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Braczko F, Fischl SR, Reinders J, Lieder HR, Kleinbongard P. Activation of the nonneuronal cholinergic cardiac system by hypoxic preconditioning protects isolated adult cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 327:H70-H79. [PMID: 38700468 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00211.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Activation of the vagus nerve mediates cardioprotection and attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In response to vagal activation, acetylcholine (ACh) is released from the intracardiac nervous system (ICNS) and activates intracellular cardioprotective signaling cascades. Recently, however, a nonneuronal cholinergic cardiac system (NNCCS) in cardiomyocytes has been described as an additional source of ACh. To investigate whether the NNCCS mediates cardioprotection in the absence of vagal and ICNS activation, we used a reductionist approach of isolated adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes without neuronal cells, using hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) as a protective stimulus. Adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were isolated, the absence of neuronal cells was confirmed, and HPC was induced by 10/20 min hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) before subjection to 30/5 min H/R to simulate I/R injury. Cardiomyocyte viability was assessed by trypan blue staining at baseline and after HPC+H/R or H/R. Intra- and extracellular ACh was quantified using liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry at baseline, after HPC, after hypoxia, and after reoxygenation, respectively. In a subset of experiments, muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptor (m- and nAChR) antagonists were added during HPC or during H/R. Cardiomyocyte viability at baseline (69 ± 4%) was reduced by H/R (10 ± 3%). With HPC, cardiomyocyte viability was preserved after H/R (25 ± 6%). Intra- and extracellular ACh increased during hypoxia; HPC further increased both intra- and extracellular ACh (from 0.9 ± 0.7 to 1.5 ± 1.0 nmol/mg; from 0.7 ± 0.6 to 1.1 ± 0.7 nmol/mg, respectively). The addition of mAChR and nAChR antagonists during HPC had no impact on HPC's protection; however, protection was abrogated when antagonists were added during H/R (cardiomyocyte viability after H/R: 23 ± 5%; 13 ± 4%). In conclusion, activation of the NNCCS is involved in cardiomyocyte protection; HPC increases intra- and extracellular ACh during H/R, and m- and nAChRs are causally involved in HPC's cardiomyocyte protection during H/R. The interplay between upstream ICNS activation and NNCCS activation in myocardial cholinergic metabolism and cardioprotection needs to be investigated in future studies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The intracardiac nervous system is considered to be involved in ischemic conditioning's cardioprotection through the release of acetylcholine (ACh). However, we demonstrate that hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) protects from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury and increases intra- and extracellular ACh during hypoxia in isolated adult ventricular rat cardiomyocytes. HPC's protection involves cardiomyocyte muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptor activation. Thus, besides the intracardiac nervous system, a nonneuronal cholinergic cardiac system may also be causally involved in cardiomyocyte protection by ischemic conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Braczko
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sara Romina Fischl
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Helmut Raphael Lieder
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Kleinbongard
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Kurabayashi A, Iwashita W, Furihata K, Fukuhara H, Inoue K. Potential effect of the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system on hepatic glucose and energy metabolism. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1381721. [PMID: 38818213 PMCID: PMC11137232 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1381721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve belongs to the parasympathetic nervous system, which is involved in the regulation of organs throughout the body. Since the discovery of the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system (NNCCS), several studies have provided evidence for the positive role of acetylcholine (ACh) released from cardiomyocytes against cardiovascular diseases, such as sympathetic hyperreactivity-induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction as well as myocardial infarction. Non-neuronal ACh released from cardiomyocytes is believed to regulate key physiological functions of the heart, such as attenuating heart rate, offsetting hypertrophic signals, maintaining action potential propagation, and modulating cardiac energy metabolism through the muscarinic ACh receptor in an auto/paracrine manner. Moreover, the NNCCS may also affect peripheral remote organs (e.g., liver) through the vagus nerve. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) and NNCCS activate the central nervous system and afferent vagus nerve. RIPC affects hepatic glucose and energy metabolism through the central nervous system and vagus nerve. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and potential factors responsible for NNCCS in glucose and energy metabolism in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waka Iwashita
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Kaoru Furihata
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan
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Targosova K, Kucera M, Fazekas T, Kilianova Z, Stankovicova T, Hrabovska A. α7 nicotinic receptors play a role in regulation of cardiac hemodynamics. J Neurochem 2024; 168:414-427. [PMID: 37017608 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic receptors (NR) have been confirmed in the heart but their role in cardiac functions has been contradictory. To address these contradictory findings, we analyzed cardiac functions in α7 NR knockout mice (α7-/-) in vivo and ex vivo in isolated hearts. A standard limb leads electrocardiogram was used, and the pressure curves were recorded in vivo, in Arteria carotis and in the left ventricle, or ex vivo, in the left ventricle of the spontaneously beating isolated hearts perfused following Langedorff's method. Experiments were performed under basic conditions, hypercholinergic conditions, and adrenergic stress. The relative expression levels of α and β NR subunits, muscarinic receptors, β1 adrenergic receptors, and acetylcholine life cycle markers were determined using RT-qPCR. Our results revealed a prolonged QT interval in α7-/- mice. All in vivo hemodynamic parameters were preserved under all studied conditions. The only difference in ex vivo heart rate between genotypes was the loss of bradycardia in prolonged incubation of isoproterenol-pretreated hearts with high doses of acetylcholine. In contrast, left ventricular systolic pressure was lower under basal conditions and showed a significantly higher increase during adrenergic stimulation. No changes in mRNA expression were observed. In conclusion, α7 NR has no major effect on heart rate, except when stressed hearts are exposed to a prolonged hypercholinergic state, suggesting a role in acetylcholine spillover control. In the absence of extracardiac regulatory mechanisms, left ventricular systolic impairment is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Targosova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Kucera
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Fazekas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kilianova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tatiana Stankovicova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Hrabovska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Kakinuma Y. Non-neuronal cholinergic system in the heart influences its homeostasis and an extra-cardiac site, the blood-brain barrier. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1384637. [PMID: 38601043 PMCID: PMC11004362 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1384637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The non-neuronal cholinergic system of the cardiovascular system has recently gained attention because of its origin. The final product of this system is acetylcholine (ACh) not derived from the parasympathetic nervous system but from cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Accordingly, it is defined as an ACh synthesis system by non-neuronal cells. This system plays a dispensable role in the heart and cardiomyocytes, which is confirmed by pharmacological and genetic studies using murine models, such as models with the deletion of vesicular ACh transporter gene and modulation of the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene. In these models, this system sustained the physiological function of the heart, prevented the development of cardiac hypertrophy, and negatively regulated the cardiac metabolism and reactive oxygen species production, resulting in sustained cardiac homeostasis. Further, it regulated extra-cardiac organs, as revealed by heart-specific ChAT transgenic (hChAT tg) mice. They showed enhanced functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), indicating that the augmented system influences the BBB through the vagus nerve. Therefore, the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system indirectly influences brain function. This mini-review summarizes the critical cardiac phenotypes of hChAT tg mice and focuses on the effect of the system on BBB functions. We discuss the possibility that a cholinergic signal or vagus nerve influences the expression of BBB component proteins to consolidate the barrier, leading to the downregulation of inflammatory responses in the brain, and the modulation of cardiac dysfunction-related effects on the brain. This also discusses the possible interventions using the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Kaplan A, Lakkis B, El-Samadi L, Karaayvaz EB, Booz GW, Zouein FA. Cooling Down Inflammation in the Cardiovascular System via the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023; 82:241-265. [PMID: 37539950 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Inflammation is a major player in many cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. In many individuals, these conditions coexist and mutually exacerbate each other's progression. The pathophysiology of these diseases entails the active involvement of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Immune cells that possess the α7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on their surface have the potential to be targeted through both pharmacological and electrical stimulation of the cholinergic system. The cholinergic system regulates the inflammatory response to various stressors in different organ systems by systematically suppressing spleen-derived monocytes and chemokines and locally improving immune cell function. Research on the cardiovascular system has demonstrated the potential for atheroma plaque stabilization and regression as favorable outcomes. Smaller infarct size and reduced fibrosis have been associated with improved cardiac function and a decrease in adverse cardiac remodeling. Furthermore, enhanced electrical stability of the myocardium can lead to a reduction in the incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmia. In addition, improving mitochondrial dysfunction and decreasing oxidative stress can result in less myocardial tissue damage caused by reperfusion injury. Restoring baroreflex activity and reduction in renal damage can promote blood pressure regulation and help counteract hypertension. Thus, the present review highlights the potential of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation as a natural approach to alleviate the adverse consequences of inflammation in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Kaplan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Cardiology, Kemer Public Hospital, Kemer, Antalya, Turkey
