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Wu ZX, Kang Y, Huang SB, Liu YY, Mei JJ, Liu Q, Zhu XQ. Molecular Identification and Survey of Cyclospora spp. in Cattle in Shanxi Province, North China. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2114. [PMID: 39061576 PMCID: PMC11274234 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, more than 20 species in the genus Cyclospora have been reported. Among them, Cyclospora cayetanensis has been recognized as the causative agent of human cyclosporiasis, which is characterized by severe intestinal injury and prolonged diarrhea in patients with immune dysfunction. The presence of C. cayetanensis in cattle has been confirmed. To date, however, no surveillance data are available on the occurrence and prevalence of Cyclospora spp. in cattle in Shanxi Province, North China. In the present study, a total of 761 fecal samples collected from cattle in three representative counties (Qi, Jishan, and Shanyin) in this Province were examined for Cyclospora spp. by using a polymerase-chain-reaction-restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) test based on the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The prevalence of Cyclospora spp. in cattle was 2.1%, and region, age, sex, and breed were not identified to be risk factors. Molecular evolutionary analysis based on the SSU rRNA sequences revealed that all 12 of the isolates were relatively distant from the human pathogen C. cayetanensis; seven isolates were grouped with Cyclospora colobi, whereas the others were grouped with cattle Cyclospora spp. reported previously. Though C. cayetanensis was not detected in cattle in the present study, more investigations should be performed in human populations, other animal species, or cattle from other regions of Shanxi Province and other environmental sources from the One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qing Liu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Z.-X.W.); (Y.K.); (S.-B.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (J.-J.M.)
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Z.-X.W.); (Y.K.); (S.-B.H.); (Y.-Y.L.); (J.-J.M.)
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Yang JF, Heng ZJ, Shu FF, Mao HM, Su YS, He JJ, Zou FC. Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of Cyclospora spp. in Holstein Cattle in Partial Areas of the Yunnan Province, China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091527. [PMID: 37174568 PMCID: PMC10177582 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora spp. is a food-borne intestinal protozoan, which is widely distributed in the world and poses the risk of zoonosis. In order to reveal the prevalence of Cyclospora spp. in Holstein cattle in partial areas of the Yunnan Province, 524 fresh fecal samples of Holstein cattle were collected from Dali, Kunming, Chuxiong, and Qujing in Yunnan Province. A nested PCR amplification of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of Cyclospora spp. was carried out, and the products of the nested PCR were further analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using Bsp E Ⅰ. The results of the present study showed that 13 samples were positive for Cyclospora spp., and the total infection rate of Cyclospora sp. was 2.48%. The infection of Cyclospora spp. was detected in Dali, Qujing, and Chuxiong. Chuxiong showed the highest infection rate (5.71%), and infection rate in Dali and Qujing was 2.19% and 3.16%, respectively. Interestingly, the infection of Cyclospora spp. was not detected in Kunming. The infection of Cyclospora spp. showed no significant differences among different regions (p > 0.05). Cyclospora sp. infection was detected in all ages and sexes, but the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that five Cyclospora spp. samples were closely related to the Cyclospora spp. of humans, and the others were closely related to the Cyclospora spp. of bovines. The results of the present study suggested that there was an infection of Cyclospora spp. in Holstein cattle in the Yunnan Province, and the Cyclospora spp. showed a risk of zoonosis. Thus, the prevention and control of Cyclospora spp. should be strengthened in the Yunnan Province, China. The results of this investigation provide data references for the further research of Cyclosporiasis in Holstein cattle in the Yunnan Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fa Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Heng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Fan-Fan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hua-Ming Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in Yunnan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Su
- Yunnan New Hope Xuelan Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Qujing 650201, China
| | - Jun-Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Feng-Cai Zou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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Tucker MS, Khan A, Jenkins MC, Dubey JP, Rosenthal BM. Hastening Progress in Cyclospora Requires Studying Eimeria Surrogates. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1977. [PMID: 36296256 PMCID: PMC9608778 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis is an enigmatic human parasite that sickens thousands of people worldwide. The scarcity of research material and lack of any animal model or cell culture system slows research, denying the produce industry, epidemiologists, and regulatory agencies of tools that might aid diagnosis, risk assessment, and risk abatement. Fortunately, related species offer a strong foundation when used as surrogates to study parasites of this type. Species of Eimeria lend themselves especially well as surrogates for C. cayetanensis. Those Eimeria that infect poultry can be produced in abundance, share many biological features with Cyclospora, pose no risk to the health of researchers, and can be studied in their natural hosts. Here, we overview the actual and potential uses of such surrogates to advance understanding of C. cayetanensis biology, diagnostics, control, and genomics, focusing on opportunities to improve prevention, surveillance, risk assessment, and risk reduction. Studying Eimeria surrogates accelerates progress, closing important research gaps and refining promising tools for producers and food safety regulators to monitor and ameliorate the food safety risks imposed by this emerging, enigmatic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin M. Rosenthal
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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4
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Abstract
Cyclospora is an intracellular, gastrointestinal parasite found in birds and mammals worldwide. Limited accessibility of the protozoan for experimental use, scarcity, genome heterogeneity of the isolates and narrow panel of molecular markers hamper zoonotic investigations. One of the significant limitation in zoonotic studies is the lack of precise molecular tools that would be useful in linking animal vectors as a source of human infection. Strong and convincing evidence of zoonotic features will be achieved through proper typing of Cyclospora spp. taxonomic units (e.g. species or genotypes) in animal reservoirs. The most promising method that can be employ for zoonotic surveys is next-generation sequencing.
