment than they were 2 hr afterward, possibly reflecting the abatement of the stress-related of hyper-arousal. These treatments, like a stressor comprising physical restraint, increased plasma corticosterone and elicited variations of norepinephrine and serotonin levels and turnover within the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and central amygdala. Moreover, the stressor effects were exaggerated among mice that had been exposed to a chronic or subchronic-intermittent regimen of unpredictable stressors. Indeed, some of the monoamine changes were more pronounced in females than in males, although it is less certain whether this represented compensatory changes to deal with chronic stressors that could result in excessive strain on biological systems (allostatic overload).
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Zhang C, Bai N, Chang A, Zhang Z, Yin J, Shen W, Tian Y, Xiang R, Liu C. ATF4 is directly recruited by TLR4 signaling and positively regulates TLR4-trigged cytokine production in human monocytes. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 10:84-94. [PMID: 23241898 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sentinels of the host defense system, which recognize a large number of microbial pathogens. The host defense system may be inefficient or inflammatory diseases may develop if microbial recognition by TLRs and subsequent TLR-triggered cytokine production are deregulated. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a member of the ATF/CREB transcription factor family, is an important factor that participates in several pathophysiological processes. In this report, we found that ATF4 is also involved in the TLR-mediated innate immune response, which participates in TLR4 signal transduction and mediates the secretion of a variety of cytokines. We observed that ATF4 is activated and translocates to the nucleus following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation via the TLR4-MyD88-dependent pathway. Additionally, a cytokine array assay showed that some key inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES, are positively regulated by ATF4. We also demonstrate that c-Jun directly binds to ATF4, thereby promoting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results indicate that ATF4 acts as a positive regulator in TLR4-triggered cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
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