- The Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Excellence, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bachir Lakkis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lana El-Samadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ekrem Bilal Karaayvaz
- Department of Cardiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; and
| | - Fouad A Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
- The Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Excellence, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; and
- Department of Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, France
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Rampa L, Santangelo R, Gaspardone C, Cerutti A, Magnani G, Piscazzi F, Sgherzi G, Fiore G, Filippi M, Agosta F, Margonato A, Fragasso G. Potential Cardiologic Protective Effects of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in Patients With Mild to Moderate Dementia. Am J Cardiol 2023; 200:162-170. [PMID: 37327672 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In patients with mild to moderate dementia, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChE-I) are used to improve cognitive functions, but bradycardia, conduction abnormalities, and hypotension are possible side effects because of the peripheral muscarinic M2 receptor stimulation. This study aimed to evaluate the main cardiologic clinical outcomes in patients with dementia who are on AChE-I. In this retrospective, monocentric, observational cohort study, 2 groups were considered: (1) patients with dementia because of the typical and atypical forms of Alzheimer disease treated with AChE-I and (2) cognitively unimpaired, matched control group. The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, myocardial revascularization, occurrence of stroke and/or transient ischemic attacks, and hospitalization for heart failure occurring during a mean of 3.1 years of follow-up. The secondary end points were each individual component of the primary end point, total mortality, noncardiovascular death, and incidence of pacemaker implant. Each group included 221 patients who were homogeneous in terms of age, gender, and main cardiovascular risk factors. Major adverse cardiovascular events occurred in 24 patients with dementia (2.1 per 100 patient-years) compared with 56 in control group (5.0 per 100 patient-years), p = 0.036. Even if not significant, the difference was mainly driven by myocardial revascularization (3.2% vs 6.8%) and hospitalization for heart failure (4.5% vs 14.5%). As expected, noncardiovascular mortality was significantly higher in the treatment group (13.6% vs 2.7% p = 0.006). No significant difference between the groups was observed in terms of other secondary outcomes. In conclusion, in patients with dementia, the use of AChE-I may be protective for cardiovascular outcomes, especially in reducing heart failure hospitalization and myocardial revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rampa
- Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Cardiothoracic Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberto Santangelo
- Neurology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo Gaspardone
- Cardiothoracic Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy; Clinical Cardiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alice Cerutti
- Cardiothoracic Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy; Clinical Cardiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Magnani
- Neurology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Piscazzi
- Cardiothoracic Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy; Clinical Cardiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulia Sgherzi
- Cardiothoracic Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy; Clinical Cardiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Fiore
- Cardiothoracic Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy; Clinical Cardiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neurology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Federica Agosta
- Neurology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alberto Margonato
- Cardiothoracic Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy; Clinical Cardiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Fragasso
- Cardiothoracic Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy; Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Munasinghe PE, Saw EL, Reily-Bell M, Tonkin D, Kakinuma Y, Fronius M, Katare R. Non-neuronal cholinergic system delays cardiac remodelling in type 1 diabetes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17434. [PMID: 37426799 PMCID: PMC10329120 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. The underlying mechanisms for T1DM-induced heart disease still remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of cardiac non-neuronal cholinergic system (cNNCS) activation on T1DM-induced cardiac remodelling. Methods T1DM was induced in C57Bl6 mice using low-dose streptozotocin. Western blot analysis was used to measure the expression of cNNCS components at different time points (4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after T1DM induction). To assess the potential benefits of cNNCS activation, T1DM was induced in mice with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme required for acetylcholine (Ac) synthesis. We evaluated the effects of ChAT overexpression on cNNCS components, vascular and cardiac remodelling, and cardiac function. Key findings Western blot analysis revealed dysregulation of cNNCS components in hearts of T1DM mice. Intracardiac ACh levels were also reduced in T1DM. Activation of ChAT significantly increased intracardiac ACh levels and prevented diabetes-induced dysregulation of cNNCS components. This was associated with preserved microvessel density, reduced apoptosis and fibrosis, and improved cardiac function. Significance Our study suggests that cNNCS dysregulation may contribute to T1DM-induced cardiac remodelling, and that increasing ACh levels may be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent or delay T1DM-induced heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pujika Emani Munasinghe
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand
| | - Eng Leng Saw
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Reily-Bell
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand
| | - Devin Tonkin
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Fronius
- Department of Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand
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Chakraborty P, Farhat K, Po SS, Armoundas AA, Stavrakis S. Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiac Metabolism: Links Between Autonomic and Metabolic Remodeling in Atrial Fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2023:S2405-500X(23)00117-2. [PMID: 37086229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is crucial for the initiation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). However, unbalanced activation of the sympathetic system is characteristic of autonomic remodeling in long-standing persistent AF. Moreover, the adrenergic activation-induced metabolic derangements provide a milieu for acute AF and promote the transition from the paroxysmal to the persistent phase of AF. On the other hand, cholinergic activation ameliorates the maladaptive metabolic remodeling in the face of metabolic challenges. Selective inhibition of the sympathetic system and restoration of the balance of the cholinergic system by neuromodulation is emerging as a novel nonpharmacologic strategy for managing AF. This review explores the link between cardiac autonomic and metabolic remodeling and the potential roles of different autonomic modulation strategies on atrial metabolic aberrations in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praloy Chakraborty
- Cardiovascular Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kassem Farhat
- Cardiovascular Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sunny S Po
- Cardiovascular Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Antonis A Armoundas
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Cardiovascular Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
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Hsieh MJ, Chen DY, Lee CH, Wu CL, Chen YJ, Huang YT, Chang SH. Association Between Cholinesterase Inhibitors and New-Onset Heart Failure in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease: A Nationwide Propensity Score Matching Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:831730. [PMID: 35369359 PMCID: PMC8966646 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.831730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autonomic nervous dysfunction is a shared clinical feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and heart failure (HF). Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are widely used autonomic modulators in patients with AD, but their primary preventive benefit on new-onset HF is still uncertain. Objective This study examined whether ChEIs have a primary preventive effect on new-onset HF in patients with AD. Methods This propensity score matching (PSM) study was conducted using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan for 1995 to 2017. Certificated patients with AD and without a history of HF were divided into ChEI (donepezil, rivastigmine, or galantamine) users or nonusers. The primary endpoint was new-onset HF, and the secondary endpoints were myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death after 10-year follow-up. Results After screening 16,042 patients, 7,411 patients were enrolled, of whom 668 were ChEI users and 1,336 were nonusers after 1:2 PSM. Compared with nonusers, ChEI users exhibited a significantly lower incidence of new-onset HF (HR 0.48; 95% CI 0.34–0.68, p < 0.001) and cardiovascular death (HR 0.55; 95% CI 0.37–0.82, p = 0.003) but not of myocardial infarction (HR 1.09; 95% CI 0.52–1.62, p = 0.821) after 10-year follow-up. The preventive benefit of ChEI use compared with Non-use (controls) was consistent across all exploratory subgroups without statistically significant treatment-by-subgroup interactions. Conclusions Prescription of ChEIs may provide a preventive benefit associated with lower incidence of new-onset HF in patients with AD after 10-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jer Hsieh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Yi Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jen Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Geriatrics and General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yu-Tung Huang
| | - Shang-Hung Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Shang-Hung Chang
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Kurabayashi A, Furihata K, Iwashita W, Tanaka C, Fukuhara H, Inoue K, Furihata M, Kakinuma Y. Murine remote ischemic preconditioning upregulates preferentially hepatic glucose transporter-4 via its plasma membrane translocation, leading to accumulating glycogen in the liver. Life Sci 2022; 290:120261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Saw EL, Pearson JT, Schwenke DO, Munasinghe PE, Tsuchimochi H, Rawal S, Coffey S, Davis P, Bunton R, Van Hout I, Kai Y, Williams MJA, Kakinuma Y, Fronius M, Katare R. Activation of the cardiac non-neuronal cholinergic system prevents the development of diabetes-associated cardiovascular complications. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:50. [PMID: 33618724 PMCID: PMC7898760 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylcholine (ACh) plays a crucial role in the function of the heart. Recent evidence suggests that cardiomyocytes possess a non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) that comprises of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), choline transporter 1 (CHT1), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and type-2 muscarinic ACh receptors (M2AChR) to synthesize, release, degrade ACh as well as for ACh to transduce a signal. NNCS is linked to cardiac cell survival, angiogenesis and glucose metabolism. Impairment of these functions are hallmarks of diabetic heart disease (DHD). The role of the NNCS in DHD is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of diabetes on cardiac NNCS and determine if activation of cardiac NNCS is beneficial to the diabetic heart. METHODS Ventricular samples from type-2 diabetic humans and db/db mice were used to measure the expression pattern of NNCS components (ChAT, CHT1, VAChT, AChE and M2AChR) and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) by western blot analysis. To determine the function of the cardiac NNCS in the diabetic heart, a db/db mouse model with cardiac-specific overexpression of ChAT gene was generated (db/db-ChAT-tg). Animals were followed up serially and samples collected at different time points for molecular and histological analysis of cardiac NNCS components and prosurvival and proangiogenic signaling pathways. RESULTS Immunoblot analysis revealed alterations in the components of cardiac NNCS and GLUT-4 in the type-2 diabetic human and db/db mouse hearts. Interestingly, the dysregulation of cardiac NNCS was followed by the downregulation of GLUT-4 in the db/db mouse heart. Db/db-ChAT-tg mice exhibited preserved cardiac and vascular function in comparison to db/db mice. The improved function was associated with increased cardiac ACh and glucose content, sustained angiogenesis and reduced fibrosis. These beneficial effects were associated with upregulation of the PI3K/Akt/HIF1α signaling pathway, and increased expression of its downstream targets-GLUT-4 and VEGF-A. CONCLUSION We provide the first evidence for dysregulation of the cardiac NNCS in DHD. Increased cardiac ACh is beneficial and a potential new therapeutic strategy to prevent or delay the development of DHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Leng Saw