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Hadjilouka A, Tsaltas D. Cyclospora Cayetanensis-Major Outbreaks from Ready to Eat Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Foods 2020; 9:E1703. [PMID: 33233660 PMCID: PMC7699734 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian protozoan that causes cyclosporiasis, a severe gastroenteric disease, especially for immunocompromised patients, children, and the elderly. The parasite is considered as an emerging organism and a major contributor of gastroenteritis worldwide. Although the global prevalence of cyclosporiasis morbidity and mortality has not been assessed, global concern has arisen since diarrheal illness and gastroenteritis significantly affect both developing countries and industrialized nations. In the last two decades, an increasing number of foodborne outbreaks has been associated with the consumption of fresh produce that is difficult to clean thoroughly and is consumed without processing. Investigations of these outbreaks have revealed the necessity to increase the awareness in clinicians of this infection, since this protozoan is often ignored by surveillance systems, and to establish control measures to reduce contamination of fresh produce. In this review, the major cyclosporiasis outbreaks linked to the consumption of ready to eat fresh fruits and vegetables are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agni Hadjilouka
- EMBIO Diagnostics LTD., Athalassas 8b, 2018 Nicosia, Cyprus;
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Archbishop Kyprianos 30, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Dimitris Tsaltas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Archbishop Kyprianos 30, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
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Almeria S, Cinar HN, Dubey JP. Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E317. [PMID: 31487898 PMCID: PMC6780905 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal-oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Because oocysts are excreted unsporulated and need to sporulate in the environment, direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely. Infection by C. cayetanensis is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, C. cayetanensis affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. Water and soil contaminated with fecal matter may act as a vehicle of transmission for C. cayetanensis infection. The disease is self-limiting in most immunocompetent patients, but it may present as a severe, protracted or chronic diarrhea in some cases, and may colonize extra-intestinal organs in immunocompromised patients. Trimetoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of cyclosporiasis, but relapses may occur. Further research is needed to understand many unknown epidemiological aspects of this parasitic disease. Here, we summarize the biology, epidemiology, outbreaks, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention of C. cayetanensis; additionally, we outline future research needs for this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Almeria
- Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Hediye N Cinar
- Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Jitender P Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
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Patra G, Lalremruati P, Ghosh S, Parida A, Kumar Borthakur S, Behera P. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in captive non-human primates of zoological gardens in North-Eastern region of India. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1557854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Patra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India
| | | | - Subhamoy Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India
| | - Abinash Parida
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India
| | - Sonjoy Kumar Borthakur
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India
| | - Parthasarathi Behera
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, India
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Qi M, Wang Q, Tong S, Zhao G, Hu C, Chen Y, Li X, Yang W, Zhao Y, Platto S, Duncan RI, Chen J, Chen H, Guo A. Identification of Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O98 from Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys with Diarrhea in China. Front Vet Sci 2018; 4:217. [PMID: 29326951 PMCID: PMC5733351 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal samples (n = 76) were collected from 38 snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve (China) and examined for the presence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). The 56 samples originated from 30 free-ranging monkeys on the reserve and 20 samples from 8 captive monkeys that were previously rescued and kept at the research center. Eight diarrhea samples were collected from four of the eight captive monkeys (two samples from each monkey), and two EPEC strains (2.6%) (95% confidence interval 0.3–9.2%) were isolated from two fecal samples from two diarrheic monkeys. Both strains belonged to serotype O98 and phylogenetic group D (TspE4C2+, ChuA+). The virulence gene detection identified these strains as an atypical EPEC (aEPEC) (bfpB–, stx1–, and stx2–) with the subtype eae+, escV+, and intiminβ+. These strains were highly sensitive to all the antibiotics tested. The lethal dose 50% of the two isolates in Kunming mice was 7.40 × 108 CFU/0.2 mL and 2.40 × 108 CFU/0.2 mL, respectively, indicating low virulence. Based on the report that this serotype had been isolated from some other non-human animals and humans with diarrhea, the first identification of aEPEC O98 strains and their drug resistance profile in R. roxellana is of ecological significance for disease control in this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiankun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Animal Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanji Yang