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daryl O Schwenke
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Pujika Emani Munasinghe
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Shruti Rawal
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Sean Coffey
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Philip Davis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard Bunton
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Isabelle Van Hout
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Yuko Kai
- Department of Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael J A Williams
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Martin Fronius
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
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12
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Lu J, Wu W. Cholinergic modulation of the immune system - A novel therapeutic target for myocardial inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107391. [PMID: 33548577 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system and the nervous system depend on each other for their fine tuning and working, thus cooperating to maintain physiological homeostasis and prevent infections. The cholinergic system regulates the mobilization, differentiation, secretion, and antigen presentation of adaptive and innate immune cells mainly through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs). The neuro-immune interactions are established and maintained by the following mechanisms: colocalization of immune and neuronal cells at defined anatomical sites, expression of the non-neuronal cholinergic system by immune cells, and the acetylcholine receptor-mediated activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Based on these immunological mechanisms, the protective effects of cholinergic system in animal models of diseases were summarized in this paper, such as myocardial infarction/ischemia-reperfusion, viral myocarditis, and endotoxin-induced myocardial damage. In addition to maintaining hemodynamic stability and improving the energy metabolism of the heart, both non-neuronal acetylcholine and neuronal acetylcholine in the heart can alleviate myocardial inflammation and remodeling to exert a significant cardioprotective effect. The new findings on the role of cholinergic agonists and vagus nerve stimulation in immune regulation are updated, so as to develop improved approaches to treat inflammatory heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China.
| | - Weifeng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 22, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China.
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13
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Oikawa S, Kai Y, Mano A, Ohata H, Kurabayashi A, Tsuda M, Kakinuma Y. Non-neuronal cardiac acetylcholine system playing indispensable roles in cardiac homeostasis confers resiliency to the heart. J Physiol Sci 2021; 71:2. [PMID: 33461483 PMCID: PMC10717922 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously established that the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system (NNCCS) is equipped with cardiomyocytes synthesizes acetylcholine (ACh), which is an indispensable endogenous system, sustaining cardiac homeostasis and regulating an inflammatory status, by transgenic mice overexpressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene in the heart. However, whole body biological significances of NNCCS remain to be fully elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS To consolidate the features, we developed heart-specific ChAT knockdown (ChATKD) mice using 3 ChAT-specific siRNAs. The mice developed cardiac dysfunction. Factors causing it included the downregulation of cardiac glucose metabolism along with decreased signal transduction of Akt/HIF-1alpha/GLUT4, leading to poor glucose utilization, impairment of glycolytic metabolites entering the tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle, the upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with an attenuated scavenging potency, and the downregulated nitric oxide (NO) production via NOS1. ChATKD mice revealed a decreased vagus nerve activity, accelerated aggression, more accentuated blood basal corticosterone levels with depression-like phenotypes, several features of which were accompanied by cardiac dysfunction. CONCLUSION The NNCCS plays a crucial role in cardiac homeostasis by regulating the glucose metabolism, ROS synthesis, NO levels, and the cardiac vagus nerve activity. Thus, the NNCCS is suggested a fundamentally crucial system of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Oikawa
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yuko Kai
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Asuka Mano
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Ohata
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kurabayashi
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuda
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
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14
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Kakinuma Y. Characteristic Effects of the Cardiac Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine System Augmentation on Brain Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020545. [PMID: 33430415 PMCID: PMC7826949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of non-neuronal acetylcholine in the heart, this specific system has drawn scientific interest from many research fields, including cardiology, immunology, and pharmacology. This system, acquired by cardiomyocytes independent of the parasympathetic nervous system of the autonomic nervous system, helps us to understand unsolved issues in cardiac physiology and to realize that the system may be more pivotal for cardiac homeostasis than expected. However, it has been shown that the effects of this system may not be restricted to the heart, but rather extended to cover extra-cardiac organs. To this end, this system intriguingly influences brain function, specifically potentiating blood brain barrier function. Although the results reported appear to be unusual, this novel characteristic can provide us with another research interest and therapeutic application mode for central nervous system diseases. In this review, we discuss our recent studies and raise the possibility of application of this system as an adjunctive therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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15
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Yang Y, Li Y, Wang J, Hong L, Qiao S, Wang C, An J. Cholinergic receptors play a role in the cardioprotective effects of anesthetic preconditioning: Roles of nitric oxide and the CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:137. [PMID: 33456504 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vagus nerve activation may have important therapeutic significance for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a vital role in the cardioprotective effects of anesthetic preconditioning (APC). Moreover, acetylcholine (ACh) prevents cardiomyocyte damage by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increasing the phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase β (CaMKKβ). The aim of the present study was to determine whether APC could protect heart function by antagonizing IR damage via the cholinergic system. It was hypothesized that the NO synthase (NOS)/CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway might be involved in the cardioprotective effects induced by cholinergic receptor activation. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to ischemia for 30 min followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Volatile anesthetic sevoflurane (3.5%) was administered for 15 min before ischemia, then rinsed for 15 min. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist atropine (ATR; 100 nM) and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist hexamethonium (HEM; 50 µM) were administered 10 min before APC. Both mAChR and nAChR were involved in APC-induced cardioprotection. ATR and HEM treatment both abolished the protective effects of APC on IR damage in isolated hearts, demonstrating the importance of cholinergic receptors in the protection mechanism of APC. The present study thus suggests that APC plays a cardioprotective role, in part, by regulating neurohumoral pathways. In addition, there may be functional coupling between the two cholinergic receptors, and the NOS and CaMKKβ/AMPK pathways may play roles in shared pathways that mediate the cardioprotective effects of APC. These findings may provide insight into potential new mechanisms of APC-induced cardioprotection against IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wujiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China
| | - Lei Hong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, P.R. China
| | - Shigang Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong An
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, P.R. China
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16
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Rocha-Resende C, da Silva AM, Prado MAM, Guatimosim S. Protective and anti-inflammatory effects of acetylcholine in the heart. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C155-C161. [PMID: 33264077 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00315.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune systems play an important role in the development of cardiac diseases. Therefore, it has become critical to identify molecules that can modulate inflammation in the injured heart. In this regard, activation of the cholinergic system in animal models of heart disease has been shown to exert protective actions that include immunomodulation of cardiac inflammation. In this mini-review, we briefly present our current understanding on the cardiac cellular sources of acetylcholine (ACh) (neuronal vs. nonneuronal), followed by a discussion on its contribution to the regulation of inflammatory cells. Although the mechanism behind ACh-mediated protection still remains to be fully elucidated, the beneficial immunomodulatory role of the cholinergic signaling emerges as a potential key regulator of cardiac inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Rocha-Resende
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aristóbolo Mendes da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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17
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Kurabayashi A, Iwashita W, Tanaka C, Naganuma S, Furihata M, Inoue K, Kakinuma Y. Murine remote ischemic preconditioning suppresses diabetic ketoacidosis by enhancing glycolysis and entry into tricarboxylic acid cycle in the liver. Life Sci 2020; 253:117748. [PMID: 32387415 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion (IR) was previously demonstrated by our group to decrease blood sugar levels by suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis and enhancing glucose uptake using activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. While IR attenuated hyperglycemia in diabetic mice, it was unclear whether IR regulated energy metabolism in the liver. We investigated the mechanisms by which IR regulates energy metabolism in the liver from type1 diabetic mice. MAIN METHODS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male C57BL/6J mice were used to determine the effect of IR on the factors involved in energy metabolism in the liver (i.e., activation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase, aconitase and pyruvate dehydrogenase; adenosine triphosphate and fumarate concentrations; sirtuin (Sirt) 1 expression). These various signaling pathways and key enzyme activities were examined using western blot analysis and a biochemical technique including a colorimetric assay. KEY FINDINGS Under feeding conditions (free access to normal murine chow and water), blood glucose levels and serum ketone body levels were significantly suppressed by IR, whereas phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase and its activity, pyruvate dehydrogenase, aconitase activity, and Sirt 1expression were upregulated. In contrast, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1, which accelerated fatty acid use, was suppressed by IR. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicated that in the IR-treated diabetic liver, energy production was promoted through acceleration of the tricarboxylic acid cycle linked with increased glucose preference rather than fatty acid under feeding conditions. Therefore, IR may be beneficial against diabetic hyperglycemia, but also ketoacidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waka Iwashita
- Departments of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tanaka
- Departments of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Seiji Naganuma
- Departments of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Furihata
- Departments of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Departments of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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18
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Oikawa S, Kai Y, Mano A, Nakamura S, Kakinuma Y. S-Nitroso-N-Pivaloyl-D-Penicillamine, a novel non-neuronal ACh system activator, modulates cardiac diastolic function to increase cardiac performance under pathophysiological conditions. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106459. [PMID: 32325404 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported the development of a novel chemical compound, S-Nitroso-N-Pivaloyl-D-Penicillamine (SNPiP), for the upregulation of the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system (NNCCS), a cardiac acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis system, which is different from the vagus nerve releasing of ACh as a neurotransmitter. However, it remains unclear how SNPiP could influence cardiac function positively, and whether SNPiP could improve cardiac function under various pathological conditions. SNPiP-injected control mice demonstrated a gradual upregulation in diastolic function without changes in heart rate. In contrast to some parameters in cardiac function that were influenced by SNPiP 24 h or 48 h after a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection, 72 h later, end-systolic pressure, cardiac output, end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction increased. IP SNPiP injection also improved impaired cardiac function, which is a characteristic feature of the db/db heart, in a delayed fashion, including diastolic and systolic function, following either several consecutive injections or a single injection. SNPiP, a novel NNCCS activator, could be applied as a therapeutic agent for the upregulation of NNCCS and as a unique tool for modulating cardiac function via improvement in diastolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Oikawa
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yuko Kai
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Asuka Mano
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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19
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Xu M, Xue RQ, Lu Y, Yong SY, Wu Q, Cui YL, Zuo XT, Yu XJ, Zhao M, Zang WJ. Choline ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy by regulating metabolic remodelling and UPRmt through SIRT3-AMPK pathway. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:530-545. [PMID: 30165480 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by a shift in metabolic substrate utilization, but the molecular events underlying the metabolic remodelling remain poorly understood. We explored metabolic remodelling and mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac hypertrophy and investigated the cardioprotective effects of choline. METHODS AND RESULTS The experiments were conducted using a model of ventricular hypertrophy by partially banding the abdominal aorta of Sprague Dawley rats. Cardiomyocyte size and cardiac fibrosis were significantly increased in hypertrophic hearts. In vitro cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was induced by exposing neonatal rat cardiomyocytes to angiotensin II (Ang II) (10-6 M, 24 h). Choline attenuated the mito-nuclear protein imbalance and activated the mitochondrial-unfolded protein response (UPRmt) in the heart, thereby preserving the ultrastructure and function of mitochondria in the context of cardiac hypertrophy. Moreover, choline inhibited myocardial metabolic dysfunction by promoting the expression of proteins involved in ketone body and fatty acid metabolism in response to pressure overload, accompanied by the activation of sirtuin 3/AMP-activated protein kinase (SIRT3-AMPK) signalling. In vitro analyses demonstrated that SIRT3 siRNA diminished choline-mediated activation of ketone body metabolism and UPRmt, as well as inhibition of hypertrophic signals. Intriguingly, serum from choline-treated abdominal aorta banding models (where β-hydroxybutyrate was increased) attenuated Ang II-induced myocyte hypertrophy, which indicates that β-hydroxybutyrate is important for the cardioprotective effects of choline. CONCLUSION Choline attenuated cardiac dysfunction by modulating the expression of proteins involved in ketone body and fatty acid metabolism, and induction of UPRmt; this was likely mediated by activation of the SIRT3-AMPK pathway. Taken together, these results identify SIRT3-AMPK as a key cardiac transcriptional regulator that helps orchestrate an adaptive metabolic response to cardiac stress. Choline treatment may represent a new therapeutic strategy for optimizing myocardial metabolism in the context of hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Run-Qing Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Su-Yun Yong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ting Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Wei-Jin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
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20
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Oikawa S, Kai Y, Mano A, Sugama S, Mizoguchi N, Tsuda M, Muramoto K, Kakinuma Y. Potentiating a non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system reinforces the functional integrity of the blood brain barrier associated with systemic anti-inflammatory responses. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:122-137. [PMID: 31176726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the heart-specific choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene overexpressing mice (ChAT tg) show specific phenotypes including ischemic tolerance and the CNS stress tolerance. In the current study, we focused on molecular mechanisms responsible for systemic and localized anti-inflammatory phenotypes of ChAT tg. ChAT tg were resistant to systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides due to an attenuated cytokine response. In addition, ChAT tg, originally equipped with less reactive Kupffer cells, were refractory to brain cold injury, with decreased blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and reduced inflammation. This is because ChAT tg brain endothelial cells expressed more claudin-5, and their astrocytes were less reactive, causing decreased hypertrophy. Moreover, reconstruction of the BBB integrity in vitro confirmed the consolidation of ChAT tg. ChAT tg were also resistant to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neuronal toxicity due to lower mortality rate and neuronal loss of substantia nigra. Additionally, ChAT tg subjected to MPTP showed attenuated BBB disruption, as evident from reduced sodium fluorescein levels in the brain parenchyma. The activated central cholinergic pathway of ChAT tg lead to anti-convulsive effects like vagus nerve stimulation. However, DSP-4, a noradrenergic neuron-selective neurotoxin against the CNS including the locus ceruleus, abrogated the beneficial phenotype and vagotomy attenuated expression of claudin-5, suggesting the link between the cholinergic pathway and BBB function. Altogether, these findings indicate that ChAT tg possess an anti-inflammatory response potential, associated with upregulated claudin-5, leading to the consolidation of BBB integrity. These characteristics protect ChAT tg against systemic and localized inflammatory pathological disorders, which targets the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Oikawa
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yuko Kai
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Asuka Mano
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Shuei Sugama
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Naoko Mizoguchi
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakaido, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuda
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Muramoto
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakaido, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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21
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Rocha-Resende C, Weinheimer C, Bajpai G, Adamo L, Matkovich SJ, Schilling J, Barger PM, Lavine KJ, Mann DL. Immunomodulatory role of non-neuronal cholinergic signaling in myocardial injury. JCI Insight 2019; 5:128961. [PMID: 31162139 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas prior studies have demonstrated an important immunomodulatory role for the neuronal cholinergic system in the heart, the role of the non-neuronal cholinergic system is not well understood. To address the immunomodulatory role of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the heart we used a previously validated diphtheria toxin (DT)-induced cardiomyocyte ablation model (Rosa26-DTMlc2v-Cre mice). DT-injected Rosa26-DTMlc2v-Cre mice were treated with diluent or Pyridostigmine Bromide (PYR), a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. PYR treatment resulted in increased survival and decreased numbers of MHC-IIlowCCR2+ macrophages in DT-injected Rosa26-DTMlc2v-Cre mice compared to diluent treated Rosa26-DTMlc2v-Cre mice. Importantly, the expression of CCL2/7 mRNA and protein was reduced in the hearts of PYR-treated mice. Backcrossing Rosa26-DTMlc2v-Cre mice with a transgenic mouse line (Chat-ChR2) that constitutively overexpresses the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) resulted in decreased expression of Ccl2/7 mRNA and decreased numbers of CD68+ cells in DT-injured Rosa26-DTMlc2v-Cre/Chat-ChR2 mouse hearts, consistent with the pharmacologic studies with PYR. In vitro studies with cultures of LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages revealed a concentration-dependent reduction in CCL2 secretion following stimulation with ACh, nicotine and muscarine. Viewed together, these findings reveal a previously unappreciated immunomodulatory role for the non-neuronal cholinergic system in regulating homeostatic responses in the heart following tissue injury.