- Hubei Conservation and Research Center for the Golden Monkey, Shennongjia, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia, China
| | - Yuchen Zhao
- Hubei Conservation and Research Center for the Golden Monkey, Shennongjia, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia, China
| | - Sara Platto
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Robertson Ian Duncan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China.,China-Australia International Joint Research and Training Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China.,China-Australia International Joint Research and Training Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Li J, Dong H, Wang R, Yu F, Wu Y, Chang Y, Wang C, Qi M, Zhang L. An investigation of parasitic infections and review of molecular characterization of the intestinal protozoa in nonhuman primates in China from 2009 to 2015. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2017; 6:8-15. [PMID: 28229042 PMCID: PMC5310928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Parasites are a well-known threat to nonhuman primate (NHP) populations, and potentially cause zoonotic diseases in humans. In this study, the basic data was provided of the parasites in NHPs and the molecular characterization of the Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba spp. were reviewed, which were found in these samples. A total of 3349 fecal samples were collected from 34 species reared at 17 districts in zoos, farms, free-range, or research laboratories, and examined microscopically. Eleven genera of intestinal parasites were detected: five genera of protozoans (Isospora spp., Entamoeba spp., Giardia sp., Cryptosporidium spp., and Cyclospora spp.) and six genera of helminths (Trichuris spp., Strongyloides spp., Ascaris spp., Physaloptera spp., Ancylostoma spp., and Enterobius spp.). The overall sample prevalence of parasitic infection was 54.1% (1811/3349). Entamoeba spp. was the most prevalent (36.4%, 1218/3349). The infection rate was the highest in free-range animals (73.0%, 670/918) (P < 0.01) and Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region (64.8%, 566/873). Mixed infections were mostly detected for Entamoeba spp., Trichuris spp., and Strongyloides spp.. Molecular characterization was reviewed of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba spp., as these are zoonotic species or genotypes. This parasitological data for NHPs in China, provides important information for veterinarians and public health authorities for the elimination of such parasites and monitor the potential transmission of zoonotic infections from NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Haiju Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Yayun Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Yankai Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Chenrong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
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Tang K, Guo Y, Zhang L, Rowe LA, Roellig DM, Frace MA, Li N, Liu S, Feng Y, Xiao L. Genetic similarities between Cyclospora cayetanensis and cecum-infecting avian Eimeria spp. in apicoplast and mitochondrial genomes. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:358. [PMID: 26152563 PMCID: PMC4495940 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclospora cayetanensis is an important cause for diarrhea in children in developing countries and foodborne outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in industrialized nations. To improve understanding of the basic biology of Cyclospora spp. and development of molecular diagnostic tools and therapeutics, we sequenced the complete apicoplast and mitochondrial genomes of C. cayetanensis. Methods The genome of one Chinese C. cayetanensis isolate was sequenced using Roche 454 and Illumina technologies. The assembled genomes of the apicoplast and mitochondrion were retrieved, annotated, and compared with reference genomes for other apicomplexans to infer genome organizations and phylogenetic relationships. Sequence variations in the mitochondrial genome were identified by comparison of two C. cayetanensis nucleotide sequences from this study and a recent publication. Results The apicoplast and mitochondrial genomes of C. cayetanensis are 34,155 and 6,229 bp in size and code for 65 and 5 genes, respectively. Comparative genomic analysis showed high similarities between C. cayetanensis and Eimeria tenella in both genomes; they have 85.6 % and 90.4 % nucleotide sequence similarities, respectively, and complete synteny in gene organization. Phylogenetic analysis of the genomic sequences confirmed the genetic similarities between cecum-infecting avian Eimeria spp. and C. cayetanensis. Like in other coccidia, both genomes of C. cayetanensis are transcribed bi-directionally. The apicoplast genome is circular, codes for the complete machinery for protein biosynthesis, and contains two inverted repeats that differ slightly in LSU rRNA gene sequences. In contrast, the mitochondrial genome has a linear concatemer or circular mapping topology. Eight single-nucleotide and one 7-bp multiple-nucleotide variants were detected between the mitochondrial genomes of C. cayetanensis from this and recent studies. Conclusions The apicoplast and mitochondrial genomes of C. cayetanensis are highly similar to those of cecum-infecting avian Eimeria spp. in both genome organization and sequences. The availability of sequence data beyond rRNA and heat shock protein genes could facilitate studies of C. cayetanensis biology and development of genotyping tools for investigations of cyclosporiasis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tang