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22
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Eduardo CRC, Alejandra TIG, Guadalupe DRKJ, Herminia VRG, Lenin P, Enrique BV, Evandro BM, Oscar B, Iván GPM. Modulation of the extraneuronal cholinergic system on main innate response leukocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 327:22-35. [PMID: 30683425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression of elements of the cholinergic system has been demonstrated in non-neuronal cells, such as immune cells, where acetylcholine modulates innate and adaptive responses. However, the study of the non-neuronal cholinergic system has focused on lymphocyte cholinergic mechanisms, with less attention to its role of innate cells. Considering this background, the aims of this review are 1) to review information regarding the cholinergic components of innate immune system cells; 2) to discuss the effect of cholinergic stimuli on cell functions; 3) and to describe the importance of cholinergic stimuli on host immunocompetence, in order to set the base for the design of intervention strategies in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Covantes-Rosales Carlos Eduardo
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Toledo-Ibarra Gladys Alejandra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C. Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Díaz-Resendiz Karina Janice Guadalupe
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Ventura-Ramón Guadalupe Herminia
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C. Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Pavón Lenin
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Becerril-Villanueva Enrique
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Bauer Moisés Evandro
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Laboratório de Imunologia do Envelhecimento, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bottaso Oscar
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNR-CONICET), Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Girón-Pérez Manuel Iván
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C. Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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23
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Saw EL, Kakinuma Y, Fronius M, Katare R. The non-neuronal cholinergic system in the heart: A comprehensive review. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 125:129-139. [PMID: 30343172 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The autonomic influences on the heart have a ying-yang nature, albeit oversimplified, the interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic system (known as the cholinergic system) is often complex and remain poorly understood. Recently, the heart has been recognized to consist of neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS). The existence of cardiac NNCS has been confirmed by the presence of cholinergic markers in the cardiomyocytes, which are crucial for synthesis (choline acetyltransferase, ChAT), storage (vesicular acetylcholine transporter, VAChT), reuptake of choline for synthesis (high-affinity choline transporter, CHT1) and degradation (acetylcholinesterase, AChE) of acetylcholine (ACh). The non-neuronal ACh released from cardiomyocytes is believed to locally regulate some of the key physiological functions of the heart, such as regulation of heart rate, offsetting hypertrophic signals, maintenance of action potential propagation as well as modulation of cardiac energy metabolism via the muscarinic ACh receptor in an auto/paracrine manner. Apart from this, several studies have also provided evidence for the beneficial role of ACh released from cardiomyocytes against cardiovascular diseases such as sympathetic hyperactivity-induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction as well as myocardial infarction, confirming the important role of NNCS in disease prevention. In this review, we aim to provide a fundamental overview of cardiac NNCS, and information about its physiological role, regulatory factors as well as its cardioprotective effects. Finally, we propose the different approaches to target cardiac NNCS as an adjunctive treatment to specifically address the withdrawal of neuronal cholinergic system in cardiovascular disease such as heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Leng Saw
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Physiology (Bioregulatory Science), Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Fronius
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology-HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand.
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24
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Intachai K, C Chattipakorn S, Chattipakorn N, Shinlapawittayatorn K. Revisiting the Cardioprotective Effects of Acetylcholine Receptor Activation against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092466. [PMID: 30134547 PMCID: PMC6164157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most common cause of acute myocardial injury and its most clinically significant form. The most effective treatment for AMI is to restore an adequate coronary blood flow to the ischemic myocardium as quickly as possible. However, reperfusion of an ischemic region can induce cardiomyocyte death, a phenomenon termed “myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury”. Disruption of cardiac parasympathetic (vagal) activity is a common hallmark of a variety of cardiovascular diseases including AMI. Experimental studies have shown that increased vagal activity exerts cardioprotective effects against myocardial I/R injury. In addition, acetylcholine (ACh), the principle cardiac vagal neurotransmitter, has been shown to replicate the cardioprotective effects of cardiac ischemic conditioning. Moreover, studies have shown that cardiomyocytes can synthesize and secrete ACh, which gives further evidence concerning the importance of the non-neuronal cholinergic signaling cascades. This suggests that the activation of ACh receptors is involved in cardioprotection against myocardial I/R injury. There are two types of ACh receptors (AChRs), namely muscarinic and nicotinic receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs, respectively). However, the effects of AChRs activation in cardioprotection during myocardial I/R are still not fully understood. In this review, we summarize the evidence suggesting the association between AChRs activation with both electrical and pharmacological interventions and the cardioprotection during myocardial I/R, as well as outline potential mechanisms underlying these cardioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannaporn Intachai
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Krekwit Shinlapawittayatorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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25
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Abstract
A wide variety of organs are in a dynamic state, continuously undergoing renewal as a result of constant growth and differentiation. Stem cells are required during these dynamic events for continuous tissue maintenance within the organs. In a steady state of production and loss of cells within these tissues, new cells are constantly formed by differentiation from stem cells. Today, organoids derived from either adult stem cells or pluripotent stem cells can be grown to resemble various organs. As they are similar to their original organs, organoids hold great promise for use in medical research and the development of new treatments. Furthermore, they have already been utilized in the clinic, enabling personalized medicine for inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, I provide an update on current organoid technology and summarize the application of organoids in basic research, disease modeling, drug development, personalized treatment, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Takahashi
- Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Bioorganic Research Institute, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan;
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26
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Basalay MV, Davidson SM, Gourine AV, Yellon DM. Neural mechanisms in remote ischaemic conditioning in the heart and brain: mechanistic and translational aspects. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:25. [PMID: 29858664 PMCID: PMC5984640 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) is a promising method of cardioprotection, with numerous clinical studies having demonstrated its ability to reduce myocardial infarct size and improve prognosis. On the other hand, there are several clinical trials, in particular those conducted in the setting of elective cardiac surgery, that have failed to show any benefit of RIC. These contradictory data indicate that there is insufficient understanding of the mechanisms underlying RIC. RIC is now known to signal indiscriminately, protecting not only the heart, but also other organs. In particular, experimental studies have demonstrated that it is able to reduce infarct size in an acute ischaemic stroke model. However, the mechanisms underlying RIC-induced neuroprotection are even less well understood than for cardioprotection. The existence of bidirectional feedback interactions between the heart and the brain suggests that the mechanisms of RIC-induced neuroprotection and cardioprotection should be studied as a whole. This review, therefore, addresses the topic of the neural component of the RIC mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Basalay
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Andrey V Gourine
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
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27
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Kurabayashi A, Tanaka C, Matsumoto W, Naganuma S, Furihata M, Inoue K, Kakinuma Y. Murine remote preconditioning increases glucose uptake and suppresses gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes via a brain-liver neurocircuit, leading to counteracting glucose intolerance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018. [PMID: 29526685 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our previous study revealed that cyclic hindlimb ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) activates cardiac acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis through the cholinergic nervous system and cell-derived ACh accelerates glucose uptake. However, the mechanisms regulating glucose metabolism in vivo remain unknown. We investigated the effects and mechanisms of IR in mice under pathophysiological conditions. METHODS Using IR-subjected male C57BL/6J mice, the effects of IR on blood sugar (BS), glucose uptake, central parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity, hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme expression and those of ACh on hepatocellular glucose uptake were assessed. RESULTS IR decreased BS levels by 20% and increased c-fos immunoreactivity in the center of the PNS (the solitary tract and the dorsal motor vagal nucleus). IR specifically downregulated hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme expression and activities (glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) and accelerated hepatic glucose uptake. Transection of a hepatic vagus nerve branch decreased this uptake and reversed BS decrease. Suppressed gluconeogenic enzyme expression was reversed by intra-cerebroventricular administration of a choline acetyltransferase inhibitor. Moreover, IR significantly attenuated hyperglycaemia in murine model of type I and II diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS IR provides another insight into a therapeutic modality for diabetes mellitus due to regulating gluconeogenesis and glucose-uptake and advocates an adjunctive mode rectifying disturbed glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiharu Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Waka Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Seiji Naganuma
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Furihata
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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28
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Plaschke K, Do TQM, Uhle F, Brenner T, Weigand MA, Kopitz J. Ablation of the Right Cardiac Vagus Nerve Reduces Acetylcholine Content without Changing the Inflammatory Response during Endotoxemia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020442. [PMID: 29389905 PMCID: PMC5855664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine is the main transmitter of the parasympathetic vagus nerve. According to the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) concept, acetylcholine has been shown to be important for signal transmission within the immune system and also for a variety of other functions throughout the organism. The spleen is thought to play an important role in regulating the CAP. In contrast, the existence of a “non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system” that influences cardiac innervation during inflammation has been hypothesized, with recent publications introducing the heart instead of the spleen as a possible interface between the immune and nervous systems. To prove this hypothesis, we investigated whether selectively disrupting vagal stimulation of the right ventricle plays an important role in rat CAP regulation during endotoxemia. We performed a selective resection of the right cardiac branch of the Nervus vagus (VGX) with a corresponding sham resection in vehicle-injected and endotoxemic rats. Rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg body weight, intravenously) and observed for 4 h. Intraoperative blood gas analysis was performed, and hemodynamic parameters were assessed using a left ventricular pressure-volume catheter. Rat hearts and blood were collected, and the expression and concentration of proinflammatory cytokines using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were measured, respectively. Four hours after injection, LPS induced a marked deterioration in rat blood gas parameters such as pH value, potassium, base excess, glucose, and lactate. The mean arterial blood pressure and the end-diastolic volume had decreased significantly. Further, significant increases in blood cholinesterases and in proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) cytokine concentration and gene expression were obtained. Right cardiac vagus nerve resection (VGX) led to a marked decrease in heart acetylcholine concentration and an increase in cardiac acetylcholinesterase activity. Without LPS, VGX changed rat hemodynamic parameters, including heart frequency, cardiac output, and end-diastolic volume. In contrast, VGX during endotoxemia did not significantly change the concentration and expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the heart. In conclusion we demonstrate that right cardiac vagal innervation regulates cardiac acetylcholine content but neither improves nor worsens systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Plaschke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thuc Quyen Monica Do
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Florian Uhle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Brenner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus A Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Department of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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29
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Mavropoulos SA, Khan NS, Levy ACJ, Faliks BT, Sison CP, Pavlov VA, Zhang Y, Ojamaa K. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated protection of the rat heart exposed to ischemia reperfusion. Mol Med 2017; 23:120-133. [PMID: 28598489 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion injury following acute myocardial infarction is associated with significant morbidity. Activation of neuronal or non-neuronal cholinergic pathways in the heart has been shown to reduce ischemic injury and this effect has been attributed primarily to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. In contrast, the role of nicotinic receptors, specifically alpha-7 subtype (α7nAChR) in the myocardium remains unknown which offers an opportunity to potentially repurpose several agonists/modulators that are currently under development for neurologic indications. Treatment of ex vivo and in vivo rat models of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) with a selective α7nAChR agonist (GTS21) showed significant increases in left ventricular developing pressure, and rates of pressure development without effects on heart rate. These positive functional effects were blocked by co-administration with methyllycaconatine (MLA), a selective antagonist of α7nAChRs. In vivo, delivery of GTS21 at the initiation of reperfusion, reduced infarct size by 42% (p<0.01) and decreased tissue reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 62% (p<0.01). Flow cytometry of MitoTracker Red stained mitochondria showed that mitochondrial membrane potential was normalized in mitochondria isolated from GTS21 treated compared to untreated I/R hearts. Intracellular ATP concentration in cultured cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation was reduced (p<0.001), but significantly increased to normoxic levels with GTS21 treatment, and this was abrogated by MLA pretreatment. Activation of stress-activated kinases, JNK and p38MAPK, were significantly reduced by GTS21 in I/R. We conclude that targeting myocardial 17nAChRs in I/R may provide therapeutic benefit by improving cardiac contractile function through a mechanism that preserves mitochondrial membrane potential, maintains intracellular ATP and reduces ROS generation, thus limiting infarct size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros A Mavropoulos
- Center for Heart and Lung Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY
| | - Nayaab S Khan
- Center for Heart and Lung Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Asaph C J Levy
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY
| | - Bradley T Faliks
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY
| | - Cristina P Sison
- Biostatistics Unit, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Biostatistics Unit, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.,Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Youhua Zhang
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Kaie Ojamaa
- Center for Heart and Lung Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY.,Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
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30
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Various Regulatory Modes for Circadian Rhythmicity and Sexual Dimorphism in the Non-Neuronal Cardiac Cholinergic System. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2017; 10:411-422. [PMID: 28497301 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-017-9750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes possess a non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system (NNCCS) regulated by a positive feedback system; however, its other regulatory mechanisms remain to be elucidated, which include the epigenetic control or regulation by the female sex steroid, estrogen. Here, the NNCCS was shown to possess a circadian rhythm; its activity was upregulated in the light-off phase via histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity and downregulated in the light-on phase. Disrupting the circadian rhythm altered the physiological choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression pattern. The NNCCS circadian rhythm may be regulated by miR-345, independently of HAT, causing decreased cardiac ChAT expression. Murine cardiac ChAT expression and ACh contents were increased more in female hearts than in male hearts. This upregulation was downregulated by treatment with the estrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen, and in contrast, estrogen reciprocally regulated cardiac miR-345 expression. These results suggest that the NNCCS is regulated by the circadian rhythm and is affected by sexual dimorphism.