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Lori A Rowe
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - Dawn M Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - Michael A Frace
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Shiyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
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11
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Marangi M, Koehler AV, Zanzani SA, Manfredi MT, Brianti E, Giangaspero A, Gasser RB. Detection of Cyclospora in captive chimpanzees and macaques by a quantitative PCR-based mutation scanning approach. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:274. [PMID: 25972100 PMCID: PMC4456053 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclospora is a protistan parasite that causes enteritis in several species of animals including humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Cyclospora in captive non-human primates. METHODS A total of 119 faecal samples from Pan troglodytes, Macaca sylvanus, Cercopithecus cephus, Erythrocebus patas, Chlorocebus aethiops and Macaca fascicularis from a wildlife animal rescue center as well as from Macaca fascicularis from an experimental primate research center were tested for the presence of Cyclospora by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. RESULTS Cyclospora was detected in three Pan troglodytes (13.6%) and nine (9.3%) Macaca fascicularis. CONCLUSIONS The present study represents the first record of Cyclospora in captive primates in Europe, suggesting the presence of Cyclospora cayetanensis, which is transmissible to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Marangi
- Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sergio A Zanzani
- Department of Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria T Manfredi
- Department of Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Brianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Annunziata Giangaspero
- Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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12
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Li M, Zhao B, Li B, Wang Q, Niu L, Deng J, Gu X, Peng X, Wang T, Yang G. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in captive non-human primates of twenty-four zoological gardens in China. J Med Primatol 2015; 44:168-73. [PMID: 25851745 PMCID: PMC6680269 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Captive primates are susceptible to gastrointestinal (GIT) parasitic infections, which are often zoonotic and can contribute to morbidity and mortality. Fecal samples were examined by the means of direct smear, fecal flotation, fecal sedimentation, and fecal cultures. Of 26.51% (317/1196) of the captive primates were diagnosed gastrointestinal parasitic infections. Trichuris spp. were the most predominant in the primates, while Entamoeba spp. were the most prevalent in Old World monkeys (P < 0.05). These preliminary data will improve the management of captive primates and the safety of animal keepers and visitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Veterinary Department, Zoological garden of Chengdu, Cheng du, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Veterinary Department, Zoological garden of Chengdu, Cheng du, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Veterinary Department, Zoological garden of Chengdu, Cheng du, China
| | - Jiabo Deng
- Veterinary Department, Zoological garden of Chengdu, Cheng du, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- College of Life and Basic Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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Li N, Ye J, Arrowood MJ, Ma J, Wang L, Xu H, Feng Y, Xiao L. Identification and morphologic and molecular characterization of Cyclospora macacae n. sp. from rhesus monkeys in China. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1811-6. [PMID: 25673080 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cyclospora spp. in nonhuman primates are most closely related to Cyclospora cayetanensis, an emerging human pathogen causing outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in North America. Studies thus far indicate the possible existence of host specificity in Cyclospora spp. In this study, 411 fecal specimens from free-range rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were collected and examined for Cyclospora by sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene. A novel Cyclospora species was identified in 28 (6.8%) specimens and named Cyclospora macacae based on morphologic and molecular characterizations. The oocyst of C. macacae is spherical and measures 8.49 ± 0.55 × 8.49 ± 0.49 μm in diameter. Phylogenetic analysis grouped this species together with the other four Cyclospora species infecting primates, including C. cayetanensis in humans, forming a monophyletic group closely related to avian Eimeria species. In addition, C. cayetanensis was detected in one specimen, although whether rhesus monkeys can serve as a natural reservoir host of C. cayetanensis needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Eberhard ML, Owens JR, Bishop HS, de Almeida ME, da Silva AJ. Cyclospora spp. in drills, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:510-1. [PMID: 24565509 PMCID: PMC3944859 DOI: 10.3201/eid2003.131368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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