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31
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Wessler IK, Kirkpatrick CJ. Non-neuronal acetylcholine involved in reproduction in mammals and honeybees. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:144-150. [PMID: 28072454 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria and archaea synthesize acetylcholine (ACh). Thus, it can be postulated that ACh was created by nature roughly three billion years ago. Therefore, the wide expression of ACh in nature (i.e., in bacteria, archaea, unicellular organisms, plants, fungi, non-vertebrates and vertebrates and in the abundance of non-neuronal cells of mammals) is not surprising. The term non-neuronal ACh and non-neuronal cholinergic system have been introduced to describe the auto- and paracrine, that is, local regulatory actions of ACh in cells not innervated by neuronal cholinergic fibers and to communicate among themselves. In this way non-neuronal ACh binds to the nicotinic or muscarinic receptors expressed on these local and migrating cells and modulates basic cells functions such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and the transport of ions and water. The present article is focused to the effects of non-neuronal ACh linked to reproduction; data on the expression and function of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the following topics are summarized: (i) Sperm, granulosa cells, oocytes; (ii) Auxiliary systems (ovary, oviduct, placenta); (iii) Embryonic stem cells as first step for reproduction of a new individual after fertilization; (iv) Larval food as an example of reproduction in insects (honeybees) and adverse effects of the neonicotinoids, a class of world-wide applied insecticides. The review article will show that non-neuronal ACh is substantially involved in the regulation of reproduction in mammals and also non-mammals like insects (honeybees). There is a need to learn more about this biological role of ACh. In particular, we have to consider that insecticides like the neonicotinoids, but also carbamates and organophosphorus pesticides, interfere with the non-neuronal cholinergic system thus compromising for example the breeding of honeybees. But it is possible that other species may also be adversely affected as well, a mechanism which may contribute to the observed decline in biodiversity. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignaz Karl Wessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles James Kirkpatrick
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system influences CNS via the vagus nerve to acquire a stress-refractory propensity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1913-28. [PMID: 27528769 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed cardiac ventricle-specific choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene-overexpressing transgenic mice (ChAT tgm), i.e. an in vivo model of the cardiac non-neuronal acetylcholine (NNA) system or non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system (NNCCS). By using this murine model, we determined that this system was responsible for characteristics of resistance to ischaemia, or hypoxia, via the modulation of cellular energy metabolism and angiogenesis. In line with our previous study, neuronal ChAT-immunoreactivity in the ChAT tgm brains was not altered from that in the wild-type (WT) mice brains; in contrast, the ChAT tgm hearts were the organs with the highest expression of the ChAT transgene. ChAT tgm showed specific traits in a central nervous system (CNS) phenotype, including decreased response to restraint stress, less depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviours and anti-convulsive effects, all of which may benefit the heart. These phenotypes, induced by the activation of cardiac NNCCS, were dependent on the vagus nerve, because vagus nerve stimulation (VS) in WT mice also evoked phenotypes similar to those of ChAT tgm, which display higher vagus nerve discharge frequency; in contrast, lateral vagotomy attenuated these traits in ChAT tgm to levels observed in WT mice. Furthermore, ChAT tgm induced several biomarkers of VS responsible for anti-convulsive and anti-depressive-like effects. These results suggest that the augmentation of the NNCCS transduces an effective and beneficial signal to the afferent pathway, which mimics VS. Therefore, the present study supports our hypothesis that activation of the NNCCS modifies CNS to a more stress-resistant state through vagus nerve activity.
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Machhada A, Marina N, Korsak A, Stuckey DJ, Lythgoe MF, Gourine AV. Origins of the vagal drive controlling left ventricular contractility. J Physiol 2016; 594:4017-30. [PMID: 26940639 PMCID: PMC4945717 DOI: 10.1113/jp270984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points The strength, functional significance and origins of parasympathetic innervation of the left ventricle remain controversial. This study tested the hypothesis that parasympathetic control of left ventricular contractility is provided by vagal preganglionic neurones of the dorsal motor nucleus (DVMN). Under β‐adrenoceptor blockade combined with spinal cord (C1) transection (to remove sympathetic influences), systemic administration of atropine increased left ventricular contractility in rats anaesthetized with urethane, confirming the existence of a tonic inhibitory muscarinic influence on cardiac inotropy. Increased left ventricular contractility in anaesthetized rats was observed when DVMN neurones were silenced. Functional neuroanatomical mapping revealed that vagal preganglionic neurones that have an impact on left ventricular contractility are located in the caudal region of the left DVMN. These neurones provide functionally significant parasympathetic control of left ventricular inotropy.
Abstract The strength, functional significance and origins of direct parasympathetic innervation of the left ventricle (LV) remain controversial. In the present study we used an anaesthetized rat model to first confirm the presence of tonic inhibitory vagal influence on LV inotropy. Using genetic neuronal targeting and functional neuroanatomical mapping we tested the hypothesis that parasympathetic control of LV contractility is provided by vagal preganglionic neurones located in the dorsal motor nucleus (DVMN). It was found that under systemic β‐adrenoceptor blockade (atenolol) combined with spinal cord (C1) transection (to remove sympathetic influences), intravenous administration of atropine increases LV contractility in rats anaesthetized with urethane, but not in animals anaesthetized with pentobarbital. Increased LV contractility in rats anaesthetized with urethane was also observed when DVMN neurones targeted bilaterally to express an inhibitory Drosophila allatostatin receptor were silenced by application of an insect peptide allatostatin. Microinjections of glutamate and muscimol to activate or inhibit neuronal cell bodies in distinct locations along the rostro‐caudal extent of the left and right DVMN revealed that vagal preganglionic neurones, which have an impact on LV contractility, are located in the caudal region of the left DVMN. Changes in LV contractility were only observed when this subpopulation of DVMN neurones was activated or inhibited. These data confirm the existence of a tonic inhibitory muscarinic influence on LV contractility. Activity of a subpopulation of DVMN neurones provides functionally significant parasympathetic control of LV contractile function. The strength, functional significance and origins of parasympathetic innervation of the left ventricle remain controversial. This study tested the hypothesis that parasympathetic control of left ventricular contractility is provided by vagal preganglionic neurones of the dorsal motor nucleus (DVMN). Under β‐adrenoceptor blockade combined with spinal cord (C1) transection (to remove sympathetic influences), systemic administration of atropine increased left ventricular contractility in rats anaesthetized with urethane, confirming the existence of a tonic inhibitory muscarinic influence on cardiac inotropy. Increased left ventricular contractility in anaesthetized rats was observed when DVMN neurones were silenced. Functional neuroanatomical mapping revealed that vagal preganglionic neurones that have an impact on left ventricular contractility are located in the caudal region of the left DVMN. These neurones provide functionally significant parasympathetic control of left ventricular inotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Machhada
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.,UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Nephtali Marina
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alla Korsak
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniel J Stuckey
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Impact of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome in patients with dementia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15451. [PMID: 26577589 PMCID: PMC4649673 DOI: 10.1038/srep15451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the association of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) use with the risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of dementia patients during 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2008 using the National Health Insurance Database in Taiwan. New AChEI users during the study period were matched with AChEI nonusers in age-matched and gender-matched cohorts. The risk of ACS associated with use of AChEIs was analyzed using modified Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard models after adjustment for competing death risk. Use of AChEIs was associated with a lower incidence of ACS (212.8/10,000 person-years) compared to the matched reference cohort (268.7/10,000 person-years). The adjusted hazard ratio for ACS in patients with dementia treated with AChEIs was 0.836 (95% confidence interval, 0.750–0.933; P < 0.001). Further sensitivity analysis of different study populations demonstrated consistent results. A statistical dose–response relationship for AChEI use and ACS risk was significant for the patients with dementia. In patients with dementia, AChEI treatment was associated with decreased risk of ACS.
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Roy A, Dakroub M, Tezini GCSV, Liu Y, Guatimosim S, Feng Q, Salgado HC, Prado VF, Prado MAM, Gros R. Cardiac acetylcholine inhibits ventricular remodeling and dysfunction under pathologic conditions. FASEB J 2015; 30:688-701. [PMID: 26481308 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-277046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic dysfunction is a characteristic of cardiac disease and decreased vagal activity is observed in heart failure. Rodent cardiomyocytes produce de novo ACh, which is critical in maintaining cardiac homeostasis. We report that this nonneuronal cholinergic system is also found in human cardiomyocytes, which expressed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Furthermore, VAChT expression was increased 3- and 1.5-fold at the mRNA and protein level, respectively, in ventricular tissue from patients with heart failure, suggesting increased ACh secretion in disease. We used mice with genetic deletion of cardiomyocyte-specific VAChT or ChAT and mice overexpressing VAChT to test the functional significance of cholinergic signaling. Mice deficient for VAChT displayed an 8% decrease in fractional shortening and 13% decrease in ejection fraction compared with angiotensin II (Ang II)-treated control animals, suggesting enhanced ventricular dysfunction and pathologic remodeling in response to Ang II. Similar results were observed in ChAT-deficient mice. Conversely, no decline in ventricular function was observed in Ang II-treated VAChT overexpressors. Furthermore, the fibrotic area was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in Ang II-treated VAChT-deficient mice (3.61 ± 0.64%) compared with wild-type animals (2.24 ± 0.11%). In contrast, VAChT overexpressing mice did not display an increase in collagen deposition. Our results provide new insight into cholinergic regulation of cardiac function, suggesting that a compensatory increase in cardiomyocyte VAChT levels may help offset cardiac remodeling in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashbeel Roy
- *Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mouhamed Dakroub
- *Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Geisa C S V Tezini
- *Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Yin Liu
- *Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- *Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Qingping Feng
- *Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helio C Salgado
- *Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vania F Prado
- *Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marco A M Prado
- *Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Robert Gros
- *Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Grando SA, Kawashima K, Kirkpatrick CJ, Kummer W, Wessler I. Recent progress in revealing the biological and medical significance of the non-neuronal cholinergic system. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:1-7. [PMID: 26362206 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This special issue of International Immunopharmacology is the proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Non-neuronal Acetylcholine that was held on August 28-30, 2014 at the Justus Liebig University of Giessen in Germany. It contains original contributions of meeting participants covering the significant progress in understanding of the biological and medical significance of the non-neuronal cholinergic system extending from exciting insights into molecular mechanisms regulating this system via miRNAs over the discovery of novel cholinergic cellular signaling circuitries to clinical implications in cancer, wound healing, immunity and inflammation, cardiovascular, respiratory and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Grando
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Koichiro Kawashima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Charles J Kirkpatrick
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz D-55101, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kummer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen D-35385, Germany
| | - Ignaz Wessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz D-55101, Germany
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Kakinuma Y. A concept of a nonneuronal cardiac cholinergic system. J NIPPON MED SCH 2015; 81:296-7. [PMID: 25391697 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.81.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine
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Oikawa S, Mano A, Takahashi R, Kakinuma Y. Remote ischemic preconditioning with a specialized protocol activates the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system and increases ATP content in the heart. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:181-4. [PMID: 26072685 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) renders the targeted organ resistant to prolonged ischemic insults, leading to organoprotection. Among several means to achieve IPC, we reported that remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) activates the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system (NNCCS) to accelerate de novo ACh synthesis in cardiomyocytes. In the current study, we aimed to optimize a specific protocol to most efficiently activate NNCCS using RIPC. In this study, we elucidated that the protocol with 3 min of ischemia repeated three times increased cardiac ChAT expression (139.2 ± 0.4%; P < 0.05) as well as ACh (14.2 ± 2.0× 10(-8) M; P< 0.05) and ATP content (2.13 ± 0.19 μmol/g tissue; P < 0.05) in the heart. Moreover, in the specific protocol, several characteristic responses against energy starvation and for obtaining adequate energy were observed; therefore, it is suggested that RIPC evokes a robust response by the heart to activate NNCCS through the modification of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Oikawa
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Mano
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Takahashi
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Kakinuma Y. Future perspectives of a cardiac non-neuronal acetylcholine system targeting cardiovascular diseases as an adjunctive tool for metabolic intervention. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:185-8. [PMID: 26028150 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been several years since the function of the non-neuronal cholinergic system was independently reported in cardiomyocytes by several research groups. Although these findings initially seemed to be negligible and insignificant, extraordinary findings about cardiomyocytes were subsequently reported in studies involving the knockdown of the non-neuronal cholinergic system. These studies provide the evidence that this system may be indispensable for maintaining principal cardiac functions. Despite the absence of an appropriate and reliable technology to detect cellular ACh in real time in cardiomyocytes, studies of this system have progressed, albeit very slowly, to gradually consolidate the significance of this system. Based on the many significant findings regarding this system, these will be critical to develop adjunctive intervention therapy against cardiovascular diseases, including peripheral artery disease and heart failure. In this study, previous studies focusing on the non-neuronal cholinergic system are reviewed along with our studies, both indicating the biologically significant roles of the cardiac non-neuronal acetylcholine system from a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Dep. of Physiology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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Roy A, Guatimosim S, Prado VF, Gros R, Prado MAM. Cholinergic activity as a new target in diseases of the heart. Mol Med 2015; 20:527-37. [PMID: 25222914 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system is an important modulator of cardiac signaling in both health and disease. In fact, the significance of altered parasympathetic tone in cardiac disease has recently come to the forefront. Both neuronal and nonneuronal cholinergic signaling likely play a physiological role, since modulating acetylcholine (ACh) signaling from neurons or cardiomyocytes appears to have significant consequences in both health and disease. Notably, many of these effects are solely due to changes in cholinergic signaling, without altered sympathetic drive, which is known to have significant adverse effects in disease states. As such, it is likely that enhanced ACh-mediated signaling not only has direct positive effects on cardiomyocytes, but it also offsets the negative effects of hyperadrenergic tone. In this review, we discuss recent studies that implicate ACh as a major regulator of cardiac remodeling and provide support for the notion that enhancing cholinergic signaling in human patients with cardiac disease can reduce morbidity and mortality. These recent results support the idea of developing large clinical trials of strategies to increase cholinergic tone, either by stimulating the vagus or by increased availability of Ach, in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashbeel Roy
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Gros
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Song X, Shen YF, Cao M, Yuan Q, Tang Y, Lei C, Ji Yang Y. Dynamic expression of early responsible genes to acute left-ventricular ischemia in a time-dependent pattern. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2014.911202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Schulte A, Lichtenstern C, Henrich M, Weigand MA, Uhle F. Loss of vagal tone aggravates systemic inflammation and cardiac impairment in endotoxemic rats. J Surg Res 2014; 188:480-8. [PMID: 24565505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the course of sepsis, often myocardial depression with hemodynamic impairment occurs. Acetylcholine, the main transmitter of the parasympathetic Nervus vagus, has been shown to be of importance for the transmission of signals within the immune system and also for a variety of other functions throughout the organism. Hypothesizing a potential correlation between this dysfunction and hemodynamic impairment, we wanted to assess the impact of vagal stimulation on myocardial inflammation and function in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock. As the myocardial tissue is (sparsely) innervated by the N. vagus, there might be an important anti-inflammatory effect in the heart, inhibiting proinflammatory gene expression in cardiomyocytes and improving cardiac function. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed stimulation of the right cervical branch of the N. vagus in vagotomized, endotoxemic (1 mg/kg body weight LPS, intravenously) rats. Hemodynamic parameters were assessed over time using a left ventricular pressure-volume catheter. After the experiments, hearts and blood plasma were collected, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines was measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS After vagotomy, the inflammatory response was aggravated, measurable by elevated cytokine levels in plasma and ventricular tissue. In concordance, cardiac impairment during septic shock was pronounced in these animals. To reverse both hemodynamic and immunologic effects of diminished vagal tone, even a brief stimulation of the N. vagus was enough during initial LPS infusion. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the N. vagus might play a major role in maintaining hemodynamic stability and cardiac immune homeostasis during septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Schulte
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Lichtenstern
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Henrich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus A Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Florian Uhle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Kim HY, Cho KW, Xu DY, Kang DG, Lee HS. Endogenous ACh tonically stimulates ANP secretion in rat atria. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1050-6. [PMID: 23913708 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous acetylcholine (ACh) is known to stimulate atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion concomitantly with a decrease in atrial pulse pressure. However, the role of intrinsic ACh in the regulation of ANP secretion remains unknown. Recently, it was shown that nonneuronal and neuronal ACh is present in the cardiac atria. From this finding we hypothesize that endogenously released ACh is involved in the regulation of ANP secretion in an autocrine or paracrine manner in the atria. Experiments were performed in isolated beating rat atria. ANP was measured using radioimmunoassay. To increase the availability of the ACh in the extracellular space of the atrium, its degradation was inhibited with an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition with physostigmine increased ANP secretion concomitantly with a decrease in atrial dynamics in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibitors of M2 muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR), methoctramine, and ACh-activated K(+) (KACh(+)) channels, tertiapin-Q, abolished the physostigmine-induced changes. The effects were not observed in the atria from rats treated with pertussis toxin. Furthermore, the physostigmine-induced effects were attenuated by an inhibitor of high-affinity choline transporter, hemicholinium-3, which is a rate-limiting step of ACh synthesis. Inhibitors of the mAChR signaling pathway and ACh synthesis also attenuated the basal levels of ANP secretion and accentuated atrial dynamics. These findings suggest that endogenously released ACh tonically stimulates ANP secretion from atrial cardiomyocytes via activation of M2 mAChR-Gi/o-KACh(+) channel signaling. It is also suggested that the ACh-ANP signaling is implicated in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yoom Kim
- Hanbang Body-fluid Research Center & College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea; and
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